DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rise and Fall of Venustiano Carranza and His Contributions to Mexican Constitutionality and Nationalism, 1910-1920

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rise and Fall of Venustiano Carranza and His Contributions to Mexican Constitutionality and Nationalism, 1910-1920 Godfather of the Mexican Revolution: The Rise and Fall of Venustiano Carranza and His Contributions to Mexican Constitutionality and Nationalism, 1910-1920 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Rubalcaba, Christian Jesus. 2011. Godfather of the Mexican Revolution: The Rise and Fall of Venustiano Carranza and His Contributions to Mexican Constitutionality and Nationalism, 1910-1920. Master's thesis, Harvard University, Extension School. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37367556 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Godfather of the Mexican Revolution: The Rise and Fall of Venustiano Carranza and His Contributions to Mexican Constitutionality and Nationalism, 1910-1920 Christian Jesus Rubalcaba A Thesis in the Field of History for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University March 2011 Copyright 2011 Christian Jesus Rubalcaba Abstract Most of the academic attention devoted to the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) in recent times has focused on revolutionary leaders. Inspiration for this thesis comes from a desire to understand an important participant of the Revolution, Venustiano Carranza, whose story deserves further investigation because of his catalytic role in the ten-year conflict. This thesis poses the argument that fluctuations in the rhetoric of Carranza’s Constitutionalist campaign reflect a sense of willingness on his part to adapt strategically to new contexts; however, to show deep conviction, he always stood behind a platform that was characterized by an unwavering faith in the political doctrine of constitutionality. Even though he shifted some of his positions when necessary, the core of his program remained constant and stood at the heart of his bold state building. After the introductory chapter, Chapter Two lays the foundation for the thesis as it paints a detailed picture of the birthplace, family, and political environment from which Carranza originated. Emphasis is placed on a number of experiences that gave rise to his drive and passion for politics, from his revealing past as a Porfirian senator to his transformation as a leader. This chapter shows how, in mid-1913, Carranza began to express concerns for law and order, two essentials for constitutionality. Chapter Three identifies Carranza’s ideology between the years mid-1913 to mid- 1916. It shows how his priorities changed in comparison to his mode of thinking in 1913, especially as he made and discontinued relationships with other revolutionary leaders, specifically Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa. This chapter demonstrates that, even in the face of Zapata and Villa, Carranza became more committed to constitutionality. Chapter Four provides an in-depth study of Carranza’s Constitutionalist program at work. This chapter analyzes the organizational attributes of the committee that took part in the Constitutional Convention at Querétaro from mid-1916 to mid-1917. The committee, which was convened by Carranza, served as the taskforce that revised the 1857 constitution so that the new one reflected more contemporary concerns. This chapter explores Carranza’s political talents, since this convention put his skills as a tactician and leader to the test. In 1917, when members of the Convention completed the Constitution of 1917, Mexicans were left with a statement of fundamental laws, a new legal order launched by Carranza. Studying the rhythm of the convention and a number of radically changed articles reveal that Carranza had, indeed, achieved a major conquest. Finally, Chapter Five covers the period from mid-1917 to mid-1920, Carranza’s presidency. This chapter brings Carranza’s presidency into focus and assesses his effectiveness, not as a revolutionary leader, but as a chief executive. This chapter explains how, even though Carranza failed to be an efficient president and disappointed many with his decisions, his work in the area of constitutional democracy continued, and Mexican nationalism began to appear with more clarity in his state building. The thesis concludes by underscoring Carranza’s successes and failures. In addition to his numerous virtuous attributes, Carranza ultimately felt out of touch with reality, did not know quite how to face the demands of Mexicans in the last stage of the Revolution, and his grand vision of Mexican constitutional democracy required a bold kind of energy that Carranza could not offer. v Biographical Sketch Christian Jesus Rubalcaba was born on March 16, 1985, in the midwestern city of Chicago. He attended Purdue University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 2007 and majored in English literature and general psychology through an honors program curriculum. After a saber-flashing desire to follow his heart, the author moved to the New England town of Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he resided for nearly three years. The author recently concluded a liberal arts graduate studies program in history with a focus on twentieth-century Latin American history, politics, and economics at Harvard University. At the end of the summer of 2010, the author moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, specifically to San Jose, to become a part of the Teach for America organization, a movement that strives to close the achievement gap in K-12 schools throughout the U.S. During his stay in northern California, he has and will continue to conduct research at Stanford University as an independent scholar. A plethora of interests consume the author, primarily, history, literature, politics, writing, and, most importantly, spreading his enthusiasm for education. vi Dedication To the young and curious, Amarelis Ramos and Izaak Rubalcaba, so that one day they may become brutally inspired to fan the blazing fire of their imaginations with the help of history and literature. vii Acknowledgments In my family, the success of one is the success of everyone. This proverbial sentiment has kept my family intact and allowed every member of my family to feel united even when the forces of distance have tried to come in the way. I could not have completed this project or the graduate program by myself, and hence I owe an incredible amount of gratitude to them, my gracious and unfailing family. In hindsight, as I look back at the start of my time at Harvard University, I notice one aspect about this journey. I arrived here and had the luxury of attaining a stellar graduate education, because I was in the company of a dedicated family and a supportive network of friends, professors, mentors, advisors, and colleagues. Truly, no words can describe the deep appreciation I feel toward those who helped me bring this project to a satisfying close. Without further delay, the following words are a small tribute to those who helped me begin, continue, and finally complete this project of passion in one capacity or another. I would like to first thank the ALM program in history at the Harvard Extension School for awarding me three graduate degree scholarships, which funded part of my coursework and thesis. The School has been generous with me and the ALM program has proven to be extremely successful in making the graduate program a valuable asset to my academic career and professional development. viii Harvard University, as a whole, merits many thanks on my behalf for the cavalcade of resources it made available to me. The research staff at Widener Library, where I am a familiar face, helped me navigate the mazy world of research at Harvard University. Staff members there made themselves fully available to me, and as a result, I even had the honor of establishing lasting friendships with many of them. Special thanks go to the staff at the Interlibrary Loan Services who were cooperative and, as many of them will no doubt say, patient with me. Other Harvard-affiliated libraries were also of great service to me, namely, the History Departmental Library, Lamont Library, the Harvard Law School Library, the Baker Library (Knowledge and Library Sciences) at the Harvard Business School, and the John F. Kennedy School of Government Library. Non-Harvard affiliated academic institutions also helped greatly in this journey. In particular, two libraries facilitated research during the last handful of months of this project, and they include Stanford University’s Cecil H. Green Library and University of California at Berkeley’s Bancroft Library. In addition, the following non-Harvard affiliated academic institutions provided extraordinary services, especially in making book-length published studies and unpublished dissertations available to me in a timely fashion: University of Chicago, Yale University, Princeton University, Ohio University, University of California at Los Angeles, University of California at San Diego, University of Notre Dame, University of Alabama, University of Nebraska, University of New Mexico, American University, Tulane University, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, University of Wisconsin at Madison, University of New York at Binghamton, University of Texas at El Paso, and University of Texas at Austin. ix I now turn my attention to naming, in the order in which I met them during my time at Harvard University, individuals who inspired my research and affected my writing profoundly. They are the reason for my overall success as a graduate student. I begin first by acknowledging Professor Donald Ostrowski, who has been one of the most important and influential individuals with whom I have had the honor to work and interact. Professor Ostrowski is a professional of scope and depth, perspective and flexibility, and discipline and sympathy. I owe much of my growth as a graduate student to this true scholar and advisor, and I feel blessed to have been a direct beneficiary of his wide-ranging knowledge.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Impact of the Mexican Revolution on Spanish in the United States∗
    The impact of the Mexican Revolution on Spanish in the United States∗ John M. Lipski The Pennsylvania State University My charge today is to speak of the impact of the Mexican Revolution on Spanish in the United States. While I have spent more than forty years listening to, studying, and analyzing the Spanish language as used in the United States, I readily confess that the Mexican Revolution was not foremost in my thoughts for many of those years. My life has not been totally without revolutionary influence, however, since in my previous job, at the University of New Mexico, our department had revised its bylaws to reflect the principles of sufragio universal y no reelección. When I began to reflect on the full impact of the Mexican Revolution on U. S. Spanish, I immediately thought of the shelf-worn but not totally irrelevant joke about the student who prepared for his biology test by learning everything there was to know about frogs, one of the major topics of the chapter. When the day of the exam arrived, he discovered to his chagrin that the essay topic was about sharks. Deftly turning lemons into lemonade, he began his response: “Sharks are curious and important aquatic creatures bearing many resemblances to frogs, which have the following characteristics ...”, which he then proceeded to name. The joke doesn’t mention what grade he received for his effort. For the next few minutes I will attempt a similar maneuver, making abundant use of what I think I already know, hoping that you don’t notice what I know that I don’t know, and trying to get a passing grade at the end of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • Divisions in Mexican Support of Republican Spain
    1 Divisions In Mexican Support Of Republican Spain Carlos Nava [email protected] (214) 245-8209 Presented to the History Department, Southern Methodist University In completion of the Undergraduate History Junior Seminar Research Paper Requirement HIST 4300 Dr. James K. Hopkins Southern Methodist University 05/05/2014 2 On July 17, 1936 the news of the Nationalist uprising in Morocco was confirmed by a radio station at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, after General Franco alerted his fellow conspirators in the mainland with a telegram that the uprising against the Popular Front government of Spain had begun.1 General Quiepo de Llano occupied Seville after bitter fighting on July 18; General Varela held the port of Cádiz and the eastern coast down to Algeciras near Gibraltar. General Miguel Cabanellas rose in Zaragoza; in Castile the rebellion placed the principal towns In Nationalist hands, and General Mola controlled Pamplona, the capital of Navarre by July 19.2 The initial plan of the coup was for the Army of Africa to mobilize in the early morning of July 18, to be followed 24 hours later by the Army in Spain with the goals of capturing the country’s major cities and communication centers. This would be followed with the ferrying of Franco’s African Army to the peninsula by Navy ships that had joined the rebellion. The forces would converge in Madrid and force the transfer of power, which had happen numerous times in recent Spanish history. However, the uprising of July 17 failed in its initial goal of toppling the Republic in a swift coup.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican-American Press and the Spanish Civil War”
    Abraham Lincoln Brigades Archives (ALBA) Submission for George Watt Prize, Graduate Essay Contest, 2020. Name: Carlos Nava, Southern Methodist University, Graduate Studies. Chapter title: Chapter 3. “The Mexican-American Press and The Spanish Civil War” Word Count: 8,052 Thesis title: “Internationalism In The Barrios: Hispanic-Americans and The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.” Thesis abstract: The ripples of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) had a far-reaching effect that touched Spanish speaking people outside of Spain. In the United States, Hispanic communities –which encompassed Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Mexicans, Spaniards, and others— were directly involved in anti-isolationist activities during the Spanish Civil War. Hispanics mobilized efforts to aid the Spanish Loyalists, they held demonstrations against the German and Italian intervention, they lobbied the United States government to lift the arms embargo on Spain, and some traveled to Spain to fight in the International Brigades. This thesis examines how the Spanish Civil War affected the diverse Hispanic communities of Tampa, New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Against the backdrop of the war, this paper deals with issues regarding ethnicity, class, gender, and identity. It discusses racism towards Hispanics during the early days of labor activism. It examines ways in which labor unions used the conflict in Spain to rally support from their members to raise funds for relief aid. It looks at how Hispanics fought against American isolationism in the face of the growing threat of fascism abroad. CHAPTER 3. THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN PRESS AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR During the Spanish Civil War, the Mexican-American press in the Southwest stood apart from their Spanish language counterparts on the East Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican Revolution.Pdf
    The Mexican Revolution How did Mexico achieve its independence? • Mexico achieved its independence from Spain in 1821 – Achieved with the help of men like Padre Morelos • Developed a constitution in 1824 similar to the US What problems did the new Mexican nation face? • Serious problems: – Issues with the Catholic Church – Issues over class / wealth – No experience with democracy – Issues with the US (“the Colossus of the North”) • Mexico also lacked a strong / honest leader Mexico’s Long Dictator History Mexico’s Issues with the Catholic Church Mexico’s Long History of the Poor General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Issues with Texas The Texas War for Independence The Alamo The Mexican War Los Niños Héroes Santa Anna’s Leg How did the wars with Texas and the United States effect Mexico? • The wars with Texas and the US caused much turmoil in the Mexican government – Constant disputes for power / revolts • Issues between the rich, poor, and the Church added to the chaos Who was Benito Juarez? • Benito Juarez was a reformer president – 1806-1872 • Background: – Born into a poor Indian family – Lawyer / Judge – Former governor • Wanted to help reform Mexico for the better How did Juarez reform Mexico for the better? • Juarez introduced a reform movement called “La Reforma” – Less power for the Church – Land reform for the poor – More education • Juarez’s political enemies rebelled – Civil war / foreign intervention (Europe) The Mexican War of Reform (1857-1861) French Intervention in the War / Conquest (1861-67) Mexican Emperor Maximilien Emperor
    [Show full text]
  • Turmoil and Change in Mexico
    4 Turmoil and Change in Mexico MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES REVOLUTION Political, Mexico has moved toward • Antonio López •Francisco economic, and social political democracy and is a de Santa Anna Madero inequalities in Mexico triggered strong economic force in the • Benito Juárez •“Pancho” Villa a period of revolution and Americas. •La Reforma •Emiliano reform. •Porfirio Díaz Zapata SETTING THE STAGE The legacy of Spanish colonialism and long-term polit- ical instability that plagued the newly emerging South American nations caused problems for Mexico as well. Mexico, however, had a further issue to contend with—a shared border with the United States. The “Colossus of the North,” as the United States was known in Latin America, wanted to extend its territory all the way west to the Pacific Ocean. But most of the lands in the American Southwest belonged to Mexico. TAKING NOTES Santa Anna and the Mexican War Comparing Use a chart to compare the major During the early 19th century, no one dominated Mexican political life more than accomplishments of the Antonio López de Santa Anna. Santa Anna played a leading role in Mexico’s Mexican leaders fight for independence from Spain in 1821. In 1829, he fought against Spain discussed in this section. again as the European power tried to regain control of Mexico. Then, in 1833, Santa Anna became Mexico’s president. Major Leader One of Latin America’s most powerful caudillos, Santa Anna was a clever Accomplishment politician. He would support a measure one year and oppose it the next if he thought that would keep him in power.
    [Show full text]
  • Emily Edmonds-Poli and David A. Shirk 2009- Contemporary Mexican Politics
    CONTEMPORARY MEXICAN POLITICS EMILY EDMONDS-POLI and DAVID A. SHIRK ContempMexPolPBK.indd 1 10/16/08 12:23:29 PM #/.4%-0/2!29 -%8)#!.0/,)4)#3 CONTEMPORARY MEXIC AN POLITICS Emily Edmonds-Poli and David A. Shirk ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Emily. Contemporary Mexican politics / Emily Edmonds-Poli and David A. Shirk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-4048-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-4048-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-4049-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-4049-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Mexico--Politics and government--2000- I. Shirk, David A., 1971- II. Title. F1236.7.E36 2009 320.972--dc22 2008031594 Printed in the United States of America ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
    [Show full text]
  • (Santa Isabel Claims) (USA) V. United Mexican States
    REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Cornelia J. Pringle, et al., (Santa Isabel Claims) (U.S.A.) v. United Mexican States 26 April 1926 VOLUMEIV pp. 783-804 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 783 Decisions CORNELIA J. PRINGLE, ET AL., (SANTA ISABEL CLAIMS) (U.S.A.) v. UNITED MEXICAN STATES {Decision Mo. 1, April 26, 1926, dissenting opinion by American Commissionei, April 29, 1926. Pages 1-32.) INTERPRETATION OF Compromis.—PAYMENT ex gratia. Since respondent Government agreed in the compiomis to make payment ex gratia instead of on the basis of the accepted rules of international law, the terms of the compromis should be strictly followed in determining responsibility. RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTS OF FORCES,—STATUS OF VILLISTA FORCES UNDER THE compromis. Adherents or former adherents of Villa as of January 10, 1916, held bandits under subdivision 5 of article III of the compromis. FAILURE TO SUPPRESS OR PUNISH. Facts held to establish that no failure to suppress or punish bandits occurred so as to entrain responsibility under the compromis. EFFECT OF ACT OF AMNESTY. Amnesty extended to Villa and his followers by the Mexican Government on July 28, 1920, held not a failure to suppress or punish within terms of compromis. FAILURE TO PROTECT. Group of approximately fifteen American officials and employees of mining company, under invitation from General Obregôn, who had promised them the necessary protection and assured them there was no danger from Villa forces, returned to Mexico to reopen the mines in January, 1916. They requested a military escort but author- ities replied that they were unable to furnish the same.
    [Show full text]
  • Del Porfirismo Al Periodo Neoliberal En El Siglo Xxi
    ESTADO MEXICANO, CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO Y AGRUPACIONES SINDICALES Del porfirismo al periodo neoliberal en el siglo XXI I ESTADO MEXICANO, CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO Y AGRUPACIONES SINDICALES Del porfirismo al periodo neoliberal en el siglo XXI I Francisco Javier Aguilar García UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOCIALES MÉXICO, 2017 JL1231 A48 Aguilar García, Francisco Javier Estado mexicano, crecimiento económico y agrupaciones sindicales : del porfirismo al periodo neoliberal en el siglo XXI. -- I. Primera edición. -- México : UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, 2017. 2 volúmenes : ilustraciones, cuadros, figuras. ISBN: 978-607-02-8842-5 1. México -- Política económica. 2. Sindicatos -- Historia -- Siglo XX. 3. Sindicatos -- México. 4. México -- Historia -- Revolución, 1910-1920. 4. México -- Historia -- Siglo XX. I. Tít. Este libro fue sometido a un proceso de dictaminación por académicos externos al Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, de acuerdo con las normas establecidas por el Consejo Editorial de las Colecciones de Libros del Instituto. Los derechos exclusivos de la edición quedan reservados para todos los países de habla hispana. Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total, por cualquier medio, sin el consentimiento por escrito del legítimo titular de los derechos. Primera edición: enero de 2017 D.R.© 2017, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Circuito Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad de la Investigación en Humanidades Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México. Coordinación editorial: Virginia Careaga Covarrubias Cuidado de la edición: David Monroy Gómez Formación de textos: Angélica Nava Ferruzca Diseño de portada: Cynthia Trigos Suzán Impreso y hecho en México ISBN: 978-607-02-8842-5 ÍNDICE I Nota preliminar y agradecimientos .........................
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico's Diplomatic Asylum Policy
    Politics Mexico’s Diplomatic Asylum Policy Roberta Lajous * E V A / a v a N o i v a t c O Mexico’s Foreign Relations Ministry. INTRODUCTION country’s practice of diplomatic asylum: Chilean and Uru guayan socialists, Pe - Gilberto Bosques, Luis I. Rodríguez, Vi - ronists and anti-Somozan and Salva - Mexico was already a stronghold of diplo - cente Muñiz Arroyo and Gonzalo Mar - doran Fara bundo Martí activists. The matic and territorial asylum in the nine - tínez Corbalá. The list of individuals long list of names includes José Martí, teenth century, but even more clearly and national groups who have benefit - Rómulo Gallegos, César Augusto San - throughout the twentieth century. Mex - ed from generous protection in Mex - dino, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, ican diplomats take enormous pride in ican diplomatic missions abroad is very Fidel Castro, Alaíde Foppa, Hortensia the great names associated with our long. It includes Spanish Republicans, Bussi de Allende, Leon Trotsky, Luis Austrian and German anti-fascists, Rus - Cardoza y Aragón, José Gaos, Pablo Ne - * Director of the Foreign Relations Minis - try’s Matías Romero Institute of Consular sian revolutionary ideologues, Guate ma - ruda, Nicolás Guillén, Luis Buñuel, Ofe - and Diplomatic Studies. lan nationalists, anti-Duva lierist Haitians, lia Guilmain and Rigoberta Menchú. 7 Voices of Mexico • 54 E V A / a v a N o i v a t c O In promoting the right to asylum, Mexico has had no object other than to protect the life and liberty of all individuals. Its practice has benefited persons persecuted for their ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mexican Revolution and the Relevant Present Anton Schulzki – William J
    The Mexican Revolution and the Relevant Present Anton Schulzki – William J. Palmer High School, Colorado Springs Objectives for the day Attendees will examine the relationship between the United States and Mexico Attendees will discuss the historical impact of the Mexican Revolution on Mexico and the relationship between the United States Attendees will develop techniques for using relevant connections in class What is the connection between these two individuals? What is the connection between these two events? United States troops at the U.S.- Remains of Columbus New Mexican border 2018 Mexico after Villa raid 1916 Mexican Revolution K-N-L What do you Know What do you Need to know (what do you want to know) What have you Learned “So close to the United States, so far from God” – Porfirio Diaz Revolution was the single greatest political, social and cultural event in the 20th century 1million to 1.5 million died as a result (total population of approx.. 15 million) 300,000 to 450,000 emigrated to the United States from 1910-1930 United States invaded/attacked/intervened in the Mexican Revolution at least three different times – including the 1916-1917 Punitive Expedition Constitution of 1917 seen as a model for constitutions written in Latin America in the 20th century – including Cuban Led to a development of Mexican cultural expressions including muralists and corridos Popular vision of the Mexican Revolution How I approach the Mexican Revolution A topic of study for the International Baccalaureate program Entire unit
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Leadership Elections of the Institutional Revolutionary
    A Guide to the Leadership Elections of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, the National Action Party, and the Democratic Revolutionary Party George W. Grayson February 19, 2002 CSIS AMERICAS PROGRAM Policy Papers on the Americas A GUIDE TO THE LEADERSHIP ELECTIONS OF THE PRI, PAN, & PRD George W. Grayson Policy Papers on the Americas Volume XIII, Study 3 February 19, 2002 CSIS Americas Program About CSIS For four decades, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has been dedicated to providing world leaders with strategic insights on—and policy solutions to—current and emerging global issues. CSIS is led by John J. Hamre, formerly deputy secretary of defense, who has been president and CEO since April 2000. It is guided by a board of trustees chaired by former senator Sam Nunn and consisting of prominent individuals from both the public and private sectors. The CSIS staff of 190 researchers and support staff focus primarily on three subject areas. First, CSIS addresses the full spectrum of new challenges to national and international security. Second, it maintains resident experts on all of the world’s major geographical regions. Third, it is committed to helping to develop new methods of governance for the global age; to this end, CSIS has programs on technology and public policy, international trade and finance, and energy. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., CSIS is private, bipartisan, and tax-exempt. CSIS does not take specific policy positions; accordingly, all views expressed herein should be understood to be solely those of the author. © 2002 by the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Porfirian Influence on Mexican Journalism: an Enduring Legacy of Economic Control
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1987 Porfirian influence on Mexican journalism: An enduring legacy of economic control Steve Devitt The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Devitt, Steve, "Porfirian influence on Mexican journalism: An enduring legacy of economic control" (1987). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5085. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5085 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a nu scr ipt in w hich c o pyr ig ht s u b s is t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. Ma n s f ie l d L ibrary Un iv e r s it y of Montana D a t e :____ 1_ THE PORFIRIAN INFLUENCE ON MEXICAN JOURNALISM: AN ENDURING LEGACY OF ECONOMIC CONTROL by Steve Devitt B.A., Eastern Montana College, 1971 Presented in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism University of Montana 1987 Approved by Graduate School UMI Number: EP40549 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The.
    [Show full text]