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Literary Inscriptions of Women in Violence from the Mexican Revolution to the Drug War

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Literary Inscriptions of Women in Violence from the Mexican Revolution to the Drug War Born of Coatlicue: Literary Inscriptions of Women in Violence from the Mexican Revolution to the Drug War Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Amanda Leah Matousek, M.A. Spanish and Portuguese The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Ignacio Corona, Advisor Ana Del Sarto Ulises Juan Zevallos-Aguilar Copyright by Amanda Leah Matousek 2013 ii Abstract This dissertation analyzes literary representations of female agency and the interrelationship of women and violence in fiction from Mexican, Chicana, and Spanish authors. It is structured around two historical periods of extreme violence affecting Mexican society and the Mexican-American communities across the U.S.-Mexico border: The 1910 Mexican Revolution, and the turn-of-the-century crisis of the Nation-State that had emerged precisely out of that revolution. This comparative framework provides insight into the strategies of survival and female agency within the weakening or literal collapse of the networks of security afforded by such post-revolutionary State. I argue that although the selected literary corpus records some of the worst violence in the history of the region, the texts ultimately articulate underlying messages of female agency through active participation and do not merely reproduce images of either passivity or victimhood. Through diverse female protagonists united by their coatlicuensidad, or dual identities of creation and destruction, I show that regardless of their subject position, these women’s agency triumphs in spite of violent environments of societal—the disruption of structures and institutions—and social—the disturbance of humane interaction among people—upheaval. The novels transcend textual boundaries to become both social and intellectual arms of resistance and remembrance against systematic gender violence, silence, and impunity because they prioritize female voices and stories. While the women born of Coatlicue defy some traditional gender roles by acting out just as violently as their male counterparts and by becoming just as ii complicit in perpetuating violence, in other cases they simultaneously sustain their deep maternal and creative instincts. This oscillation between beauty and horror and peace and cruelty addresses the complexity of female subjectivities during explosions of violence at the U.S.-Mexico border. The first chapter investigates how these narratives focus on the prominent roles of women and their memories of the emotional impact of the revolutionary violence, instead of praising the great male heroes of the Revolution and the official history of the movement. Through an analysis of material culture and critical nostalgia, we see how these women utilize the revolutionary past to comprehend widespread violence, as well as to inform and affect the present and the future. Next, chapter two examines the effects of the demise of the post- revolutionary regime and its seven-decade old model of Nation-State and the specific types of violence generated in this period. It draws attention to the victims of femicide in northern Mexico, as the border practically becomes a literal battlefield between the forces that represent the erosion or even demise of the Nation-State and those of the State’s security apparatus. The victims of this form of gender violence, in turn, come to represent the most salient casualties of such an erosion. This chapter also looks at the construction of matriarchal communities of knowledge amid this conjuncture and how they serve to foster social justice and encourage public grieving for murdered women. These novels return the voice to the women and expose the societal conditions, or structured institutional violence that precipitate and sustain femicidal violence and other abuses. Finally, the third chapter explores the narconovela in order to uncover the ways in which women use their agency and power to enact the violence of the Drug War by arguably subverting the subordinate role assigned to them, or to conquer their fears to report about the iii violence and stand up to it. Whether their motivations originate in perpetuating drug crime and profiting from it or denouncing it, like the women in the previous chapters their stories are largely ignored or at best mythologized. This drug-related fiction highlights women’s positions in the narcotics trade, in addition to demonstrating how they are affected by this most recent wave of violence. Thus, from a myriad of perspectives and approaches, the novels in my study, Cartucho (1931) and Las manos de mamá (1937) by Nellie Campobello, Las rebeldes (2011) by Mónica Lavín, Desert Blood: The Juárez Murders (2005) by Alicia Gaspar de Alba, Ciudad final (2007) by Kama Gutier, If I Die in Juárez (2008) by Stella Pope Duarte, La reina del sur (2002) by Arturo Pérez-Reverte, Perra brava (2010) by Orfa Alarcón, La reina del pacífico y otras mujeres del narco (2008) by Víctor Ronquillo, and Tijuana: Crimen y olvido (2010) by Luis Humberto Crosthwaite, all represent the female experience through explosions of criminal violence, gender violence, and war. iv To Charlotte and Clifford v Acknowledgments I am forever indebted to my advisor Dr. Ignacio Corona for his support, encouragement, and dedication. I am inspired by the wisdom, kindness, and enthusiasm that he has shown me from my first courses at Ohio State to the writing of this dissertation. His influence has opened my eyes to the wonderful world of Mexican and Border Studies. I am profoundly lucky to have such an amazing mentor. I would not be where I am today without the late Dr. Maureen Ahern. She always believed in me and gave me the support and confidence that I needed to succeed. I will eternally remember her as one of the strongest and most intelligent women I have ever met. I am glad that I listened to Dr. Abril Trigo when he strongly encouraged me to take a Colonial Latin American course with Dr. Ahern despite my naïve disinterest in the topic at the time. I am thankful for the support and feedback from Dr. Ana del Sarto and Dr. Ulises Juan Zevallos- Aguilar. Their insights have enriched and informed my conception of Latin American Literatures and Cultures. Professors Del Sarto and Zevallos warmly welcomed me to some of my first courses at Ohio State and have been an inspiration to me ever since. I would also like to thank Dr. Fernando Unzueta for his commitment to my personal and professional success and for always lending an ear and a smile. I greatly appreciate Dr. Jan Macián and Dr. Robert Robison for all of their hard work and for giving me such wonderful teaching and mentoring experiences. My University of Akron family has made a profound impact on my life and career. Since 2001, I have carried with me the love and support of Susan Baker, Dr. María Alejandra Zanetta, Dr. Parizad Dejbord, Dr. Matthew Wyszynski, Dr. Christopher Eustis, and Dr. Paul Toth. Their early interventions in my academic experience have given me the confidence and perseverance that motivate me to this day. I am grateful to my husband Clifford Lee for his love and support and the many sacrifices that he made so that I could pursue my doctoral education. None of this would be possible without him. Loving Cliff has made all of this sweeter. vi My beautiful daughter, Charlotte Emmeline, deserves special gratitude for making me a better person every day. Charlotte, you are the best thing that’s ever been mine. I cherish my parents who have loved and supported me through all of my interests and endeavors as my biggest fans. Charlotte Tillis and Thomas Matousek have given me the greatest gifts of my life: humor and song. I am thankful for my stepgrandparents, Pat and Doug White, and to my stepmother Christina Matousek for her creative spirit and the love and care that she has always shown me. I would be lost without my sisters and best friends Tanya Paoly and Lindsay Matousek who have always known who I am and where I stand. I adore these strong women for their loving hearts and immense talents. Thanks to Autumn, Ayla, and Aidan for teaching me the true meaning of pure love and joy. And for memorizing the lyrics to Ven conmigo. A special thank you is reserved for The Lee Family for always being there when I need them. I am forever grateful for their love and unrelenting optimism. I am also grateful for my academic husband Doug Bush who has been with me every step of the way since Ohio State Visitation Day in 2008. He motivated me to never give up and made every moment of this journey more meaningful and memorable. I am thankful for Mariana Vega Mendoza for her friendship and for her family who opened their homes and hearts to me in Mexico City. To my students and friends from Monterrey, México, I am thankful for a life-changing experience. Sarah and Gemma made la casa azul a wonderful home. Valeria inspired my teaching then and still inspires me now. Mil gracias por tus brazos abiertos para mí de par en par…Mientras no me olvides, no me voy. My greatest respect and love goes out to all those who have made my life and this dissertation possible. Without you, this girl from the suburbs of Cleveland never would have been able to travel so far. Muchísimas gracias a todos. vii Vita December 9, 1982……………………………………………………………………………………..……Born-Mentor, Ohio 2001………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Mentor High School 2005……………………………………………………………………………………B.A. Spanish, The University of Akron 2005…………………………………………………………………………………B.S. Education, The University of Akron 2008…………………………………………………………………………………..M.A. Spanish, The University of Akron 2008 to present…………………………….......Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, The Ohio State University Publications Matousek, Amanda L.
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