Proceedings the 1St International Conference on Local Languages

PROCEEDINGS THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOCAL LANGUAGES

EMPOWERMENT AND PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES

Editors I Nengah Sudipa Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya Made Budiarsa I Nyoman Darma Putra

Udayana University Denpasar, 23—24 February 2018

“Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages”

Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

Editors I Nengah Sudipa Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya Made Budiarsa I Nyoman Darma Putra

Cover Design Espistula Communications Bali

Cover Photo Balinese Offering Cake “Sarad” by Arba Wirawan “Baligrafi” (2016) by I Nyoman Gunarsa, made for Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies)

Layout Made Henra Dwikarmawan Sudipa

Publisher Udayana University Press

Organized by Masters and Doctoral Programs of Linguistics Faculty of Arts, Udayana University

in collaboration with Local Languages Researcher Association

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

Preface...... iii Message from the Dean of Faculty of Arts, Udayana University...... iv Message from The Rector of Udayana University...... v Table List of Content...... viii

KEYNOTE SPEAKER “HONORIFICS” IN THE USAGE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BALI AGA DIALECT Hara Mayuko...... 1

INVITED SPEAKER TOPONYMY AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE AND STRENGTHENING OF IDENTITY: A CASE STUDY ON SUNDANESE COMMUNITY IN SOUTHERN PART OF WEST JAVA Cece Sobarna...... 11

MEDIUM OF MODERNITY: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN THE CONTEMPORARY LITERARY LANDSCAPE I Nyoman Darma Putra...... 19

EMPOWERING PROPOSITIONS OF WISDOM IN PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES F.X. Rahyono...... 29

THE STRUCTURE OF RESULTATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN BALINESE I Nyoman Sedeng...... 39

PRESENTER DISTRIBUTION OF BAJO LANGUAGE FONOLOGY IN BAJO ISLAND DISTRICT SAPE DISTRICT BIMA NUSA TENGGARA BARAT Aditya Wardhani...... 47

THE VERB ‘CARRY’ IN BIAK LANGUAGE: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE ANALYSIS Adolfina Krisifu...... 55

“CAK CUK SURABAYA”: STRATEGY OF STRENGTHENING SURABAYA’S IDENTITY Akhmad Idris, Iga Bagus Lesmana...... 65

vii BALINESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE BY YOUNG GENERATION WHO COMES WORSHIPING TO JAGATNATHA TEMPLE WHILE OFFERING CANANG Anak Agung Putri Laksmi Dewi, Ni Wayan Manik Septianiari Putri...... 71

BALINESE LANGUAGE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS AT ONE EARTH SCHOOL BALI INDONESIA Anak Agung Sagung Shanti Sari Dewi...... 77

MEANING OF VERB “LOOKING” IN BALINESE LANGUAGE: AN APRROACH OF NATURAL SEMANTICS METALANGUAGE Anak Agung Sagung Wid Parbandari...... 83

THE FIRST STEP IS ALWAYS DIFFICULT: THE REVITALIZATION OF KUI LANGUAGE IN SCHOOLS Anggy Denok Sukmawati...... 87

PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION AND LINGUISTIC MAPPING IN GRESIK: A STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DIALECT Anis Zubaidah Assuroiyah, Namira Choirani Fajri...... 93

THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS AND RULE OF JAVANESE COASTAL LANGUAGE: GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY APPROACH Apriyani Purwaningsih...... 99

THE ROLE OF BISSU IN MATTOMPANG ARAJANG AS TRADITIONAL CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE PRESERVATION OF BUGINESE IN BONE Arga Maulana Pasanrangi, Moch. Ricky Ramadhan, Moh. Caesario Nugroho, Ashabul Kahfi Susanto...... 105

SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE IN THE JAVANESE FOLKLORE AS A SOURCE OF CULTURAL EDUCATION AND IDENTITY FOSTERING ON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS Barokah Widuroyekti, Titik Setyowati...... 113

COMPARING THE LEVEL OF BALINESE LANGUAGE ACQUISITION USING THE VOCABULARY LEVEL TEST Denok Lestari, I Wayan Suadnyana...... 121

THE SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF BALINESE VOCABULARY IN THE INDONESIAN COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARY Deny Arnos Kwary, Ni Wayan Sartini, Almira Fidela Artha...... 127

viii YOUTH MOVEMENT: A STRATEGY TO PRESERVE LOCAL LANGUAGES Desak Gede Chandra Widayanthi...... 133

THE USE OF BALINESE IN ADVERTISEMENTS AS AN EFFORT OF PRESERVING LOCAL LANGUAGE Desak Putu Eka Pratiwi, I Komang Sulatra, Komang Dian Puspita Candra ...... 137

PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN PONTIANAK MALAY Dewi Ismu Purwaningsih ...... 143

UTILIZATION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATION FOR KOMERING-INDONESIAN DICTIONARY Dita Dewi Palupi ...... 149

SUNDANESE CULTURE AND LANGUAGE IN MANAQIB ACTIVITIES BY JAMAAH PESANTREN SURYALAYA-TASIKMALAYA Djarlis Gunawan ...... 155

THE KNOWLEDGE CREATION PROCESS OF TAMBO IN MINANGKABAU Febriyanto, Tamara Adriani Salim 161

INNOVATION IN CENK BLONK PERFORMANCE: A STRATEGY OF EMPOWERING LOCAL LANGUAGE THROUGH BALINESE SHADOW PUPPET Gede Yoga Kharisma Pradana ...... 173

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN SONG LYRICS SETARA BETARA (SAME AS GOD) AND GUNUNG NENTEN TONG SAMPAH (MOUNTAIN IS NOT A RUBBISH BIN) BY SEVEN CEBLOCK Gusti Agung Ayu Kesuma Wardhani ...... 183

THE USE OF WORD “WATER” IN INDONESIAN AND BALINESE PROVERBS: AN APPROACH OF SEMANTICS COGNITIVE I Gde Pasek Kamajaya, Ni Made Bulan Dwigitta Prativi ...... 191

INTEGRATION OF CHARACTER EDUCATION VALUES IN BALINESE SHORT STORY “KUTANG SAYANG GEMEL MADUI” I Gde Nyana Kesuma ...... 197

BALINESE COMICS: AN EFFORT TO SUSTAIN AND ENFORCE THE BALINESE LANGUAGE AMONG CHILDREN IN BALI I Gede Gita Purnama A.P...... 203

ix LOANWORD PHONOLOGY IN TRANSLATING BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS INTO JAPANESE WITH REFERENCE TO JTB PUBLISHING BOOK ON BALI ISLAND I Gede Oeinada ...... 209

KARMAPHALA IN AKUTAGAWA RYUNOSUKE’S SHORT STORY ENTITLED HELL SCREEN I Gusti Agung Ayu Made Dianti Putri ...... 215

HIDDEN MESSAGE IN SIAP SELEM I Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati, I Made Rajeg...... 221

EMPOWERING LOCAL BALINESE TERMS TO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY WITH DESCRIPTIVE UNDERSTANDING I Gusti Ngurah Parthama ...... 227

THE SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF PERSONAL PRONOUN IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECT I Ketut Darma Laksana ...... 233

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AS NEW BALINESE LANGUAGE LEARNING FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTS I Ketut Setiawan, I Nyoman Jayanegara ...... 239

THE APPLICATION OF METAFUNCTIONS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE OF SATUA BALI “I BELOG” I Ketut Suardana ...... 245

EXPLORING THE SOCIAL RULES BEHIND THE USE OF BALINESE COURTEOUS EXPRESSIONS: A SOCIAL APPROACH I Ketut Warta ...... 251

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES OF THE BALINESE DIALECT OF NUSA PENIDA I Nyoman Adi Jaya Putra ...... 259

MOTIVATION STRENGTHENING IDENTITY THROUGH BALINESE SCRIPT IN TATTOO MEDIA I Nyoman Anom Fajaraditya Setiawan, Putu Satria Udyana Putra ...... 265

MARATHI LOCATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY I Nyoman Aryawibawa ...... 271

x THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF BALI: THE CASE OF THE TRADITIONAL YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS OF SEKEHA TERUNA I Nyoman Tri Ediwan ...... 277

AN ECOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE REGARDING TOPONYMS IN GIANYAR SUB-DISTRICT, BALI I Putu Gede Hendra Raharja ...... 283

AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECT I Wayan Agus Anggayana, I Ketut Mantra ...... 289

INDONESIAN DEFAMATION CASES UNDER POLICE INVESTIGATION: A FORENSIC LINGUISTICS STUDY I Wayan Pastika ...... 299

SYNCHRONIC GRAMMATICALIZATION AS FOUND IN THE BALINESE SERIAL VERBS I Wayan Sidha Karya ...... 309

VERBAL ABUSE OF CURSING IN BALINESE MYTHS I Wayan Simpen, Ni Made Dhanawaty ...... 315

THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURES OF DOING TYPES OF ACTION VERBS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE Ida Ayu Agung Ekasriadi ...... 321

THE EQUIVALENCE OF BALINESE FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS INTO ENGLISH Ida Ayu Made Puspani, Yana Qomariana ...... 329

STRATIFICATION PERSPECTIVE OF CATUR WANGSA IN TUTUR CANDRA BHERAWA: A STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE Ida Bagus Made Wisnu Parta ...... 338

RESHAPING THE PARADIGMN OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING TO HARMONIZE LOCAL LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya ...... 341

WAYANG FOR THE PRESERVATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE AN ANALYSIS OF MAHABHARATA EPISODE’S GATUTKACA GUGUR (THE FALL OF GATUTKACA) Indrawati, Sri Samiati Tarjana, Joko Nurkamto ...... 347

xi RELATIONSHIP OF SASAK AND SAMAWA LANGUAGES: DIACHRONIC STUDY IN THE LANGUAGE KINDSHIP OF AN ETHNIC GROUP IN INDONESIA Irma Setiawan ...... 355

PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE OF BUGINESE INTO INDONESIAN BY BUGIS SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SULAWESI (A TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY STUDY) Jaya ...... 363

STYLISTIC-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND CULTURAL-MEANINGS IN MINANGKABAUNESE Jufrizal ...... 373

LEARNING STRATEGY OF BALINESE LANGUAGES BY USING CONTENT IN NEW MEDIA Kadek Ayu Ariningsih, I Nyoman Widhi Adnyana ...... 383

BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS IN ENGLISH MEDIA TOURISM PROMOTION PUBLISHED BY DENPASAR TOURISM OFFICE Kadek Ayu Ekasani, Ni Luh Supartini ...... 387

THE EXISTENCE OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN TRANSMIGRATION AREA OF LAMPUNG PROVINCE Kadek Feni Aryati, I Putu Agus Endra Susanta ...... 397

ENRICHING AND NOT SIMPLY COMPETING: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION IN BALI Kadek Ratih Dwi Oktarini ...... 405

REDUPLICATION PROCESS OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN MEN BRAYUT STORY Ketut Riana, Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawati, Gede Eka Wahyu ...... 415

CONSERVATIVE OR PROGRESSIVE (THE EXISTENCE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE) Krisna Pebryawan ...... 421

HUMOR IN DOU MAMPINGA SA UMA-UMA ON MPAMA MBOJO: A RESEARCH OF PSYCHOLOGY LITERATURE AND ANECDOTAL TEXT OF INDONESIAN LEARNING K13 Kurniawan, Solihin ...... 427

COMMISSIVE IN BATAK KARO Laili Mahmudah ...... 435

xii LOSS AND GAIN OF INFORMATION OF THE CULTURAL TERMS IN THE SHORT STORY SEEKOR AYAM PANGGANG AND A ROAST CHICKEN IN RELATION TO THE TARGET LANGUAGE READER’S UNDERSTANDING Lina Pratica Wijaya ...... 441

PROMOTING THE LOST VOCABULARIES OF LOCAL LANGUAGES TO REVITALIZE THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE Lis Setiawati ...... 447

THE LEXICONS OF VERB ‘FALING” IN SUNDANESE LANGUAGE: NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH Luh Gde Inten Purnama Sari Setiawan, Ni Putu Yunita Dewi ...... 455

GEGURITAN KAPIPARWA: CHARACTER AND LANGUAGE ANALYSIS 461 Luh Putu Puspawati, I Made Suastika ......

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ON CHILDREN MIXED MARRIED BETWEEN JAVANESE AND BALINESE Luh Putu Ratnayanti Sukma ...... 467

‘LIR ILIR” PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS Lukia Zuraida ...... 473

LOCAL BEING WITHOUT NATIONAL: LINGUISTIC DILEMMA IN GILI KETAPANG PROBOLINGGO, EAST JAVA Lukiyati Ningsih, Khadijah Aufadina ...... 479

LOCAL LANGUAGE CONTENT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM THROUGH THE MEDIA INFORMATION (LONG-COM PROGRAM) TO CHANGE SOCIETY’S PERSPECTIVE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE IN INDONESIA M. Izzudin Ma’ruf ...... 483

THE USE OF LINGUISTIC POLITENESS AND METAPHOR AMONG SASAK SPEAKERS IN RELIGIOUS SETTINGS Mahyuni, M. Amin, Arifuddin, Ahmad Junaidi ...... 489

CULTURAL MEMORY FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SU’I UVI IN NGADHA FLORES Maria Matildis Banda ...... 505

xiii THE EXISTENCE OF DOLANAN SONG IN KINDERGARTEN AS A STRATEGY TO EMPOWER THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE : A CASE STUDY OF ROUDLOTUL ULUM KINDERGARTEN, MOJOKERTO Marta Widyawati, Dwika Muzakky Anan Taturia ...... 511

STRENGTHENING JAVANESE LANGUAGE MALANG ACCENT: A CASE STUDY TOWARD VIDEO BLOG BAYU SKAK ON YOUTUBE Mia Maulana Sarif ...... 517

REVEALING THE CULTURAL FEATURES OF PAPUAN MALAY LANGUAGE Monika Gultom ...... 523

GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE ARABIC-JAVANESE TRANSLATION: THE EXPLORATION OF DIVERSITY IN GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES ACROSS LANGUAGES Muhammad Yunus Anis ...... 529

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN INFLUENCING BALINESE PEOPLE USE LOCAL LANGUAGE (BALINESE LANGUAGE) Ni Luh Made Dwi Ari Septiani ...... 537

CONSTITUENT MERGING OF SIMPLE CLAUSES IN BALINESE Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati ...... 539

THE USE OF NUSA PENIDA BALINESE PHONEME /h/ (A CASE STUDY OF NUSA PENIDA PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN DENPASAR) Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti ...... 547

HOW ANIMALS PERSONIFICATION ACCOMPLISHED IN CHILDREN’S STORY Ni Wayan Sukarini ...... 555

LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGY AND MULTI-IDENTITY (RE)CONSTRUCTION:A CASE STUDY OF THE MANGGARAI-FLORES DIASPORA IN BALI Ni Wayan Sumitri, I Wayan Arka...... 561

TOGA DANCE IN SIGUNTUR KINGDOM CULTURE AS MALAY HISTORICAL RELICS TO STRENGTHEN MINANGKABAU IDENTITY Nidya Fitri, Dewa Ayu Widiasri ...... 569

YAWII: A VERB OF MOTION TOWARD GOAL AND MOTION AWAY FROM SOURCE IN MEE Niko Kobepa...... 577

xiv LANGUAGES PRESERVATION IN CEPUNG: ORAL TRADITION, COLLABORATION OF SASAK AND BALI COMMUNITY ON LOMBOK ISLAND Nining Nur Alaini ...... 583

EXPLORATION ON VERB ‘BAHA’ IN PAKKADO, MANDAR, INDONESIA: A STUDY OF NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE Nirwan ...... 589

CULTURAL VALUES IN TRADITIONAL EXPRESSION OF SASAK TRADITIONAL INTERCOURSE Niswatul Hasanah, Malihah Hafiz ...... 597

RECIPIENT ROLE IN BALINESE GIVING VERB CONSTRUCTIONS Nyoman Sujaya ...... 605

ADJECTIVES IN LUBUKLINGGAU DIALECT OF PALEMBANG MALAY LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH THROUGH MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX ANALYSIS Oktaria Hasiyana ...... 613

A RITUAL TO COMMUNICATE WITH GOD OF THAI-KHMER GROUP: A CASE STUDY OF JOAL MAMAUD RITUAL, MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Phra Dhammamolee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Suthat Pratoomkaew, Thittayawadee Intarangkul, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 623

JAVA ENCYCLOPEDIA BASED ON JAVANESE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE FOR MILENIAL GENERATION Prembayun Miji Lestari, Retno Purnama Irawati, Mujimin ...... 629

INSIGHT OF DIGITAL FOLKLORE IN RELATION TO EDUCATION Putu Irmayanti Wiyasa ...... 635

CONTRASTIF ANALYSIS BALI AND MANDARIN LANGUAGES PRONUNCIATION Putu Prinda D`amour Nisa ...... 641

STRENGHTENING AND DEVELOPING LOCAL LANGUAGE LITERATION THROUGH LOCAL CONTENT CURRICULUM OF PRIMARY SCHOOL: SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE Putu Sutama, Maria Arina Luardini, Natalina Asi ...... 647

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN BALINESE PROVERBS WITH THE LEXICON OF FAUNAS Putu Zalsa Swandari Putri, Ni Made Mitha Suandari ...... 655

xv EXISTENCE OF LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE VARIOUS GENRE OF POPULAR MUSIC IN INDONESIA Ranti Rachmawanti ...... 661

BANYUMAS JAVANESE DIALECT LANGUAGE IN THE TRADITIONAL CEREMONY OF BANYUMAS COMMUNITY MARRIAGE Ratih Kusumastuti ...... 667

THE EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN THE MOTHER TONGUE IN BEKASI Ratu Badriyah ...... 673

THE POWER OF BATAK TRADITIONAL SONG IN REPRESENTING LIVING VALUES Romaida Lubis ...... 679

TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BELITUNG ISLAND SOCIETY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACH Sandy Nugraha 687

LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF OUTDOOR SIGNS IN CUSTOMARY VILAGE OF TEGALTAMU, GIANYAR Sang Ayu Isnu Maharani ...... 693

LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE USE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TOWARDS LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE RELATION TO ETHNIC IDENTITY Satyawati ...... 669

AGROLINGUISTIC ISSUES, AGRICULTURAL LEXICONS AND MUSEUM NAGARI IN WEST SUMATRA Sawirman ...... 703

METAPHORS USAGE IN THE MARRIAGE PROPOSAL RITUAL IN MANGGARAI, EAST INDONESIA Sebastianus Menggo ...... 709

PERCEIVED ADDRESS TERMS IN PM BY PAPUAN AND NON PAPUAN SPEAKERS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY Servo P. Kocu ...... 715

PHAHYA : WORD EFFECTS TO E-SARN PEOPLE’S LIFE Sowit Bamrungphak ...... 721

xvi LANGUAGE OF THE BAWEAN ISLANDERS: CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPEECH LEVELS Sri Wiryanti Budi Utami ...... 727

ANCIENT LANGUAGE IN SACRED RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KHMER PEOPLE IN MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Suthat. Pratoomkaew, PhraRajdhammasansudhi Teerangku, Phramaha Khuntong Khemasiri, Phramaha Tongchai Thammathawee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon ...... 733

FIRST PERSON POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION IN MADURESE LANGUAGE Tunggul Puji Lestari, Dwita Laksmita Rachmawati ...... 739

THE DERIVATED CLAUSE STRUCTURES IN KAILI LANGUAGE, DIALECT RAI Ulinsa, Yunidar ...... 747

THE FORMATION OF IDIOM IN BIMA LANGUAGE: PERSPECTIVE MORPHOLOGY SYSTEM Umar ...... 755

ORAL PROFICIENCY IN TAMIL LANGUAGE: AN ISSUE IN MAINTAINING TAMIL LANGUAGE Vijay Khana ...... 761

THE MAINTAINED USE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN SURABAYA URBAN SOCIETY Wahyu Sekti Wijaya ...... 767

IDENTIFIYING SENTANI CHILDREN’S DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGE Wigati Yektiningtyas ...... 773

BOL : THE RITUAL AND ART OF DETECTING THE CAUSE OF ILLNESS IN KHMER PEOPLE SURIN PROVINCE,THAILAND Wan Suwanpong, Prayoon Saengsai, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Karisandh Sengmas, Somkid Sukjit, Suriya Klangrit ...... 781

ANCIENT SACRED LANGUAGE PRESENTED IN GALMORE RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KUI PEOPLE IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILAND Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Wan Suwanpong, PhraKan KantaDharmmo, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 787

xvii “PHAYAR” A LANGUAGE THAT REFLECTS THE DOCTRINE IN THE LIFE OF THAI-KUY ETHNIC GROUP IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILAND Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Prayoon Saengsai, Wan Suwanpong, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ...... 793

KIEH IN MINANGKABAU’S TAMBO Yendra ...... 797

xviii LANGUAGE OF THE BAWEAN ISLANDERS: CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPEECH LEVELS

Sri Wiryanti Budi Utami FIB Universitas Airlangga [email protected]

Abstract Migration of the Bawean ethnic, indirectly bringing other languages and cultures. However, the Bawean islanders still uphold the ownership of language and culture. Through the method of ethnographic communication by emphasizing the technique of ‘thick description’, used to describe the characteristics of language and culture from the perspective of Bawean islanders. The findings describe the island of Bawean is a remote island with diverse ethnicities. Traditions of migration and ethnic diversity carry the impact of local languages and cultures. Assimilative culture is Bawean cultural uniqueness. The characteristics of Islamic culture and Javanese culture affect the variation of Bawean language which recognizes three levels, namely 1) Ta ‘abhesa’ (low language), 2 abhesa (polite level language), and 3 ‘abhesa alos’ (high level of language). This level of language difference is reflected in the vocabulary and its application. The application of language level tends to be influenced by ‘people’ with regard to their social situation and conversation. For example, a variant of ‘abhesa alos’ is used when speaking with a kyai, as one who has the highest social standing in Bawean. For the Bawean Islanders, the application of subtle language is still form of one’s understanding on polite culture.

Keywords: speech levels, polite culture, Bawean islanders

I. INTRODUCTION Tradition of migration from ethnic Bawean, indirectly causes they know other cultures and languages. The uniqueness of the characteristics culturally of the ethnic of Bawean, they still uphold the ownership of the language. Although they for a long time migrated out of the Bawean island, the people of Bawean island still love the land of birth with all its cultural characteristics. As reflected in the expression ‘was born at Bawean and back home tobe buried in Bawean. The elders (older generation) Bawean still considers the importance of using language associated with ‘abhesa alos’ (high-level language / fine). According to them, one of the cultural features of the Bawean Island community can speak ‘Bawean’ and apply ‘abhesa alos’. The ‘parents’ of the Bawean people regret very much when the younger generation forgets the way ‘abhesa alos’, because it indirectly can eliminate the ‘sense of culture’. This situation is feared will have an impact on his behavior.

727 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

II. METHOD According to Holmes (1995:1) psycholinguistics studies the relationship between language and society which explains why people speak differently in different social contexts and identifies the social functions of language and the way it is used to convey meaning. It is concerned with any discussion of the relationship between language and society of the various functions of language in society (Wardhaugh, 2006:1). Through the method of communication ethnography of emphasizing the technique of ‘thick description’, this study is used to describe the characteristics of language and culture according to the perspective of the people of Bawean island. This study applies an interview focusing on describing the essence of what all participants have, assuming they are experiencing phenomena that exist in the local language or are legitimate in their ethnic culture. Data were collected through interviews with ‘original’ parents of Bawean people

III. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Bawean Island is a small island in the sea waters of Java, located about 80 miles or 120 kilometers north of Gresik. Administratively, it is a part of Gresik Regency. The traditions of the wanderers and the ethnic diversity that settled there, making the Bawean people see themselves as a picture of “miniature Indonesia”. They analogy as the face of mini Indonesia, in terms of unity of its inhabitants. Various tribes, but upholding the nature of unity by recognizing the ownership of language and culture refers to the Bawean ethnic unity. That is, the Bawean people see that their language and culture reflect the characteristics of Bawean. Bawean Island is an island with a diverse ethnic population, at least five ethnic groups are quite prominent, namely Madura, Java, Bugis, Mandar, and Palembang. However, the quite prominent of the tribe of Java and Madura. This is closely related to the history of spreading Islam on the island of Bawean. From the ethnic diversity in Bawean island, there are two types of dominant speech variation on Bawean island, namely (a) the varieties of ‘Madura-Bawean’ and (b) ‘Java- Bawean’variety. A variety of ‘Madura-Bawean’ is a variety of speeches that tend to be influenced by the language of Madura, and the variety of ‘Java-Bawean’ is a variety of speeches influenced by the Javanese language. The Madurese Bawean variety is used and controlled by all ethnic groups in Bawean, while the Javanese-Madurese speech variety is controlled only by people concentrated in the village of Diponggo. The Madurese-Bawean variety of speech is recognized by the people of Bawean island as a local language and refers to it as ‘Bawean’. However, people from Diponggo village have a varieties of ‘Java-Bawean’ speech. They still recognized variety of speech ‘Madura-Bawean’. Meanwhile, other villagers do not understand the kind of speech of Diponggo people. They consider the variety of speech Diponggo people is a variety of speech that is difficult to understand. Because unlike Java language generally. The Bawean people generally refer to

728 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages the Diponggo villagers’ speech with ‘dèèh’. The word ‘dèèh’ in the Diponggo utterance is used as the 2nd persona pronoun, whereas in Javanese the 2nd person pronoun uses the word ‘kowe’. The word ‘dèèh’ in Javanese language ‘dèe’ or ‘deweke’ is used for the 3rd persona meaning ‘him’.

The ‘Bawean’ language is a language that has similarity / resemblance to Madurese accent and therefore tends to be called the ‘Madura-Bawean’ variety. For outsiders of Bawean island, when hearing of Bawean people’s speech is often assumed the language they use is Madurese. However, Bawean people are reluctant to say their language is Madurese. Perhaps enough reason people equate Bawean with Madurese language. In addition to having similarities with Madura accent, 80 percent of the basic vocabularies of the two languages are the same. The similarity between Bawean language with Madurese can be explained from the history of the spread of Islam on the island of Bawean. Many Islamic leaders from Madura migrated to Bawean. This is observed from the title of Bawean character who holds Kyai with attribute “al Baweni al Madurasi”. This means that many important figures from Bawean actually come from Madurese land. From the history of power and religion that once flourished in Bawean, Madura is an ethnic that plays an important role of Bawean island. In the next period, in addition to the spread of Islam, Madurese also plays a role in the economic field (Kartono, 2003). Although of the fourth Tjakraningrat power of the ruler of Madura-Bangkalan on the island of Bawean the ends, Madurese continues to progress to Bawean. After the second world war, there was still a massive migration of Madurese to Bawean. The migration factor of Madurese to Bawean is the same as the movement of Madurese in other regions, because of the economic pressure. In general, Madurese has a high work ethic, because in their native land (the island of Madura) is relatively barren and less fertile, than they many are migration, including migration to the island of Bawean. The reluctance of the Bawean people to be declared a Madurese is based on a strong reason. They hold that both their language and culture are a mixture of adaptation from of various tribes. They prefer to say ‘overseas’ tribes that are characterized by ‘mixed’ cultures. Their view as a picture of ‘miniature Indonesia’ shows that both their language and culture are the result of crystallization of the ethnic diversity present in Bawean island. As Emanuel describes, journalists who once formulated the population on the island of Bawean as Sumatra + Madura + Java + Kalimantan + Sulawesi are Bawean. Bawean people’s attitude that their language is not the same as Madurese language is spoken by an informant.

If you’re really listening, Bawean is not Madurese, just the same. But if the Madurese speaks, I hear it already knows, because here many Madurese, but if the original language Bawean, Madurese people do not understand, like the word ‘flirty’ yes, if the Java language ‘letrek’ or ‘kemayu’, if Madurese language ‘nglanye’, well if the language

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 729 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

Baweannya ‘nglajik’.

Identify issues related to cultural characteristics are not necessarily understood solely with language similarities. Identity has a close connection with language because the spoken language is actually one of the most important things in the ethnic community.The real difference between them involves preference in vocabulary rather than differences in pronunciation or grammar. This reality is related to the nature of language usage that has the potential to generate variations / dialects. A language will then become a system of unity of linguistic communication that combines a number of understandable varieties. Gumperz (1982a: 20) shows that many regions of the world provide much evidence for the mention of language and dialect as ambiguous. Socio-historical factors play an important role in determining the boundary between language and dialect. Despite the weaknesses and criticisms of some scholars who do not fully speak the language, the “Sapir-Whorf” hypothesis can at least open up an understanding of the problem of language and culture relationships. Few languages have an effect on human behavior and culture. Language is the shaping of ideas that influence the speaker’s view of the world around him (Wardhaugh, 2002: 218). From this view, it is not excessive if the level of existing language can shape the characteristics of its user culture in language behavior. For example, for the Javanese, the use of language of ‘krama inggil’ is not possible in ‘fighting’ or ‘curse’. In the general the usability of the language that distinguishes the subtle and rough levels is the result of human thought in social interaction. Face the environment. Spoken language is more than a means to convey thoughts and concepts; that the “part” of the language itself has implications for the user’s view of the world (Jourdan & Kevin Tuite, 2006). Bawean language can basically be compared to Javanese, where is nearly impossible to say anything without including the social reliantionship between the speaker and the listener in terms of social status and familiarity, in which the choice of linguisitic forms as well as speech style in every case are partly determined by the relative status or familiarity among the conversers (Geertz, 1964: 132). Talking about the use of the ‘Bawean’ language level is the realization of the cultural characteristics of Bawean people who see the difference in social status. For Bawean people who are culturally Islamic with all the inhabitants of Muslims, consider the status of kyai is the highest social status. By social stratification (social coating) Bawean people can be raised from the highest to the lowest status, ie Kyai ==> Head of the region (camat, lurah) ==> Guru ==> Takmir mosque ===> traders, community leaders ===> shaman. In addition, Javanese culture is also influential in the application of the language level expressed in ta’abhesa equivalent in Javanese ‘ngoko’, abhesa corresponding to ‘krama madya’, and alos abhesa corresponding to ‘krama inggil’. Significant influences in Javanese are reflected in the subtle language division between ‘abhesa’ as ‘krama madya’ and ‘abhesa alos’ as ‘krama inggil’. The application of language level divisions is as follows.

730 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages

word Level name Level style Application distance –situation Pronoun Pronoun house ‘I’ ‘you’ Ta’ abhesa Low style Among friend and speaker familiar, intimate Eson Be’na Bengko whose age older than hearer domestic, public Abhesa Midle style Speaker to an older stranger, Familiar,Less fa- Bule Ghinto Compo’ among accquaintances with miliar, domestic , psychological distance public Abhesa alos high style More respected other ei- Less familiar, do- Kaule Sampeyan dhelem ther older or younger mestic , public Bawean language in speech level The Bawean language level indicates the presence of cultural characteristics in social interactions. Just as in the Javanese language, the level of language as a form of norm governs the relationship between speakers and partners. The language level ‘ta’ abhesa’ is used in relationships among peers, parents with children, familiar, and commonly used in the family or domestic. ‘Abhesa’ is used in the same age among the participants, there are differences in social status or each has a respectable role, such as between ustad and santri or between ustad / teacher /. ; ‘abhesa alos’ is used between santri and kyai or between teachers and students. The difference in age and role status is something to be considered in the interaction.

IV. CONCLUSION The influence of Islam and the culture of politeness Javanese language isquite influential in the social activities of Bawean people. Social status factors related toage, familiarity, role to be the main factor influencing the application of language level. Indirectly, the application of language levels in the Bawean language shows mixed cultural characteristics between Islam and Java. The cultural mirror inherent in a language will reveal itself to how the society applies the language usage norms of releasing the code of social ethics.

REFERENCES

Gumperz, J.J. 1982a. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Geertz, Cliford. 1964. The Religion of Java. New York: The Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. Holmes, Janet. 1995. Learning about Language: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. Jourdan & Kevin Tuite, 2006. Language, Culture, and Society. New York: Cambridge University, Kartono. 2003. “ Orang Bawean dan Boyan: Perubahan dan Pembentukan Identitas Masyarakat Bawean”. Mencipta Bawean, Antolog Gagasan Orang-orang Boyan . Gresik: Boyan Publishing.

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7 731 Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

Usman, Z 1996. Petodhu Bhesa Bhebien. Bawean: Next Generation Foundation. Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2002. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, fourth-Ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

732 Bali, 23-24 February 2018 Udayana University Press