ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA LATINO AMERICANA Organo de la Asociacion Latinoamericana de Ciencias Fisiologicas

Obligado 2490 Buenos Aires - Argentina Vol. XXI - 1971 N° 4 Pag. 267 - 285

BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY

(1887 -1971) HIS EARLY YEARS. HIS FAMILY worthy; baccalaureate at 13 years old with the highest classifications in the The parents of Bernardo Alberto, Al- course. berto Houssay and Clara Laffont, were Evidently Bernardo was a precocious born in the South of France, the former child. At this age he spoke French in Bayonne and the latter in Aussan- correctly and was conversant through es-Angles (Hautes Pyrenees). They his father with the classical writers married in Argentina and a daughter whose works he committed to memory was born. Soon after, they returned to and could quote accurately and with France as Alberto Houssay's baccalau- pleasure many years later. Already he reate obtained in France was not rec- showed a passion for reading especially ognized in Argentina. In Bordeaux, history, literature and natural science Alberto Houssay graduated as a lawyer and he also revealed his extraordinary and Doctor in Law. There two sons memory, his mental elasticity, his bal- were born. anced judgment and his devotion to In 1886 they returned to Argentina, work. specially invited by the then President of the Nation, Nicolas Avellaneda. Al- His ACADEMIC FORMATION berto Houssay was at once appointed (1901 - 1910) professor in the Central National Col- lege, the only secondary school existent Bernardo Houssay's university career at this time in Buenos Aires. His deci- was spread over the years 1901 to 1910 sion to return to Argentina was made as he started the career of Pharmacy easier as he not only knew the country in 1901 and finished in 1910 his degree already but the Laffont family had as a Doctor in Medicine. settled here. He graduated as a pharmacist in The fourth child, Bernardo Alberto, 1904 when only 17 years old, and was was born in Buenos Aires on the 10th top of the course. These studies gave of April, 1887. Later, four more children him the foundation in chemistry which were born, all argentines. As well as was so useful in his later career. As the education he always received in his time passed Houssay was responsible in own home, Bernardo was sent from 5 great measure for the development of to 8 years of age to private schools and the career of Biochemist in the Univer- then to the State elementary school sity of Buenos Aires, and under his di- where he finished the course at the age rection biochemists of high rank were of 9. On the advice and authorization formed, many of whom became uni- of his masters and directors he sat for versity professors later. the entrance examination of the 1st year He at once began his medical studies. of the National College, passing as an He was an outstanding student and external student. many of his examinations were remem- The three eldest children had been bered for a long time as he had been sent to finish their education in France. congratulated by the examining board. There the two boys received their bacca- In 1908 he was appointed by compet- laureate and the daughter graduated as itive selection as assistant in practical a school teacher but in view of the fact work to the Chair of Physiology. The that the change had not brought about professor of Physiology, Horacio G. Pi- any remarkable results and also because fiero ordered the publication of the the cost was so high, the parents decided classes given by him. This contact with that Bernardo should remain in Argen- physiology favoured his vocation, never tina. The result in this case was note- to be abandoned later. He observed at termination to consecrate himself to the clinical cases which can be read in his study of Physiology. He knew the prin- bibliography. ciples of experimental methods from his Later he gave up both consulting reading of Claude Bernard's book which room and hospital work entirely though had so impressed him. He had had his he encouraged others from the physio- first contact with the speciality in the logical point of view to study and solve Physiology Department of the Faculty clinical problems. As examples of these of Medicine, first as a student and then may be mentioned the study of Ayerza's as assistant from 1908 to 1910. But now cyanotic heart syndrome (with L. Solari the Faculty of Veterinary Science gave and A. Berconsky), arterial hyperten- him his best chance to deepen his sion, diabetes, goiter, etc. knowledge. His vocation for the natural sciences and his conviction that the HOUSSAY, PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY would ben- development of physiology IN THE FACULTY OF VETERINARY general, reinforced efit medicine in SCIENCE (U.B.A.) his point of view. He decided he would become a physiologist and from thence This period of Houssay's life had forward he regarded his vocation as a transcendental importance over his fu- patriotic duty. ture career, as during it he was able This was another characteristic of his to acquire experience in teaching and personality which also strengthened at research while his ideas were ripening. this time. He made up his mind to His promotion to the Chair of Phys- iology in become a scientist but in his own the Faculty of Veterinary Science occurred at the early age country whose development he wished of 22 on the suggestion of a great person- to advance. It is well known that ality of those days, Professor Pedro Houssay never accepted in all his life N. Arata. Professor Arata knew of in spite even in its darkest moments and Houssay's outstanding merits as a student of most advantageous offers, any po- and his exceptional vocation for the sition abroad. His serene and construc- natural sciences and he specially re- tive patriotism is an example younger membered the bri 1 liant examinations generations may well remember. given by Houssay in Organic Chemistry. He knew the Chair of Physiology in the HOUSSAY, MEDICAL PRACTITIONER Faculty of Veterinary Science was va- cant and proposed that Houssay should As soon as he graduated, Houssay be appointed; thus, Houssay was made began to practise his profession as was acting professor first and then full Pro- the custom then (1910), but also as a fessor from 1912 to 1919 when he means to earn money. He had a con- resigned in order to take up the Chair sulting room and for several years of Physiology in the Medical Faculty. attended private patients. At the same He thus became a University Pro- time he attended the hospital. At first fessor of the same age as or even younger he was a house physician but his than, most of his students. At first the outstanding merits as such soon led to students resisted his appointment on his appointment as chief of the clinical the grounds he was not a graduate of medicine unit in the Alvear Hospital their faculty and also because of his (1912-1917). Several patients suffering age; however they decided to attend from endocrine lesions came under his his first class as a try-out. He so im- notice here, and his preoccupations are pressed them with his theoretical expressed in the publication of various knowledge and the accompanying prac- ders in Argentina and he was able years Directing Council was not plain sailing. later to prepare a protective serum for There was a tie in the voting which was its toxin. settled in his favour by the casting vote of the Dean, Professor Alfredo Lanari. He soon resigned his professional MARRIAGE WITH DOCTOR practice and other commitments, thus MARIA ANGELICA CATAN becoming "full time" in his chair which These studies on snake and spider was now converted into an Institute of bites brought about a special result. The Physiology, that is to say, with teaching material for them was obtained for him and research laboratories and the possi- by a distinguished doctor in chemistry, bility of the Professor and other person- Maria Angelica Catan. This professional nel on a "full time" basis. This change relationship ended in their marriage in meant a decided economical loss as the 1920. Three sons were born, Alberto, emoluments he received from the re- Hector and Rai!11, all brilliant students signed posts gave him a much larger and doctors of medicine. income. Maria Angelica Catan was his insep- As time passed collaborators appeared arable companion until her death in who, following his example, also worked 1962. She was the understanding help "full time" at the Institute. Such "full mate who encouraged him and support- time" dedication grew but surely in Ar- ed him throughout the economical gentina and many other Latin American strain of being a "full time" physiologist. countries. Thanks to such an exemplary wife Soon the Institute of Physiology had Houssay was able to dedicate himself achieved international fame and Dr. completely to his Science, so that his Carlson, the eminent North American efficiency, already great, became ex- physiologist in a now classical phrase traordinary. She was able to divide her expressed the fact that: "Houssay has put job of bringing up the children with Argentina on the physiological map of that of a wife who helped her husband the world". in anonymous tasks, sometimes thank- He worked in a remarkable way in less, necessary for his work. Thus she the organization and development of the filed articles and reviews, she corrected Institute over this long period of nearly proofs, she gave her ideas on experi- 1/4 of a century. There he gave both ments, she knew his collaborators, and theoretical and practical teaching to the she put up with their straightened medical, dentistry and pharmacy stu- circumstances without complaint. dents. He continued and developed She was always the unknown force, scientific research in the fields he had the invisible mainstay of the home. Her begun in the former period and started disappearance after a long and dis- further experimental investigations. He tressing illness left a deep sorrow which formed many disciples who at a given her husband never overcame. moment in their preparation were sent to suitable centres abroad so they might THE INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY import later, new knowledge. He wrote, (1919 - 1943)(1945 - 1946)(1955 -1957) published and lectured, always in a clear and simple style with no rhetorical Houssay was incorporated into the flourishes, yet convincing by the cer- Faculty of Medicine of the University tainty of their expositions. This untiring of Buenos Aires (U.B.A.) in 1919 as multitude of activities which seemed Professor of Physiology. In spite of his those of an army rather than only one qualifications, his nomination by the individual demonstrated his tenacious In Biological Physics: Enrique Di Be- was answered there was nothing to nedetto, Juan J. Rossignoli, Enrique report he would often say "this was little Savino and Raid Wernicke. for a scientist". In Physiology: Enrique Aubrun, Virgi- It was very interesting to discuss the lio G. Foglia, Juan T. Lewis, Maximo research in hand, with him. His biblio- Magenta, Jose B. Odoriz, Oscar Orias, graphical information on the problem, Octavio Pico-Estrada, Horacio Rubio, his calm judgement of the results, his and Luis A. Solari. relevant criticisms and his quick and HIS ACTIVITY IN RESEARCH fertile imagination for the planning of intimately The Institute of Physiology soon new experiments could be qualities acquired national and international fame appreciated. This complex of because of the high quality of the made up the scientist Houssay, so many scientific research carried out there. outstanding qualities united in one per- Concurrently the prestige of its director son, combined with his disinterested towards continued increasing, and he was sought willingness to give ample help more and more by the great foreign solving any problem. centres, while his words were considered in ever increasing scale in Argentina. THE FORMATION OF DISCIPLES The daily routine of the Institute Such an outstanding personality was began at 8 a.m. when he met the 7 or bound to attract young men and form 8 representatives of the principal sec- many disciples. Hundreds of scientists tions, inquiring if they had anything to came under his influence and can be report, and giving the necessary orders. considered his followers. Amongst them He would then inspect the rooms where many worked with him in his laboratory practical work took place and then the while others, no less important, worked laboratories. At eleven he lectured. He outside. By means of this galaxy of started experimental work at 2 in the brains he was able to wield a vast in- afternoon and would finish about 5 p.m. fluence on the development of science at which time he would receive visitors. and on medical education in Argentina Later he had appointments with his and other countries, especially those of research workers or attended lectures Latin America. In this way not only and scientific meetings or brought his the progress in physiology but also that reading up to date. in pharmacology, histology and biochem- He was indeed indefatigable. Accord- istry was the result of his influence. ing to his own confession "he would rest Many specialities also were benefited by changing his work", and he was such as endocrinology, cardiology, nu- luckily helped excellent health. by his trition, neuro-physiology and so on. Nevertheless he had an internal stimu- lant —his love for his chosen Science— Many of his followers came from which ever urged him on. abroad among whom may be mentioned: In his daily inspection of the Institute Bolivia: Luis F. Hartmann. he would ask each research worker how Brazil: Pery Riet-Correa, Eduardo M. he was getting on. If the worker was Krieger, Jose Leal (father) , Thales Mar- not in his place he would leave a paper tins, Maria Marques, Renato Migliorini, with the question written on it.* If he Demosthenes Orsini, Jose Ribeiro do Valle, Clotilde S ou t o-M a i or, Naide * He would usually write the note on a Theodosio, Edgar M. Wagner. piece of used paper or the corner torn off Canada: Christianne Dosne. a newspaper, an indication, as his research workers remarked, of his parsimonious French Chile: Julio Cabello-Ruz, Rene Hono- spirit. rato Cienfuegos, Bruno Gunther, Fer- evident. Rectors, deans, professors, stu- a large number of pupils were jailed as dents all over the country started hostile political prisoners. The authorities were acts which increased in violence leading obliged to close all places devoted to to paralysis of the universities and con- higher education. frontations of antagonistic groups. This The future for argentine physiology attitude had to be suppressed. could not have been more tragic; at The first measure was to dismiss Pro- the same time as Buenos Aires, the fessor Houssay and numerous other chairs of physiology in Rosario and university professors for having signed a Cordoba, held by Professors Juan T. manifest together with many other dis- Lewis and Oscar Orias respectively, also tinguished people, declaring that the became vacant. Here also their collab- country should return to "constitutional orators resigned emphasizing the pa- normality, effective democracy and ralysis of the laboratories dedicated to american solidarity". research. And now the persecution of The dismissal of Professor Houssay those who had been expelled began and from the Institute of Physiology (Octo- many were jailed. There were no other ber 1943) caused amazement. It was centres which could absorb those dis- incredible considering his scientific emin- missed, thus many physiologists returned ence and his position as its creator and to private practice while others went inspiration. His collaborators in the In- stitute were divided into those who abroad. resigned following their leader, and those Professor Houssay decided that under who decided to remain in the effort to the circumstances he must do all he preserve it for its future recuperation. could to stay in his own country as the Similar reactions took place in other standard bearer for science. During these universities all over the country. days of conflict and oppression he was The dismissal of the professors exac- asked by the students to compose a kind erbated the political situation. As a of "credo", which was widely circulated, consequence faculties were taken over in which he expressed his convictions by the students, skirmishes occurred with courage and firmness. It read as between antagonistic armed groups and follows:

I love my country I love freedom I believe in personal dignity I believe in doing one's duty I am devoted to Science I am devoted to work I respect Justice and my fellow men I feel affection for my family, followers and friends Bernardo A. Houssay, Buenos Aires, October 1943.

He soon realized that his person ran his house one day which, though no serious risks. He had difficulty in con- one was hurt, caused considerable ma- sulting books in the Faculty and once in terial damage. December 1943 when I went with him to In 1945 there was a general amnesty operate a sheep in the Faculty of Vet- for the hundreds who had been expelled erinary Science we were prevented from from the universities in 1943 and many doing so. Pamphlets were distributed returned to their posts, but almost im- insulting him and a bomb exploded in mediately the same problems occurred breeding of rats was begun and dogs, ti, Juan R. Depaoli, Diana J. de Hardy, toads, etc., were bought. Wenceslao E. Hartmann, Alejandro Ka- Soon it was working. Unfortunately it celnik, Elena Lascano, Jorge A. Negro- was necessary to recommence all research ni, Nestor Schmajuk and Enrique T. since the requisite material in the Fac- Segura) ; renal hypertensor substance ulty had been completely destroyed (Julia Uranga) ; immunity (Elsie M. E. during the disturbances; nevertheless de Chirico and Raul Houssay) ; diabetes Dr. Houssay's dynamic powers soon (Enrique J. del Castillo, Alicia G. Rolclan organized scientific meetings, and exper- and Ciro T. Rietti). iments on the following were carried The scientific output was always con- out: the excitability of the myocardium, sidered of high quality and importance (Orias) ; the mechanism of experimental both in this country and abroad, thus arterial tension (Braun-Menendez) ; ex- the Institute acquired and kept the perimental diabetes (Lewis and Foglia) ; prestige its director was able to bestow Leloir on problems of biochemistry re- upon it. lating to the metabolism of carbohy- Some of Houssay's outstanding disci- drates. ples formed private laboratories similar Virgil's dictum was never more appro- to the Instituto de Biologia y Medicina priate: "Unceasing travail and the sharp Experimental, devoted to non-profit sting of adversity will overcome scientific research. These were the "Ins- anything!" tituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas" To the first group of workers were (Buenos Aires), under direction of Dr. presently added new researchers, some Luis F. Leloir, the "Instituto de Investi- who came from abroad and others who gaciOn Medica" (Cordoba), under di- worked part-time. Among the former rection of Dr. Oscar Orias, the "Instituto were Carlos E. Rapela and Maria Gor- de Investigaciones Medicas" (Rosario), don who worked on catecholamines; under direction of Dr. Juan T. Lewis, Miguel R. Covian, neurophysiology; and the "Instituto de Neurobiologia" Carlos Martinez, experimental diabetes. (Buenos Aires), under direction of Dr. Amongst the part-time workers were Juan H. Tramezzani. Roberto M. Pinto, ovary; Juan C. While Houssay directed the Institute Penhos, vitamines; Adolfo Cardeza, his- from 1944 to 1971, several outstanding tology; Carlos Galli-Mainini and N. happenings which merit special mention Ambrad-DOMINGUEZ ominguez, reproduction; to occurred: mention only a few. a) the guiding role it kept in the The removal of the Institute to its formation of valuable research workers new and present premises (Obligado and scientific output. 2490) in Belgrano, in 1959, was of great b) the appointment of many of its advantage from the point of view of research workers as university professors space. Now equipment could be prop- in Argentina and abroad. erly accommodated. Groups of young research workers could labour under c) the publication of the text-book Houssay's direct supervision in such of Human Physiology by Houssay and varied fields as the metabolism of ste- his collaborators. roids (Jorge Blaquier, Monica S. de Ca- d) the award of the Nobel Prize in meo, Eduardo Charreau, Alejandro de 1947 -an extraordinary event which will Nicola, Florencia Galli, Elena A. Ber- be dealt with later. nard, Osvaldo Irusta and Guillermo e) the creation by Houssay of the Wassermann) ; neurophysiology (Sergio National Council for Scientific and D'Agostino, Alberto de Juan, Alicia Den- Technical Research (Consejo Nacional his encouragement of the creation of known as regards its function so he de- the Latin American Society of Physiolog- cided to study it. In 1910 he published ical Sciences not only brought about his first work on the subject and in a concurrence amongst our countries 1911 his thesis for his Doctorate in but also the establishment in each Con- Medicine which received the Faculty gress of a session for the discussion of Prize *. From thence forwards he problems in the basic sciences. worked continuously researching on the His arti Iles and books for the hypophysis. spreading of scientific knowledge and When insulin was discovered in 1921 for teaching have also played a great by Banting and Best, he initiated with part in awakening an interest in such different collaborators a systematic study knowledge. It is sufficient to remember of its physiological action in cases of his "Human Physiology" which was hyper or hypofunction of the adrenals, first published in 1945 and represented the thyroids, etc. He observed many the valuable efforts of Houssay and a notable changes but what impressed him group of his more intimate collaborators. most was the extraordinary sensitivity The first edition was followed by sever- to insulin produced by hypophysectomy. al others, both in Spanish and other This was found in collaboration with languages. Potick, Magenta, Rietti and Mazzocco, confirmed and substantiated His collaborators necessarily changed and it was experiments. In 1929 he as the years went by but he found them by further demonstrated with Potick the reverse, always wherever he was working, some injection in the toad veterinary workers, others chemists, that is to say, that lobe of the doctors, dentists, etc., with different of extract of the anterior caused resistance to insulin. scientific formations, yet all contributing hypophysis, hypophysis mod- to the common weal with their spe- Evidently the anterior organism to cialized knowledge. This shows the wide ified the sensitivity of the embracing spirit of the Master who insulin. knows how to find and unite individual As the blood sugar varied greatly un- efforts. der the influence of insulin, he postu- Certain examples of the subjects of lated that the results observed were due original research which Houssay followed to variations in the utilization of the through many years with different sugars following hypophysectomy or collaborators and techniques will now administration of anterior hypophyseal be enumerated. extracts. Following this line of thought with Biasotti (1930) he took a pan- createctomized diabetic dog and removed THE HYPOPHYSIS AND CARBOHYDRATE its hypophysis. An astonishing im- METABOLISM provement in the diabetes of the dog occurred. The blood sugar diminished Houssay's name will always be linked and it survived months while the con- with the hypophysis, the pancreas and trols in which pancreatectomy alone had diabetes. This relation was established been performed only survived operation early on in his career. According to his own words he had the opportunity of examining in 1907 a patient with acro- * Houssay, B. A.: Estudios sobre la ac- megaly who impressed him deeply. He ci6n de los extractos hipofisarios. Ensayo so- bre la fisiologia del l¿bulo posterior de la knew that the hypophysis was affected hip6fisis. Tesis. A. G. Buffarini Editor. Bue- and his anatomical studies had made nos Aires, 1911, 190 pp. him familiar with the gland. Little was ** Houssay's dog. HORMONAL CONTROL OF FAT There he studied with Giusti the lib- METABOLISM eration of spermatozoa in the toad (Bufo arenarum Hensel) *. Many years A long series of experiments on this later, now in the Institute of Biology subject was started in 1930 and lasted and Experimental Medicine, he showed till 1970. Although they were mainly that the spermatozoa on their way out carried out in dogs, some were made passed through the kidneys and escaped in other animal species. by the urine (M. Burgos, E. De Robertis The starting point was the demon- and 0. Breytes). stration by Rietti that total pancreatec- Galli-Mainini proved that liberation tomy increased the elimination of ke- of spermatozoa occurred in the toad if tonic bodies in the urine, and that, later, it was injected with urine from a preg- hypophysectomy diminished them. A nant woman. This reaction became very new increase was obtained on the in- popular as a diagnostic test for preg- jection of extracts of anterior hypophys- nancy in women because of its efficiency, eal lobe into these doubly operated cheapness and simplicity, and it was animals. This indicated that the control able to replace the use of rabbits or of fat metabolism was brought about by rats. Although still used in many places, insulin and the hypophyseal hormones. it has now been replaced by other Further experiments carried out techniques. during the last 10 years by C. T. Rietti, The publications of Houssay, E. del E. Urgoiti, E. J. del Castillo, Alicia G. Castillo, G. di Paola, R. Sanmartino, Roldan and Maria E. Galli have made R. M. Pinto, C. Galli-Mainini, etc., have the picture clearer still. They have shed light on this and other mechanisms shown that insulin takes part in the in the control of the sexual function in metabolism of fats on the one hand, batrachians. while on the other hand hypophyseal hormones and the adrenal cortex act EXPERIMENTAL ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION antagonistically. Thus diabetic ketosis is due to the lack of insulin and the bal- The study of the factors which regu- anced excess of hypophyseal and adre- late the arterial blood pressure in nor- nal cortex hormones. Both factors in mal and pathological states was another diabetes produce an increase in the of the important lines of research con- destruction of fats and the mobilization ducted by Houssay. of fat from the adipose tissues, and as Eduardo Braun-Menendez was a consequence there is an increase in studying the part the kidney played in the blood of free fatty acids, ketonemia this regulation without any success when and lipemia. The fatty liver and other the fundamental work of H. Goldblatt tissues accumulated fats. and his collaborators was published in U.S.A. (1943). Goldblatt showed that THE CONTROL OF THE SEXUAL incomplete ligature of the renal artery FUNCTION produced arterial hypertension in the dog. Houssay's interest in the control of Houssay suggested to J. C. Fasciolo the sexual function in toads started in that he might throw some light on the the old days of the Veterinary Faculty. mechanism by seeing if a graft of these * The coincidence of the initials of the * Rietti, C. T.: Ketosis in the pancreatic names of Houssay with those of the scientific diabetes of hypophysectomized dogs. Acta name of this toad (B.A.H.) which he used Congreso Internacional de Biologia Monte- so often gave rise to many jokes by his video, 8: 332, 1930. collaborators. Honorary President (5) acknowledgement was a stimulus of ben- President of Honour (3) efit to his whole country. However he Full Member (3) went on working in his usual manner. Counsellor of Honour (1 ) He was decorated 15 times and re- FINAL WORDS ceived 11 national and international Houssay was a pioneer who developed prizes. Amongst these last was the Nobel scientific research where it did not exist. Prize for Physiology and Medicine He thereby proved the falsity of the awarded him in 1947 *. prejudices which declared the impossi- It is possible to make some remarks bility of research where there was no of historical import regarding the in- propitious environment, where there credible argentine political situation existed racial incapacity and where the when the authorities were surprised by economical difficulties appeared insu- the decision made by the Nobel Insti- perable. tute. All cultured and sensible argentines He was a self-made scientist, helped were delighted by the news. For the by a combination of outstanding person- first time the Nobel Prize had been al qualities seldom possessed singly and awarded to a scientist in Latin America. even less all together. These qualities Nevertheless the dictatorship in power were his intelligence, his memory, his hindered the propagation of the news self-criticism, his physical strength, his in all possible ways, they forbade its love for science and his devotion to mention in newspapers or in the news work, "which is the cheapest amuse- bulletins in cinemas or over the radio; ment", as he himself used to say. public meetings to celebrate the event He believed in justice and he believed were prohibited. Every effort was made in the future of his own country which to minimize the importance of the dis- he wished to see great. tinction. Houssay himself, with great Pasteur was right when he said: "La modesty, considered the prize had been science n'a pas de patrie, ou plutOt, la won by his collaborators and all who patrie de la science est l'humanite toute had shared his work as well. He felt entiere". But Houssay knew that the that the prize obliged him to work ever scientist has his country and should harder and better along the same path work for it. He worked for his until his and he also thought the intellectual last moment, he fought and he con- quered. The life of Houssay comprising his * "October 24, 1947. The Caroline Ins- titute has decided to award the Nobel Prize battles, his sufferings and his victories for Physiology and Medicine for 1947 with is an example for the younger gener- one half to you for your discovery of the ations. He dedicated it to the good of importance of the pituitary anterior lobe for his fellow-men and showed what can be the sugar metabolism and the other half to Professor, Carl Cori and Doctor Gerty T. achieved by capacity and work applied Cori jointly for their discovery of the course to a noble and high ideal. of the catalytic metabolism of glycogen. Hilding Bergstrand Rector". VIRGILIO G. FOGLIA