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Advances in the Field of Endocrinology: a Demographic Analysis

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Advances in the Field of Endocrinology: a Demographic Analysis Advances in the Field of Endocrinology: A Demographic Analysis A Research Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Biology Department Adelphi University By Pari Waghela In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the M.S. Degree in Biology Date: 1/14/2021 Advisor: Dr. Tandra Chakraborty Thesis Committee: Dr. Andrea Ward Dr. Deborah Cooperstein Acknowledgement I want to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Tandra Chakraborty, Chair and Professor of the Biology Department of Adelphi University. The doors of her office were always open whenever I had doubts and queries regarding the thesis and the courses that I found extremely difficult to understand. Her vision, motivation, and faith in my work deeply inspired me. She has always guided me to the right path of my career, and this would not be possible without her guidance and support. I am extremely grateful for the opportunity offered to me. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Andrea Ward, Associate Dean for Student Success Strategic Initiatives, Adelphi University and Dr. Deborah Cooperstein, Professor at Biology, College of Arts and Sciences and Vice President for Collective Bargaining American Association of University Professors, Adelphi Chapter, Adelphi University. I have gratefully indebted them to her for their precious comments on this thesis. I am extremely grateful to my parents, Rakesh Waghela (Father) and Mittal Waghela (Mother), for their love, prayers, and sacrifices to educate and prepare me for my future. I am very much thankful to Pratham Waghela (brother), for understanding and support me throughout my education. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Page | 1 ABSTRACT Endocrine glands are the ductless glands of the endocrine system that directly secrete their products, hormones, and blood. Once released into the bloodstream, they travel to their target organ or tissue, which has receptors that recognize and react to the hormone. Endocrinology is growing daily, upcoming with new hormones and hormone-like factors being discovered regularly, and these discoveries have been influential in medical science. The first Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine was awarded in 1909. Since then, around 23 Nobel Prizes have been awarded to the different Nobel Laureates that had discoveries directly or indirectly linked to Endocrinology. However, we have a moderate nearness about the Nobel Laureates that have positively contributed to Endocrinology, and they are addressed as a scientist or distinguished lecturers. The research in this article will discuss the contribution of each Nobel Laureates in the field of Endocrinology. With the help of the custom world map tool, the distribution of each Nobel Laureate in the World and within the US is obtained and distinguished. Therefore, this paper will introduce the discovery and the achievements of the Nobel Laureates. It will also reflect the distribution of Nobel laureates worldwide- discoveries and inventions, distribution of renowned universities with the number of winners, GDP influence on these discoveries, and ethnic representation. Page | 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5 The Nobel Prize for 1909 was awarded to Emil Theodor Kocher............................................. 7 The Nobel Prize for 1923 was jointing awarded to Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod ................................................................................................................. 10 The Nobel Prize for 1939 was awarded to Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt and Leopold Ruzicka ............................................................................................................................... 14 The Nobel Prize for 1947 was divided, one half jointly to Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori and the other half to Bernardo Alberto Houssay. ............................................. 18 The Nobel Prize for 1950 was awarded to Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein and Philip Showalter Hench ....................................................................................................... 23 The Nobel Prize for 1955 was awarded to Vincent du Vigneaud ........................................... 28 The Nobel Prize for 1958 was awarded to Frederick Sanger ................................................. 31 The Nobel Prize for 1964 was awarded jointly to Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen............... 34 The Nobel Prize for 1966 was awarded equally to Peyton Rous and Charles Brenton Huggins ........................................................................................................................................... 38 The Nobel Prize for 1970 jointly awarded to Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod ........................................................................................................................................... 42 The Nobel Prize for 1971 was awarded to Earl Sutherland ................................................... 45 Page | 3 The Nobel Prize for 1977 was divided, one half jointly to Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally and another half to Rosalyn Yalow .......................................................................... 47 The Nobel Prize for 1982 jointly to Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane ................................................................................................................................... 52 The Nobel Prize for 1985 jointly to Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein .................... 56 The Nobel Prize for 1986 was awarded to Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini .............. 59 The Nobel Prize for 1994 was awarded jointly to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell ........ 62 The Nobel Prize for 2000 was awarded jointly to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric R. Kandel................................................................................................................................. 67 The Nobel Prize for 2010 was awarded to Robert G. Edwards. .............................................. 73 Distribution of Nobel Prizes in the Field of Endocrinology by Country ................................. 76 Distribution of Nobel Prizes in the field of Endocrinology within United States .................... 78 Women in Science ............................................................................................................... 80 Ethnic Representation ......................................................................................................... 82 References........................................................................................................................... 84 Page | 4 INTRODUCTION The Nobel Prize is considered the World's most prestigious award. The Nobel Prize is awarded to 'those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.' Alfred Nobel was known for his great invention of dynamite, smokeless gunpowder, and a blasting cap. He was a Swedish engineer, chemist, and industrialist. He signed his last will in 1895 about passing down all of his "remaining realizable assets" to series of annual awards. Moreover, because of his will, the Nobel Prizes are awarded every year. Around 603 Nobel Prizes have been awarded between 1901 to 2020. The youngest Nobel Prize was awarded to Malala Yousafzai at 17 for her discoveries and justifications on Peace in 2014. With modern technologies, hormones and hormone-like factors are getting developed regarding helping the Endocrinology department of medical science grow faster. Endocrinology has consistently had a solid appearance at the Nobel Prizes. The Nobel Laureates who have worked in endocrinology have also worked on other medicine areas, such as the immune system and nerve signaling (Shampo et al., 2012). In the last century, endocrinology has proved to be the one branch that has excelled in innovations. Women researchers have accomplished a moderately more grounded nearness in endocrinology. Two winners have declined the Nobel award, Jean-Paul Sartre, who was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in literature. He consistently received a denial from all official honors; therefore, he considered declining the Nobel Prize. Furthermore, Lê Ðức Thọ declined the 1973 Nobel Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who negotiated the peace agreement for Vietnam. However, Lê Ðức Thọ said he was not in the position to accept the Nobel Award due to the current situation in Vietnam. The Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, Chemistry, and Physics have been awarded to at least 33 distinguished researchers who were directly or indirectly involved in research into the field of endocrinology. With Nobel Prizes awarded all over the World to different Page | 5 Nobel Laureates, the United States has the highest number of Nobel Prizes. Many studied have been performed to analyze the distribution of the Nobel Prize in the United States (Shampo and Kyle, 2001). Women are less likely recognized in medicine, and only three women have received Nobel awards in the field of endocrinology. Therefore, this paper will introduce the discovery and the achievements of the Nobel Laureates. It will also reflect the distribution of Nobel laureates around the World- discoveries and inventions, distribution of renowned universities with the number of winners, and the influence of GDP on these discoveries.
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