Nobel Laureates

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The Rockefeller University » Nobel Laureates Sunday, December 15, 2013 Calendar Directory Employment DONATE AWARDS & HONORS University Overview & Nobel Laureates Quick Facts History Since the institution's founding in 1901, 24 Nobel Prize winners have been associated with the university. Of these, two Faculty Awards are Rockefeller graduates (Edelman and Baltimore) and six laureates are current members of the Rockefeller faculty (Günter Blobel, Christian de Duve, Paul Greengard, Roderick MacKinnon, Paul Nurse and Torsten Wiesel). Nobel Prize Albert Lasker Awards Ralph M. Roderick Paul Nurse National Medal of Science Steinman MacKinnon 2001 Institute of Medicine 2011 2003 Physiology or National Academy of Physiology or Chemistry Medicine Sciences Medicine Gairdner Foundation International Award Campus Map & Views Travel Directions Paul Günter R. Bruce NYC Resources Greengard Blobel Merrifield Office of the President 2000 1999 1984 Physiology or Physiology or Chemistry Chief of Staff Medicine Medicine Board of Trustees and Corporate Officers Sustainability Torsten N. David Albert Contact Wiesel Baltimore Claude 1981 1975 1974 Physiology or Physiology or Physiology or Medicine Medicine Medicine Christian George E. Stanford de Duve Palade Moore 1974 1974 1972 Physiology or Physiology or Chemistry Medicine Medicine William H. Gerald M. H. Keffer Stein Edelman Hartline 1972 1972 1967 Chemistry Physiology or Physiology or Medicine Medicine Peyton Joshua Edward L. Rous Lederberg Tatum 1966 1958 1958 http://www.rockefeller.edu/about/awards/nobel/[2013/12/16 7:42:49] The Rockefeller University » Nobel Laureates Physiology or Physiology or Physiology or Medicine Medicine Medicine Fritz A. John H. Wendell Lipmann Northrop M. Stanley 1953 1946 1946 Physiology or Chemistry Chemistry Medicine Herbert S. Karl Alexis Gasser Landsteiner Carrel 1944 1930 1912 Physiology or Physiology or Physiology or Medicine Medicine Medicine The Rockefeller University | 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 | Copyright © 2004–2013 The Rockefeller University. All rights reserved. Contact | Comments | Site Map | Copyright Complaints http://www.rockefeller.edu/about/awards/nobel/[2013/12/16 7:42:49].

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RANDY SCHEKMAN Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
GENES AND PROTEINS THAT CONTROL THE SECRETORY PATHWAY Nobel Lecture, 7 December 2013 by RANDY SCHEKMAN Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Introduction George Palade shared the 1974 Nobel Prize with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve for their pioneering work in the characterization of organelles interrelated by the process of secretion in mammalian cells and tissues. These three scholars established the modern field of cell biology and the tools of cell fractionation and thin section transmission electron microscopy. It was Palade’s genius in particular that revealed the organization of the secretory pathway. He discovered the ribosome and showed that it was poised on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it engaged in the vectorial translocation of newly synthesized secretory polypeptides (1). And in a most elegant and technically challenging investigation, his group employed radioactive amino acids in a pulse-chase regimen to show by autoradiograpic exposure of thin sections on a photographic emulsion that secretory proteins progress in sequence from the ER through the Golgi apparatus into secretory granules, which then discharge their cargo by membrane fusion at the cell surface (1). He documented the role of vesicles as carriers of cargo between compartments and he formulated the hypothesis that membranes template their own production rather than form by a process of de novo biogenesis (1). As a university student I was ignorant of the important developments in cell biology; however, I learned of Palade’s work during my first year of graduate school in the Stanford biochemistry department.
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The Creation of Neuroscience
The Creation of Neuroscience The Society for Neuroscience and the Quest for Disciplinary Unity 1969-1995 Introduction rom the molecular biology of a single neuron to the breathtakingly complex circuitry of the entire human nervous system, our understanding of the brain and how it works has undergone radical F changes over the past century. These advances have brought us tantalizingly closer to genu- inely mechanistic and scientifically rigorous explanations of how the brain’s roughly 100 billion neurons, interacting through trillions of synaptic connections, function both as single units and as larger ensem- bles. The professional field of neuroscience, in keeping pace with these important scientific develop- ments, has dramatically reshaped the organization of biological sciences across the globe over the last 50 years. Much like physics during its dominant era in the 1950s and 1960s, neuroscience has become the leading scientific discipline with regard to funding, numbers of scientists, and numbers of trainees. Furthermore, neuroscience as fact, explanation, and myth has just as dramatically redrawn our cultural landscape and redefined how Western popular culture understands who we are as individuals. In the 1950s, especially in the United States, Freud and his successors stood at the center of all cultural expla- nations for psychological suffering. In the new millennium, we perceive such suffering as erupting no longer from a repressed unconscious but, instead, from a pathophysiology rooted in and caused by brain abnormalities and dysfunctions. Indeed, the normal as well as the pathological have become thoroughly neurobiological in the last several decades. In the process, entirely new vistas have opened up in fields ranging from neuroeconomics and neurophilosophy to consumer products, as exemplified by an entire line of soft drinks advertised as offering “neuro” benefits.
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Lecture Program
EARL W. SUTHERLAND LECTURE EARL W. SUTHERLAND LECTURE The Earl W. Sutherland Lecture Series was established by the SPONSORED BY: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics in 1997 DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS to honor Dr. Sutherland, a former member of this department and winner of the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. This series highlights important advances in cell signaling. ROBERT J. LEFKOWITZ, MD NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY, 2012 SPEAKERS IN THIS SERIES HAVE INCLUDED: SEVEN TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS Edmond H. Fischer (1997) Alfred G. Gilman (1999) Ferid Murad (2001) Louis J. Ignarro (2003) MARCH 31, 2016 Paul Greengard (2007) 4:00 P.M. 208 LIGHT HALL Eric Kandel (2009) Roger Tsien (2011) Michael S. Brown (2013) 867-2923-Institution-Discovery Lecture Series-Lefkowitz-BK-CH.indd 1 3/11/16 9:39 AM EARL W. SUTHERLAND, 1915-1974 ROBERT J. LEFKOWITZ, MD JAMES B. DUKE PROFESSOR, Earl W. Sutherland grew up in Burlingame, Kansas, a small farming community DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER that nourished his love for the outdoors and fishing, which he retained throughout INVESTIGATOR, HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE his life. He graduated from Washburn College in 1937 and then received his MEMBER, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES M.D. from Washington University School of Medicine in 1942. After serving as a MEMBER, INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE medical officer during World War II, he returned to Washington University to train NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY, 2012 with Carl and Gerty Cori. During those years he was influenced by his interactions with such eminent scientists as Louis Leloir, Herman Kalckar, Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg, Christian deDuve, Sidney Colowick, Edwin Krebs, Theodore Robert J.
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Torsten Wiesel (1924– ) [1]
Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Torsten Wiesel (1924– ) [1] By: Lienhard, Dina A. Keywords: vision [2] Torsten Nils Wiesel studied visual information processing and development in the US during the twentieth century. He performed multiple experiments on cats in which he sewed one of their eyes shut and monitored the response of the cat’s visual system after opening the sutured eye. For his work on visual processing, Wiesel received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine [3] in 1981 along with David Hubel and Roger Sperry. Wiesel determined the critical period during which the visual system of a mammal [4] develops and studied how impairment at that stage of development can cause permanent damage to the neural pathways of the eye, allowing later researchers and surgeons to study the treatment of congenital vision disorders. Wiesel was born on 3 June 1924 in Uppsala, Sweden, to Anna-Lisa Bentzer Wiesel and Fritz Wiesel as their fifth and youngest child. Wiesel’s mother stayed at home and raised their children. His father was the head of and chief psychiatrist at a mental institution, Beckomberga Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, where the family lived. Wiesel described himself as lazy and playful during his childhood. He went to Whitlockska Samskolan, a coeducational private school in Stockholm, Sweden. At that time, Wiesel was interested in sports and became the president of his high school’s athletic association, which he described as his only achievement from his younger years. In 1941, at the age of seventeen, Wiesel enrolled at Karolinska Institutet (Royal Caroline Institute) in Solna, Sweden, where he pursued a medical degree and later pursued his own research.
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Five Great Ideas of Biology
GREATGREAT IDEASIDEAS OFOF BIOLOGYBIOLOGY Paul Nurse KITP Public Lecture, Feb 24, 2010 THETHE CELLCELL The basic unit of life ROBERTROBERT HOOKEHOOKE’’SS MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE Cork Image: Past Present STEMSTEM IMAGES:IMAGES: PASTPAST ANDAND PRESENTPRESENT Nehemiah Grew (1682) ANTONIANTONI VANVAN LEEUWENHOEKLEEUWENHOEK MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS VANVAN LEEUWENHOEK?LEEUWENHOEK? THEODORTHEODOR SCHWANNSCHWANN “We have seen that all organisms are composed of essentially like parts, namely, of cells.” (1839) RUDOLFRUDOLF VIRCHOWVIRCHOW “Every animal appears as a sum of vital units, each of which bears in itself the complete characteristics of life.” (1858) CELLCELL Rockefeller Nobel Prize Winners in Cell Biology George E. Palade (1974) Christian de Duve (1974) Albert Claude (1974) Günter Blobel (1999) MAMMALIANMAMMALIAN EMBRYOEMBRYO SPERMSPERM ANDAND EGGEGG THETHE CELLCELL The basic unit of life Underpins all reproduction and development Stem cells THETHE GENEGENE Basis of heredity GREGORGREGOR MENDELMENDEL MENDELMENDEL’’SS GARDENGARDEN PEASPEAS PEASPEAS 1919TH CENTURYCENTURY CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES EDOUARDEDOUARD VANVAN BENEDENBENEDEN’’SS NEMATODENEMATODE CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES PNEUMOCOCCUSPNEUMOCOCCUS Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, Rockefeller University (1944) DNADNA MOLECULEMOLECULE CENTRALCENTRAL DOGMADOGMA THETHE GENEGENE Basis of heredity Genotype to phenotype Implications for what we are EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION BYBY NATURALNATURAL SELECTIONSELECTION Life evolves Mechanism of natural selection ERASMUSERASMUS ANDAND CHARLESCHARLES DARWINDARWIN
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George Palade 1912-2008
George Palade, 1912-2008 Biography George Palade was born in November, 1912 in Jassy, Romania to an academic family. He graduated from the School of Medicine of the The Founding of Cell Biology University of Bucharest in 1940. His doctorial thesis, however, was on the microscopic anatomy of the cetacean delphinus Delphi. He The discipline of Cell Biology arose at Rockefeller University in the late practiced medicine in the second world war, and for a brief time af- 1940s and the 1950s, based on two complimentary techniques: cell frac- terwards before coming to the USA in 1946, where he met Albert tionation, pioneered by Albert Claude, George Palade, and Christian de Claude. Excited by the potential of the electron microscope, he Duve, and biological electron microscopy, pioneered by Keith Porter, joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, where he did Albert Claude, and George Palade. For the first time, it became possible his seminal work. He left Rockefeller in 1973 to chair the new De- to identify the components of the cell both structurally and biochemi- partment of Cell Biology at Yale, and then in 1990 he moved to the cally, and therefore begin understanding the functioning of cells on a University of California, San Diego as Dean for Scientific Affairs at molecular level. These individuals participated in establishing the Jour- the School of Medicine. He retired in 2001, at age 88. His first wife, nal of Cell Biology, (originally the Journal of Biochemical and Biophysi- Irina Malaxa, died in 1969, and in 1970 he married Marilyn Farquhar, cal Cytology), which later led, in 1960, to the organization of the Ameri- another prominent cell biologist, and his scientific collaborator.
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Medicine COVID-19 and RACISM
Columbia 2019–2020 ANNUAL REPORT Medicine Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons FIGHTING TWO VIRUSES: COVID-19 AND RACISM Features: 4 12 20 At a Crossroads: All Hands on Deck The Bioethics of Medicine and Genomics and Justice the Movement Pivot was the action verb that describes how VP&S clinicians, A new ethics division is Work toward health equality researchers, and students expanding VP&S scholarship has begun at VP&S and all confronted COVID-19 when the into the ethical, legal, and of academic medicine as early virus arrived in New York City. social implications of precision summer protests revealed From redeploying clinicians to medicine. The 360-degree the health disparities in areas outside their specialty to perspective includes “studying medicine in general and graduating fourth-year students the studies” as researchers especially in COVID-19 cases. early, VP&S helped “bend the continue to unleash the Students and faculty share curve” at the epicenter of the power to treat, prevent, and their own perspectives on nation’s pandemic. cure disease. The effort also the intersection of COVID-19 provides an opportunity to and Black Lives Matter. bring social science to bear on bioethical questions. On the Cover Steven McDonald, MD, a 2014 VP&S graduate, is one of five faculty members and medical students who share their perspectives on the Black Lives Matter movement. Read about the five and the VP&S plans to promote racial justice, Page 4. Photograph by Jörg Meyer ColumbiaMedicine | 2019–2020 Annual Report Issue
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Earl W. Sutherland Lecture Earl W
EARL W. SUTHERLAND LECTURE EARL W. SUTHERLAND LECTURE The Earl W. Sutherland Lecture Series was established by the SPONSORED BY: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics in 1997 DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS to honor Dr. Sutherland, a former member of this department and winner of the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. This series highlights important advances in cell signaling. MICHAEL S. BROWN, M.D NOBEL LAUREATE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE 1985 SPEAKERS IN THIS SERIES HAVE INCLUDED: SCAP: ANATOMY OF A MEMBRANE STEROL SENSOR Edmond H. Fischer (1997) Alfred G. Gilman (1999) Ferid Murad (2001) Louis J. Ignarro (2003) APRIL 25, 2013 Paul Greengard (2007) 4:00 P.M. 208 LIGHT HALL Eric Kandel (2009) Roger Tsien (2011) FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT: Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics 738 Ann and Roscoe Robinson Medical Research Building Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37232-0615 Tel 615.322.7001 [email protected] EARL W. SUTHERLAND, 1915-1974 MICHAEL S. BROWN, M.D. REGENTAL PROFESSOR Earl W. Sutherland grew up in Burlingame, Kansas, a small farming community that nourished his love for the outdoors and fishing, which he retained throughout DIRECTOR OF THE JONSSON CENTER FOR MOLECULAR GENETICS UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS his life. He graduated from Washburn College in 1937 and then received his M.D. SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER AT DALLAS from Washington University School of Medicine in 1942. After serving as a medi- NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE, 1985 cal officer during World War II, he returned to Washington University to train with MEMBER, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Carl and Gerty Cori.
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Evidence for Design in Physics and Biology: from the Origin of the Universe to the Origin of Life
52 stephen c. meyer Pages 53–111 of Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe. The Proceedings of the Wethersfield Institute. Michael Behe, STEPHEN C. MEYER William A. Dembski, and Stephen C. Meyer (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2001. 2000 Homeland Foundation.) EVIDENCE FOR DESIGN IN PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY: FROM THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE TO THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 1. Introduction In the preceding essay, mathematician and probability theo- rist William Dembski notes that human beings often detect the prior activity of rational agents in the effects they leave behind.¹ Archaeologists assume, for example, that rational agents pro- duced the inscriptions on the Rosetta Stone; insurance fraud investigators detect certain ‘‘cheating patterns’’ that suggest intentional manipulation of circumstances rather than ‘‘natu- ral’’ disasters; and cryptographers distinguish between random signals and those that carry encoded messages. More importantly, Dembski’s work establishes the criteria by which we can recognize the effects of rational agents and distinguish them from the effects of natural causes. In brief, he shows that systems or sequences that are both ‘‘highly com- plex’’ (or very improbable) and ‘‘specified’’ are always produced by intelligent agents rather than by chance and/or physical- chemical laws. Complex sequences exhibit an irregular and improbable arrangement that defies expression by a simple formula or algorithm. A specification, on the other hand, is a match or correspondence between an event or object and an independently given pattern or set of functional requirements. As an illustration of the concepts of complexity and speci- fication, consider the following three sets of symbols: 53 54 stephen c.
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Innate Immunity and Dendritic Cells in Kidney Disease and the Nobel Prize
EDITORIALS www.jasn.org Innate Immunity and Dendritic nately, Janeway died in 2003 and was no longer eligible to receive the prize. Cells in Kidney Disease and the The discoveries of Hoffmann and Janeway alerted immu- nologists all over the world to the possibility of a new signal- Nobel Prize ing pathway, and in 1998, Bruce Beutler and colleagues at the † Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Dallas first identified Hans-Joachim Anders* and Christian Kurts TLR4 as recognizing bacterial endotoxin.5 Beutler’s approach *Medizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universita¨t Mu¨ nchen-LMU, Campus Innenstadt, Munich, Germany; and †Institutes of Molecu- was as clever as simple. He took advantage of two well-known lar Medicine and Experimental Immunology (IMMEI), University lipopolysaccharide-resistant mouse strains to map the newly Clinic of Bonn, Bonn, Germany discovered loci of the Toll genes. In doing so, he realized that J Am Soc Nephrol 22: ●●●–●●●, 2011. endotoxin resistance was linked to loss-of-function muta- doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011100975 tions in the Tlr4 gene. Two more circumstances encouraged researchers from many disciplines to rush into this new area of science, pro- On December 10, 2011, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or ducing more than 18,000 related publications within the last Medicine will honor the work of Jules Hoffmann, Bruce 15 years: first, Tlr4 mutant mice as well as suitable immuno- Beutler, and Ralph Steinman for their landmark discoveries stimulatory compounds, now discovered as agonists for dis- in the field of immunology. This recognition brings wide at- tinct TLRs, became available at relatively low costs to every- tention to a paradigm shift in understanding how multicel- one, and second, Shizou Akira, in Osaka, produced null mice lular organisms sense and interpret their external and inter- for most TLRs and many other related genes, and did not nal environments in maintaining homeostasis or initiating hesitate to share them with collaborators and competitors.
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A. Personal Statement I Have Been Studying the Regulation of Mast Cell Activation and Its Role in Neuroinflammatory Diseases for Over 30 Years
OMB No. 0925-0001 and 0925-0002 (Rev. 10/15 Approved Through 10/31/2018) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Provide the following information for the Senior/key personnel and other significant contributors. Follow this format for each person. DO NOT EXCEED FIVE PAGES. NAME POSITION TITLE THEOHARIDES, THEOHARIS C. Professor of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine (Allergy & Clinical Immunology) eRA COMMONS USR NAME (credential, e.g. agency login) THEOHAR EDUCATION/TRAINING (Begin with baccalaureate or other initial professional education, such as nursing, and include postdoctoral training.) INSTITUTION AND LOCATION DEGREE YEAR(s) FIELD OF STUDY (if applicable) Yale University, New Haven, CT B.A. 1972 Biology & Hist. Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT M.S. 1975 Neuroimmunology Yale University, New Haven, CT M.Phil. 1975 Immunopharmacology Yale University, New Haven, CT Ph.D.* 1978 Pharmacology Yale University, New Haven, CT M.D. 1983 Medicine Tufts University, Fletcher School Law & Diplomacy Certificate 1999 Leadership& Management Harvard Univ, J.F. Kennedy School of Government M.P.A. Deferred Biomedical Res Policy *Doctoral Thesis advisors: W.W. Douglas, M.D.-Royal Acad. Sciences; Paul Greengard, Ph.D.-2000 Nobel Laureate in Physiol & Med; Doctoral Thesis examiner, George E. Palade, M.D.- 1974 Nobel Laureate in Physiology& Medicine A. Personal Statement I have been studying the regulation of mast cell activation and its role in neuroinflammatory diseases for over 30 years. I was the first to report that mast cells can: (a) secrete specific mediators
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From Controlling Elements to Transposons: Barbara Mcclintock and the Nobel Prize Nathaniel C
454 Forum TRENDS in Biochemical Sciences Vol.26 No.7 July 2001 Historical Perspective From controlling elements to transposons: Barbara McClintock and the Nobel Prize Nathaniel C. Comfort Why did it take so long for Barbara correspondence. From these and other to prevent her controlling elements from McClintock (Fig. 1) to win the Nobel Prize? materials, we can reconstruct the events moving because their effects were difficult In the mid-1940s, McClintock discovered leading up to the 1983 prize*. to study when they jumped around. She genetic transposition in maize. She What today are known as transposable never had any inclination to pursue the published her results over several years elements, McClintock called ‘controlling biochemistry of transposition. and, in 1951, gave a famous presentation elements’. During the years 1945–1946, at Current understanding of how gene at the Cold Spring Harbor Symposium, the Carnegie Dept of Genetics, Cold activity is regulated, of course, springs yet it took until 1983 for her to win a Nobel Spring Harbor, McClintock discovered a from the operon, François Jacob and Prize. The delay is widely attributed to a pair of genetic loci in maize that seemed to Jacques Monod’s 1960 model of a block of combination of gender bias and gendered trigger spontaneous and reversible structural genes under the control of an science. McClintock’s results were not mutations in what had been ordinary, adjacent set of regulatory genes (Fig. 2). accepted, the story goes, because women stable alleles. In the term of the day, they Though subsequent studies revealed in science are marginalized, because the made stable alleles into ‘mutable’ ones.
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