Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries Arms less) The Introduction shot-proof edges century to the l'epreuve the in ing together. this contact relatively that. obvious also cumbersome © security This TRIPLEX 16th-century The 2005 the *A the breastplate thrust construction) threat the paper & than initial Since of form problem. Vice Armour, received Duplex The over breastplate~ the response Sometimes at weight presented thin armour that of breastplates. was Royal describes a Trustees the President defensive of inner their prohibitive a battlefield that sheets Vol. the lance. or of Anthony armourers' averted wisdom of which Thorn Nevertheless layer; whole without to Annouries~ placart :tHead contemporaneous grandguard 2, it armour. combinations a and the of of the No.1, armour: was considerable The reaction of the we The wrought discovery in extent. but briefly was threat is cost the appreciable propose (1901). Richardson Armouries of eventually others that, convenience 2005 average ultimate Charles of de to Conservation~ Anns doubtless in the tKeeper bolted from discusses In to resume iron) of at Reuck, fighting construction of the to A price many) the these the volume weight simple and a call an precursor Buttin, firearms objective two weight kept abandoned. over hitherto growing point to of DUPLEX) connections of it its of Annour t layers efficiency. the unrecognised * increase of Annour~ separate breastplates. at protection the and being of origins~ penalty. duplex David in Wallace of outer need was evidence unrecognised had breastplate was his are a predominance David gun, able Society~ the But 1 the layer already extensive but breastplates the appear. made either construction breastplates Royal Starley, Collection introduction was to armour thickness forged there The perfection that has remove riveted Edge:j: it and a class appeared X-rays **Scientific Annouries~ intention the heavy flanges an enquiry was together is grew hardened ** of are and attractive of primary no and or the mode more firearms of also formed compound weight of greater) hammer-welded folded so metallurgy. in consequently placart impenetrable was into the into reveal unbearably the Officer~ to and to from reinforc- to Armes solution penalty: over intimate possibly tiltyard it on deflect when create a 17th- most than few two the the In it Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries 2 with faced toughness impervious S that guns to the fashions were time metals parade) for Indeed for to steel. shatter enough armours long impact considerable armour in 6 '& .~ o!l ii ~ •.. '" • .. .. o:l Ideally The If In On weapons use toughness 140 100 120 their the 40 20 Italians 60 80 0 steel handguns. the been in (de 1494 as 0 a with iron To and two upon of among optimum war to northern without 100200300400500600700800 with well field but of deflection Reuck what and bullets known be absorb are for France abandoning the deflecting shifted quality a major footing, effort employed impact. (de as less armours tough, dilemma: its armour, inversely the was elixir As incurring 1998a). siege-artillery the Italy hardening Reuck required that heat-treatment requirement a regions from subsidiary was invaded (Williams of in the result impact surface it of It throughout and of fact blades whereas has also similar any can life, Italians blades related hardness 1998b). the any southern the the for required to Italy measures were be devoted Anthony of was to growing quests 1987) called be Italians appreciable yielding and bullets for armour technologies to made the 200 400 the 300 ~oo 600 700 800 100 produced in the for with no soft bullets the and pieces carbon a Germans cut Germany (figure was for to perfect ~ ~ longer strengthening ..... for til " > Po tIl :: ...... " .. a a de predominance one considerable to without 16th and were an toughness production toughness an and alchemists, harden Reuck hardened Armourers' Armour Figure so incorporated hardness heat-treatment: can Courtesy Soc. and without 0.5% 0.3% metal (Izod) Vol. of or army chiefly penalty alternative ductile; steels century 2). the that generally thrust during quench exchange be the hardness 1, continued Metals which carbon and shattering. hardened 1 scale. first et both 1978, shattering, their accompanied falls. in Society. other, armours of (figure al. of 0.7% There by are steel contingent armour if of they steel steel in during the ant to besides the Handbook, Steel, steel of in differed iron p. hard steels Toughness, it appropriate. way approach; edged whereas appreciate generally medieval steel: for incompatible firearms. or carbon, is Journal but 169. is for to 15th here diverged to 1), is surfaces, a iron toughened smelting. But to made for use of use enough measured trade-off moved and as impenetrable not render the derived cushion the weapons in iron alloyed fortuitously century. increased toughness since the by of contained Ninth of hardened resistance in indeed their both transmutation As namely hard western the armourers remains Data the metallurgically, infantry a the field by from between from absorbing on to it with hardness train the Edition, Arms appropriate the designs at significance qualities the shot-proof. for tiltyard, rises present it and But between preferring Amer. to (and weight, carbon, emphasis the unaffected. hardness tends a left-hand steel blow. a impact toughness steel. Europe of and so armed search modern tough it same were later field and and has the for an so to in of a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries peaceful, production be had the harquebus, were components steels cannot pistol-proof]. appears German Craft and de [cuirasses Augsburg, Figure VPH the 400 450 600 500 550 200 250 350 The 300 150 So the cuyrace shot-proof range toughness resumed quotes 1350 by more date (1912), and 2 Austro-German be the that of :r: "0 Ul Ul c musket. against armourers be should conversion • l'espreuve the 180 Innsbruck were 1500 of respectively. archives joust. significant centres the Arms are hardened VPH of better rather They on tended firearms: generally steel be a thrust ffoulkes, mode This to likely during and distinct both d'arquebus, the of arquebus-proof armour between use • steel The had than protection Armour 1550 Nantes to demand that to of of other the north Land_hut from iron. curves be by all thinner construction 2 prefer in a rarity. blades. (kg/mm) 16th encountered by lance ceased Milan pistol, Society. The sport hand, Armours and which are et century. the sustained iron la against Clearly 1600 'envelopes' Armourer than over south • and produced derriere 17th to and by and while refers in Nuremberg and its harden the each breastplates intended carbine, Date of continued some war, continued shot century the relied indicating in de the to tilt. scarcely centre and Milan, 1650 pistol' backs 'corps their Alps than tests with We his on by at to it 7 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries was Messrs Whether bullet-proof Lot In article, hardened for best metallic later by iron is resulted by from Duplex this di qualities. shot quenching obtained a quenching a 8 17th sheet-steel hardened Lot A When Both The By Recently Firenze, clear the coating heat-treatment Suzanne maker's Tower An left; lines Keene, shoulder edges, viewed fashion 127 be that by culminating translated century two-ply the catalogue unusual 127 recipes A The afforded another breastplates yielding around breastplates that debris was a in cushioned this with Each de armouries in steel formed two-ply beginning initials, while it have the fluid was Inventory straps by has a steel armour face Butters Reuck described before plates each order and low would English 'softer' all the the Medici Harquebusier's was to with of yet purchased disclosed without by of delaying based (de HK, of and skin medial recipe it involved arm any of breastplate the Meyrick within recipe Sotheby's tough forged too and been two its was to quenching were plates in a Reuck shot-proof of a Harquebusier's have on of apertures backed commentary quench wound impact, Medici archives belt in her combine Henry brittle, thicknesses on N ridge, the made recommended shattering. its the recognised. six cooling illustrated part advocated ductile directly with S hardening hook been and magisterial right 2004: early plant Society Anthony Bryan breast-plate, armourer's flanged sale 17th did Keene, in by entirely recipes and as: so and liable with in steels. hard on the shoulder, working effective the material the a its come of 71-2). Florence, juices of of by fitted each breast-plate, respectively. by at century softer As less two a neck metal, the kinetic and antique wearer. a de Armourer outer to hammer-welding the virtues its These thick prescribed de of work the procedure side with to life). the Reuck shatter circa recipes, inner and brittle - No breastplates and meeting reference wrought outer Reuck like it and light the ball and (the energy insulating in belt with which construction it is were 16th-century arms The waist, Protection 1650 side of London, outer wrought the tougher of et surface was impossible spread, it tough on steel left hook The the dating (2004). at. London, Triumph those was a on found intended iron. decorated Biblioteca and in fitted was impact was might incomplete), folded proof different universally on one than order 17 entered dated inner circa layer a of armour iron, mushroomed between annealed absorbed each with made otherwise against July and sheet-iron mark made over armour of armour 1665 possibly of to and quenching 1650-60, to with of layers. to to side a capable published compound Nationale Vulcan 2002. 'herbal of be pair the the retain to baked the struck on produce by so (1996). a lead recognised single 1560 (added by layer bullet Claude certain, inner plate constructed of collections risked Henry 10 middle backing incompatible have by the studs (1996) its of with balls temper' against clay. July and incised in on Henry might in at in arresting by Centrale ductility armour. two-ply armour adding indeed the the the the Keene Blair's Italian for water. but of 2002, 1604, could Thus rapid onto that and the the be or of in it Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries breastplate Armouries, with belonged the Ian reference two reached perfect by Keene, Figure NSB2: in relatively led Richard In several initials Careful 1997 The Armours Ian intimate Leeds the to Royal Eaves shells the 3 Eaves during the folds first more RB contact it is inspection Ray Sydney Duplex difficult to is Thorn to finding Armouries very addition in reported breastplate formed is for contact not mainly had of the a double-skinned Duplex the (Royal referred that breastplate the breastplate Rafe with well illustrated late drafted Richardson Bryan organisation to of interior instance outer of to also over in that one Robin made, Armouries Boulter access, armour: a collection two the to store, in he 'TOIRAS' AdR) Sotheby's revealed their shell turned another here he Sotheby's thicknesses corpus 'formed here. realised Wigington the being a breast- and knew near with mark an whole over flanges complete as of two III.2368). (now unrecognised AdR. overall, Erik the the of HK hammer-welded the catalogue more the of of component that Lot and around at extent, sheets inverted new for of in two another neck Blakeley in margins neck) When enumeration back-plates 127, metal, Leeds) it Henry on their Stratford-up An study thicknesses too arms) of flange. we 30 entry: display that the mode appeal Keene) edges and metal such separate of was more had propose in and sides collection second signed the it together a partially This are noticed duplex of of showing represented being 17th-century a and has being such on-Avon. to compound inner of second construction which, owned but to Richardson waist. breast (i.e. yet metal'. breastplate armours completely call there, exterior forged shell in conforming the around obliterated to marked) that by because construction, duplex. It be is phenomenon the (figure Upon breastplate Sydney transpires deep in breastplate referred made. into had in their first and in connection proof concealed the by formerly they Lot together enquiry, virtually mark 3). printed Starley Bryan. Henry edges. Royal dentj to This that 127 the are by as in in of 9 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries tions plates notice It waist results by by earlier. in contact Boulter clearly 10 helmeted leftj It It Figure Both is tables Rafe Figure David right is quite is flange. correctly. and both not of apparent a A of Only forged from Boulter, side 4 5 1 which tribute with the typical their Edge surprising or illustrates Duplex at showing the those Commonwealth breastplates 4 Sotheby's between significance Hitherto are because in from for to Bryan in breastplate outer figure reported alerted the being metallurgical that the the shell collection, its skill it and the 4, duplex Bryan from very duplex has cross NSB1, outer would by hammer-welded Anthony which below). with twin at not of the skilfully Lot the collection St construction and marks be construction which shells examination waist yet here also Medici George'sj Wallace 127 The de likely inner been RB flange. made. shows referred together Reuck at of duplex NSB2 for to (referred recipes the exterior shells duplex analysed. Collection Rafe observe generally edge in et of at welded to was with al. addition Boulter showing that to another the to as armours to inner made and another NSB3, the as its Wallace before has construction and hammered-out shell NSBl), interpret duplex possibility a Armourers breastplate not and rivet have with which duplex it been to Collection reached a nature just were nearly rivet such the is Company proof-dent ofNSB1 recognised of breast above not accepted above intimate by lamina- two-ply evaded Bryan. always listed Rafe (the also the the on is Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries either the to lamination Analyses production. produced from from ated from Twenty-seven searches, on unidentified, Skill Figure munition left, duplex with plates store store duplex passed in interior 5 manufacture Civil particularly in breastplates Duplex in were and NSB3 are reused armours. the Duplex showing unremarked poorly Armourers War duplex those available stress breastplate does from armours. two armour: forged not less among and of that breastplates shells Company appear earlier civil at from or well elegance are or revealed the have an Nevertheless, war. armours folded in the on favoured armours: unrecognised helmeted Royal Tables Bryan been display Figure around of and metal construction 1 Armouries Collection, A mistaken on or hardly and indistinctly the in two 4 4 these sheets. display, because the shows waist mode some Continental marks Royal surprising virtues flange, for for it struck; Close an are of even has will ancient RB analysis: construction Armouries. example perhaps hammer not are for exterior attention produce suggest yet for Rafe most repairs duplex been munitions welded no not showing suggesting Boulter in analysed. improvisation The doubt more. is often of evidence locally. rarely backplates proof-dent with incipient duplexes further associ- hastily Bryan hasty H, This paid 11 in Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries 12 ..c ~ Q ~ -. ~ ~ " <:j ~ Cl ;:l t t ~ "aj t '0'; ~'tl :I:~ :I: ~.., :I: ..9z ~~ ~ >0 ~ >..9 ~ i .•.• .•.. ;. ~ ;. ~ ~ •... 0 ;.. ;.. I:: bI> 0 0 :I " ~~~~~~~~~Z~~Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ] &<:'1 fIJ ~H ~<:'1<:'1<:'1<:'1r:.:::~.-<<:'1~<:'1<:'1~'-<<:'1<:'1.-<<:'1~~<:'1N<:'1.-<.-<.-<.-<.-<<:'1.-<.-< ~OOO~OO flJoor-\O\O ill ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~r:.::: ~~~~~~~~~~~~6~~~6~~~~~~~~Q~~~6 ~\Ooor-r-]\O~<:'1~]ooi<:'1r-OIi.-harquebusiers in Master collection 1668 collections is outer 1664 Master detailed and the 2004 cuirassier Master for collection 1654 it illustrated the hardness AsCo around Boulter figure duplexes et died 1657 1638-48 had dates vicinity al. The them breastplates AsCo and AsCo Krautkramer AsCo figures, 1662 c. and AsCo David been not 6, London results in and the on 1708 inner undertook listed presented meter Table were armours, 1643 1669, was listed metallographic did of p. 1667 Sylvester 1677, locally hammered-out from armourers 79). Edge the expressed duplex obtained not 1 as also aided died in readings and proof-dent died AdR, Table the Microdur annealed ring at in of all 1681 surface of then shells. 1691 the by full the Continental time the NSBI for 1) in 'true' 17th were the analyses in Wallace to Vickers breast- duplex proof- of micro in Their 44-5 Page century. 52-3 79 72-3 50-1 49-50 48 42-3 41 37-8 66-7 63 60-1 29 26 hard- order while carry and fact but not the the Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries flanges Figure of Figure shot shells work-hardening One Average 'armpit' around of evidence a a duplex proven; area, on showed duplex 6b 6a their the showed hardness 148 165 0 of Duplex in harquebusier Duplex property outer harquebusier excessive coarse edges Duplex the 135 163 around a outer left shell NSB2. 167 of 132 little AdR. 128 143 169 ferrite (Analysed of the 'armpit' hot shell turned armour: N pearlite 126 160 127 126 breastplate, 147 the outer Suiface breastplate working, with S Suiface dent); 120 129 136 176 Bryan. 134 Average where over at shell many (less the hardness an property hardness the presumably 167 almost Mostly the than Wallace by unrecognised slag hardness edges Henry rolled VPH. 0.1% inclusions. measurements illegibly of ferrite measurements of Collection). A edge Average Keene the when inside carbon) de or inner stamped is Reuck. pearlite; A the delaminated (1642-65), 148 mode hardness sample shell. (Analysis (VPH) two Average 172 194 194 (VPH) 121 VPH. The RB shells not of Metallographic from 150 127 128 158 two (inverted) on construction of more revealing on shot-proven hardness at were the shells both 141 the 153 145 both 172 the than inner forge-welded turned outer Wallace are for outer 135 137 outside both 0.2% shell held samples Rafe (note and edge and shells, Collection). 151 together carbon 152 inner Boulter, the of inner together from the VPH. showed VPH. local shells steel. shells left by both not 15 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries 16 breastplate skillfully Figure Figure RB; carbon); of annealed 0.2% Three a property hardness duplex 6c carbon); 6d samples hammered inner comparison. belonging in Duplex Hardness harquebusier that ~ of 144 of • from: shell sinister N the region. 154 164 S NSB1. out, to showed outside Bryan. dexter measurements Average outer 131 the outside side inducing Mark breastplate 120 Wallace shell Surface of shell only side Shells outer 133 131 hardness of of ferrite 148 Anthony an the 139 124 outer Collection hardness • riveted shell (VPH) adjacent by VPH. Armourers and Rafe overall shell showed and slag. on Average de measurements Boulter crack (c. showed the also 142 Reuck ferrite Company 1650), (Analysed front in apparently VPH. ferrite hardness (1650-5), the and surface et not inner No (VPH) during al. slag and at shot-proven. of metallographic the 145 welded 123 shell of shot-proven slag with the the a on Wallace 127 141 128 154 simplex inside which with less both Commonwealth, together 154l 122 129 Included pearlite 131 some outer shell Collection). appears with 184 Dutch ~~J\\\\\\\\ analysis. 120 around pearlite 138 and the (maybe for 135 harquebusier to proof-dent VPH. inner purposes have the stamped Average (maybe 0.1% edges. shells been of Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries which hardness more which Table work-hardening us justified iron was metallographically, nor surfaces. prominent were both were are proto-breastplate from indifference may in outside difference, siderably obtained. outer in responsible Masters made thought any similar one aware (NSB1) (mark 17th-century The Among The Examination This Table Second, general, the disposed available had uniformity due duplexes, conclude another, made reputable by costly shell, the 4 seems HK) that both of Medici three museum work-hardening in (table shows and 4 of likely any in Rafe to of these from In the comprises that itself process the by the in they backed citizens. their with removing, the differences than shells to of by duplex been quite Duplex inexperienced for shot-proof 4). makers either two say, 2 the recipes Boulter while to that harder them. an Company. people. both of and local instance relatively two of is nevertheless or the both iron, during duplexity be practice elite were Armourers very probable, quenched the quite working without by of as hardness for layers. that breastplates If twin hammer-welding others these armour: the numbered led of many of two inner a these a since group forging (mark respectable effects in others of relatively duplex forging, to the considerable duplex interesting. 19 the small us shells On phosphorous in possibilities. iron. iron Data less hands instance, exception, was duplex primarily hardness duplexes to considerations or and adequate testing led two (table this of an RB) a in Company, covered that consider the differences connected competent shells. whole reputable breastplates breastplates unrecognised among Since were accepted a then us not outer regard. shells ductile majority the London with 3). breastplates the to two of If obvious; but differential saving had in this not and It they instrument steel were abandon the measurements Their with the order Both shells, was content the two the shells seems shells members shell armourers their available for routine the by thirty or in armourers. of habitually do appear differential other at incompetent just might of hypothetical listed could ancient shells flanges; of surface less mode cases. analysis hardness, harder not listed that of connected neither wrought unlikely metallography for their into the or was as duplex wrought (NSB2). might scrupulous, is entirely in to have be for to which of time likely of of But hypothesis did paint in not unknown disposition shell microhardness table intimate the have were from at composed adventitious all the One construction duplex Keene work-hardening order that been breastplates there indeed and iron: be the was possibilities. easy other or to the by reliable iron. inside Livery All dispose been that 2 was expected available within the be unscrupulous: Wallace where was rivets roughly made duplexes is none breasts of made three to showed nor to conformity two that by make placed we no respectable armourers was the as of use the an including hardness Henry of difference indication Boulter breasts the did was were in outside. in there a there duplexes varied available to a elite armourers, differential the such on Collection on elsewhere. First, hard five this matter one inside that analysed produce not resulted 'dished' of display so curved matter Keene was group might times steel/ way. were were con- steel steel with data they case well that was and this feel five We 17 to as in in of of a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries Microstructure: Royal Duplex boundaries, together phosphorous, Hardness: hardness Duplex Note: hardening phosphorous Duplex iron highly Microstructure: Hardness: edge Royal Microstructure: Royal Duplex shoulder. Hardness: expected an as Metallographic measurements. Microstructure: upper reported Hardness: be left Royal Constructed Constructed majority edge caused of at Constructed Constructed 18 1 % Table a such ultrasonic their first side slag. duplex with examined examined Hardness agglomerated Armouries Armouries Armouries Armouries limit the in English harquebusier harquebusier above Dutch with and values Small a for salient carbon weighs the Outer element. Outer Outer Outer 1 iron possibility. breastplate. 3% with with with by ferrite. lists Krautkramer for ghosting Analyses phosphorous legends microstructures 5% second the at distorted on measurements, welding to Both higher Both Outer Both cuirassier, elongated shell shell shell shell comfort. content unsigned folded folded folded properties, slag. side right waist the laminate; less III.181 III.2862 III.2882 III.4188 High pearlite, to Table inner shells components above - 237 277 240 shell 164 beneath classes than Smaller Figure by by elements than side two flange. flanges flanges flanges surface slag a less Microdur slag 3 VPH; VPH; VPH; VPH; Henry Samuel content, watery and The carried ferritic, display harquebusier, for expected c. it above shaped about than content converted 6a, Metallography 4.5 is inclusions; of the focusing 1630 grain the outer Anthony at at at grains mean uncertain inner inner inner inner 6b, duplex ferritic out pattern kg Keene, 0.2%. neck neck, neck three of left the bands meter. 0.2% low is Ashton, shells and size for shells at responsible (5% (10 duplex arm. shell shell waist shell shell due to weight carbon duplex the and and 6c arms ferrite. on with carbon, on of inner indicating Each together VPH makers. de c. lb), stringers) whether illustrating to Royal c. ferritic, of 222 266 195 176 ferrite the arms, flange. arms, Ob. their 1660 Reuck work selected and no breastplates 1650 armour content which shell reported of equivalents, outer VPH. VPH. VPH. VPH. Armouries. slag for evidence 1654 possible possible sides; all alternating around this very hardening, weight. None the and ferritic the hardness duplex et 1 those surface %. was but armour presence hardness low surface at. at edge corrosion analysed Both the of local local of were occasional with present breastplates taken carbon, listed It any due with examined our values edges; partially hardness was may shells welds welds made traces value of at carbon to penetration data bands is at the deliberately small with work higher edge known be 3.9 are cementite the by at at is Wallace of of responsible at appeared but sides sides the of observed traces those of David amounts phosphorous, kg hardening, examined the time than ferrite piled showing mean (81b and left may and and breastplates. Collection constructed of at Starley to normally wrought plus grain for of waist; waist; have of to 10 certain be that on this seven hint OZ). with the the are a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries Duplex armour: ~~N~NN~NN~~N~NNNN~~ OO~~roNN~N~~~O~~~~~O~ ~~~.S~~~N~OOOO~~~~~~~~ an "d <-' v unrecognised mode of construction 19 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries pikemen's breastplate AdR, weight plates, provide reflected incised These have to the in 4.0 Littlecote, latter 20 We client? III.1982 shells a firearms. but the sandwiched by in duplex to duplex quality dents. origin. of doubt Costs (m.1966, (see 1995). water-mill, A The In Of Of weight. itself say those duplex firearms. average, kg following shall only most figures sum, the proof were NSBI the accidentally it Half a taken Proof-dents triplex m.1960 between (8 construction breastplates, to arming lines to the is third was 30 their Being unsigned, never half lb be unexpected Despite 39 one tassets, 1978, reassure by 8 described construction where of 7 marks between best duplex 4.0 and as and are and 13 Presumably partly acceptable IH; harquebusier and figures: thin plates them of in particular a is of duplex know shot-proof kg, oz), NSB2, duplex. random these five 1981 evidence roped the marked the that their some 8). Colonel made and plate and many breastplates a for were four during namely in the so were was matter Littlecote what other Were discovery Of were had and was the maker's non-duplex double-shelled 8 that borders respectively is to two extra (and The but hierarchy were excessively signed clients by their duplex. are the we made known French been clients. duplexes the proportion in Alexander made breastplates Anthony four 1982) that the it BK of main representative average duplex. in 39 have itself thickening is Dutch compound supply-and-demand. Civil marks in resulted that duplexes who by extra rendered and bear one five clear from Half harquebusier evident table phrase duplex at and of breastplates. the probably for 3.4 War. and thin, TD, de showed preferred case of present no weight may plates rank Of the construction, and that of Popham's reused initials four the 1, kg, Reuck them preserved from maker's ordinary by a were m.1978 very might shells, 17th-century these a Littlecote two-thirds For or both construction sample la the there proportion 3.6 and pair the inserted do up sufficient of to legere and were Starley's of what thin, components et their kg breastplates remainder either be 27 patterns duplex, not affluence reassure mostly as be of their al. is marks troop is non-duplex and for differences taken which, in non triplex shadows no thin possibly they all armour anticipated No by armours (m.1960, (19) to the signed the London 3.7 recommendation three appreciable of duplex X-radiographs armours H, in was contemporary rectify (refer plates, four at of as are mid a bear armours but ironically, the kg, III.1981 Popham (see English empty indicators Littlecote particularly of unmarred from by on worth duplex sufficient were have or weighed lower to breastplates. 17th in nevertheless Littlecote the armour, makers 1973, defective table trip in the in was proven table price rivet Littlecote, III. shot-proofed, dent is difference that any proof they century, of hammers breastplates radiographs armoury belly means 1). duplex: by 1982) of 1984 of doubtless by unknown reference 4). (table holes, warranty less between armour. of were such anxious provide RS That quality. of breast- against duplex all proof- marks of proof their than they The light was was and and our the 4): no by 18 as of in in at is Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries Duplex armour: an unrecognised pikeman's Rotunda English Figure Below: 2230 in c. inner of breastplate, breastplate relating order outer radiograph. the the rivet 1825-1978). white. neck, inner shell shell stamped mode to 7 X-radiograph holes c. to thicken Museum Mark shell. arms 1650, turned Triplex itself the tasset with indicated Royal and of period on and A1A made decorative the Proof construction between painted over the incised harquebusier of Armouries lower waist; Artillery beneath when by left from 61/03 mark the a lines shoulder the black part flanges edges diamond rivet it a showing on two a was reused in on of III. with breastplate, cannon the holes of Woolwich, shells the the in on (all 1533. left; pattern 16/135 the reused the around marks in and 21 Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries to 22 no ordinary, against duplex as Conceivably proof duplexity details firearms. armour, in shot-proof of 1628 the but Whetstone's with process referred 17th-century and or duplex envisaged without to project Anthony duplexity, costings armour actual for (S.P.D. J de pikeman's Armouries Figure Left: c. incised inner marginal the but making have ~I Reuck 1650, proof seem neck; X-radiograph that plates, 8 lines Car. not from flanges. proof Triplex the tasset armour is et dents, III. and indicated been pure al. I J Littlecote. mark 1978. best sandwiched Ixxxix a J harquebusier filed 52/03 was recognised speculation both on place by 'roped' Mark the the 23). sold showing lighter left; between pattern to H breastplate, lower simply interior yet look. double since a and reused of outer border. as rivet showing he referring struck as 'as Possibly and English 11I.1978 holes, offers Royal proof good at Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries both have not heavier pieces by Again texts. in insupportable weighing It producing would but between text ordinary cost quenching duplex. confluence Origins required those incompatible of Council de 2004). 'armourer's (1901). (b) 1639, As Edwards In The The One seems proofe the Capt. Reuck for for for be of softer of of of cost for July In produced with tilt the ordinary at strong curates the heavier provide placart tributary the also other Two-ply corselets course The for the that 1527 duplex breastplate, yard. no John 7 with no more original 1995: s. other than two-ply petition 1590, fluid, others of increasing noted regular dilemma' prospectus curates 'theoretical' 6d. Duplex more combination duplex tributary of properties in two than and curates poldrons, approach, Martin By responses plates pistol-proofs in by and costs, related three, at 62, each, the plate and the increasing of that both text 1590. streams the than plate, 40s. with is ordinary contracts, construction 97-8 armour: the field. (c) without and given the resistant (de Armourers' concluded and nothing lay the Almain is 100 was Thomas for time capps to (2000: 40s.; either Armourers' harder No to which given backing. hard of weight no Reuck of for the in placart partner the with This pairs of in the intended pauldrons breastplates, metallurgical the and hardness placart an doubt the for quoting b; full reinforcing 16th erection definitive armourers component on 147 in pauldrons to growing relied unrecognised was than Stevens thickness of of 62, 1998a). an labour arose with Renaissance ffoulkes is by bullets. one in Seven Company quoting armour light century itself ordinary respectively the and Company 104-5 ffoulkes 1624, to the inter simply the of in face and to dominance has Jr harquebusiers stream as combine breastplate plating derived in the armours breastplate breastplate data of (1912: This may alia build. development to we PRO and the for development and the toughness, come metal curate first mode on the of (1912: search at have the of c) estimated began be Royal Nicholas mapped (a) tough mills WO the present London Appendix from degree half London, (see to the with this following seen of with of seen; similar into Appendix weight light, or it for 49/65/85). at of Workshops construction firearms virtues as table the arm offered on placart, placarts protects and Erith as that the of poldrons, exist out in but a prices a a Marshall, petitioned the ours only grandguard supplied to J). one heat single a search 5.) shot-proof of prices: 17th it by they so process for in (Grancsay of protection other became defensive G). in On some bolted at were: ancestor Charles Duplexes Kent survive treatment (Williams overcome four century the war. at duplex were 35s., 26s. for for this partners 1,000 Greenwich 26s. (de the indicative otherwise proposed ofthese,3 aimed over so an virtually a armour, likely 8d. 20s. 80s. and slender among 8d. Buttin 1937), metal, Reuck curate of at at entity worn Privy need head ideal The that and the the the the the 20 23 to in at Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries no to the placarts properties breastplate hardly Date the by which here when ball Years date) in is evidence first. into 24 may the tary penetrate failures a arose of of (m.170 1590 1585 1527 1990). two-ply Two That The The The be duplex duplex demonstrated Innsbruck view impact Tyrol, thickness separate 4 partly the be Revolution. were The research shot-proof on War. both must conflation geographical be extra Continental inferred in other Wallace Windsor MMNY Inv. placarts Collection Castle thickness by 19.131.1 (table on it the two both shot-proofing construction breastplate required two exhausted doubted, of who would proof Richard on whether It No. have have inner Anglo-Dutch protection of Continent W808 by English is ancestral 1). can separate the shells, specified that a in were (Gamber engendered of A62 against Jorg by of Virtually appear metallurgically single shell. be for that outer breastplate material origin Hoden/Holden in a protection the by the would extended single but armours in their Seusenhofer view in metal its streams was direction outer A afforded in Buckhurst Hatton Description 'Genouilhac' plate, a ainer that contract general resisting shell of encounter 1995). that bullet demi-hake origin all the compound Anthony plate Table a of also in duplexity a sheets, the prustschifftung or small the great arises and would the to cannot the would early with have 5 inner with constitute and that Almains by of intended European indistinguishable impact for mid placart, abundance Bryan in 1660-85, Greenwich technical two demand the with from de placarts duplexity merged. 17th were (or constitute attention sufficient remains necessitate the plate shot-proof 1546-7 automatically Estimated Breastplate Hardness c. sclerometer 54-7 >300 17th-century Reuck failure separate half-hagbut)]. the 280 would had collection the century Adlergarnitur employed still to a fur armours should Placarts for first VPH VPH contribution that and duplex fact no render et to of without in for separate should ain energy shot-proof a be al. sheets be sheet. armours. the these 'theory' the that 111.1340, duplex. David in the halbhaggschuss be welcome. wrought hints investigated. it indistinguishable duplex in second spread the initiation their Estimated readings Hardness 325 PIa 52-60 any <200 the may now might Archduke of any expensive Research Clearly but the (Vienna, cart Starley context of wrought at VPH to The tear tougher. They armours unsigned, prove turn. forged armours English weight VPH the the armours sheet the across indeed iron or forging its of combination had possibility so-called on The has crack that Ferdinand constructs. of [a A638) induced function two together iron breasts penalty (Blackmore Civil the the B

P B=P reinforcing manage the apparently shot-proof similar examined described invention duplexity from together separate to induced efficacy gap Thirty Wars, made make Mili- by into that was and can the to to in of b c of a It a Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries Grancsay, Eltis, fToulkes, Edwards, Gamber, Blair, Blackmore, Black, the team These Ac1mowledgements hardness de de de Buttin, Butters, while Notes paper References 4. our 2. 3. Collection 1. Journal Armour Paper Macmillan Florence. Sutton: 72-80 & 1-99 We For The Armouries white the For Duplex: the are: circumstances Orde-Browne, Reuck, Reuck, Reuck, inferences Armour physical wish D he C 10th 19th the J have in evidence the four researches NO.4 C 1991 armour 1998 1996 of C S Society 147, 0 was P draft Volume military 1901 measurements Latin A S A A Pembroke edition to century. the B Greenwich for 1912 Society 2000 1955 D to V II.82; 2004 A 1998b 1998a The Duplex The express quoting 1996 Arms an analyses, 1990 Notes 1937 that allowing thank depend. military 18.2: and duplex, (1580), R.A., depend The Dealing Die military intern revolution II, of inventory the 15: The were The and The Arms Greenwich the Encyclopedia armourer Appendix the The russet 63-77 sur Harnischgarnitur, PRO referring arm Worcester 238-51 their armour: Claude double revolution? Renaissance Armour triumph degree Kelvingrove, on in armourers' armor les at their Weare revolution Trustees a observations and ours death: over WO of anime collaborative whether the Armures consult: gratitude and armour Henry with or to XV: of of revisited: facilities Society Blair of an 49/68/85 Wallace Britannica, armour the the two-fold, the Military Galiot his protection grateful (1557), Vulcan: in unrecognised placarts 470-4. arcana dilemma: of arms Black Keene, hard craft. of Glasgow, testing a 16th-century whole for 15.7: l'epreuve. to Livrustkammaren both the de (1570), or and to trade change David Collection. steel his London, Kelvingrove, sculptors' from English (1991), Florence, Genouilhac. effort. of vol. for Gunpowder to armourer of 426-43 be afforded the surface bulletproof hard measurements and constructive duplex 39-65f; which Patrick XXV or used duo Royal and Annecy, Europe. Starley Royal Civil mode Parker the The soft or Methuen tools, two, European Olschki no (1902), of by English armour for tough. New Armouries of the iron Wars. Glasgow, Croasdale 7: London, and metallurgical desk-bound compound porphyry twice London, armour. Armouries of Revue (1988/96), and this four 45-114. 'North' York, is construction the entry Civil comments Royal London, protecting society, David research. and the Savoisienne, upon breastplates obsolescence 1665. II.83. 39-65a; Journal Metropolitan Tauris and Wars, on plexus, Stockholm armour outer Armouries for armour Eltis 1550-1800. data Armour and Edge Royal members the Journal which the ships 1638-52. component, of made (1998). folded. prince The at (1560), the fasc. may the matrices for present Armouries and of Yearbook by of he Pembroke Arms Museum, most Wallace London, Armour, in making 2 the on in Capt. Stroud, forts of and made Ducal Royal Arms some exist this the and see 25 of of 2: 3, in C Published by Maney Publishing (c) The Trustees of the Armouries to Duplex Request Williams, Williams, Richardson, Parker, acknowledge construction 26 collections. metallurgical of Monograph 1500-1800. T its Richardson, technology. armour G for A A Curators 198811996 in such R Cambridge T R 7 note. further their and and 2004 1987 London, Royal collaboration. Turin, de and care a Italian The possible Reuck The information Armouries, collectors University both Armi Royal London military armour A to Anthony Antiche: duplex Armouries 1995 A world-wide armourers Press Leeds revolution: de of The helmet Reuck, the 27-75 de LS10 Royal Monograph 16th Reuck are of military have 6 the Armoury asked 1LT; The century 17th already et Mall, to the innovation al. 4 in send century. at authors the Greenwich London been details Royal Leeds, and recognised will SW14 of Armoury 1515-1649, the in examples Royal riSe future 7EN, in of of Armouries American gratefully of the A and Turin, duplex history West, also a