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An Illustrated History of Arms and Armour : from the Earliest Period To CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library U800 .D38 1894 An illustrated history of arms and armou 3 1Q9/I nrin 70e ggi Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tile Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030736981 AEMS AND AEMOUB. AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF AEMS AND AEMOUE FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. BY AUGUSTE DEMMIN. WITH NEARLY 2000 ILLUSTRATIONS. TRANSLATED BY C. C. BLACK, M.A.. ASSISTANT KEEPER, SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. * Quum prorepserunt primls anlmalia tenis, Mutum et turpe pecus, glandem atque cubilia propter Unguibus et pugnis, dein fastibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis quae post fabiicaverat csus." Horace, Sat. I. ui LONDON : GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK ST., COVENT GARDEN, AND NEW YORK. : 300 LONDON REPRINTED FROM STEREOTYPE PLATES BY WM. CLOWES & SONS, LTD. STAMFOBD STREET AND CHARIKG CROSS. CONTENTS. Faox iKTBODUirnON 1 I. Aebibsed Histoby of Ancient Asms , . 17 IL ATiMS OP Pre-histokio Times, and oe the Stone Age. Arms ill chipped flint . 75 Anns of polished flint ..... 80 III. Ancient Aems of the Bbonze and Ibon Ages. Indian arms in brouze and iron 85 American arms 88 Assyrian arms, etc. 92 Egyptian arms 101 Greek and Etruscan arms 106 Eoman, Samnite, and Dacian arms 117 rV. Abms of the Bbonze Age of the so-oalled Babbabio Westeen Nations. Germanic arms in bronze . .129 Kelto-Gallic, Grallic, and Lower-Britannio arms . 133 British arms in bronze . ... 136 Scandinavian arms in bronze 139 Bronze arms of various countries .... 144 V. Akms of the Ibon Age belonging to Noethbbn Nations. Germanic arms of the iron age . 149 Scandinavian arms of the iron age . .158 Arms of the iron age of various nations . .159 . VI Contents. Fagb VI. Aems or THE Cheistian Middle Ages, or the Renais- sance, AND OF THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTnKIES. Complete equipments of the Middle Ages . 161 Complete equipments of the Eenaissance . 197 Complete equipments of the seventeentli and eighteenth centuries ....... 218 Description of suits of armour, excepting the helmet . 222 Thehehnet . 239 The shield . 287 Coats and cuirasses 309 The arm-guard 328 The gauntlet 331 Greaves and hose 337 The spur 342 Horse armour 349 The saddle . 355 The stirrup . 361 The bridle , 366 The sword . 369 The dagger, poniard, etc. 400 The lance, pike, and stake 414 The mace 420 The morgenstern or morning- star 422 The flail 424 The "war-scythe 427 The scythe-knife 428 The gisarme . 430 The voulge . 433 The war-hammer 435 The war-hatchet 438 The halbard . 443 ranseur The . 445 The partizan 446 The bayonet 448 The spontoon 451 The military fork 452 Arms and utensils of war and chase 454 Machines of war and siege weapons 455 The sling and the staff sling . 466 Contents. vii Page VL Abus op the Ohbistian Middle Ages, etc. —continued. The blow-pipe . .... 468 Bows and arrows 468 ThecTosB-bow 473 Vn. FiBB-ABMS. Heavy artillery .... 185 The mortar .... 488 The cannon . , . 490 Portable fire-arms . .... 511 The hand cannon, hackbnss, arquebus, muskets, etc. 520 The pistol 529 Accessories for fire-arms ... 534 Vin. ThbAib-gtjn 537 IX. The Akt of the Abuotiber and Abqtizbusieb,—Moko- GBAiis, Initials, and Names of Abmohbebs. Monograms and names of Grerman armourers . 540 German armourers of later years of the eighteenth and b^'nning of the nineteenth centuries, celebrated for their fire- aud air-guns . 560 Monograms and names of Italian armourers . 563 Monograms and names of Spanish and Portuguese armourers .... ... 565 Monograms and names of French armourers . 573 Monog;rams, initials, and names of English armourers . 574 Monograms and names of Swiss armourers . 575 Monogiams and names of Flemish and Dutch armourers 576 Monograms, initials, marks, and names of armourers and towns found on Oriental arms 576 Monograms and sdgnatuies the origin of which is unknown ...*... 577 X. AbUB, CB068B8, ADS SlGKS OF THB FbEE JuDCES 578 XL Advicb and Becbipts fob Colleotoes uf Abjis .=583 A HISTOEY OF AEMS AND AEMOUE. INTEODCCTION. ALL that can interest the archseologist, the historian, the artist, the soldier, and even the ordinary observer, on the progressive march and the successive development of the arms of various nations in the past centuries, has been con- rlensed in the first chapter of this book in the "Abridged History of Ancient Arms," of which several extracts, more or less modified, are to be seen as headings to the sub- divisions, so as to spare the reader the trouble of looking through the whole history every time that he is desirous of information on only one point. It would have been useless to describe the historical development of each kind of arm, as these will be found in the different special chapters where these arms are described in chronologic order. This chronological system is found to be the best for a book which is destined to be at the same time a guide to the people at large, and a scientific encyclopaedia to collectors, tor such repetitions as must inevitably result will contribute to facilitate study. In addition to this a special chapter describes the pro- gressive march of the armourer's art, and gives all the iirmourers' signs and marks which it has been possible to collect; another chapter treats of the arms and alphabets which have been used in the tribunals of the free-judges (francs-juges). The whole work is divided into six principal parts, among which the most important treat of the arms of ; 2 Introduction. the middle ages, of tte Eenaissance, of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The author, who has visited for years all the museums and arsenals of Europe, and the most important collections of amateurs, has thus been enabled to gather enough authentic materials to dispense with referring to any books of compilation. As to the kinds of arms which no longer exist, these have been studied in manuscripts, in miniatures, on coins of the period, and on ancient monuments, where sculpture has preserved forms, the exactitude of which can rarely be disputed. Notwithstanding the present decided taste for retrospec- tive knowledge, which has given birth to a perfect torrent of local and special treatises, as also to more important works, no complete work has as yet existed, either in France or elsewhere, on the subject of ancient armour. Nevertheless there are few things more indispensable to an artist than the knowledge which enables him, at first sight of a sword, a helmet, a shield, or any other piece of armour, to fix the nation and period to which its wearer belonged. The uncertainty on this head has given rise to many mistakes, which having rapidly become traditional have thus perpetuated lamentable historical errors. The faulty classi- fication of a large number of museums and arsenals has particularly contributed to the diffusion of these popular errors, which have by degrees crept into historical treatises the majority of guide-books, sculptures, and mural paintings have actually transformed our galleries of painting and sculpture into public schools for instruction in anachro nisms. Several of these collections of armour exhibit specimens, the alleged dates of which are centuries earlier than the true ones. It is more particularly in the Swiss museums and arsenals that these errors abound. There we find a large number of swords ascribed to the time of Charles the Bold, the shape of which declares immediately the end of the sixteenth and even the beginning of the seventeenth century, as also some armour of the same date, said to have been worn at the battle of Sempach. The gjrmnasium of Morat exhibits war-harness of the seventeenth century, as " taken from the Burgimdians kiUed in the battle," where under the walls of the city the terrible duke lost, in 1476, his military Introduction. 3 honour, after having lost at Granson all his treasures. Another suit of armour, whose burgonet, with its shade and ear-pieces, the lobster-tailed cuishes, and the breastplate, all equally announce the seventeenth century, has been attributed to Aiian of Bubenberg, the valiant chief of the fifteen hundred Bernese who defended Morat for ten days against the artillery of the archduke. In the arsenal of Soleure the blunders are stUl greater. All the personages of the celebrated group, which is composed after a design of Disteli, and is meant to represent the recon- ciliation of the confederates at the Diet of Stanz, in 1487, by the intercession of the venerable Mcolaus Von der Vine, are clad in armour of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The famous iron shield of modern fabrication, attributed to Philip the Good (1419), in spite of the round targets with which the inights in relief are armed, has been engraved in a Swiss publication, and accompanied by a learned disserta- tion. This object, and also a French cuirassier's breastplate of the First Empire, in which an unskilful armourer has awkwardly hammered out two receptacles for a female bust, still figure there as precious relics of the middle ages, a fact at which the merchant who sold them to the arsenal, and who is still living at Soleure, no doubt enjoys many a hearty laugh in his sleeve. In the arsenal of Zurich all the bossed breastplates of fluted armour are rated as cuirasses for women, as though the female bosom occupied the lower portion of the chest! In England even, a country famed for its archseological researches, the armoury of the Tower of London had preserved a large quantity of fantastic attributions until Mr.
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