The Genomic Ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture People and Their Relation to the Broader Corded Ware Horizon

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Genomic Ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture People and Their Relation to the Broader Corded Ware Horizon Malmström, H., Günther, T., Svensson, E. M., Juras, A., Fraser, M., Munters, A. R., Pospieszny, Ł., Tõrv, M., Lindström, J., Götherström, A., Storå, J., & Jakobsson, M. (2019). The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1912), [20191528]. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via The Royal Society at https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspb Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon Research Helena Malmström1,2,†, Torsten Günther1,†, Emma M. Svensson1, Anna Juras3, Cite this article: Malmström H et al. 2019 Magdalena Fraser1,4, Arielle R. Munters1, Łukasz Pospieszny5,6, Mari Tõrv7, The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian 8 9 10 Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to Jonathan Lindström , Anders Götherström , Jan Storå the broader Corded Ware horizon. Proc. R. Soc. and Mattias Jakobsson1,2 B 286: 20191528. 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden 2Centre for Anthropological Research, Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Johannesburg, 2006 Auckland Park, South Africa 3Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland Received: 9 July 2019 4Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University–Campus Gotland, 621 67 Visby, Sweden Accepted: 17 September 2019 5Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK 6Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Centre for Studies into Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Times, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-612 Poznan, Poland 7Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia 8Graduate School of Contract Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Linneaus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Subject Category: Sweden 9Archaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, and 10Osteoarchaeological Genetics and genomics Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology, and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Subject Areas: HM, 0000-0002-6456-8055; TG, 0000-0001-9460-390X; MJ, 0000-0001-7840-7853 genomics, evolution, palaeontology The Neolithic period is characterized by major cultural transformations and Keywords: human migrations, with lasting effects across Europe. To understand the ancient DNA, Battle Axe Culture, Corded Ware population dynamics in Neolithic Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea area, we Culture, demography, European Neolithic, investigate the genomes of individuals associated with the Battle Axe Culture migration (BAC), a Middle Neolithic complex in Scandinavia resembling the continental Corded Ware Culture (CWC). We sequenced 11 individuals (dated to 3330– 1665 calibrated before common era (cal BCE)) from modern-day Sweden, Esto- nia, and Poland to 0.26–3.24× coverage. Three of the individuals were from Authors for correspondence: CWC contexts and two from the central-Swedish BAC burial ‘Bergsgraven’. Helena Malmström By analysing these genomes together with the previously published data, e-mail: [email protected] we show that the BAC represents a group different from other Neolithic popu- Torsten Günther lations in Scandinavia, revealing stratification among cultural groups. Similar to continental CWC, the BAC-associated individuals display ancestry from the e-mail: [email protected] Pontic–Caspian steppe herders, as well as smaller components originating Mattias Jakobsson from hunter–gatherers and Early Neolithic farmers. Thus, the steppe ancestry e-mail: [email protected] seen in these Scandinavian BAC individuals can be explained only by migration into Scandinavia. Furthermore, we highlight the reuse of megalithic tombs of the earlier Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) by people related to BAC. The BAC groups likely mixed with resident middle Neolithic farmers (e.g. FBC) without substantial contributions from Neolithic foragers. †These authors contributed equally to this study. 1. Introduction An influential wave of migration into central Europe from the Pontic–Caspian Electronic supplementary material is available steppe occurred ca 3000 before common era (BCE) [1,2]. The Yamnaya expan- online at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. sion brought new genetic ancestry to Neolithic Europe, which still today is a c.4682318. © 2019 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. part of the genetic variation [3]. Northwest of the Yamnaya Culture (FBC) (two from Rössberga in Västergötland and three 2 complex, we find the Corded Ware Culture (CWC) complex from Öllsjö in Scania) and one from a Pitted Ware Culture royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspb that was distributed over central and northern Europe (PWC) context (Ajvide on Gotland). Radiocarbon dating between 3000/2800 and 2300/2000 BCE (see electronic sup- showed that the three individuals from the Öllsjö megalithic plementary material) [4,5]. The impact of the Yamnaya tomb derived from later burials, where oll007 (2860–2500 cal migration on the formation of the CWC complex continues BCE) overlaps with the time interval of the BAC, and oll009 to be debated ([4] with comments in [5,6]). Genetic signals and oll010 (1930–1650 cal BCE) fall within the Scandinavian of migration and admixture have been found in central Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (table 1; electronic sup- Europe, Scandinavia, and to the east of the Baltic Sea plementary material, table S1 and figure S2). Genome-wide [1,2,7–9]. However, the development took different paths in sequence coverages range from 0.1 to 3.2×, and the sequence different regions and it is not clear exactly how the migrations data for all individuals exhibit characteristic properties of affected the demographic development and population ancient DNA: short fragment size and cytosine deamination history at the fringes of the European continent [5,6]. at the ends of fragments (e.g. [24]) (table 1; electronic sup- In Sweden, the CWC complex has been labelled the (Swed- plementary material, figure S5). Estimates of mitochondrial Proc. R. Soc. B ish-Norwegian) Boat Axe or Battle Axe Culture (BAC). The contamination [25] were low, less than 2% for all 11 individ- material manifestation of BAC, starting around 3000/2800 uals, as was the estimated nuclear contamination on the BCE [10], was distributed in Scandinavia up to modern-day X-chromosome in males [26,27] (less than 1.2%) (table 1; elec- Middle Sweden and southern Norway and on the eastern side tronic supplementary material, table S3). Five individuals were of the Baltic Sea up to the southwestern parts of Finland (e.g. genetically determined to be males, and six were females, 286 [11–13]). How the BAC/CWC complex dispersed into the based on the fraction of sequence fragments mapping to the : 20191528 Baltic countries and Fennoscandia has been extensively debated different sex chromosomes [28] (table 1). (e.g. [12,14–18]), especially in association with a process of The individuals from BAC and CWC contexts, including migration or of cultural diffusion and local development oll007 from a megalithic burial, displayed U4 and U5 mito- [11,12,16,19,20]. Earlier archaeological research viewed the chondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages, previously associated BAC/CWC complex as a society with common cultural and with Stone Age hunter–gatherers [29–34], and H1, N1a, and social practices and stressed the uniformity of burial customs, U3 lineages, associated with Neolithic farmers [1,32,35,36] pottery design and typology, and the boat-shaped battle axes (table 1; electronic supplementary material, table S4). This (e.g. [12,15,21]). Recently, it has been argued that these views broadly coincides with the wide variety of mtDNA lineages were too simplistic, and regional patterns and traits within the found in other individuals from CWC contexts (e.g. [2,32]). BAC/CWC complex have been highlighted (e.g. [4–6,11,22]). However, the U3 and N1a lineages, which were found here While previous archaeogenetic research has studied indi- (poz44 and ber2), have not been reported from individuals viduals connected with the BAC/CWC cultural complexes in excavated in CWC contexts. The two males in our dataset some regions around the Baltic Sea [1,2,7–9,23], the character (ber1 and poz81) belonged to Y-chromosome R1a haplogroups of the
Recommended publications
  • Between West and East People of the Globular Amphora Culture in Eastern Europe: 2950-2350 Bc
    BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt V O L U M E 8 • 2010 BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES 61-809 Poznań (Poland) Św. Marcin 78 Tel. (061) 8536709 ext. 147, Fax (061) 8533373 EDITOR Aleksander Kośko EDITORIAL COMMITEE Sophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska (Poznań), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lucyna Domańska (Łódź), Viktor I. Klochko (Kiev), Jan Machnik (Kraków), Valentin V. Otroshchenko (Kiev), Petro Tolochko (Kiev) SECRETARY Marzena Szmyt Second Edition ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY Poznań 2010 ISBN 83-86094-07-9 (print:1999) ISBN 978-83-86094-15-8 (CD-ROM) ISSN 1231-0344 BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt Translated by John Comber and Piotr T. Żebrowski V O L U M E 8 • 2010 c Copyright by B-PS and Author All rights reserved Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider Linguistic consultation: John Comber Prepared in Poland Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu CONTENTS Editor’s Foreword5 Introduction7 I SPACE. Settlement of the Globular Amphora Culture on the Territory of Eastern Europe 16 I.1 Classification of sources . 16 I.2 Characteristics of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 18 I.2.1 Complexes of class I . 18 I.2.2 Complexes of class II . 34 I.3 Range of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 36 I.4 Spatial distinction between complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits. The eastern group and its indicators . 42 I.5 Spatial relations of the eastern and centralGlobular Amphora culture groups .
    [Show full text]
  • MEDIEVAL ARMOR Over Time
    The development of MEDIEVAL ARMOR over time WORCESTER ART MUSEUM ARMS & ARMOR PRESENTATION SLIDE 2 The Arms & Armor Collection Mr. Higgins, 1914.146 In 2014, the Worcester Art Museum acquired the John Woodman Higgins Collection of Arms and Armor, the second largest collection of its kind in the United States. John Woodman Higgins was a Worcester-born industrialist who owned Worcester Pressed Steel. He purchased objects for the collection between the 1920s and 1950s. WORCESTER ART MUSEUM / 55 SALISBURY STREET / WORCESTER, MA 01609 / 508.799.4406 / worcesterart.org SLIDE 3 Introduction to Armor 1994.300 This German engraving on paper from the 1500s shows the classic image of a knight fully dressed in a suit of armor. Literature from the Middle Ages (or “Medieval,” i.e., the 5th through 15th centuries) was full of stories featuring knights—like those of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, or the popular tale of Saint George who slayed a dragon to rescue a princess. WORCESTER ART MUSEUM / 55 SALISBURY STREET / WORCESTER, MA 01609 / 508.799.4406 / worcesterart.org SLIDE 4 Introduction to Armor However, knights of the early Middle Ages did not wear full suits of armor. Those suits, along with romantic ideas and images of knights, developed over time. The image on the left, painted in the mid 1300s, shows Saint George the dragon slayer wearing only some pieces of armor. The carving on the right, created around 1485, shows Saint George wearing a full suit of armor. 1927.19.4 2014.1 WORCESTER ART MUSEUM / 55 SALISBURY STREET / WORCESTER, MA 01609 / 508.799.4406 / worcesterart.org SLIDE 5 Mail Armor 2014.842.2 The first type of armor worn to protect soldiers was mail armor, commonly known as chainmail.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic in the South Caucasus: New Data from the Bavra Ablari Rock Shelter
    Book Chapter From the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic in the South Caucasus: New data from the Bavra Ablari rock shelter VAROUTSIKOS, Bastien, et al. Abstract The site of Bavra-Ablari is a Mesolithic-Chalcolithic rock shelter, located on the Javakheti plateau in the valley of a tributary of the Kura River, in southern Georgia. Excavations have been carried out by a Georgian-French team since 2012 and have shed light on processes that took place during the Early Holocene. The Mesolithic layer of the site shows an occupation, not yet fully excavated, which will provide important chrono-cultural information about the exploitation of the mountainous areas during the ninth millennium BCE. The Neolithic occupation chronologically matches the first evidence of agricultural society in the Near East during the sixth millennium BCE, and is characterised by a combination of Neolithic and Mesolithic features. The Chalcolithic layer produced a significant collection of material that supports a re-occupation of the highlands during the fifth millennium, as well as the development of subsistence strategies adapted to this environment. Reference VAROUTSIKOS, Bastien, et al. From the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic in the South Caucasus: New data from the Bavra Ablari rock shelter. In: Batmaz A., Bedianashvili G., Michalewicz A., Robinson A. Context and Connection: Essays on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of Antonio Sagona. Leuven : Peeters, 2017. Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:91771 Disclaimer: layout of this document
    [Show full text]
  • Thebaltimore Museumof Art Presents Ellenlesperance
    THE BALTIMORE MUSEUM OF ART PRESENTS ELLEN LESPERANCE: VELVET FIST Members of the public invited to borrow artist-knit sweater for a personal act of courage BALTIMORE, MD (January 13, 2020)—The Baltimore Museum of Art (BMA) presents Ellen Lesperance: Velvet Fist, a solo exhibition of works by the Portland, Oregon-based artist known for paintings inspired by the attire of women activists, warriors, and cultural figures. On view January 26–June 28, 2020, the exhibition features seven works from Lesperance’s ongoing Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp series, as well as a new artist book of archival sources. Also featured is Lesperance’s participatory project, Congratulations and Celebrations, through which members of the public can borrow a hand-knit sweater depicting a labrys battle axe to perform a personal act of courage. These acts—big and small, public and private—will be documented on Instagram, with some becoming part of the exhibition “Ellen Lesperance’s vivid and masterfully rendered works have immortalized the legacy of brave women activists who recognized that creativity itself can lead to mobilizing acts of nonviolence. I am proud to recognize both her achievements and theirs in this powerful exhibition of socially engaged art,” said Christopher Bedford, BMA Dorothy Wagner Wallis Director. Ellen Lesperance: Velvet Fist is curated by BMA Associate Curator of Contemporary Art Cecilia Wichmann. The exhibition is generously supported by the Estate of Margaret Hammond Cooke. For over a decade, Ellen Lesperance has collected imagery of life at Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp (1981– 2000), the separatist feminist camp that formed in protest of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • New Dates for the Late Neolithic Corded Ware Culture Burials and Early Husbandry in the East Baltic Region
    Archaeofauna 16 (2007): 21-31 New dates for the Late Neolithic Corded Ware Culture burials and early husbandry in the East Baltic region LEMBI LÕUGAS1, AIVAR KRIISKA2 & LIINA MALDRE3 1 Institute of History, Tallinn University, Rüütli 6, EE10130 Tallinn, Estonia. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of History, Tartu University, Ülikooli 18, EE50090 Tartu, Estonia. 3 Institute of History, Tallinn University, Rüütli 6, EE10130 Tallinn, Estonia. (Received December 18, 2006; Revised April 10, 2007; Accepted April 16, 2007) ABSTRACT: The appearance of the Corded Ware Culture in the eastern Baltic area has been associated with the beginning of animal husbandry in this region. The culture is quite well re- presented by artefacts around the Baltic Sea basin, whereas its animal bone material seems to have been partly mixed with either that of the Combed Ware Culture, whose economy was based on hunting, fishing and gathering, or with later material. Radiocarbon dates have placed the beginning of the Corded Ware Culture in the eastern Baltic region in the time interval 3000- 2700 cal BC. New dates from Estonia confirm that the phenomenon appeared here at that time. The beginning of animal husbandry in the East Baltic is discussed on the basis of the new dates and the animal bone finds from Corded Ware Culture settlement sites and burials. Important fac- tors in the spreading of early farming in addition to climate, were geographical and environ- mental conditions. KEYWORDS: EAST BALTIC, ESTONIA, LATE NEOLITHIC, CORDED WARE CUL- TURE, DOMESTIC ANIMALS RESUMEN: La cultura de las cerámicas cordadas en el Báltico oriental se asocia con el inicio de la ganadería en la zona.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
    THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimations of Population Density for Selected Periods Between the Neolithic and AD 1800 Andreas Zimmermann University of Cologne, [email protected]
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital Commons@Wayne State University Human Biology Volume 81 Issue 2 Special Issue on Demography and Cultural Article 13 Macroevolution 2009 Estimations of Population Density for Selected Periods Between the Neolithic and AD 1800 Andreas Zimmermann University of Cologne, [email protected] Johanna Hilpert University of Cologne Karl Peter Wendt University of Cologne Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol Recommended Citation Zimmermann, Andreas; Hilpert, Johanna; and Wendt, Karl Peter (2009) "Estimations of Population Density for Selected Periods Between the Neolithic and AD 1800," Human Biology: Vol. 81: Iss. 2-3, Article 13. Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/ humbiol/vol81/iss2/13 Estimations of Population Density for Selected Periods Between the Neolithic and AD 1800 Abstract We describe a combination of methods applied to obtain reliable estimations of population density using archaeological data. The ombc ination is based on a hierarchical model of scale levels. The necessary data and methods used to obtain the results are chosen so as to define transfer functions from one scale level to another. We apply our method to data sets from western Germany that cover early Neolithic, Iron Age, Roman, and Merovingian times as well as historical data from AD 1800. Error margins and natural and historical variability are discussed. Our results for nonstate societies are always lower than conventional estimations compiled from the literature, and we discuss the reasons for this finding. At the end, we compare the calculated local and global population densities with other estimations from different parts of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • 293 Radiocarbon and Stable
    RADIOCARBON, Vol 46, Nr 1, 2004, p 293–300 © 2004 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona RADIOCARBON AND STABLE ISOTOPE EVIDENCE OF DIETARY CHANGE FROM THE MESOLITHIC TO THE MIDDLE AGES IN THE IRON GATES: NEW RESULTS FROM LEPENSKI VIR C Bonsall1,2 • G T Cook3 • R E M Hedges4 • T F G Higham4 • C Pickard1 • I RadovanoviÊ5 ABSTRACT. A previous radiocarbon dating and stable isotope study of directly associated ungulate and human bone samples from Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei in Romania established that there is a freshwater reservoir effect of approximately 500 yr in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube River valley in southeast Europe. Using the δ15N values as an indicator of the percentage of freshwater protein in the human diet, the 14C data for 24 skeletons from the site of Lepenski Vir were corrected for this reservoir effect. The results of the paired 14C and stable isotope measurements provide evidence of substantial dietary change over the period from about 9000 BP to about 300 BP. The data from the Early Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic are consistent with a 2-component dietary system, where the linear plot of isotopic values reflects mixing between the 2 end-members to differing degrees. Typically, the individuals of Mesolithic age have much heavier δ15N signals and slightly heavier δ13C, while individuals of Early Neolithic and Chalcolithic age have lighter δ15N and δ13C values. Contrary to our earlier suggestion, there is no evidence of a substantial population that had a transitional diet midway between those that were characteristic of the Mesolithic and Neolithic.
    [Show full text]
  • Neolithic Farmers in Poland - a Study of Stable Isotopes in Human Bones and Teeth from Kichary Nowe in the South of Poland
    Neolithic farmers in Poland - A study of stable isotopes in human bones and teeth from Kichary Nowe in the south of Poland Master thesis in archaeological science Archaeological Research Laboratory Stockholm University Supervisors: Kerstin Lidén and Gunilla Eriksson Author: Staffan Lundmark Cover photo: Mandible from the Kichary Nowe site, photo taken by the author Abstract: The diet of the Stone Age cultures is a strong indicator to the social group, thus farmers and hunters can be distinguished through their diet. There is well-preserved and well excavated Polish skeletal material available for such a study but the material has not previously been subject to stable isotopes analyses and therefore the questions of diets has not been answered. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the cultures in the Kichary Nowe 2 area in the Lesser Poland district in southern Poland. Through analysis of the stable isotopes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur in the collagen of teeth and skeletal bones from the humans in the Kichary Nowe 2 grave-field and from bones from the fauna, coeval and from the same area, the study will establish whether there were any sharp changes of diets. The material from the grave-field comes from cultures with an established agricultural economy, where their cultural belonging has been anticipated from the burial context. The results from my study of stable isotopes from the bone material will be grouped by various parameters, culture, attribution to sex and age. The groups will then be compared to each other to investigate patterns within and between the groups.
    [Show full text]
  • The Significance of the Ancient Standing Stones, Villages, Tombs on Orkney Island
    The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Volume 5 Print Reference: Pages 561-572 Article 43 2003 The Significance of the Ancient Standing Stones, Villages, Tombs on Orkney Island Lawson L. Schroeder Philip L. Schroeder Bryan College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Browse the contents of this volume of The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism. Recommended Citation Schroeder, Lawson L. and Schroeder, Philip L. (2003) "The Significance of the Ancient Standing Stones, Villages, Tombs on Orkney Island," The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism: Vol. 5 , Article 43. Available at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings/vol5/iss1/43 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANCIENT STANDING STONES, VILLAGES AND TOMBS FOUND ON THE ORKNEY ISLANDS LAWSON L. SCHROEDER, D.D.S. PHILIP L. SCHROEDER 5889 MILLSTONE RUN BRYAN COLLEGE STONE MOUNTAIN, GA 30087 P. O. BOX 7484 DAYTON, TN 37321-7000 KEYWORDS: Orkney Islands, ancient stone structures, Skara Brae, Maes Howe, broch, Ring of Brodgar, Standing Stones of Stenness, dispersion, Babel, famine, Ice Age ABSTRACT The Orkney Islands make up an archipelago north of Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Farmers from Across Europe Directly Descended from Neolithic Aegeans
    Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans Zuzana Hofmanováa,1, Susanne Kreutzera,1, Garrett Hellenthalb, Christian Sella, Yoan Diekmannb, David Díez-del-Molinob, Lucy van Dorpb, Saioa Lópezb, Athanasios Kousathanasc,d, Vivian Linkc,d, Karola Kirsanowa, Lara M. Cassidye, Rui Martinianoe, Melanie Strobela, Amelie Scheua,e, Kostas Kotsakisf, Paul Halsteadg, Sevi Triantaphyllouf, Nina Kyparissi-Apostolikah, Dushka Urem-Kotsoui, Christina Ziotaj, Fotini Adaktylouk, Shyamalika Gopalanl, Dean M. Bobol, Laura Winkelbacha, Jens Blöchera, Martina Unterländera, Christoph Leuenbergerm, Çiler Çilingiroglu˘ n, Barbara Horejso, Fokke Gerritsenp, Stephen J. Shennanq, Daniel G. Bradleye, Mathias Curratr, Krishna R. Veeramahl, Daniel Wegmannc,d, Mark G. Thomasb, Christina Papageorgopoulous,2, and Joachim Burgera,2 aPalaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; bDepartment of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; cDepartment of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; dSwiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; eMolecular Population Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; fFaculty of Philosophy, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; gDepartment of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4ET, United Kingdom; hHonorary Ephor of Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture & Sports,
    [Show full text]
  • An Old Turkic Statue from Borili, Ulytau Hills, Central Kazakhstan: Issues in Interpretation
    THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.1.059-065 L.N. Ermolenko1, A.I. Soloviev2, and Zh.K. Kurmankulov3 1Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya 6, Kemerovo, 650043, Russia E-mail: [email protected] 2Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia E-mail: [email protected] 3A.K. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Pr. Dostyk 44, Almaty, 050010, Republic of Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected] An Old Turkic Statue from Borili, Ulytau Hills, Central Kazakhstan: Issues in Interpretation We describe an unusual Old Turkic statue from Borili (Ulytau, Central Kazakhstan), distinguished by a peculiar position of the hands and holding an unusual object––a battle axe instead of a vessel. Stylistic features and possible prototypes among actual battle axes suggest that the statue dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries AD. The composition attests to the sculptor’s familiarity with Sogdian/Iranian art and with that of China. Several interpretations of the statue are possible. The standard version regarding Old Turkic statues erected near stone enclosures is that they represent divine chiefs––patrons of a specifi c group of the population. Certain details carved on the statue indicate an early origin of the image. It is also possible that such statues are semantically similar to those of guardians placed along the “path of the spirits” near tombs of members of the Chinese royal elite. Keywords: Old Turks, statues, Central Kazakhstan, Sogdian art, China, “path of the spirits”, bladed weapons.
    [Show full text]