DOCSLIB.ORG

Between West and East People of the Globular Amphora Culture in Eastern Europe: 2950-2350 Bc

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Between West and East People of the Globular Amphora Culture in Eastern Europe: 2950-2350 Bc BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt V O L U M E 8 • 2010 BALTIC-PONTIC STUDIES 61-809 Poznań (Poland) Św. Marcin 78 Tel. (061) 8536709 ext. 147, Fax (061) 8533373 EDITOR Aleksander Kośko EDITORIAL COMMITEE Sophia S. Berezanskaya (Kiev), Aleksandra Cofta-Broniewska (Poznań), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lucyna Domańska (Łódź), Viktor I. Klochko (Kiev), Jan Machnik (Kraków), Valentin V. Otroshchenko (Kiev), Petro Tolochko (Kiev) SECRETARY Marzena Szmyt Second Edition ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF EASTERN STUDIES INSTITUTE OF PREHISTORY Poznań 2010 ISBN 83-86094-07-9 (print:1999) ISBN 978-83-86094-15-8 (CD-ROM) ISSN 1231-0344 BETWEEN WEST AND EAST PEOPLE OF THE GLOBULAR AMPHORA CULTURE IN EASTERN EUROPE: 2950-2350 BC Marzena Szmyt Translated by John Comber and Piotr T. Żebrowski V O L U M E 8 • 2010 c Copyright by B-PS and Author All rights reserved Cover Design: Eugeniusz Skorwider Linguistic consultation: John Comber Prepared in Poland Computer typeset by PSO Sp. z o.o. w Poznaniu CONTENTS Editor’s Foreword5 Introduction7 I SPACE. Settlement of the Globular Amphora Culture on the Territory of Eastern Europe 16 I.1 Classification of sources . 16 I.2 Characteristics of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 18 I.2.1 Complexes of class I . 18 I.2.2 Complexes of class II . 34 I.3 Range of complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits . 36 I.4 Spatial distinction between complexes of Globular Amphora culture traits. The eastern group and its indicators . 42 I.5 Spatial relations of the eastern and centralGlobular Amphora culture groups . 44 II TIME. Chronology of Settlement of Globular Amphora Culture Populations in Eastern Europe 52 II.1 Relative chronology . 52 II.1.1 Seriation of pottery from grave assemblages . 53 II.1.2 Chronological change of other selected cultural traits . 62 II.2 Absolute chronology . 63 II.2.1 Catalogue of 14C dates and their critical analysis . 63 II.2.2 Globular Amphora culture chronology in Eastern Europe . 68 II.3 Dating of East European Globular Amphora culture settlement against the absolute chronologyof the central and western groups . 71 II.3.1 Absolute chronology of the central Globular Amphora culture group . 71 II.3.2 Absolute chronology of the western Globular Amphora culture group . 78 II.3.3 Comparative chronology of Globular Amphora culture groups 80 III NEIGHBOURS. Cultural Environment of Eastern Europe asthe Context of Globular Amphora Culture Populations 86 III.1 Endogenous structures . 86 III.1.1 The Baltic Coast and Forest zone . 89 III.1.2 The Forest-Steppe zone . 99 III.1.3 The Steppe zone . 103 III.1.4 The Caucasian units . 110 4 III.2 Exogenous structures . 111 III.2.1 The Funnel Beaker culture . 111 III.2.2 The Corded Ware culture . 113 III.3 Conclusion . 118 IV CONTACTS. Relations of the Globular Amphora Culture with Other Societies of Eastern Europe 119 IV.1 Identifiers of contacts . 119 IV.1.1 List of identifying traits of intercultural contacts . 120 IV.1.2 The Baltic Coast . 128 IV.1.3 The Forest zone . 135 IV.1.4 The Forest-Steppe and Steppe zones . 142 IV.1.5 Debatable issues: The Globular Amphora culture and the Kemi-Oba, Mikhailivka I, Maykop and Caucasus Dolmen cultures . 167 IV.2 Forms of contact . 174 IV.3 The Baltic Coast . 175 IV.3.1 The Forest zone . 176 IV.3.2 The Forest-Steppe zone . 178 IV.3.3 The Steppe zone . 184 V CONTINUITY AND CHANGE. An Outline of the History of the Globular Amphora Culture Population in Eastern Europe 189 V.1 Basic features of socio-economic structures of the Globular Amphora culture people . 189 V.2 East-European topogenesis . 192 V.2.1 Dissemination stage . 192 V.2.2 Differentiation — transformation stage . 196 V.3 Participation of eastern group societies in the cultural transformations in the Vistula drainage . 203 V.4 Conclusion. The role of the Globular Amphora culture population in the history of eastern European societies . 205 Instead of epilogue 207 Annexe 1. Catalogue of Globular Amphora culture sources 209 Annexe 2. List of 14C datings used in the book 231 Plates 245 References 315 Editor’s Foreword The societies of the Globular Amphora culture (GAC) in eastern Europe have already been discussed in one of the previous volumes of the Baltic-Pontic Studies (4). The papers included in it presented new Globular Amphora culture assemblages and new information categories (in particular, new radiocarbon dates). This volume gives a full description of source material foundations relating to the presence of GAC populations in eastern Europe, from the Baltic coast in the north to the Black Sea in the south and the Dnieper-Dvina line in the east. The sources were subjected to extensive analytical procedures whose ultimate result is a new presentation of the temporal and spatial parameters of the development of GAC population settle- ment in eastern Europe. Of special interest is a detailed description of the cultural environments in which the settlement appeared as well the cultural processes in which GAC societies took part. Consequently, this book touches upon a number of controversial issues in the prehistory of the borderland between western and eastern Europe. We intend to continue this line of investigations in one of the next volumes focusing especially on the questions of social transformations characteristic of the 3rd millennium BC in the area of interest to us that need to be dealt anew. INTRODUCTION 1. SUBJECT, AIM AND SCOPE OF THIS WORK The name ‘Globular Amphora culture’ (GAC), which features in the title of this volume — one of the more humorous definitions, it must be said, in archaeological taxonomy — is of a nineteenth-century pedigree, similarly, moreover, to many other names given to archaeological cultures. It was used for the first time by the German researcher A. Götze [1900] in relation to grave assemblages in which the dominant type of vessel was the specific (key) form of two or four-handled vessel, with a globular belly. After many years of research, this term lost its original, narrow sphere of reference and became a purely conventional name, also applied to assemblages devoid of that key vessel type. The name is presently used to designate a set of traits from the field of material and symbolical culture, among which the following should be mentioned: forms, ornamentation and technology of ceramics, macrolithic flint products (axes and chisels), amber artifacts, cist graves, ritual features with animal burials etc. The majority of these traits can also be found in other taxonomical units; together, however, they compose a unique structure, which should be described as typical (‘classical’) for the GAC. More recent studies portray the dynamics of the formation of this structure, abandoning a static description and emphasising the chronological and spatial (regional) diversity of the traits which compose it and their relations [e.g. Szmyt 1996a; Müller 1997], with the result that the notion of archaeological culture in the case of the GAC approaches that of a polithetic category [Clarke 1968:248-249]. Sources of the GAC have been identified across a wide area of Central and Eastern Europe, from the Elbe basin in the west to the Dnieper in the east, and from the Baltic coast in the north to the Vltava basin, the Upper Vistula and Upper Dniester, Seret and Prut, and the Black Sea Coast in the south. Three territorial GAC groups are distinguished in this area (Fig. 1): western, central (or Polish) and eastern [Wiślański 1966:86-91; 1970:183-221; Sveshnikov 1983:Fig. 1]. The first of these covers territories in the basin of the Oder, Elbe and Vltava; the central group is concentrated in the basin of the Vistula, Warta, Noteć and Bug; and the eastern group is located in Eastern Europe, from the south-eastern Baltic coast to 8 F i g 1. Distribution of the Globular Amphora culture. Key: 1 - the western group, 2 - the central (Polish) group, 3 - the eastern group as defined by I.K. Sveshnikov, 4 - borders of the eastern group proposed herein. Source: Sveshnikov 1983, with modifications of the author. the basin of the Seret and Prut and the area between the Bug, Neman and Dnieper1. The aim of this work is the analysis and interpretation of GAC sources from the territory of Eastern Europe. Due to the present state of reference sources, I will focus on selected aspects of this question, namely on providing some form of spa- tial, temporal and cultural order to the information, drawing particular attention to the location of GAC complexes within the cultural environment of Eastern Europe. Thus, this volume does not represent a monograph of a given taxonomical unit, but rather creates a base for socio-cultural and economic interpretations, which will be the subject of a further study of a wider scope, utilising similarly-ordered sources from all three territorial groups of the GAC. In accordance with the accepted for- mula, I have also excluded anthropological questions, which, in any case, require a fresh specialised analysis. The spatial scope of this study covers the western part of Eastern Europe2, generally situated between the line of the Bug and Neman in 1It is against this spatial formula of the eastern group that I argue below. 2The categories of physiographic divisions according to Kondracki 1997, with modification. 9 the west and the Dnieper in the east. Within this territory, three principle ecolog- ical zones are distinguished: Forest (within which further distinction is made of the south-eastern Baltic coast), Forest-Steppe and Steppe [Ievlev 1991].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MESOLITHIC and NEOLITHIC HABITATION of the EASTERN BALTIC EE-2400 Tartu, Estonia and Institute of Latvian History, 19, Turgenev
    [RADIOCARBON, VOL. 35, No. 3, 1993, P. 503-506] MESOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC HABITATION OF THE EASTERN BALTIC ARVI LIIVA Institute of Zoology and Botany, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Vanemuise Street 21 EE-2400 Tartu, Estonia and ILZE LOZE Institute of Latvian History, 19, Turgenev Street, LV-1518 Riga, Latvia ABSTRACT. In this paper we consider the radiocarbon chronology of Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement sites in the eastern Baltic region. Dating of wood and charcoal from Estonian and Latvian sites establishes the periods (early, middle and late) within these epochs. We present 9014C dates, as yet unpublished in RADIOCARBON, produced by laboratories in Riga, Tallin, Tartu, Leningrad and Moscow. INTRODUCTION The Tartu, Vilnius and Leningrad laboratories radiocarbon dated samples from Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement sites of the eastern Baltic. Laboratories in Riga, Tallinn and Moscow also dated some samples; Tartu and Leningrad previously reported 36 dates (Vinogradov et al. 1966; Liiva, Ilves and Punning 1966; Dolukhanov 1970; Ilves, Punning and Liva 1970; Semyontsov et al. 1972; Dolukhanov et al. 1976). We have used 90 additional dates for our study. All 14C data presented here are uncorrected and uncalibrated. RADIOCARBON INVESTIGATIONS Radiocarbon investigations in the eastern Baltic have enabled us to establish an occupation history beginning with the Early Mesolithic. No samples were obtained from Late Paleolithic sites. The timing of the Early Mesolithic culture in Estonia and eastern Latvia was determined after dating seven samples from three habitation sites: Pulli in Estonia (5 samples), Zvejnieki II and Suagals in Latvia (2 samples). Occupation of the Pulli site, associated with the early phase of the Kunda culture, as are habitation sites of Latvia, is ascribed to 9600-9350 BP (Punning, Liiva and Ilves 1968; Ilves, Liiva and Punning 1974; Jaanits and Jaanits 1978).
    [Show full text]
  • Neolithic Flint Axes Made from Cretaceous Flint of the Bug and Neman Interfluve in the Collection of the Museum of Podlasie in Bialystok
    Archaeologia Polona, vol. 56: 2018, 141 – 165 PL ISSN 0066 - 5924 DOI: 10.23858/APa56.2018.010 Neolithic Flint Axes Made from Cretaceous flint of the Bug and Neman Interfluve in the Collection of the Museum of Podlasie in Bialystok Hubert Lepionkaa The aim of the article is to present and characterize the collection of flint axes made of Cre- taceous flint from the interfluve of the Bug River and Neman that morphologically resemble the forms from the Neolithic cultures of the Polish Lowland (the Funnel Beaker Culture, Globular Amphorae Culture and Corded Ware Cultures). This group of objects consists of 10 items found in the Podlasie region. The presented axes are a small part of a large collection (50 flint axes) exhibited in the Museum of Podlasie in Bialystok. A new term for local Cretaceous flint has been introduced for the purpose of this study. Until now, this type of flint was known as Northeastern Flint, and although research to define this term has been done, it has never been fully finalized. Because of that, the author of this study has coined a new and more suitable term: Cretaceous flint from the interfluve of the Bug River and Neman. This includes a group of Cretaceous flints from the Podlasie area and contains all the local variations of it: Mielnik flint, Rybniki flint, flint from the Cretaceous beds and marls and Krasne Siolo flint KEY-WORDS: flint axe, Podlasie region, northeastern flint, Cretaceous flint, stray finds, Neolithic, Funnel Beaker Culture, Globular Amphorae Culture, Corded Ware Culture INTRODUCTION The state of knowledge on flint axes across the whole area of the Odra and Vistula basin is rather variable.
    [Show full text]
  • Elaboration of Priority Components of the Transboundary Neman/Nemunas River Basin Management Plan (Key Findings)
    Elaboration of Priority Components of the Transboundary Neman/Nemunas River Basin Management Plan (Key Findings) June 2018 Disclaimer: This report was prepared with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 3 1 OVERVIEW OF THE NEMAN RIVER BASIN ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS ............................... 5 1.1 General description of the Neman River basin on the territory of Belarus .......................... 5 1.2 Description of the hydrographic network ............................................................................. 9 1.3 General description of land runoff changes and projections with account of climate change........................................................................................................................................ 11 2 IDENTIFICATION (DELINEATION) AND TYPOLOGY OF SURFACE WATER BODIES IN THE NEMAN RIVER BASIN ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS ............................................................................. 12 3 IDENTIFICATION (DELINEATION) AND MAPPING OF GROUNDWATER BODIES IN THE NEMAN RIVER BASIN ................................................................................................................................... 16 4 IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF HEAVY IMPACT AND EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY ON SURFACE WATER BODIES
    [Show full text]
  • The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic
    THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Were the Baltic Lands a Small, Underdeveloped Province in a Far
    3 Were the Baltic lands a small, underdeveloped province in a far corner of Europe, to which Germans, Swedes, Poles, and Russians brought religion, culture, and well-being and where no prerequisites for independence existed? Thus far the world extends, and this is the truth. Tacitus of the Baltic Lands He works like a Negro on a plantation or a Latvian for a German. Dostoyevsky The proto-Balts or early Baltic peoples began to arrive on the shores of the Baltic Sea nearly 4,000 years ago. At their greatest extent, they occupied an area some six times as large as that of the present Baltic peoples. Two thousand years ago, the Roman Tacitus wrote about the Aesti tribe on the shores of the #BMUJDBDDPSEJOHUPIJN JUTNFNCFSTHBUIFSFEBNCFSBOEXFSFOPUBTMB[ZBT many other peoples.1 In the area that presently is Latvia, grain was already cultivated around 3800 B.C.2 Archeologists say that agriculture did not reach southern Finland, only some 300 kilometers away, until the year 2500 B.C. About 900 AD Balts began establishing tribal realms. “Latvians” (there was no such nation yet) were a loose grouping of tribes or cultures governed by kings: Couronians (Kurshi), Latgallians, Selonians and Semigallians. The area which is known as -BUWJBUPEBZXBTBMTPPDDVQJFECZB'JOOP6HSJDUSJCF UIF-JWT XIPHSBEVBMMZ merged with the Balts. The peoples were further commingled in the wars which Estonian and Latvian tribes waged with one another for centuries.3 66 Backward and Undeveloped? To judge by findings at grave sites, the ancient inhabitants in the area of Latvia were a prosperous people, tall in build.
    [Show full text]
  • A Ritual Feature with Bell Beaker Elements in a Late Neolithic Hunter- Gatherer Campsite in North-Eastern Poland
    European Journal of Archaeology 24 (2) 2021, 226–248 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncsa/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is included and the original work is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use. A Ritual Feature with Bell Beaker Elements in a Late Neolithic Hunter- Gatherer Campsite in North-Eastern Poland 1 1 2 DARIUSZ MANASTERSKI ,KATARZYNA JANUSZEK ,ADAM WAWRUSIEWICZ 3 AND ALEKSANDRA KLECHA 1Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland = = = = 2Podlaskie Museum, Bial = ystok, Poland 3South-Eastern Europe Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Poland The ephemeral nature of religious practices and rituals makes them challenging to trace in the archaeo- logical record of Late Neolithic hunter-gatherer communities in central and eastern Europe. A ritual feature with Bell Beaker elements discovered in north-eastern Poland, a region occupied by hunter- gatherer groups of the Neman cultural circle, is thus exceptional. Its syncretic character indicates its role as a harbinger of wider cultural change that led to the emergence in this region of the western group of the Bronze Age Trzciniec cultural circle. Keywords: Late Neolithic, hunter-gatherers, ritual feature, Bell Beaker set, north-eastern Poland, Neman cultural circle, Trzciniec cultural circle INTRODUCTION material evidence of their presence is sparse and scattered, and burial rites leave Rapid progress in scientific methods has no or few tangible archaeological traces.
    [Show full text]
  • Neolithic Farmers in Poland - a Study of Stable Isotopes in Human Bones and Teeth from Kichary Nowe in the South of Poland
    Neolithic farmers in Poland - A study of stable isotopes in human bones and teeth from Kichary Nowe in the south of Poland Master thesis in archaeological science Archaeological Research Laboratory Stockholm University Supervisors: Kerstin Lidén and Gunilla Eriksson Author: Staffan Lundmark Cover photo: Mandible from the Kichary Nowe site, photo taken by the author Abstract: The diet of the Stone Age cultures is a strong indicator to the social group, thus farmers and hunters can be distinguished through their diet. There is well-preserved and well excavated Polish skeletal material available for such a study but the material has not previously been subject to stable isotopes analyses and therefore the questions of diets has not been answered. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the cultures in the Kichary Nowe 2 area in the Lesser Poland district in southern Poland. Through analysis of the stable isotopes of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur in the collagen of teeth and skeletal bones from the humans in the Kichary Nowe 2 grave-field and from bones from the fauna, coeval and from the same area, the study will establish whether there were any sharp changes of diets. The material from the grave-field comes from cultures with an established agricultural economy, where their cultural belonging has been anticipated from the burial context. The results from my study of stable isotopes from the bone material will be grouped by various parameters, culture, attribution to sex and age. The groups will then be compared to each other to investigate patterns within and between the groups.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genomic Ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture People and Their Relation to the Broader Corded Ware Horizon
    Malmström, H., Günther, T., Svensson, E. M., Juras, A., Fraser, M., Munters, A. R., Pospieszny, Ł., Tõrv, M., Lindström, J., Götherström, A., Storå, J., & Jakobsson, M. (2019). The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1912), [20191528]. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via The Royal Society at https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspb Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon Research Helena Malmström1,2,†, Torsten Günther1,†, Emma M. Svensson1, Anna Juras3, Cite this article: Malmström H et al. 2019 Magdalena Fraser1,4, Arielle R. Munters1, Łukasz Pospieszny5,6, Mari Tõrv7, The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian 8 9 10 Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to Jonathan Lindström , Anders Götherström , Jan Storå the broader Corded Ware horizon.
    [Show full text]
  • Excellence Cluster 264 Topoi Research Area a – Posters On
    Excellence Cluster 264 Topoi Research Area A – Posters on Research Activities 2007–2009 [1. February 2010] Impressum Posters on Research Activities 2007–2009 as of: 1. February 2010 edited by Excellence Cluster 264 Topoi represented by its Director Prof. Dr. Friederike Fless Administrative Offices: Topoi-Haus Dahlem Freie Universität zu Berlin Hittorfstraße 18 14195 Berlin Topoi-Haus Mitte Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Hannoversche Straße 6 10099 Berlin www.topoi.org Topoi is the joint responsibility of the Freie Universität Berlin and the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Partner institutions are the Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, the German Archeological Institute, the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science and the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. Furthermore Topoi is interlinked with several university institutes as well as other institutions. CONTENT RESEARCH AREA A: SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN A-I: Central Places and Their Environment Posters • A-I Central Places and Their Environment. Goals, Structure ............................................. 9 • A-I Central Places and Their Environment. Research Topics, Members, Major Topics ..... 10 • Seats of Residence as Central Places. Superordinate Questions and First Results .......... 11 • Seats of Residence as Central Places. Representative Projects .......................................... 12 • Sacral Places as Central Places. Temples, Mausoleum, Kurgans, Pyramids and Rock-cut Tombs ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Proto-Iranians of Afghanistan As Initiators of Sakta Tantrism: on the Scythian/Saka Affiliation of the Dasas, Nuristanis and Magadhans
    Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXVII, 2002 PRE-PROTO-IRANIANS OF AFGHANISTAN AS INITIATORS OF SAKTA TANTRISM: ON THE SCYTHIAN/SAKA AFFILIATION OF THE DASAS, NURISTANIS AND MAGADHANS BY Asko PARPOLA (Helsinki) 1. Introduction 1.1 Preliminary notice Professor C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky is a scholar striving at integrated understanding of wide-ranging historical processes, extending from Mesopotamia and Elam to Central Asia and the Indus Valley (cf. Lamberg- Karlovsky 1985; 1996) and even further, to the Altai. The present study has similar ambitions and deals with much the same area, although the approach is from the opposite direction, north to south. I am grateful to Dan Potts for the opportunity to present the paper in Karl's Festschrift. It extends and complements another recent essay of mine, ‘From the dialects of Old Indo-Aryan to Proto-Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian', to appear in a volume in the memory of Sir Harold Bailey (Parpola in press a). To com- pensate for that wider framework which otherwise would be missing here, the main conclusions are summarized (with some further elaboration) below in section 1.2. Some fundamental ideas elaborated here were presented for the first time in 1988 in a paper entitled ‘The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the cultural and ethnic identity of the Dasas’ (Parpola 1988). Briefly stated, I suggested that the fortresses of the inimical Dasas raided by ¤gvedic Aryans in the Indo-Iranian borderlands have an archaeological counterpart in the Bronze Age ‘temple-fort’ of Dashly-3 in northern Afghanistan, and that those fortresses were the venue of the autumnal festival of the protoform of Durga, the feline-escorted Hindu goddess of war and victory, who appears to be of ancient Near Eastern origin.
    [Show full text]
  • Duleby Islands-Zaozerye Ramsar Information Sheet December 2012
    Ramsar Site: 2138 – Duleby Islands-Zaozerye Ramsar Information Sheet December 2012 Additional information Boundary description The boundaries coincide with those of Republican hydrological reserves "Duleby Islands" and "Zaozerie". The boundaries of the national hydrological reserve " Duleby Islands" are: In the North - from the northern corner of the quarter # 44 of the Kirov forest along the boundaries of quarters # 44, 45, 46, 47, 58, 71 of this forest, along the boundaries of quarters # 11, 1, 2, 3, 15, 16, 4, 5, 6 , 20, 21, 7, 8, 9, of the State Forestry Enterprise "Drut Military Forestry"; In the East and South - along the boundaries of quarters # 9, 24, 42, 60, 74, 87, 99, 98, 97, 111, 110, 109, 108, 120, 121, 133, 145, 157, 168, 177, 176 , 180, 179, 178, 172, 171, 170, 169 of the State Forestry Enterprise "Drut Military Forestry"; The West - on the borders of quarters # 169, 158, 146, 134, 122, 112 of the State Forestry Enterprise "Drut Military Forestry", quarters, # 37, 26, 18, 12 Kolbchany forest, quarters # 83, 79, 72, 73, 66, 54,44 of the Kirov forest to the northern corner quarter # 44 of this forestry. The boundaries of the national hydrological reserve "Zaozerye" are: In the North - from the intersection of the southern boundary of the M4 highway Minsk-Mogilev on the northern boundary of the quarter # 40 of Osovets forestry of the State Forestry Enterprise "Belynichi Forestry", then in an easterly direction along the northern boundary of quarters # 40, 41 along said road to the intersection of the north border of quarter
    [Show full text]
  • Amber Discs with Cross Decoration in the South Eastern Baltic
    Adomas Butrimas Amber Discs with cross decoration in the South Eastern Baltic A Ö Vilnius Academy of Arts Press, 2Ū1 8 Lietuvos mokslo taryba This research was funded by the Lithuanian Research Council, project No. MIP-036/2015 A book review by Prof. Dr. Albinas Kuncevičius Dr. Marius Iršėnas Designer Martynas Gintalas Illustrators: Rūta Spelskytė, Martynas Gintalas Photographers: Jogailė Butrimaitė, Stasė Butrimienė, Vaidotas Aukštaitis, Kazimieras Mizgiris, Arūnas Baitėnas Copy editor: S. C. Rowell, Teresė Valiuvienė Assistant Laima Spelskienė Vilnius Academy of Arts Press Dominikonų str. 1 5, LT-01131, Vilnius Printed by Standartų spaustuvė Dariaus ir Girėno g. 39, Vilnius ISBN 978-609-447-310-4 CONTENT Foreword \ 9 The corpus of amber discs with cross decoration \ 11 Research problems \ 16 Manufacture \ 18 The amber discs without cross decoration in the Eastern Baltic \ 25 The discs with cross decorations, Materials from excavations in Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine \ 32 Topography of the Daktariškė 5 Neolithic settlement \ 32 Cultural layers, stratigraphy, spatial research \ 34 Finds and chronology \ 36 Description of the ornamented disc \ 44 Typology, distribution geography and chronology of cruciform-decorated discs \ 57 Distribution Geography \ 60 Find Circumstances (context) \ 62 Investigation of Stone Age amber discs and rings by the Methods of Natural Science \ 64 Use-wear analysis \ 66 FTIR and micro FT-Raman spectral analysis of disc with cross ornamentation \ 70 Interpreting the symbolic the meaning of discs \ 77 Discs as prestige objects \ 77 Discs - between the sun and the moon, the mysteries of Light and Dark \ 83 Conclusions \ 89 Catalogue of discs \ 90 References \ 97 Index \ 112 Fig. I. Cross-section of a resin-producing tree trunk.
    [Show full text]