LIE TV V OS
• • UDK 902/904(474.5) Li-227
Redaktorill kolegija: Doc. dr. Valdemaras Simenas (ats. redaktorius) (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, ViLnius) Dr. Anna Bitner-Wr6blewska (Valstybinis archeoLogijos muziejus VarSuvoje, Lenkija) Doc. dr. Rimantas lankauskas (Vilniaus ulliversitetas, Lietuva) Prof. dr. Eugenijus lovaisa (ViLniaus pedagoginis universitetas, Lietuva) Prof. dr. Vladimir Kulakov (Rusijos archeologijos institutas, Maskva) Prof. dr. Valter Lang (Tartu universitetas, Estija) Doc. dr. Algimantas Merkevicius (Vilniaus universitetas, Lietuva) Dr. Tomas Ostrauskas (sudarytojas) (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, ViLnius) Dr. Gintautas Rackevicius (Pili/{ tyrimo centras "Lietuvos pilys", ViLnius) Dr. Arms RadiQs (Latvijos nacionalinis istorijos muziejus, Ryga) Dr. Eugenijus Svetikas (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, ViLnius) Dr. Gediminas VaitkeviCius (Lietuvos istorijos instilulas, ViLnius) Dr. Vykintas Vaitkevicius (Klaipedos lIniversitelas, Lietuva) Doc. dr. Ilona VaskeviciUte (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Vilnius) Dr. Gintautas Zabiela (Klaipedos universitetas, Lietuva) Dovile UrbanaviciUte (atsakinga sekreton':) (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Vilnius)
ISSN 0207-8694 © Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2007 ISBN 978-9986-23-138-7 © Straipsni4 autoriai, 2007 )POKHH LlETUVOS ARCHEOLOGlJA. 2007. T. 31, p. 23-38. ISS 0207-8694
CULTU L IDENTIFICATION OF "TIlE CORDED
• lOpHHK TERIALS" FROM BELORUSSIAN RIVER BASIN Hom HCTOPH- V ADZIM L. LAKIZA
Results ofstudy ofheritage ofthe Corded Ware Culture in the Nemunas River basin are presented in the article. 2 groups ofsites are distinguished by the author: Bershty-Rusakovo group which formation was carried out on the basis of the local late Neolithic Neman culture under strong influence of alien components: "A-horizon" of the Corded Ware, Globular Amphorae, Single Grave, Rzucewo culture; Podgornaya group ofsites with features of the Middle Dnieper Culture. Keywords: The Late eolitthic, the Early Bronze Age, the Corded Ware Culture, the Neolithic emunas Culture, the Middle Dnieper Culture, the Trzciniec Culture.
.lausomai nuo Darbas skirtas Virvelines keramikos kultl~ros palikimui Nemuno baseine. ISskiriamos 2 kultiirines miq. Gal ima gnlpes: Berstl{-Rusakovo grupe, kildintina is vietines velyvosios neolitines Nemuno kultiiros, paveiktos 1niko biidq RlItlilinil{ amforlb Ankstyvosios virvelines keramikos kultl~ros ir Pamaril{ kultl~ros tradicijlb bei Podgornajos grupe, sietina su Vidurio Dnepro kultl~ra. vi It akmen ReikSntiniai zodziai: Velyvasis neolitas, ankstyvasis zalvario amzius, Virvelines keramikos kultiira, ne epochoje neolitine emuno kultiira, Vidurio Dniepro kultiira, TScineco kultiira. IVI( industrijq :eiti" tik kartu The territory of Beloru ian Neman river ba in opinion, the culture with corded ware and boat- logijq kiirejais (Fig. I :A) i a part of We tern - Beloru ian prov haped battle axe appeared here at the end of Neolith 1ai, "plaukio Ince. In the ea tit reache up to Min k and 0 hmyany and exi ted till the early Bronze Age (Antoniewicz, )iniq tiliaus hills, in the outh join with Pole ye, and cover 1930, p. 9). However, since the end of 60-th of 20 "vakarinese" Grodno, partially Minsk and Bre t regions. The larg century in the Belorussian archeological cience we re keli simtai e~t river of the region i Neman. In the territory of observe the formation of the concept of determining oniskumo, jq Ihe We tern - Belorussian province Neman takes its of Bronze Age and its periodization with reference nuo zaliavos right inflow : Sula, Berezina, Gavya, Ditva, Lebeda, to corded ware sites of the early period of Bronze ciq skirtingos Kotra, Lo 0 na. Nernan's major left inflows are Age (l1caeHKo, qepH~BcKHi.f, 1967, c. 158- 173). IS") irodymai. visloch, Ro ',Zelvyanka, Shchara, Molchad', Usha, M. M. Charniauski, in his first publication ,mention entojams ilglt ervech. The mo t ignificant lakes of the Neman ing some issues on Bronze Age, expressed the opin eje Europoje. river ba in are Beloye, Molochnoye, Svityaz, ion, that last. Dobry Bor period of the Neman egzistavimlt Bershtov koye, Koldychev koye. Neolithic culture coexisted with the population of IUS tyrinetojo The history of archeological tudying of the given Bronze Age, in early period of which the Corded cijq arealu ", region count already two hundred year . Hundred Ware culture appeared in the Neman river ba in e, ir Europos of variou ite were open, ten of ite and ettle (l1caeHKo, qep~BcKHi.f, 1967, c. 159). lltiirinis tipa ments of Stone, Bronze and Iron Age were exca The first re ults in studying of antiquitie dated mizmlt" ir yra vated, a number of article and monographies were the early period of Bronze Age of Northwest Belarus kia pagrindlt written. However for quite a long period of time were brought at the beginning of 70ths of the last leologijoje. Corded culture material from Beloru ian Neman century in "Sketches on Archeology of Belarus" river ba in haven't been con idered to be the object (OLJ:epKH no apxeoJ]orHH oeJ]opyccHH, 1970, c. 125- I Ostrauskas of a special re earch. 126) and "Hi tory of Belarus SSR: in 5 v." (riCTOPbUl It was V. Antoniewicz who for the fir t time wrote oeJ]apycKai.f CCP, 1972, c. 42-44). "Corded materi- about ettlement of the Neman river ba in from the al" were a ociated with the tribe of Baltic or we t by a community that u ed corded ware. In hi Vi tula-Neman cultures (battle and were under 24 VADZIM L. LAKIZA
influenc --._. _._. riod of t • • Be. The 1 uities fr /'..\ 2 • of Bron \ • eman
• . ..- • ..- 21 ). '- ..-' ...... ,- .- The
3 4 ofBelo in his la early pe A corded w 100 ...... • of the di 5 6 ing (Yap I I I I the impa cultures - - neverthel 7 of Bel or 8 9 10 tiquitie I I I I Baltic, a . , . ' . . ..•••••.. 7 ' .... ' _to_ OF , ".'" ,,- , lure (Yap • pO "". ,.,.,- ' . . . . " ... • • • • , ",'''0'' " " , , ,., , ,." """"",.;, ,,-r,Awl.;:"'''''' " , ,. " '-'" "J ," - - -,- ; ~ ~ - -- . ' , "" ",,, ,,,,.,,. "1' I,.,. ,." ,. " " """,. ,-~, ,., , ,.,.,. ",. ,. ~ ,-'u,,'/ G , . ."-' _. ba in of '-' -. -. . - - pread of , --'--- culture (lJ • - one can 0 15 ite that I , I I , , I I territory 0 idered to Fig. I. A - Beloru ian Neman river basin is the territory under in The Globular Amphorae cultu re material.: I - Tsyganovka, 2 - Lichitsy 2, 3-6 - Krasnoselsky 5, 7- 8 - Dokudovo5, 9- 10 - Nesilovichy 5; Dobry Bor type of the eman Neo lithi ccond qu culture materials: 11 - Podgornaya 4, 12 - Pryrechye 2; Ber hty- Rusakovo type materials: 13 - Dobry Bor 1, 14 - Lysaya Gora, of II mille 15 - Podgornaya 4. 2003; ze IZA CULTURAL IDENTIFICATIO OF "THE CORDED MATERIALS" FROM BELORUSSlA EMA RIVER BASI 25 influence of Neolithic tradition; the determined pe basin such antiquitie are traditionally connected to riod of their distribution is between III-II millennia the early period of Bronze Age. Be. Then V. F. Isaenko al 0 attributed certain antiq Thus, we single out the problem of identifica uitie from the Neman river basin to the early period tion of "corded materials" available at our dispo al of Bronze Age and bound up them with Vi tula that in Belarus were traditionally dated back to the eman or Baltic culture (McaeHKo, 1976, c. 10, 15- early period of Bronze Age and were among the cul 21 ). ture with corded ware. In thi article we hall u e The primary re earcher of primitive monument the teIlI1 - a circle of Corded Ware culture which of Belorussian Neman river basin, M. M. Charniau ki mo t definitely di clo e the processes that took place in his later publication con ider antiquitie of the in the Neman river ba in during the transitive period • early period of Bronze Age as "monuments with from Neolith to Bronze Age and in the early period corded ware from the Neman river basin" and speaks of Bronze Age (from the moment of appearance of of the difficulty in definition of their cultural belong "corded» tradition connected to "A-horizon", till s ing (lIapHJrycKi, 1997, c. 307- 311). He emphasizes the beginning of spread of Trzciniec material ). the impact being made on them by the Corded Ware At present there i a ignificant ource tudy ba e cultures of the Dnieper river basin and Polesye, but for olving of thi problem in the territory of nevertheles ,M. M. Charniau ki con ider the ite Belorussian Neman river basin consisting of 159 of Belorussian Neman river ba in to be clo er to an ettlements,5 graves, flint mines and more than 400 tiquities of the Corded Ware culture of Southeast separate finds of stone, flint, bone artefacts of work Baltic, and to antiquities of Rzucewo or Baltic cul (JIaKH3a, 2004). ture (lIaprurycKi, 1997, c. 311). As a result of ordering, cla ification and analy- N. N. Kryvalt evich, when studying problems of i of the whole complex of cerantic finds which tra Beloru ian Bronze Age, also paid attention to an ditionally were dated back to the early period of tiquitie of Beloru ian Neman river basin. In hi Bronze Age, the cherne of divi ion of ware into two opinion, the sites with corded ware from thi region group with determination of type wa pre- were trongly influenced by the Baltic Coa t, the ented (JIaKi3a, 200 1; 2004). The ceramic of group • • circle of the Circumbaltic Corded Ware culture; there 1 belong to the circle of Corded Ware cultures. Sand, one can presence of some feature connected cru hed stone, chamotte were used as ba ic admix with the culture of Globular Amphorae culture and tures. Surfaces were well floated, expressively 2 the Middle Dnieper culture (KphIBaJIhQ3Bi'l, 1999, scratched inside, out ide or on both surfaces. The c. 20-21; 200 1, c. 259- 273). ware of group 1 vary. There we single out 8 ba ic It should be noted that "corded" materials from fOI m , 14 types of upper part of ve el (halo), 5 Belorussian Neman river ba in are of great intere t types of flat bottom ,9 type of element and princi for researcher from Lithuania and Poland. Thu ,the pal grounds of ornamentation (Fig. 3). One can no ba in of Neman Id be included in to a zone of tice dontination of tamp and cord impres ions and pread of the Pamariu (the Bay Coast, the Rzucewo) drawn lines. culture (tIe6pewYK, lllMI1T, 2003, P"c. 1). However, Fragment of ceramics of group 1 of type 1 are one can observe a contradiction there. Practically all found only in 3 ettlements - Lichit y 2, Parhuty 1, sites that belong to the Corded Ware culture in the Ru akovichy 7 (Fig. 2:A). The e are dense fragment territory of Lithuania and Northeast Poland are con without significant mineral adntixtures, with mooth sidered to be of Late Neolith and are dated from the urface . The edge of one halo from Lichit y 2 i :erials: I - econd quarter of III millennium till the beginning decorated with finger pinches, lower the horizontal neolithic saya Gora, of II millennium BC (Rimantiene, 1999a; Brazaitis, rai ed border i made (Fig. 2:2). On two other frag 2003; Czebreszuk, 200 1). In Beloru sian Neman river ments below the rai ed border made by finger 26 VADZIM L. LAKlZA (l e- I 6-U D-li 1 2 , 3 ,-"..... 4 I , , I A 'It . '-'~1 '.' . ---- • -' Hil- '" • . • ---- • • • • • III."., • • .:;;.:;. _:2:.. _. ..._ , t • , 5 , I I I 6 7 8 , s • , I ' , I .. • , - • '. . • . •• '. • • • • • . "" , • • -• ••. · ...... • • --- ('" !'I; • t, • • I I c.,... - , I • •, • I I . ., , .' --- , . '. '...... ' D ·., •• . I~ ~ \\ . .. - \.' '... " " ~:r. " -.-. 10 .', 9 , , , I ~ •\.. .' 9, 10, 11 11 • 12 13 I ! t , I ! • , Fig. 2. A - Disposition map of settlements with A-horizon of the Corded Ware culture (6): 1 - Lichitsy 2, 2 - Parkhuty 1.3- Rusakovichy 7); disposition map of graves of the Circle of Corded Ware cultures ( .): 1 - Krasnoselsk flint mine, 2- 2,3 - Parkhuty 1,4 - Dokudovo 5; dispo ition map of graves ofTrzciniec Culture Circle (0): 1- Matevchuki 1,2 - Lysaya A-horizon of the Corded Ware culture materials: I - Rusokovichy 7,2, 3 - Lichitsy 2, 4 - Parkhuty I. Materials from the gral fl . 3. Ber h 5,6- Rusakovo 2, 7, 8 - Dokudovo 5, 9- 11 - Parkhuty I, 12, 13 - Krasnoselsk flint mine. Dobry Bor I. 27 d 6 4 -.,.-- ~-:"' : 5 10 11 7 9 - . , , , 12 13 15 14 -- , --- .-- -.- - 20 16 18 17 21 I I I I 22 I ! ! p La IJ , I I ! I 25 I , I I , I I I I I ! ! 29 --• ...... , 1 .....' ,.is!'" -=-- " , ' 1 , ! t I , I \ 27 28 30 \ ! , (huty 1,3 - ! , I , I I I I ! ! - Rusakovo 1-10 27.28 11-20 ysaya Gora. the graves: Fig. 3. Bershty- Ru akovo type ceramic : 1-5 - Bershty 2, 6 - acha- Plitnitsa, 7- 10 - Parkhuty 2, 11 - 21 - Ru akovo 2, 22- 28 - Dobry Bor 1,29- 30 - Podgomaya 4, 28 VADZIM L. LAKIZA pinche , there are drilled cone- haped holes One can notice the influence of the Globular (Fig. 2:3). Sherds with short-wave moulding are Amphorae culture (motive of uch decoration a zig· found in the settlement Ru akovichy 7 a well zags, vertical prints of rectangular stamp ); the simi· (Fig. 2: 1). The closest analogie to such ceramic are larity with materials of Neman Neolithic culture (al· available among antiquitie of "A-horizon" of the most identical forms of the upper part of vessel. Corded Ware culture. presence of ves els with S- haped and high cone· Fragments with mineral admixtures (more often haped necks, decoration of the top part of with cru hed stone, les often with sand) belong to including edges) is observed (Fig. 1). ceramic of group 1 type 2 (Fig. 3; 4). The ceramic The ceramic of group 1, type 2 is found in 144 i scratched on both, surfaces Ie s often only on one. ite . They repre ent practically all left-bank and There are ve sels ideally processed, with smooth right-bank area of Beloru ian Neman river ba in. external surface. The thickness of wall i from 5 up The mo t expre ive ceramic materials are found in B to 10 mm, diameter of mouth - from 9 up to 30 cm. ettlement Ber hty 2 (Fig. 3: 1-5) and Rusakovo 2 The edge are flat, roundi h, cut off in ide or to ex (Fig. 3:11-21). ternal ide. The bottoms, with diameter from 4 up to The ware with admixtures of chamotte (very el· 10 cm, are flat, sometime with small rims. The fol dom a small amount of sand or crushed tone ad mix· lowing form (Fig. 7:1-10) are singled out: 1) ware ture added) belong to ceramics of group 1 type 3. with S - profile; 2) ware with cone- haped necks and Surface are generally smooth, sometimes with trace. edge, which are lightly turned in ide; 3) ware with of floating. An expre sive horizontal scratching i. (' high cone-shaped necks; 4) ware with high cylindri ob erved only in few fragments of ware from the cal neck ; 5) ware with cone- haped neck and an outhern Neman river basin (Dobry Bor 1, Ru. akovo gular belly part; 6) ware with thickened edges, short 2). Thic of walls is from 6 up to 10 mm, diam· neck that slightly turns into blowed barrel belly; eters of the upper parts of ve el are from l3 to 36 7) bowls; 8) cups. sm. Edges are generally roundish, seldom flat or Practically all ware are ornamentated (Fig. 4). If slightly sharp. Vessels rna s of clay contains crushed the ornament is absent, the vessel is completely stone a well as chamotte, ve els di tinguishout b) scratched. The basic elements of ornament are corded their thickened roundish edge . Bottom are flat. impres ions, stamps, cutting or drawn lines, pits, thick, without rims. The following forms (Fig. 7: 11- Jig. 4. M finger pinche (Fig. 3). Generally, the upper part of 13) are ingled out: 1) ware with S - profile; 2) ware ve sel wa decorated; frequently the edge of halo with thickened edges, short, turned back necks which Dnieper wa decorated as well. The ornament was settled smoothly goes into a belly; 3) tulip-like vessels. Yurkovi down in horizontal parallel lines, frequently they lines The ceramics of group 1 type 3 was decorated technology were doubled, tripled. The motives and compositions with various linear and corded prints, wound cord face ), d' of "herring-bone", zigzags, vertical, horizontal or ob ("caterpillar") stamps (Fig. 5; 6). The linear orna· ened edge, lique line are wide spread. ment prevail. The ware were decorated across the s rved (Kpb The imilar ceramic can be found in the territory whole urface - from to bottom. Bottoms were that can be c of Northeast Poland and Baltic (Sventoji lA, Sventoji 4, frequently decorated as well. Motives of horizonta: Amphorae Abora 1, Icha, Nida, Sarnele). Mo t close analogies are herring-bone, herring-bone and zigzags, vertical anG erved. available among material from the ettlements of lanting linear prints were spread. Bottoms were The cer Rzucewo culture of Southern and Southeast Lithuania decorated with motives of concentric circles, circle ettJement ( (Margiai 1, Dubiciai 2): almo t identical cut and "her and parallel lines from rectangular tamps (Fig. 5: I J. waters of e ring-bone" motives, corded ornamentation, u age of 12). tory of the raised border for ornamentation (Rimantiene, 1999b, The mo t clo e analogies to such ceramics are Ignificant Cl pav. 14; 1999c, pav. 12:2,4,6-11). among material of Pripyats variant of the Middle the ettlemen lZA CULTURAL IDENTIFICATIO OF "THE CORDED MATERIALS" FROM BELORUS IA EMA RIVER BASI 29 Globular Ceramics of group of 1 type 2 ona Zlg-• 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 the simi- • .. fllIr . , r-'. Ilture (al- ·· /i .. 11111111111 /lUI • .-... .. ' ...... "'" •'11/111111/ . . ~. . • • • • -•• f ves el , - - , • c, • ... - gh cone- A 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 f vessel , " , I~-·gt 'Iff(( ( IITTI_ f,, ; 'II II . ~ - IlI"II"" • • • - • lin ==:- ' nd in 144 - .- Iff II I ank and • fer ba In. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 - a=, .. ' • i' f • • : found in , -or:L00 , f'l -. c' ,.,. _ B . • •- • It" If .' ".' • -OOX>000 • . (It.· ,.. ,.- .' . . akovo 2 • ( ..-:;.- . • ':- - . - • • • "'- • I (very sel- Ie ad mix- 2 3 4 1 type 3. •, • lith trace Itching i , r 11 12 13 14 1 from the -- 7 t i ' 1m, diam • • ) 13 to 36 m flat or I----.!.--_=;-_-1-_:::...3 ___-:::-4'__-11-----=~ __---=6'__~f--7'--- __ 8 9 IScru hed Ii hout by ; are flat, ~ig. 7: ll Fig. 4. Motifs and elements of decoration of Ber hty-Rusakovo type ceramics (group 1 type 2). ~; 2) ware cks which Dnieper culture, in particular in the ite Staryie It i impossible to exclude from con ideration !ssel . Yurkovichy 1 and Ozernoye 1. Practically identical flint and stone implement of work, even in view of decorated technology (u age of chamotte, cratching of ur difficulties in their exact cultural - chronological )Und cord face ), di tribution of ware with S - profile, and thick identification. It speaks that ways and method of lear oma ened edge, hort neck, identical decoration i ob processing of flint product and their basic type for across the served (KpbIBaJlbQ3Bi4 1999, c. 8-12). The features a long time practically were not exposed to changes; :oms were that can be connected with traditions of the Globular and almost all settlements in the territory of the :lOrizontal Amphorae and Neman Neolithic cultures are also ob- Neman river basin were multicultural. However, !rtical and erved. orne technological features of implements, their ty )ms were The ceramics of group 1 type 3 i found in 15 pology - analy i ,pre ence of materials from clo ed es, circle settlement (Fig. 5:A). All of them are from the head complexes, allow us to consider a part of flint axes, :Fig. 5: 11, water of Neman and Shchara and belong to the terri crapers, cre cent knife , and e pecially triangular tory of the southeast Neman river basin. The mo t arrowhead tip to be "corded" material . Shaft-hole 'amlC• are ignificant ceramic material of this type is found in axes are al 0 a ignificant category of finds. In re ult le Middle the ettlement Podgornaya 4 (JIaKiJa, 2003) (Fig. 5). of their cla ification, 6 ba ic types (types A, 1,2,3, 30 V ADZIM L. LAKIZA .-.-_. -'- 1 A 2 3 , I , ! I B • • ! • I , A - • '. -- r - - ~. - - - 7 - " -- ~ --- 5 • .. - -=::::--- -'-';'. -:::. • • • • ~r- •.•, . '. \ - 8 ." . ~- - ft,,,,'- ' :1"1'. ~. " 11' ./ - _ .~-.- ~"- " ". E I , I I 9 10 I - .• / /1 .. I • • • I -. _._.- .- - "'" IIg6 M ,,' --. ~- ,\, • • ••• ./ • • -- • • • 11 12 1 1 4. 5) I I I I eman fthe type A known Ware cui 13 -- the begi Th Fig. 5. A - Di position map of Podgomaya - type ettlements (I Ru akovo 2, 2 - Dobry Bor I, 3 Dobry Bor 2, 4 - Dobry id nti fi 3,5 - Podgomaya 3, 6 - Podgomaya 3a, 7 - Podgomaya 4,8 Stary'e Voikovichy 1,9 - Eremichy 3, 10 - Lysaya Gora, II ceramIcs• Rusakovichy I, 12 - Y 7, 13 - Rusakovichy 9, 14 - Kutets, 15 - Dokudovo 5. 1- 13 - ceramics of group 1 type 3 fr the settlement Podgomaya 4. impl .AKlZA CULTURAL IDENTIFICATION OF "THE CORDED MATERIALS" FROM BELORUSSIAN NEMAN RIVER BASlN 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 • - • •• • I \ \ I - .--:-. A 10 11 12 13 14 , ...... ~II-..... ", 1/1 / -,- f / /f / / ::. '1"1/ - , I :::.- Il f , 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 • • • • • • • • ~## B , , ••• t .... • ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 " , " ... ~.... ' r .. ' . . rl 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 /I E r~.. . ' ..: , • , ,t -• Fig 6. Motifs and elements of decoration of Podgomaya group ceramics (group 1 type 3). 4. 5) (Fig. 8) are determined. Their spread on the these materials nowadays, we can use 17 radiocar Neman river basin can be connected to "A-horizon" bon dates, including new: Podgornaya 4 - 4270±40 of the Corded Ware culture, the earliest axes of the BP (Poz-1731) (Jozwiak 2003, p. 164), Parhuty 1- type A testify to this fact. The other types are widely 3965±40 BP(Ki-6212) (Lakiza, 1999, p. 19-29; known among antiquities of the Circle of Corded Qe6peUJYK, il1MHT, 2003), Rusakovichy 7 - 3830± 190 Ware cultures of the second half of III millennium to BP (Ki-9279), Podgornaya 4 - 3504±70 BP (IGSB- the beginning of II millennium Be. 734) (JIaKi3a, 2003, c. 54). The search of analogies, Thus, the most determining force for cultural comparison of ceramics of group 1 (types 1, 2, 3) - Dobry Bor identification of "corded" materials is allocated to and its accompanying artefacts with materials of ar la Gora, 11 - ceramics, and to a lesser extent to flint and stone cheological cultures of Central and Eastern Europe, 1 type 3 from implements. Moreover, in the process of dating of their dating have shown the impossibility of further 32 YADZIM L. LAKIZA LTU It •• • 1 2 • • 3 • • • • , . I I , I • • • • •• ..... • • ' t , • • ••• • • • • • • • • 4 5 I I ! I lDzampfi ,...------n \ , , • , • •• • 7 • 6 • h'• ,.",.,...... , '-_ 0._ . .. ___ _ _. - I - - \ -- • I h• . . . , 10 8 9 , ! ! ! • ! ! A 1 • IT • • I , I I • \ I • I • • \ I I to- _ • ..- • , • • • - • • I 11 -. -. • • • I ! • I • - • I !.. , , • ,I , . --' , , . ..~ .. 12 "--. ...1::=:J/ 13 J Fig. 7. Basic patterns of ceramics: A - Bershty-Rusokovo type, A - Podgornaya type. J - Krasnoselsk flint mine, 2 - Parkhuty 1. 1 5, 7, 10 - Dokudovo 5, 4 - Dobry Bor I, 6, 13 - Lysaya Gora, 8, 9 - Ru akovichy 9, 11 , 12 - Ru sakovo 2. Fig. 8. L.LAKIZA ClLn RALIDE TIFICATIO OF '"THE CORDED MATERIALS" FROM BELORUSSIA EMA RIVER BA I 33 • Stone shaft-hole axes a 6 B · I - , • • - • , • \ • • , ,. -- / -- . ' ' . - \ , -j. r , , " ./ '\ t~'pe A , '''/C' O· -. , • I • , ."" n--- , • \. • , . 1'\ / V , \ - ,, ./ • - • A • 0 type 1 • IT ._.-- ~ •0 r---- : r, · \ .----- < r 1 0 0 0 O· --- , \ • 0 oJ (~ t .-- l' I • . , \ • • • • . I • , , f .,: type 2 I . • - --_. (];'T1 " , -- · " --s 0 -- ~ J ~ 0 , , 0 • , .. • , ) f') I\ ) type 3 -- -- .. " .- • , - • r • • I , , , . , , , 0 . --- -. I I 0 --- \. "- / , I ~ '-) i J / tlpe n '_. " Q "--- - OJ --- I r --- • , • ,.' • • , • • , , , • r • { • / " '- -- ! 7 , , -j ·0 • • • .:,.. -- type 5 • - - , 0 , , ~ • • • -- - '. -:r;' • 2 - Parkhuty 1,3, Fg . Stone shaft-hole axe typology. 34 VADZIM L. LAKIZA C'lIIR tudying the ceramic of group 1 from Beloru ian ethnocultural proce ses on the Neman river basin It wa fo Neman river basin within the framework of one cul thi time. Its monuments and materials were dillon (the ture or it variant. It i necessary when using of the not only on the left-bank inflow of Neman, on ture) and gro term "sites with corded ware of the Neman river ba Upper part, but also on its right bank (Lokno at participati , in" to distingui h: 1) group of ite of Ber hty Dokudovo 5) (Fig. 1: 1-10). Ware culture ( Ru akovo type; 2) Podgornaya group of ite with The strongest impact on the group Bersh~ the Pripyats v features of the Middle Dnieper culture. Ru akovo wa made by Circumbaltic circle en . Search of 144 ite met not only in we tern, northwe tern ment of Circle of Corded Ware culture. Various material wi but aloin outhwe tern areas of the Neman river basin terial of a ignificant part of ite of the Nernan n ample, flint g are included in to the group of sites of Bershty ba in te tify to thi fact, including graves a f type Rusakovo type. Thi group was named after two Kra no el kaya flint mine (Fig. 2: 12, 13), grav n trated ettlements on which excavation were carried out and the ettlement Parhuty 1 (Fig. 2:9-11) (Lak Pripyat ana• where the mo t expre ive material wa found. The e 1999) and Dokudovo 5 (Fig. 2:7, 8), and also r, pre enc settlements are Bershty 2 (Kotra river) and Ru akovo ic of group 1 type 2 (Fig. 3; 4). Judging by lei rami• s, m• 2 (Shchara river). Concentration of site of Ber hty nological, morphological and ornamental feature nd al 0 di Rusakovo type is ob erved in the territory of North ceramic ,some types of flint and stone product. th • we tern and Western Neman river basin. Taking into al 0 by topographical condition of arrangement man fI account presence of almost exact analogie in South ettlements and grave, the e antiquitie fr f rmed, gi ern Lithuania (Margiai 1), it territory can also be in B Neman river ba in are very closely Podgornaya cluded in the group Ber hty-Ru akovo. up with the Pamarilt (Rzucewo) culture. That' \I tllement FOlmation of group of Ber hty-Rusakovo type in a meantime, before a new material is found. Th wa carried out on the ba i of local Neolithic tradi can u e a wider term - the group of ites of Bersh. nod from the tion (Dobre Bor type of the Neman culture) under Ru akovo type with feature of the Pama fling of the strong influence of alien components: "A-horizon" (Rzucewo) culture. uthned of the Corded Ware, Globular Amphorae, Single The group Ber hty-Rusakovo is dated back 10 thl group Grave, Rzucewo culture from the north and north second half of III millennium - the fir t quarter We cannot exclude the participation in this pro millennium BC and belongs to late Neolithic and ce ,but in later pha e, of orne tradition of the period of tran ition from Neolithic to Bronze Age Middle Dnieper culture either. Among Podgornaya group of sites with The e processes of cultural interaction took part tures of the Middle Dnieper culture are 15 on Beloru ian Neman river ba in ambiguou ly. Ar (Fig. 5:A). They are concentrated in territorie cheological materials demon trate the dominating the Upper Neman (Rusakovichy 1, Rusakovich) role of Neman Neolithic population in cour e of it Ru akovichy 9, Kutsets) up to the mouth of the l • ICTOpLiA Dobrobor period. Early influence of corded tradition river (Eremichy 3), and also in the Upper 6wTHaa6111lfb1H of "A-horizon" (Lichit y 2, Rusakovichy 7, Parhuty (group of ettlements near v. Podgornaya and cI»e rumMy. 1) wa pread almo t within the whole territory of Dobry Bor, ettlement Rusakovo 2) in the "caeHKO Neman river ba in, but it wa not ignificant. Rare of Southea tern Neman river ba in. The rno I °PYCCHH. fragment of ceramics and pre ence of tone axe of nificant material (generally ceramic of group 1~ "caeHKO type A - is the proof of the fact. Influence of Single 3) (Fig. 5; 6), almost exact analogie which are al H Bwe )),8HH Grave culture which wa ba ically spread in the Cen able among antiquitie of the Middle Dnieper BCKa tral Europe wa insignificant, too. Some fragment ture, are found in the cour e of re earch of the. et 1967, c. 155 I of uch ceramics were found in the ettlements Dobry ment Podgornaya 4 on the right bank of S KpLlBaJi Bor 1, Parhuty 2, Rusakovicy 9. The Globular (Fig. 5). Therefore, for the given group the name Amphorae culture played a more ignificant role in Podgornaya group of site i al 0 accepted. ML.LAKIZA CULTURAL IDENTIFICATIO OF ''THE CORDED MATERIALS" FROM BELORUSSIA EMA RIVER BASI 35 an river basin at It \\us formed on the basis of local Neolithic tra naCjlneHHe :moxi 6POH3hl Ha nOYHalJhI ilaneccjI II ials were found dluons (the latest. remnant, of Neman Neolithic cul ManphUIJIbl na apxeanorii oenapyci, BhIn. 2. MiHCK, f Neman, on it ture) and groups of sites of Bershty-Rusakovo type, 1999. lank (Lokno I. at participation of antiquities of the Polesye Corded JIaKiJa B. JI., 1999 - ilapxyn,1 1 - HOBbl nOMHiK \\areculture (group) and under strange t influence of Heaniry i 6poH3aBara Bery Ha llllJaphI II ricraphl'IHa roup Bershty the Pripyats variant of the Middle Dnieper culture. apxeanari'lHb136opHiK.N214.MiHcK, 1999,c. 104 124. : circle environ earch of analogie and compari of "corded" JIaKiJa B. JI., 2001 - KynhTYPHa- xpaHanarilJHaJI reo Various ma materials with ite of Podgomaya group (for ex Knaci epoki br~ w strefie poludniowo-zachodniobattyckiej Rimantiene R., 1999a - Neolitas ir ankstyva i buvosUJ (III i pocUltki II tys. przed Chr.). Poznan, 2001. zalvario amiius Pie1\! Lietuvoje II Lietuvos archeo 21 pa\ Jozwiak B., 2003 - Spolecznosci subneolitu logija. Vilnius, 1999. T. 16, p. 19-29. keramik w chodnioeuropej lciego na Ni:ru Polskim w mi<:(dzy Rimantiene R., 1999b - Margi\! l-oji gyvenvietell aptikta rzeczu Odry i Wi sly. Poznan, 2003. Lietuvo archeologija. Vilnius, 1999. T. 16, p. 109- pancmUJ Lakiza V. L., 1999 - Radiokarbon dating of the 170. Ryskiau Corded Ware Culture from the Nieman river basin. A Rimantiene R., 1999c - Peleso paezeri\! akmen urinkta grave from Parkhuty, site 1, the Grodna region II Bal amiiaus tovyklos ir gyvenvietes II Lietuvos archeo (5:1 13 tic- Pontic- Studies. Vol. 7. Poznan, 1999, p. 251 - 263. logija. Vilnius, 1999. T. 16, p. 79-107. Sva kla ifi 3.4,5) ( kcramik tipo paplit~ pro Kr. 2 os KUI,TUROS PALIKIMO INDENTIFIKA Atc' BALTARUSIJOS PANF: IUOSE Virvclin 1) Vadim L. Lakiza pamink bruozl!. Santrauka Be gyvcnvi• Baltarusijos panemuni\! archeologiniai tyrinejimai keramikos radini\! kompleks'!, anksciau siet!!. su prasidejo XIX amiiuje. Nuo to laiko buvo atrasta simtai ank tyvuoju ialvario amziumi, autorius sukiire pnc• ivairiausi\! archeologijos paminkl\!, istirta desimtys keramikos klasifikacijos scheml!, kurioje buvo atskirto konccn akmens, zalvario ir gelezies amiil! stovyklavieci\! ir dvi grupe u keliais isskirtais tipais grupi\! viduje Baharu gyvenviecil!, parasyta nemaza straipsnil! ir monografij\!. (JIaKi3a, 2001; 2004). Pirmosios grupes keramika Lictu Taciau ilg,! laik,! Virvelines keramikos kultiiro paliki- siejama su Virvelines keramikos kultiira. Puod\! molio Ber t4 . rna nubuvo specialiai tyrinej • mase dainiausiai buvo lie inama smeliu, grfistu granitu. ir Piet\! Straipsnyje naudojama tel minas "virvelini\! kultii samotu. Ind\! pavirsiai buvo gerai islyginami ir Be fl! ratas", autoriaus nuomone, igalina geriausiai atsi - pa tebimai briiksniuojami viduje, isoreje arba abejuose ncolitini klei ti procesams, vykusiems Panemuniuo e pereina pavirsiuose. Pinnosios grupes indai i . skiria savo Boro . muoju laikotarpiu is neolito i ialvario amiil! ir ankstyva ivairumu. Aiskiai isskirtinos 8 pagrindines fOIl110S, 14 atkelia jame zalvario amziuje (nuo Virvelines keramiko pakra "teli\! tipl!, 9 omamentikos elemen1\! tipai (3 pav.). Rutulin' kultiiro tradicijl!, siejaml! su "A-horizontu", pasiro Pill110S grupes I tipo keramikos fragmentai buvo Pamari\! dymo iki r cineco kultiiros paplitimo). aptikti tik 3 - Licicil! 2, Parchu1\! 2 ir proccsc Siuo metu tyrinetojai gali remtis didele saltini\! baze Ru akovicil! 7 (2:A pav.). Pacios artimiausios analo clemcn i" Baltarusijos Panemuni\!. J,! sudaro 159 gyvenvietes, gij tokiai keramikai randamos Virveline keramiko 5 pavieniai palaidojimai ir daugiau nei 400 pavienil! kultiiros "A horizonte". Pill110S grupe 2 tipo keramika 2-~a akmeninil!, titnagini\! bei kaulini\! dirbini\! (JIaKiJa, aptikta 144 gyvenvietese, beveik visuose Baltarusijo prisk' 2004). Panemuni\! rajonuose, tiek kairiajame, tiek ir desinia tarpiui is ISanalizav<:(s, suklasifikav<:(s ir susistemin<:(s vis,! jame krantuose. ISraiskingiausi keramikos kompleksal Pod , LAKIZA CULTURAL IDENTIFICATION OF ''THE CORDED MATERIALS" FROM BELORUSSIAN NEMAN RIVER BASIN 37 r ankstyvasis buyo surinkti Berstl{ 2 (3: 1- 5 pav.) ir Rusakovo 2 (3: 11- Dniepro kultiiros bruoiais (15 gyvenviecil!). Sios uvos archeo- 21 pay.) gyvenvietese. Pirmosios grupes 3 tipo grupes gyvenvietes susikoncentravusios Nemuno keramika, kurios molio mase liesinta samotu, buvo aukstupyje iki Usos ir Gaujos Upilb taip pat Sciaros i gyvenviete II aptikta 15 gyvenviecil!. Visos jos yra pietrytineje aukstupyje. Israiskingiausia medZiaga, daugiausia 1 ir '. 16, p. 109- panemunitt dalyje, Nemuno ir Sciaros aukstupiuose. 3 tipo keramika (5 pav.), kurios beveik tikslios Ryskiau ias sio tipo keramikos kompleksas buvo analogijos yra Vidurio Dnepro kultiiros gyvenvietese, zeril! akmens unnktas Podgomajos 4 gyvenvieteje (JIaKi3a, 2003) buvo surinkta tyrinejant Podgornajos 4 gyvenviet« uvos archeo- (51 13 pay.). Sciaros desiniajame krante. Svarbi radinil! grupe yra akmeniniai kirveliai. Juos Podgornajos paminkll! grupe susifOlmavo vietinil! klasifikuojant buvo isskirti 6 pagrindiniai tipai (A, 1, 2, veIyvojo neolito Nemuno kultiiros grupil! ir Berslll ir 3,4,5) (8 pav.). Kad jl! paplitirnas sietinas su VlfYelines Rusakovo grupes pagrindu, jas veikiant Poleses keramikos kultiiros ,,A horizontu", patvirtina ankstyviausi Virvelines keramikos kultiirai ir stipriai veikiant Vidurio A tipo kirveliai. Kiti kirvelil! tipai buvo placiai Dnepro kultiiros Pripetes variantui. papIit« Virvelines keramikos kultiirose nuo 3 tiikst. Podgornajos grupe datuojama laikotarpiu nuo pr. Kr. 2-osios puses iki 2 tiikst. pro Kr. pradZios. 2 tiikst. pro Kr. 1 ketvircio pabaigos iki 2 tiikst. pro Kr. 3 s Ateityje vartojant termin~ "Baltarusijos Panemunil! ketvircio pradzios. Sios paminkll! grupes chrono Virvelines keramikos paminklai" autorius siUlo isskirti loginius remus apibrezia zalvario amziaus pradzia I) Bersttt ir Rusakovo paminkll! gruptO 2) Podgornajos Baltarusijos Panemuniuose - 2 tiikst. pro Kr. 1 ketvircio paminkltt gruPe(, turinci~ Vidurio Dnepro kultiiros pabaiga. bruozl!. SerStI! ir Rusakovo paminklq grupe (144 ILIUSTRACI.T1J Si\RASAS gyvenvietes). Grupe taip pavadinta pagal tyrinetas gyvenvietes, kuriose buvo surinkta israiskingiausia 1 pay. 1. A - Baltarusijos Panemuniai - tyriml! au siet~ su medziaga: Berstl{ 2 prie Katros upes ir Rusakovo 2 teritorija. Rutulinil! amfof\! kultiiros medziaga: 1 - 'ius sukure prie Sciaros upes. Berslll ir Rusakovo tipo gyvenvietes Cyganovkos, 2 - LiCicil! 2, 3-6 - Krasnoselsko 5, 7-8 - lVO atskirtos koncentruojasi siaures vakarineje ir vakarineje Dokudovo 5, 9-10 - NesiloviCil! 5; neolitines Nemuno Upil! viduje Baltarusijos Panemunil! dalyse. Kadangi Pietl! kultiiros Dobryj Boro tipo gyvenvietes: 11 - Podgor s keramika Lietuvoje yra aptinkama analogiskos medziagos, najos 4, 12 - Prireces 2; Berslll ir Rusakovo tipo 'uodl! molio Bersttt ir Rusakovo grupes teritorijai galima priskirti gyvenvietes: 13 - Dobryj Boras 1, 14 - Lysaja Goros, listu granitu, Ir Piettt Lietuv~. 15 - Podgornaja 4. • •• ygtnamI Ir Berstl{ ir Rusakovo grupe susiformavo vietinil! 2 pay. A - gyvenviecil! su VKK "A horizonto" 'ba abejuose neolitinitt tradicijl! (neolitines Nemuno kultiiros Dobryj medziaga paplitimo zemelapis (6): 1 - Licicil! 2,2- skiria savo Boro tipas) pagrindu, joms stipriai s~veikaujant su Parchulll 1, 3 - Rusakovicil! 7; VKK rata kapinynai fonnos, 14 atkeliavusiais komponentais: VKK "A horizontu", (.): 1 - Krasnoselsko titnago kasyklos, 2 - Rusakovo pai (3 pav.). Rutulinitt amfof\! kultiira, Pavienil! kapl! kultiira, 2,3 - Parchulll 1, 4 - Dokudovo 5; TSCineco kultiirinio nentai buvo Pamaritt kultiira. Neatmetama, kad kiek veIiau siame rate palaidojimai (D): 1 - Matevcilikl! 1, 2 - Lysaja Irchutq 2 ir procese dalyvavo ir Vidurio Dnepro kultiiros Gora. Isios analo elementai. VKK "A horizonto" medZiaga: 1 - Rusakovicil! 7, : keramikos BerSIl{ ir Rusakovo grupe datuojama 3 tiikst. pro Kr. 2, 3 - LiCiCil! 2, 4 - Parchulll 1. Radiniai is palaidoj iml!: 10 keramika 2-~a puse - 2 tiikst. pro Kr. pirmuoju ketvirciu ir 5, 6 - Rusakovo 2, 7, 8 - Dokudovo 5, 9-11 - Parchulll 3altarusijos priskirtina velyvajam neolitui bei pereinamajam laiko 1, 12,13 - Krasnoselsko titnago kasyklos. : ir desinia tarpiui is neolito i zalvario amzil!. 3 pay. Berslll ir Rusakovo tipo keramika: 1- 5 - 2, 11 - 21 - Rusakoyo 2, 22- 28 - Dobryj Boro 1, 29- 30 - 5. 1- 13 - 1 grupes 3 tipo keramika is Podgomajo TF. Podgomajos 4. gyvenyietes. TIl 4 pay. BerSh.!. ir Rusakoyo tipo keramikos omamen 6 pay. Podgomajos grupe keramiko tikos elementai ir motyvai (1 grupes 2 tipas). tikos motyvai ir eJementai (1 grupes 3 tipas). 5 pay. A - Podgornajos grupes gyYenyieci4. 7 pay. Pagrindines keramikos formos: A paplitimo zemeIapis: 1 - Rusakoyo 2, 2 - Dobryj Bora Bersttt ir Rusakoyo tipas, A - Podgomajos tipas.1 1, 3 - Dobryj Boro 2, 4 - Dobryj Boro 3, 5 - Krasnoselsko titnago kasyklo , 2 - Parchuht 1. Podgomajos 3, 6 - Podgomajos 3?, 7 - Podgomajo 5, 7, 10 - Dokudoyo 5,4 - Dobryj Boro 1,6, 13 4, 8 - Staryje Voikoyicitt 1, 9 - Jeremicitt 3, 10 - Lysaja Goros, 8,9 - Rusakoyicitt 9, 11, 12 Lysaja Goros, 11 - Rusakoyicitt 1, 12 - Ru akoyicitt Ru akoyo 2. all 7, 13 - Rusakoyici4. 9, 14 - Kuteco, 15 - Dokudoyo 8 pay. Akmenini4. pentini4. kirvelitt tipologija. ( Ln t clIlt! IS ruSI{ kalbos verte Tomas Ostraus Yadim Leonidovich Lakiza Instilute Of History of AS of Belarus 220072 Minsk. Akademitcheskaya str.I -309 tel. (017) 2 84 13 22. fax . (0172) 84 18 70 E-mail: [email protected] The turning• eolithic been in appeared Culture. t together nng f tudy i • 1 tradition tting . fa oun tn• g a 1962, p. In the e tlon The