The Hybridity of the Hydrostatic Balance

D.J. Warner

Like several other ‘scientific’ instruments, the commonly too heavy for them, and hydrostatic balance has often had one foot in oftentimes wrong for them.’8 the realm of science and the other in the realm In 1691, having heard from jewel- of practice. This hybridity was already appar- lers that diamonds were ‘extremely ent in ancient Syracuse when Archimedes al- weighty with regard to their bulk’, legedly used specific gravity to determine the Boyle reported that a rough dia- purity of the gold in King Hieron’s crown. mond was weighed ‘with a pair of Galileo read Vitruvius’ account of this episode, scales’ and then in water ‘accord- as well as Archimedes’ treatise On Floating ing to the rules of hydrostatics’ and Bodies which explained that a body immersed so its specific gravity was found.9 in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Galileo then Boyle never acknowledged the designed a hydrostatic balance for weighing men who made and used his hy- an item in air and then in water (Fig. 1). La drostatic balances, but we might Bilancetta, his small text on the subject, circu- assume that Robert Hooke was lated in manuscript form for many years before involved somehow. In February being published by the Sicilian mathematician, 1668, while serving as Curator of Giovanni Battista Hodierna, in 1644.1 An Eng- the Royal Society, Hooke ‘pro- lish edition of The Ballance of Signeur Gali- duced a more exact contrivance leo Galilei appeared in the second volume of of scales for the weighing of bod- Thomas Salusbury’s Mathematical Collections ies both in the air and water’, and and Translations (London, 1665), along with the Society ordered ‘that these Galilaeus Galilaeus: His Life, and Salusbury’s experiments should be prosecuted own Experiments Statical, Hydrostatical, and Fig. 1 Small brass and glass hydrostatic balance in at the next meeting’. The month Aerostatical.2 the Museo Galileo in Florence, inv. No. 27. Courtesy previously, the Society had wit- Museum Galileo, Florence. See http://catalogue. nessed experiments to see if any Galileo may not have been aware of the ex- museogalileo.it/object/SmallHydrostaticBalance.html, substance could be made heavier tensive account of hydrostatic balances writ- accessed Feb. 8, 2017. than gold. Elsewhere, Hooke used ten by the Muslim scientist, Al-Khâzinî, in a ‘scale’ and containers of water to the twelfth century.3 But he surely knew that Skill, and better Instruments, than are easy determine the specific gravity of European goldsmiths had long been using hy- to be met with together, and than we usu- ice. And, in March 1692/3, he demonstrated drostatics to solve problems of purity.4 The ally imagine. And, when Physicians and his new hydrostatic method of determining same may be said of the Dutch engineer, Si- others weigh Mineral Waters, they are the amount of salt in water.10 mon Stevin, who discussed hydrostatics in De wont to do it in some Apothecary or other Behinselen des Waterwichts (Leiden, 1586). In time, as natural philosophy became a key Trades-mans Shop, where, if the Ballances And of Thomas Harriot, whose c. 1604 draw- element of popular entertainment, hydrostat- be small, the Vessels and the Water are ing of a hydrostatic balance was probably ics became a key element of natural philoso- the first made in England, as well as, in the words of R. T. Gunther, ‘the first known to have been made by an Oxford man.’5 And of Francis Bacon, whose table of specific gravi- ties eventually appeared in Historia Densi et Rari (London, 1741).6 Following Bacon’s lead, Robert Boyle valued the utilitarianism of natural philosophy, and often presented information gleaned from craftsmen under the guise of natural philoso- phy. In this vein, he discussed the hydrostatic method of determining the purity of gold in his Some Considerations Touching the Use- fulnesse of Experimental Natural Philosophy (1663), and in his Hydrostatical Paradoxes (1666), a text composed at the command of the Royal Society. Although Boyle did not use the term ‘hydrostatic balance’, he did mention an ‘exact balance’ used to demonstrate the ‘grand Theorem of the Hydrostaticks.’7 In his 1685 report on mineral waters, he explained that: Fig. 2 The engraving of the ‘Hydrostatical Balance’ in John Harris, Lexicon Technicum, or ‘to weigh Liquors anything exactly there Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, the first dictionary of science in English. Courtesy is requisite more Heedfulness, and more Dibner Library, Smithsonian Institution.

32 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 136 (2018) 2). And in the text he included ‘A description of an Hydrostatical-Balance, for finding the Specifick Gravities of Liquids and Solids with ease and accuracy by F. Hauksbee, in Vine- Office-Court in Fleet-Street’.12 The reference here was to Francis Hauksbee, an entrepre- neurial instrument maker who became a dem- onstrator of experiments for the Royal Society in 1703 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1705, and who told the Royal Society about some of his hydrostatic experiments.13 In his survey of instruments at Oxford, Gunther found a hydrostatic balance made c. 1710, ‘on the model of the instruments made by F. HAWKSBEE of Vince [sic] Office Court, Fleet St’.14 James Hodgson, a mathematician who moved to London in 1702 after serving an apprentice- ship with John Flamsteed at Greenwich, was also involved with this story.15 In his Decem- ber 1704 announcement for a course of natu- ral philosophy experiments, Hodgson boasted that he was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and would use an impressive array of apparatus seldom seen outside the Royal Society. He stated that some of his apparatus was made by Hauksbee, and implied that his ‘Utensils proper for Hydrostatical Experiments’ were as well. An Account of Hydrostatical & Pneu- matical Experiments (n.p., n.d.) called atten- tion to a course that Hodgson and Hauksbee would give at Hauksbee’s house in Wine Of- fice Court.16 By January 1712, Francis Hauksbee’s nephew of the same name had set up shop in Crane- Court, near Fetter-Lane, in Fleetstreet, Lon- don.17 In 1714, he advertised ‘Hydrostati- cal Ballances, for Examining the Specifick Gravity of Fluids and Solids’ as well as air pumps and engines .18 Three years later, Wil- liam Whiston presented a series of lectures at Hauksbee’s in Crane-Court, while Hauksbee ‘perform’d’ the experiments. Whiston had succeeded Newton as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, and his London lectures were probably similar to those that he and Roger Cotes, the Plumian Professor, had given at Cambridge some years earlier. The gist appeared in Cotes’ posthumously pub- lished Hydrostatical and Pneumatical Lec- tures (London, 1738).19 John Theophilus Desaguliers, a French Hu- Fig. 3 ‘The Hydrostatic balance to Find the Specific Gravities of Fluid and Solid Bodies’, in guenot who attended the natural philosophy Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, 4 (1749), ‘Supplement’, pp. 311-317 and lectures given by John Keill at Oxford, moved Plate. Courtesy Dibner Library, Smithsonian Institution. to London, and became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Following the death of Hauksbee the phy, and the hydrostatic balance became a key ity of bodies that will sink in water but not elder, Desaguliers became demonstrator to piece of philosophical apparatus. John Harris, be dissolved in it.11 In the introduction to the the Royal Society, and continued the lectures a Fellow of the Royal Society, included a second volume of this massive work (London, at the home of the Widow Hawksbee [sic].20 lengthy account of hydrostatics in his Lexi- 1710), Harris called attention to his copper- In 1715, while visiting London regarding con Technicum (London, 1704), along with plate engraving of ‘a new Hydrostatical-Bal- the coronation of George I, Willem Jacob ‘s an explanation of how ‘a Pair of good small ance, which is very ready and expeditious, Gravesande attended some of Desaguliers’ Scales’ can be used to find the specific grav- to find the Specifick Gravity of Bodies’(Fig. lectures and some meetings of the Royal So-

Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 136 (2018) 33 Fig. 4 a. Hydrostatic balance made by George Adams Snr. He moved to Fleet Street in 1760 and his premises were given the number 60 in July 1766. According to the signature (see b. close-up) this instrument dates from c. 1760. Glass beaker is later. Exhibited at the Scientific Instrument Society’s Silver Jubilee held at the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford August – October 2008. ciety. A few years later, having been named ter without wetting the scale from which it a hydrostatic balance by Martin, and another professor of mathematics and astronomy at hangs.’26 by Nairne.30 Leiden, ‘s Gravesande developed similar Benjamin Martin, in 1738, described his hy- Cornelis Meijer demonstrated a hydrostatic demonstrations for his students. The Boer- drostatic balance as ‘an exceedingly fine Pair balance to the Amsterdam Estates General haave Museum in Leiden has a hydrostatic of Scales for making Experiments, relating in 1674, and included a similar instrument balance that was made by Jan van Musschen- to the Gravity of Fluids’, adding that his In- in one of his 1689 engravings of a studio broek to ‘s Gravesande’s specifications.21 strument ‘is different from, and much better apartment of a virtuoso.31 Jacob Leupold, an Those who could not attend ‘s Gravesande’s than the common Hydrostatic Balance’.27 eighteenth-century German mathematician lectures might read his popular text, Physices The Danish astronomer, Thomas Bugge, and mechanic who wrote about a wide range elementa mathematica (Leiden, 1720).22 An- had a hydrostatic balance made by Nairne & of machines, discussed hydrostatic and other glophones had access to two competing trans- Blunt.28 George Adams offered ‘An Hydro- balances in the second part of his Theatrum lations: John Keill’s Mathematical Elements staticall Balance of a Commodius Structure’ Staticum (Leipzig, 1726).32 Similar instru- of Physics (London, 1720), and Desaguli- in 1746, and various modifications in sub- ments could be had from Jan van Musschen- ers’ Mathematical Elements of Natural Phi- sequent years. On one example, the beam is broek in Leiden, and from the Abbé Nollet in losophy Confirmed by Experiments (London, inscribed ‘Made by GEO ADAMS at Tycho Paris, and were discussed, under the head- 1720).23 Both explained that for hydrostatical Brahe’s Head in Fleet Street London. (Fig. 4 a ing of ‘Hydrostatics’, in Diderot’s Encyclo- experiments relating to the gravity of fluids, and b)29 The mob that attacked Joseph Priest- pédie.33 one used ‘a very exact Pair of Scales, differ- ley’s house in Birmingham in 1791 destroyed ing from common Scales only in this, that each Scale has a Hook VV under it, for sus- pending such Bodies as are to be immersed in Liquids’.24 These activities, and more, set the stage for a profusion of hydrostatic balances and ac- counts thereof (Fig. 3). Martin Clare, in 1735, discussed hydrostatic balances used to deter- mine the specific gravity of different fluids.25 The American Instructor — a book published by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia in 1748, based on an English text written by the other- wise unknown George Fisher, and designed to prepare young men for business — reported that hydrostatics was ‘the Doctrine of Gravi- tation in Fluids, or that Part of Mechanicks that considers the Weight or Gravity of fluid Bodies, especially Water, and also of solid Bodies immerged therein’. James Ferguson, in the 1760s, explained that ‘The hydrostatic balance differs very little from the common balance that is nicely made: only it has a hook at the bottom of each scale, on which small Fig. 5 Two wood cases with glass sides and tops—one holding a standard equal-arm balance, weights may be hung by horse-hairs, or by and the other holding a hydrostatic balance — on the window sill of a chemical laboratory. silk threads. So that a body, suspended by William Lewis, Commercium Philosophico-Technicum; or, the Philosophical Commerce of the hair or thread, may be immersed in wa- Arts: Designed as an Attempt to Improve Arts, Trades, and Manufactures (London, 1763), frontispiece. Dibner: T44.L67. Courtesy Dibner Library, Smithsonian Institution.

34 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 136 (2018) Fig. 6 a. Beautiful hydrostatic balance made by Carlo Streizig, dated and signed (‘Streizig fece in Verona 1816’) and has a rack inside the column to raise and lower the beam. Streizig was a Veronese watchmaker and trainer in the physics laboratory of Liceo Maffei; in this role he built in 1814 a perpetual watch that was created by physics professor Giuseppe Zamboni, who received valuable awards and was the first clock in the world to be moved by a pile. Museo della Bilancia - Campogalliano (MO) Italy.

Hydrostatics, as a topic, seems to have been especially popular with members of the Scot- tish Enlightenment. Robert Steuart, named professor of Natural Philosophy at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh in 1708, emphasized hy- drostatic and pneumatic experiments.34 Mari- schal College, in Aberdeen, having received a Royal bounty for ‘purchasing proper Instru- ments for the better advancing the knowledge of Experimental Philosophy’ in 1718, bought a telescope, a large double-barrel air pump, and a hydrostatic balance. Since the air pump came from Hauksbee, we may assume that the hydrostatic balance did so as well.35 The University of Glasgow sent a list of apparatus needed for their natural philosophy lectures to Mr Hauksbee at London in 1726, and by 1727, a ‘hydrostatical balance’ was in hand.36 Mårtin Triewald was a merchant, engineer and natural philosopher who, after hearing some of Desaguliers’ lectures in London, of- fered similar courses in Edinburgh in 1724- 1725. Triewald returned to his native Swe- den soon thereafter, and continued giving demonstration lectures there. After attending a Triewald’s lectures in 1728, Anders Celsius mentioned, in a letter, a student named Hult- berg who, under Triewald’s instruction, made an improved air pump and ‘many hydrostatic balances, which are quite as good as the Eng- lishmen’s’. Triewald later gave his apparatus to the University of Lund.37 The new natural philosophy was brought to the American colonies by Isaac Greenwood, a Harvard graduate who visited London in the early 1720s, heard Desaguliers’ lectures, and offered a similar course in Boston in 1726. Two years later, with funds provided by a gen- erous London merchant, Greenwood became the first Hollis Professor of Natural Philoso- phy at Harvard College. And he demonstrated his hydrostatics lectures with ‘very nice bal- ances, jars, and bottles of various sizes fitted with brass caps, vessels for proving the grand Hydrostatic paradox, siphons, glass models of pumps, hydrostatic balance, &c.’38 Thomas b Jefferson bought a hydrostatic balance from Dollond in the early nineteenth century.39 Fig. 6 b. Detail of base with signature and date. Courtesy Museo della Bilancia - Joseph Black discussed specific gravity in the Campogalliano (MO) Italy. chemistry lectures he gave at Glasgow, but

Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 136 (2018) 35 may not have demonstrated the phenomenon: that Andrew Plummer, professor of chemistry ed of two hollow cones united at the base. indeed, an inventory of the chemistry labo- and medicine at Edinburgh, used a hydrostatic Charles Blagden and George Gilpin used it, ratory at Glasgow, compiled in 1766 when balance in his study of the Moffat’s mineral with weighing bottles filled with various mix- Black decamped for Edinburgh, listed a bal- waters, published in 1733.47 tures of water and alcohol. After Banks’ death ance with a 15-inch beam, but nothing hydro- in 1820, his widow presented this balance to Boerhaave also influenced Charles Alston, an static.40 That same year, the French chemist, the Royal Society.55 Edinburgh professor who saw lime water as Pierre-Joseph Macquer, explained that the a way to dissolve kidney stones. In the first To end this account where it began, we should way to find the specific gravity of an object (1752) edition of his Dissertation on Quick- recognize the enduring fascination with and is to weigh that object in air, and then in very Lime and Lime-Water, Alston admitted being importance of the Archimedean experiment pure water, by means of a hydrostatic balance. ‘very sensible’ to ‘how difficult it is to deter- (Fig. 6 a and b). James Ferguson discussed a In his Pesanteur Spécifique des Corps (Paris, mine specific Gravities accurately’. Two years hydrostatic balance ‘for shewing the specific 1787), Mathurin-Jacques Brisson mentioned later, however, he confidently reported that gravities of bodies, and detecting counterfeit two very exact hydrostatic balances, and ‘Lime-water is as much specifically heavier gold or silver’.56 In The Monied Man’s Vade a third balance belonging to the Académie than common Water, as the hydrostatical Bal- Mecum (London, 1773), Benjamin Martin Royale des Sciènces. Lavoisier favoured his ance, or other accurate Experiments shew.’48 described a ‘Portable Steelyard for Weighing hydrometer (aereometer) for tax purposes, Gold Coin’ that, with a glass of water, could but recommended hydrostatic balances for In the early 1660s, the Royal Society issued serve as a hydrostatic balance. John Beckett, scientific work (Fig. 5). Richard Kirwan used a set of ‘Directions for Sea-men, bound for a bookman in Bristol, brought out The Use only a hydrostatic balance and, as Bernadette Far Voyages’. One of these involved car- of the Hydrostatic Balance Made Easy; and Bensaude-Vincent has observed, discouraged rying ‘good scales and Glass Vials’ suitable Applied particularly to the Purpose of detect- the use of hydrometers.41 for collecting sea water, and comparing the ing counterfeit Gold Coin (Bristol, 1775). weight of samples taken at various places.49 Hydrostatics was also of interest in medicine Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, an Italian soldier and biology. In one set of experiments, Boyle Treasury in the new United States, asked cus- and savant, was using a hydrostatic balance put some blood from a very sound man in a toms collectors to tell him about their need for to determine the specific gravity of water in glass and weighed it ‘in a very good balance’. a hydrostatic balance. The collector in New- the Mediterranean by the late 1670s. Hugh He then weighed the glass itself, and then port, R.I., replied that he could use such a bal- Campbell made similar observations of the the glass filled with water.42 Johnannes Van ance ‘in all cases which I should suspect the oceans between England and Bombay in the Helmont, the Belgian scientist who had inter- gold coin offered in payment for duties and 1750s, disproving the apparently accepted ested Boyle in bodily fluids, had seen the spe- fees was counterfeit, or not of equal fineness, notion that ‘the nearer you approach the line cific gravity of urine ‘as an essential part of of the gold coins of the Nations specified’.57 the greater the weight of sea-water is’.50 As its true chemical analysis’ and compared the Benjamin Dearborn, the first notable steelyard a young naturalist sailing with Captain Cook weight of a vessel of urine with that of a ves- and balance maker in the United States, was on H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768, Joseph Banks sel of rain water. Helmont, in turn, had been offering hydrostatic balances for detecting hoped to test the salinity in the water to the influenced by Nicholas of Cusa who, believ- counterfeit coins by 1804.58 Pacific but, as he noted in his journal, ‘my ing that ‘the weight and colour of blood and hydrostatic balance being broken, I had no urine gave better information than the tradi- Notes and References other means of trying it.’51 The list of appa- tional inspection of colour alone’, had used a 1. ‘Discorso del S. Galileo Galilei Intorno ratus gathered for Cook’s final voyages in- simple balance to determine the specific grav- All’ Arteficio che uso Archimede nel scoprir 43 cluded ‘3 Bottles for weighing salt Water in il furto dell’ Oro nella Corona di Hierone,’ in ity of these fluids. 52 a Hydrostatic Balance’. The French naval Gio. Battista Hodierna, Archimede Redivivo In his role as professor of medicine and bota- officer, Jean François de Galaup, Compte de con la Stadera del Momento (Palermo, 1644). ny at the University of Leiden, Herman Boer- Laprouse, carried a hydrostatic balance on An English translation appears in Laura Fermi haave promoted the application of physics to his ill-fated voyage of exploration around the and Gilberta Bernardini, Galileo and the Sci- medicine, and taught students to see health world. On a local level, John King, an English entific Revolution (New York: Basic Books, and sickness as expressions of such variables apothecary, used a hydrostatic balance to test 1961), pp. 133-143. Mark Peterson, Galileo’s as force, weight, and hydrostatic pressure.44 hot and cold water in the spa he built in the Muse: Renaissance Mathematics and the Arts James Jurin was a Cambridge graduate, phy- town of Bungay.53 (Cambridge: Harvard, 2011), p. 257. sician, and Secretary to the Royal Society Hydrostatic instruments were also used in 2. Nick Wilding, ‘The Return of Thomas who, perhaps influenced by Boerhaave, and the production alcoholic beverages, and their Salusbury’s Life of Galileo (1664)’, British perhaps harking back to Boyle, conducted a evaluation for tax purposes. Hydrometers Journal for the History of Science, 41 (2008), series of experiments on the specific grav- were efficient, but hydrostatic balances were pp. 241-265. ity of blood.45 John Lining, a physician in more accurate. Henry Thrale, a prominent 3. N. Khanikoff, ‘Analysis and Extracts of... Charlestown, South Carolina, informed the London brewer, introduced both instruments Book of the Balance of Wisdom, An Arabic Royal Society about his efforts to determine into his operation in 1770.54 In 1788, in prep- Work on the Water-Balance’, Written by Al- the specific gravity of different elements of aration for measurements of various mixtures Khâzinî in the Twelfth Century,” Journal of blood (the Cruor, the Serum, and the Crassa- of water and alcohol that were designed to the American Oriental Society 6 (1858-1860), mentum) in different diseases. For this he help excise officers rate their hydrometers, pp. 1-128. used ‘a very nice Hydrostatic Balance, made Joseph Banks, recently elected President of by Mr. Jackson’, but found the effort more 4. Marcel Berthelot, ‘Sur l’histoire de la bal- the Society, bought ‘A large size Balance for difficult than he had expected.46 ance hydrostatique et de quelques autres ap- weighing Hydrostatically One Hundred Guin- pareils et procédés scientifiques,’ Annales de The University of Edinburgh medical school eas’ from Jesse Ramsden. This was indeed Chimie et de Physique [série 6], 23 (1891), was established by physicians who had stud- an impressive instrument: the beam was 24 pp. 475-485. ied with Boerhaave, and so it is not surprising inches long and, for rigidity, was construct- 5. Robert T. Gunther, Early Science in Ox-

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Harriot and the Field of Knowledge in the Re- British Journal for the History of Science, 28 27. Benjamin Martin, Philosophical Gram- naissance’, in Robert Fox, ed., Thomas Har- (1995), pp. 131-156. mar (London, 1735), p. 26, and fig. xxxv. riot: an Elizabethan Man of Science (Alder- 15. Frances Willmoth, ‘Hodgson, James (bap. John R. Milburn, Benjamin Martin: Author, shot, 2000). snippet. 1678? d. 1755)’, in Oxford Dictionary of Na- Instrument-Maker, and ‘Country Show- 6. Cesare Pastorino, ‘Weighing Experience: tional Biography, online edn May 2009 http:// man’ (Leyden, 1976). Benjamin Martin, Experimental Histories and Francis Bacon’s www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13437 ac- The Use of a New Hydrostatic Balance, n.d. Quantitative Program’, Early Science and cessed 10 Feb 2017. For an example attributed to Martin, see Medicine, 16 (2011), pp. 542-570. 16. Larry Stewart, ‘Other Centres of Calcu- http://waywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu/view/ 7. 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To be perform’d by lation by J. T. Desaguliers (London, 1720), p. 1728-1799, A Commemorative Symposium Francis Hauksbee; and the Explanatory Lec- 158 and plate XXI. (Edinburgh, 1982), pp. 23-35. Robert Ander- tures read by William Whiston, M.A. (London?

Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 136 (2018) 37 Current and Future Events

son, ‘Joseph Black’, in David Daiches, Peter memorative Catalogue of the Exhibition Held Details of future events, meetings, Jones, and Jean Jones, eds, A Hotbed of Ge- at the Royal Scottish Museum (Edinburgh, exhibitions, etc. should be sent to the Editor. nius: The Scottish Enlightenment, 1730-1790 1976). For up-to date information of Society’s (Edinburgh, 1986), pp. 99-114. 48. Charles Alston, A Dissertation on Quick- events, see the SIS website, www.sis.org.uk. 37. Svante Lindqvist, Technology on Trial. Lime and Lime-Water (Edinburgh, 1752), p. U n t i l 2 8 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 8 , C a m b r i d g e . U K The Introduction of Steam Power Technology 10; and (Edinburgh, 1754), pp. 69 and 59. Astronomy and Empire is the first exhibition into Sweden, 1715-1736 (Uppsala, 1984), pp. Henry Guerlac, ‘Joseph Black and Fixed Air: in the Whipple Museum’s newly refurbished 207-210 and 256. A Bicentenary Retrospective, With Some Special Exhibition Gallery. It explores the 38. Isaac Greenwood, An Experimental New or Little-Known Material’, Isis, 48 tangled history of science and the British Empire through the instruments, tools, and Course of Mechanical Philosophy (Boston, (1957), pp. 124-151. practices of those sent around the globe 1726). Benjamin Peirce, A History of Harvard 49. Raymond Phineas Stearns, Science in to observe, survey, navigate, and chart on University (Cambridge, 1833), p. 286. the British Colonies of America (Urbana, Il., behalf of Imperial interests. See http://www. 39. Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 1970), pp. 687-690. sites.hps.cam.ac.uk/whipple/exhibitions/ June 4, 1808’ http://founders.archives. 50. Luigi Fernando Marsigli, Histoire phy- astronomyandempire/ gov/?q=%22hydrostatic%20balance%22&s= sique de la mer (Amsterdam, 1725); Cullman: Sunday 13 – Friday 18 1111311111&sa=&r=4&sr = accessed March QH91 .M37 1725 folio. John Stoye, Marsi- May, Athens, Greece 6, 2017. gli’s Europe 1680-1730. The Life and Times of The Society’s International 40. Swinbank, op. cit., note 36. Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, Soldier and Vir- Study Tour for 2018 tuoso (New Haven and London, 1994). Hugh 41. Pierre-Joseph Macquer, Dictionnaire de Itinerary: Sunday: Arrival in morning; Campbell, ‘A Table of the specific Gravity of Welcome dinner in evening. Chymie (Paris, 1766), vol. 2, p. 189. Antoine- Salt and Fresh Water, discovered by the hy- Monday: Cycladic art museum in Laurent Lavoisier, Traité Élémentaire de Chi- drostatic Balance, on a voyage from England morning; Museum of History of mie (Paris, 1789), pp. 377-378. Bernadette to Bombay in the East Indies’, Gentleman’s U n i v e r s i t y o f A t h e n s i n a f t e r n o o n . Bensaude-Vincent, ‘‘The Chemist’s Balance Magazine, 25 (1755), pp. 260-261. Tuesday: Museums of University of Athens for Fluids’: Hydrometers and Their Multiple in Zografou Campus (Museum of Education, 51. Joseph Banks, Journal of the Right Hon. Identities, 1770-1810’, in Frederick Holmes Zoological museum, Palaeontology and Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B., P.R.S. During and Trevor Levere, eds., Instruments and Geology Museum) in morning; Penteli Captain Cook’s First Voyage in H.M.S. En- Experimentation in the History of Chemistry O b s e r v a t o r y ( N e w a l l t e l e s c o p e ) i n a f t e r n o o n . (Cambridge, Ma., 2000), pp. 153-184, on 170. deavour (London, 1796), p. 45. Wednesday: E x c u r s i o n a l l d a y. 42. Robert Boyle, Memoirs for the Natural 52. John C. Beaglehole, ed., The Journals of Thursday: Byzantine Museum & History of Human Blood (London, 1684), pp. Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Dis- Maraslios Pedagogical School in morning; 33-35. covery (Woodbridge, 1999). Vol. 3, pp. 1499- Thiseio Observatory and Museum of 1500. Geoastrophysics in afternoon; Dinner in 43. Walter Pagel, Paracelsus: An Introduc- 53. John King, An Essay on Hot and Cold evening. tion to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of Friday: Archaeological Museum Bathing (London, 1737). the Renaissance (Basel, 1982), p. 198. Walter (Antikythera Mechanism in morning; Pagel, Joan Baptista Van Helmont: Reformer 54. James Baverstock, Treatises on Brewing Departure in afternoon. of Science and Medicine (Cambridge, 1982), (London, 1824), pp. 300 and 301. James Sum- The flyer and booking form were sent out p. 189. Alan Debus, Chemistry and Medical ner, Brewing Science, Technology and Print, with the previous Bulletin. The Society is still Debate: Van Helmont to Boerhaave (Canton, 1700-1880 (London, 2013), p. 66. taking bookings. Please contact the Executive rd Ma., 2001), pp. 73-83. 55. Anita McConnell, Jesse Ramsden (1735- Officer. The deadline is March 23 . 44. Roy Porter, ‘Medical Science’, in Roy 1800): London’s Leading Scientific Instru- Saturday and Sunday 7-8 Porter, ed., The Cambridge Illustrated History ment Maker (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 178-181. July 2018, London, UK of Medicine (Cambridge, 1996), p. 162. 56. James Ferguson, Tables and Tracts, Rela- Three important events will be held this 45. James Jurin, ‘An Account of Some Ex- tive to Several Arts and Sciences (London, weekend: the AGM, the Antique Instrument periments Relating to the Specifick Gravity of 1767), p. 323. Fair and a Dinner. The venue is the Glaziers Hall, 9 Montague Close, London Human Blood’, Philosophical Transactions, 57. William Ellery to Alexander Hamilton, SE1 9DD 30 (1717-1719), pp. 1000-1014. Jurin, ‘A March 5, 1792’ http://founders.archives. Caution to be us’d in examining the specifick The Society has taken over the running of gov/?q=%22hydrostatic%20balance%22&s the London Antique Scientific Instrument Gravity Solids, when weighed in Water’, =1111311111&sa=&r=2&sr; Ellery to Ham- Philosophical Transactions, 31 (1720-1721), Fair, to be held courtesy of the Worshipful ilton, April 9, 1792, http://founders.archives. Company of Scientific Instrument Makers pp. 223-226. Andrea Rusnock, ‘Jurin, James gov/?q=%22hydrostatic%20balance%22&s at Glaziers Hall Sunday 8th July 2018 from (bap. 1684, d. 1750)’, in Oxford Dictionary of =1111311111&sa=&r=3&sr. Both accessed 10 am to 3.00 pm. Admission £5 (early National Biography, online edn 2008, http:// March 6, 2016. admission 10-11 am £10). Tables at the fair www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15173 ac- 58. [Benjamin Dearborn], Dearborn’s System (20-30 tables) at a cost per table for members cessed 27 Feb 2017. for Weighing with Ease, Dispatch and Preci- of £45 and non-members £95. Set up from 46. John Lining, ‘A Letter from Dr. John Lin- sion (Boston, 1804). 8 am. The Annual General Meeting will be ing, at Charles-Town in South Carolina, to held the day before on Saturday 7th at 5.30 James Jurin, M. D.Coll. Med. & Reg. Soc. So- Author’s address: National Museum of pm, followed by an informal social dinner dal. Serving to Accompany Some Additions American History for those interested, to be held locally, venue to His Statical Experiments Printed in No. 470 MRC 636 tbc. Members are invited to express their of These Transactions’, Philosophical Trans- Smithsonian Institution interest (without obligation) in these events by returning the slip in this Bulletin or actions, 43 (1744-1745), pp. 318-330. Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA emailing the Executive Officer at email: [email protected] 47. R. G. W. Anderson and A. D. C. Simp- [email protected]. son, comp., Edinburgh & Medicine—A Com-

38 Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society No. 136 (2018)