OS E P H DA LTO N OO KE F R , S j H R, . . P I O N E E R S O F P R O G R E SS

M E N O F SC I E N C E

801 0 11 81! S . CHAP MAN M.A D . . , . S C., F . R .S .

JO S E P H D A L T O N H O O K E R

0 M S C B F. M D ET . . R. , . . , . . , C.

P F B W c D F R O O ER S S. ROF. . . , . . , . .

RB OIUB P RO FES SO R 0? m m In THE UNIVERS ITY O F GLASGOW

L O N D O N S O C I E T Y F O R P R O M O T I N G C H R I S T I A N K N O W L E D G E

NEW YORK : TH E MA CMILLAN COMPANY

TE N T CON S .

HIS T O RICAL IN T Riov-UCTJON

k‘ B IRTH AND EDUCATION

FO REI G N TRA V E L

A u T HOR smE

' ' H o oRl S P DSI fl’ IO N A s A MA N O R S clE Nc E

DA TES RE LATI NG TO THE O FRI EIA-L A N D S CIE N TI FI C; O I! S I R JO SEP H H OOKER

P ORTRAI TS

BJB LlO GRAPHY

CHAPTER I .

H I STO R I CAL I NTRO DUCTI O N .

S I R JOSEP H HOOKE R was by general c o nsent held to be ea h the l ding botanist of his age . T at age witnessed

the greatest revolution of all time in biological thought . u It was the period when evol tion was born , and Hooker r h assisted at the bi th . It was t en that the belief in fixit o f y species was shaken , and finally overthrown : in o f its place came a belief in the mutability species, and o f u the genesis new forms . The change to ched religious u and philosophical tho ght profoundly, and has led to a

wholly altered outlook on life . By right therefore Sir “ Joseph .Hooker takes his place among the Pioneers o f Progress He should stand in history at the right n u ha d of Darwin , as he actually did in fact througho t the period while the Or igin of Species was in prepara B u t . b ti on before the story of his life is told, a rief historical sketch may help the reader to understand the

part which he played in the great drama . The ancient science of botany concerned itself in the fi rst instance with the recognition and description of u different kinds of plants . Nat rally precedence was given to those which were of use to man . Consequently from classical times up to the middle o f the seventeenth cen tu ry books on the subject were largely o f the nature of u o f herbals , or catalog es the plants described , with their uses . They were often elaborately illustrated , as is seen in the best examples of the sixteenth and seventeenth A ffi centuries. growing sense of a nity, or kinsh ip of (5) 6 JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER

like forms led to a natural grouping of plants . At first it was by instinctive feeling that the affi nity was per c eiv ed tr , rather than by reference to characters s ictly analysed or defined . The methods of grou ping became o u t gradually more precise, and crystallised into the u early systems of classification . Unfort nately at first use was made of only a few easily recognised marks , in which were determined arbitrarily . This was the Linnmu s herent weakness of the system of , which was l effc rt s f the cu mination of these early . However ef ective that system might be for the recognition and naming o f f u u plants , it , with others .o like nat re, has been j stly “ ” called artificial , since plants that were not really akin u L aeu were thereby bro ght into relation . inn s himself and was aware of the imperfection of his scheme , took s ieu steps towards its improvement . But it fell to de Ju s and de Candolle so to widen the u se o f the characters selected as the basis of classification that a more real f a finity of the plants became apparent . The Natural

System thus founded has been extended , with ever more searching analysis o f the marks and characters u he sed , up to t present time . Upon the recognition and definition of species there the u followed hard ass mption of their constancy. Thi s doctrine appeared in an u nobtru sive form in the writings of Linnaeus himself. It was the result of his daily experience in the a nalysis of specific differences with a s u view to clas ification . But with his s ccessors it became an article of faith , stated dogmatically . It was held that each organic form owed its existence to a separate act of creation , and was therefore distinct from all other forms . Species were thus viewed as isolated phenomena u which ill strated the ability of the Creator, rather than as having any nearer causal relation . The very likeness which members of a family show was held to exhibit o f ingenious variation upon a divine plan construction . To suggest any doubt of this became sacrilege , a wilful HI STO R IC AL I NTRODUCTION 7

a derog tion of divine power. But on the other hand there was the growing sense of kinship of living things. C lose comparison led to a convincing recognition o f ffi natural a nity. The further the o bservation of types was pursued the stronger the bonds of affinity ap eared p to be , and the greater the mystery of their resemblance . But the doctrine o f the independent creation o f constant species seems q uite incompatible with any idea o f affinity in the ordinary sense of the word . This must have made the outlook of the pre Darwinian systematist highly unsatisfactory to any intelligent man . Well might Elias Fries remark in ’ 1 8 u a cz su ernatu ra le 3 5 , that there was g da m p in the u Nat ral System . Many of the best botanists of the early nineteenth century , however, were content to expend their labou r upon the record and recognition ” o f those “ affi nities without raising the inconvenient question of causality . Meanwhile plants were being examined from other o f points of view than that external form . In the latter half of the seventeenth century the R oyal Society was f ounded , and about the same time the compound micro I t to scope was invented . was at once used illuminate the internal structure of plants , and the earliest results were published in the “ Philosophical Transactions in This opened a new chapter the science, for close upon the heels o f structural observation came enquiry ad into function . Anatomy and physiology henceforth vanc ed u o ne together like twin sisters, m tually assisting another. During the seventeenth and eighteenth cen tu ries Britain was in the forefront in the pu rsuit o f these ’ branches Of botany : b u t at the time of Hooker s birth to their cultivation had drifted away to the continent , return only towards the close of his career . Nevertheless , during his busiest years he made notable additions to knowledge in both O fthese fields of research . Increasing facilities for foreign travel led naturally as “ 8 JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER

time Went on to wider opportu nities for collecting, both in the interior of continents and on distant and isolated i islands . The heroic period of travel with scient fic objects in view opened with the voyages o f Captain

The o f , Cook . private enterprise Sir Joseph Banks who o f sailed with Cook , ensured the scientific success the L first visits to Australia and N ew ! ealand . ater there followed the series o f expeditions of the early nineteenth

u . x cent ry, which Darwin , Hooker, Hu ley, Wallace, and No t i Spruce have rendered famous . only were a mult bu t tude of new types of life discovered , the foundations

were laid for that new branch of learning, botanical o f geography, or the distribution plants in space, in which

Hooker became the acknowledged master. F u inally, the st dy of vegetation in respect of time was initiated early in that outburst o f geological enquiry which marked the close of the eighteenth and the opening of the nineteenth centuries . Fossil plants were first studied as impressions : but later the microscope was u w directed to the str cture of fossilised specimens , hich

were examined in sections like any modern plant . Thus that volu me o fpositive knowledge o fthe plants of former to he epochs began grow, which tallies so ill with t doctrine of separate creation , and points more and more directly to some evolutionary view as the data ac c u mu late . Hooker himself made important contributions to this branch of botanical science . I t was into this arena of conflict between facts and dogmatic statements that Sir Joseph Hooker entered as a youth . H is keen and incisive mind cou ld not fail to h note the inconsistencies . Thoug tradition and the opinion of his elders would naturally tend to smooth them over, his steadfast outlook would not be so satisfied . That it was no t satisfied is shown by the story of his scientific li fe . He took a leading part in the fray, and lived long enough to see the dogma o f the constancy of species refuted , and the mutability of H I STORICAL INTROD UCT ION 9

species fully established. But though the part he took in relation to the species question may be fo r the general o f public the most prominent feature his scientific life, he made his mark among botanists in other ways . It will be shown how he took a leading position as a traveller, a collector, an administrator, and as a scientific

- systematist. His pre eminent position among his con temporaries was the cumulative result of all these activities, pursued through an unusually long life, and conti nued to its very end . CHAPTER II .

B I RTH A N D E D UCATI O N .

O ME o f F S the leaders of Science, like araday and Huxley , have wo n their way to the front by sheer ability, without early advantages or opportunities . Others have had their powers reinforced by favou rable circumstances of early

o ne . life . Sir Joseph Hooker was of the latter He was born within the hierarchy of Science . H is maternal F R S grandfather was Dawson Turner , . . , a banker of Y u ae u armo th , well known as an arch ologist, a nat ralist , and a writer on seaweeds . His grandfather Hooker was u u also a nat ralist, collecting insects , and spending m ch n of his time on the cultivation of rare plants . O both sides o f the family there was a bias towards Natu ra l B u t w as History, combined with artistic leanings . it from his father that the most direct stimu lus o fexample and of teaching came. He was Sir . William Jackson 1 8 R Hooker, ( 7 5 for twenty years egius n o f G Professor of Bota y in the University lasgow , and the R G afterwards Director , till his death , of oyal ardens at Kew . Not only did he thus hold leading positions as a was teacher and administrator, but he also a great collector , o f and one the most prolific botanical w riters o fhis day.

His descriptive works covered a wide range . The pub lished 8000 o f 1 800 plates are estimated at over , which were drawn by himself. Notably his books o n the Liverworts and the Ferns still hold their place as the u fo ndation of critical knowledge of those groups . His he rbariu m and library now form the backbone of the ( 1 0) B I RTH AND ED UC ATIO N I I

national establishment at Kew . He was a stately , hand re some man , with a strong sense of duty, and austere ligio u s views which put their check upon free speculative u thought . Tho gh socially disposed , he subordinated

st renu o u s i amusement to wo rk . This gave a serious turn to the home, while the daily example set by the father o f early rising and late work at night fixed a scale of conduct for the child ren .

Joseph , the second son, was born at Halesworth in f oth 1 81 Su folk , on 3 June, 7 , and was brought to Glas f gow , when his father took up the duties o the

Chair of Botany there in 1 820 . From the first he seems to have been of a serious turn o f mind : a

- child collector, very observant, and with a retentive

memory. As a boy his mother describes hi m as plod ’ u ding , and without his elder brother s brilliancy. B t on “ the other hand she tells ho w Joseph bends all his f ” soul and spirit to the task be ore him . This character istic u he retained thro ghout his long life . The conditions in Glasgow were most propitious for giving such a boy free scope to develop those faculties which he had in

herited . 1 81 be In 7 , when doubtless the country was to u ginning feel the rebo nd after the long Napoleonic wars . a botanic garden had been established in the ou tskirts

of the town . Under the advantages yielded by a great o f port trading with all parts the world , this newly fou nded garden was growing in richness when the new u professor arrived . It q ickly became under his hands a notable centre for the reception and distribution of new and rare plants. It contained a lecture room where his L ho w college course was delivered . ady Hooker describes the boys aged respectively eight and seven accompanied

u to 8 a m. u r their father in s mmer his lecture, ret ning at

- half past nine to breakfast as hungry as you ng hawks .

The professor had taken a house half- way between the garden and the old College in the High Street . There

- u his rapi dly growing herbarium , muse m , and library I : JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER

were stored, and it was there that the drawings were constantly being made to illustrate that stream of de scriptive works which Sir William was producing . New species must have been almost daily under examination , often as living specimens. Between the garden and the house the boy mu st have witnessed constantly, during the most receptive years of childhood, the working of an establishment that was at that time without its equal

i n . in this country, or probably any other The eye and the memory must have been trained almost u nco n c iou sl y. A wide knowledge of plants would be acqui red u u as a natural consequence of the s rro ndings , and with out the effort entailed by study in later years . Few ever have known plants , few ever will know them, as Hooker knew them . Such knowledge comes only from growing up with them from earliest childhood , as he did . It was not only indoor work that was done in these no o f early years . Glasgow was then as w within reach beautiful open country . Sir William used to take his u students for summer exc rsions , sometimes far up into the Highlands , and the boys went with the party. He acquired also a country home , first at Burnside , near k b u t Inverec L L . Helensburgh , later at on och ong

There in the summer they botanised , fished , sketched , u and practised ro gh surveying, all a fit preparation for the adventurous years that were to follow. Side by side with this less formal education the ordin o f ary curriculum school and college was pursued . The b the o f oys attended first at H igh School Glasgow . he When Joseph was I 5 entered the University, finding a L himself there contemporary with the late ord Kelvin .

Though much younger than most of his fellow - students he gained distinctions in Natural Philosophy and in 1 8 6 Anatomy, and in 3 he Obtained a pri z e for the best o n essay the Brain and Nerves . H is medical course 1 8 was completed early in 3 9 when he graduated , and thus became qualified fo r employment in the Naval B I RTH AND EDUCATION 1 3

e to M dical Service. An ambition travel had long been developing in his mind , and it appears that his father had d o f encourage it. An incident his student period , which an n he himself relates , gives indication whence the i spira how ff tion sprang . He tells an opportunity was a orded ’ him o freading the proofs of Darwin s Voyage o f the “ o n m Beagle I was hurrying y studies (that is, for the final examination in Medicine) , and so pressed for time was I that I used to sleep with the sheets o f the ou rnal m j under y pillow , that I might read them between waking and rising . They impressed me profoundly, whilst they stimulated me to enthusiasm in the desire to ! o f travel and observe. The whole education Hooker, with its gradually extendin g tours for practice in obser

to s . r vation , had led up thi ambition Trips to A ran and to Connemara accustomed him to rough life while study and l ing the geology, botany, entomo ogy of the districts

- . l visited He was already wel equipped as a collector , and the acquisition of a med ical degree would make it 8 to to . 1 8 possible aspire Government service In 3 , after taking part in the meeti ng o fthe British Association in H aslar to Newcastle , he proceeded to be inspected by R t o a . Dr. ich rdson with a view entering the naval service This was with special reference to the forthcoming A n R tarc tic . voyage It appears that Captain oss, the com o f x mander the e pedition , had already seen H ooker at

o f . the house Mr Smith of Jordan H ill , and that his appointment was made contingent upon his passing the did qualifying medical examination, which he in May, 1 8 of 39. The expedition sailed in September that year , with H ooker as assistant surgeon in H . M . S . Erebus Seldom has education combined so happily with natural aptitude in preparing a young and active r man fo r scientific travel . Seldom has the prepa ation proved so fully justified by the event . CHAPTER III .

FORE IGN TRAVE L.

FOREIGN travel acts on the naturalist as though a fresh dimension of space were added to his outlook . Ex c lu sive study in an over- cultivated and over- populated country such as Britain limits his scope. Until the world has been fully explored the opportunity for travel u opens p ever fresh possibilities of discovery, and of i widen ng views. Such considerations, together with the u nat ral impulse of youth towards adventure , will always have their effect in luring young naturalists on to see some part of the great world , and to collect there . But prior knowledge is a necessary condition of success . I f V l a definite problem be in iew , fol owing on special study , to so much the better. Accordingly . care must be taken select for scientific expeditions those best fitted fo r the work by education and by personal qualities . At the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, the world was still very imperfectly known , while the means of access to its remote corners were steadily improving . At the same time those areas

- where science was rapidly developing had been over run .

What, then , could be more natural than that Joseph

‘ n to Hooker, whose educatio had been such as mark him ou t as peculiarly fit for it , should long to explore and to collect ? The immediate incentive was the record of ’ “ ! Darwin s voyage in the Beagle . I f that book rouses now us who read it , what must have been its effect on a youth trained as young Hooker had been ? H is enthu ( I 4)

I 6 JOSEPH DALTON H OOKER

o ff all . restrictions . His rambles were often solitary b Shipped as a surgeon and educated as a otanist , it ’ might be thought that Hooker s Opportunities when z sailing fro en seas were slight , and so they were in the

sense Of ordinary botanising. But Hooker at twenty

two was already a man of wide views . He interested

him self in all organic life, and found fascinating problems in the floating “ plankton of both warm

and cold oceans , as well as in the depths down to four r hundred fathoms. He collected , examined unde the mi c ro sc o e p , and drew all forms of life that came into his

- o r b . tow nets and seines , were brought up y dredges He may be said to have originated a new line of study x since largely pursued by geologists . For he e amined

o f z - flo o r o f samples oo e from the ocean the Antarctic , and so founded the study o f the organic deposits of the

deep sea . Unfortunately, his collections were never fully so o f worked up, that many the results remained unknown

re- s till discovered by later expedition . n O the outward and return voyages , however, and in the intervals when the season was not favourable fo r

entering the extreme southern seas, the expedition New ! visited Ascension, St . Helena, the Cape, ealand ,

Tierra del Fuego, and the Falkland Islands . These visits were a secondary consequence of the voyage from o f o f the point view the Admiralty . But they gave Hooker the opportunity of collecting plants upon all o f the great circumpolar lands the southern hemisphere. as He made full use of his time, his collections his show. Already, in letters home to his father, it was clear that great generalisations were forming in his mind o n the distribu tion of the plants in these southern lands . The results he later welded together TIze A nta r ti lor into his first great work , c c F a. The f collections were immense , and were orwarded regularly as opportunity allowed to his father , together with his

scientific drawings . FOR EI GN TRAV EL 1 7

The expedition finally returned to Woolwic h in Sep 1 8 tember, 43 . Since Hooker had sailed , his father had been appointed the first director of the R oyal Gardens

‘ at Kew, and had left Glasgow . He was busily engaged in transmuting what had hitherto been a royal appanage into a Government establishment , which was to serve as f a focus for all aspects o botanical science. Joseph at once became an enthusiastic coadjutor to his father, “ ” L working like a dragon, as his mother said . ater, ra n d o n however, it was ar ged that he should be continue

- a n half pay as an assist nt naval surgeo , so as to give him opportunity for working up his own collections, while Government undertook the cost o f publication o f the a u 1 results. Incident lly he lect red in 845 at Edinburgh

University (for Graham , who was failing) and it was thought that he might succeed to the chair. But the u u s ccess of J . Hutton Balfo r in winning it when the vacancy actually arose decided the question o f an “ academic career . He himself said , I shall be quite content to go back without the professorship ; and he W b u f did . hen, su seq ently, he was o fered the chair in Glasgow vacated by Balfour , he declined it, and the o f question academic duty, which was never to his

a not . t ste, did arise again The years between the retu rn from the Antarctic in 1 8 1 8 43 , and his departure for India in 47 , though filled n a f with hard work upon the A t rctic results, were o ficially u b u nsettled . The temporary d ty in Edin urgh was f succeeded by duty, also temporary , as o ficial botanist

u G t . to the Geological S rvey of reat Bri ain He , was in 1 8 6 appointed April 4 , but relinquished the post in November 1 847 in order to start on his Himalayan journey. During that short period three memoirs were published by him on plants of the Coal Period . They embodied the results derived from the microscopic ex

- b amination of plant tissues preserved in coal alls , a study t then newly introduced by Wi ham , and advanced by 2 1 8 JOSE PH DALTON H OOKER

Binney . It has since been greatly developed in Britain, but Hooker was among the first to engage in this his branch of enquiry. Travelling was , however, in blood, and the craving broke out afresh in him . He longed to see a tropical flora in a mountainous country, and to compare it at different levels with that of z e temperate and arctic ones. This is express d in a 1 8 6 old letter of 4 to Thomas Thomson , his college “ friend, with whom he travelled in I ndia . I do long ” “ o intensely, he says, to g to the field with you, and especially to take the water This aspiration was gratified later. There were at first several alternatives, but the call o f the tropics was the most insistent . The Admiralty offered facilities fo r visiting the Malay

Islands and Borneo . His own choice was between the r Andes and the Himalaya, as p oviding special keys to the problems of geographical distribution , which now d l. formed a background to all his work in the .fie The

final choice fell upon the Himalaya, in which he was

f . influenced by promises o assistance from Dr Falconer , f the superintendent o f the Calcutta garden. Be ore he left England his jou rney gained the recognition of n Government . He not only received grants o the con dition that the collections made shou ld be located in the herbarium at Kew , but he was accredited by the I ndian to Government the rulers and the British residents, in countries whose u ntrodden ways he was to explore. He 8 ! sailed from England in November 1 47 in the Sidon, L u with ord Dalho sie on board , who was on his way to

o f - take up the position Governor General of India. ’ Later he was invited to join the Governor- General s n suite, and so he entered I dia with all the assistance ffi : “ that o cial recognition could give. He remarks The Governor - General hints to me that he would like reports o n c the tea districts in India , I n ed not say that o u t I shall lay myself to attend to his wishes in I ndia . ” Assam , however, did not enter into my calculations. FOREI GN TRAV EL

Here , on the voyage out , was laid the germ from which u o f sprang the tea ind stry Darjeeling . After passing the cold season of 1 848 in making him self acquainted with the vegetation o i the plains and hills of Western Bengal , he struck northward into the Sikkim the Himalaya . At Darjeeling he became welcome guest o f u Hodgson , resident at the Co rt of Nepal , and a great who b n oriental scholar, efrie ded him in many ways, and especially with his pec u liar knowledge of the country into which Hooker was now to penetrate. He had been to L n D r F directed Sikkim by ord Auckla d and . alconer, u o r as to ground nbroken by traveller naturalist. The b u u story of this remarka le jo rney, its vicissit des and u results, including an acco nt of the forcible detention of Dr . h aa him self and his companion , Campbell , y faction H i ala a n of the Court Of Sikkim , is to be found in his m y j ou rna l. This most fascinating volume of travel was 1 8 published in 5 4. It tells how he spent two years in the botanical exploration and topographical survey of the State of Sikkim , and of a number of the passes ho w 1 8 8 leading into Thibet ; and , towards the close of 4 , n o f he eve crossed the western frontier Sikkim , and ex plo red a portion o f Nepal that has never since been no t open to travellers . Hooker was a mere specialist. His j ou rna lis full of other observations than those o n plants ; they are ethnographical , ornithological , and i entomolog cal . His topographical results especially o f were the highest importance. They formed the basis o f u a map p blished by the I ndian Topographical Survey , and by its aid the operations Of various campaigns and political missions have since been carried to a successfu l issue. Moreover, he made observations on the glaciers o fthe region his notes supplying valuable material both to Lyell and to Darwin . He also accumulated data concerning the stupendous effect O fsub - aerial denudation

e . 1 8 to n at great levations I n 49 he returned Darjeeli g , and busied himself with arranging his vast collections. 20 JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER

Here he was joined by his old fellow - student of Glasgow , Dr o f f . Thomas Thomson, son the pro essor of that

. 1 8 0 name. The two friends spent the year 5 in the botanical investigation of Eastern Bengal , Chittagong, S ilhet 1 8 1 , and the Khasia Hills . In 5 they returned together to England. The botanical object o fthese mountain expeditions in the tropics may not be clear to the lay public . I t is easy to grasp the importance of the general flora o f a : u vast area like India the val e of the timber, fibres ,

u . dr gs, and other economic products would explain it

But why climb the inhospitable mountain sides , where u vegetation is scanty, and that for the most part seless to man ? The reply comes in Hooker ’s note on his o f Do nkiah collection on the flanks , where he climbed to a pass of feet, and scrambled further upwards “ to feet. What keeps me here is the very curious ” flora . Between and feet were woolly L G actucas, entians , Senecios , and Saxi frages , all charac teristic I II genera of temperate or even cold climates . particular he was pleased with finding my most Antarctic Lecanora o f plant, at the top the pass, colouring stony hills wholly orange red “ exactly as the rocks of Cockburn Island were in 64 South This extreme

instance illustrates what he visited the , Himalaya to find o u t - . The plant geographer, on testing the degree o f or correspondence of temperate, or even arctic fl as with those of higher levels in the tropics , finds the identical species at the highest levels of the Himalaya , and at the L extreme limit of vegetation on Antarctic and . ’ O n Hooker s return from India the question of his f For o ficial position arose . a time prospects were u n

1 8 - certain , but in 5 5 he was appointed Assistant Director o f Kew , and was thus marked o u t as the probable of successor his father. The years from 1 85 1 to 1 86 0 o were ccupied with quiet work at home . But in 1 860 he took part in a scientific visit to Syria and Palestine, FOREIGN TRAV EL 2 1 ascending Mount Lebanon to examine the decadent state of the famous cedars . This led to an enq u i ry into

r . O ne their relations to the deodar, and other ceda s result of the jo u rney was a sketch of the botany of Syria ’ in u B ible D ictiona r . and Palestine , p blished S mith s y The higher levels o f Lebanon raised again the question o f u u arctic plants about the s mmit , but he only s cceeded o n i r n o e v iz . Ox r a e i rmis o f i n finding , , y f . The absence others he attributes to the drought, and he assigns the o f to failure the cedars the same cause . Again a period o f ten years intervened withou t any In extensive travel . His next objective was Morocco . 1 8 1 7 , with Mr. Ball and Mr. Maw , he penetrated the

a . Atlas range , never before examined botanic lly He had expected its flora to furnish a novel connecting link

n . l between the Atlantic and the Africa . But the resu ts no were negative , for there were Alpines on the Atlas . 1 8 His last great journey was in 7 7 , when he was sixty ld o f . o G years age With his friend , Professor Asa ray o f of Harvard , he visited the Western States America ,

C R - w traversing olorado, Wyoming , Utah , the ocky Moun o f tains , the Sierra Nevada , and Cali fornia . The Object the journey was to collect evidence bearing upon the history Of the remarkable relation of the plants Of the Eastern States to those o f Eastern Asia on the o ne

hand , and on the other the sharp distinction between flo ras o f G the arctic America and reenland , This was O f not a journey adventure , but none the less it was u o f o ne o f hard work . Hooker returned with pwards o f w 1 000 species dried specimens, and the results ere worked up into a joint report by Professor Asa Gray

and himsel f.

This is an extraordinary record Of travel , especially when it is remembered that all the jou rneys were fitted into the intervals of an otherwise bu sy li fe of scientific o ne work and administration . At time or another Hooker had touched upon every great continental area of the 2 2 JOSEPH DALTON H OOKER

’ f b earth s sur ace. Many isolated islands had also een

b o n . examined y him , especially the Antarctic voyage Not only were fresh regions thus opened up for survey nd a collection , but each Objective of the later journeys was definitely chosen for scientific reasons . Each ex edi p tion helped to suggest o r to solve major problems . o Such problems related not only t the distribution , but to also the very origin of species. Darwin saw this with unerring judgment as early as Hooker was then

- o f but twenty eight years old , and the records the N everthe Antarctic voyage were only in preparation . in less, Darwin wrote with assurance a letter to Hooker : w himself, saying I kno I shall live to see you the first u authority in Europe on that grand s bject , that almost distribu keystone of the laws of creation , geographical ! tion . Never was a forecast more fully justified. But u u that position which Hooker ndo btedly had later, could only have been attained throu gh his personal experience O n fo u nd a as a traveller . bservatio at first hand was the tion on which he chiefly worked . Hooker the traveller prepared the way for Hooker the philosopher.

24 JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER

The suburban village of Kew was for long a R oyal of residence ; old- fashioned and Often cramped houses the Court still surround Kew Green ; while Kew Palace no w G with its grounds, included in the arden , was the 1 8 0 social centre of the whole . In 4 the Botanic Garden belonging to the Palac e was transferred for the public benefit from the Crown to the Department of Woods fo r and Forests . A scientific Director was required the Sir proposed public garden . William Hooker had for some time been desirous o f changing the scene o f his activities from the relatively remote city of Glasgow to some more central point. The opening given by his appointment as the first Director no t only satisfied thi s o f b wish , but also put him in command an esta lishment in which he saw , even in its undeveloped state, the pos sibility of expansion into a botan ical centre worthy o f 1 8 1 the nation . He moved south in 4 , taking with him u his private library , herbarium , and m seum , which finally formed the foundation of the great scientific collections

Kew. o f. ’ At the time of Sir William s appointment the garden was in a very unsatisfactory state. The acreage was

- o ld . small : the plant houses were , and of obsolete pattern the no no r . There was library , any herbarium In fact 1 8 1 to Kew Garden was in 4 a mere appanage a palace , where a more than usu ally extensive collection o f plants the o f was grown . It was arrival Sir William Hooker, with his collections and his library, and above all with z u e his eal, knowledge, and j dgment , that stamp d a o scientific ideal upon Kew. His c llections were at first ffi his own private property. He had not even an o cial L house. ike so many of the best things of this country, n Kew was largely founded on private e terprise . During the first years Sir William worked alone. Joseph was still in the Antarctic and even when he returned in 1 843 it was only for the short interval before his H imalayan j ourney. It was not till his return from India in 1 85 1 KEW 2 5

1 that he took up residence at Kew. In 85 5 he became ’ s c 1 Assi tant Dire tor till his father s death in 86 5 . From that time onwards till his retirement in 1 885 Sir Joseph

Hooker was Director. The id ealof a National Botanic Garden had already been s ketched in the report o f a R oyal Co mmission a o f r few years before, upon the question etaining the Ga at Ou t “ Botanic rdens Kew . It was pointed that A National Botanic Garden would be the centre around which all lesser establishments should be arranged : they should all be placed under the control of the chief o f t hat garden , acting with him , and through him with each other, recording constantly their proceedings, ex t plaining heir wants , receiving supplies , and aiding the mother - country in everything u sefu l in the vegetable : u kingdom medicine , com merce , agriculture, hortic lture , and many branches o f manufacture would derive con siderable advantage from the establi shment o f such a r G system . From a ga den of this kind overnment could always Obtain authentic and o fficial information upon points connected with the establishment of new colonies ff o n it would a ord the plants required these occasions , without its being necessary , as now , to apply to the ‘ ers fo r o flic of private establishments advice and help. ’ O n entering o fiic e Sir William Hooker determined to follow the suggestions of the report . The original area of G 1 8 s the the arden was only about acre , and Chief Com missioner was strongly opposed to its enlarge 1 8 2 e . w s m nt But in 4 additional ground a taken in, so to aflb rd G as an entrance from Kew reen , now the 1 8 principal gate of the Garden . I n 43 there were added o f 48 acres of arboretum , including the site the Palm 1 8 Ot H ouse, which was commenced in 44 . her houses u o f a followed, together with a M seum Economic Bot ny, the first o fits kind to be established . In 1 85 3 an offi cial f fo r n house was ound the Director, while another Crow house adjoining Kew Green was handed over fo r the 26 J OSEPH DALTON HOOKER

L growing herbarium and library. ater the area was still further extended , and new houses and museums 6 0 built, till at the present day some 5 acres are under ’ f the Director s control , while the sta f is considerably 1 0 above 0 men . The public sees only the ou tside aspect of the real

Kew . It is impossible that it should be otherwise, though in the long run they are the gai ners by its existence . It is upon the parts of the garden that the public never sees that the real valu e o f Kew chiefly ’

flic ial . rests . The Director s office is nat u rally the o centre

There the Hookers attended to the day- by- day ad ministration o f the garden itself. But in addition there o f o n was a growing bulk correspondence, the one hand s o n with botanist all over the world , the other with the

Government Departments , and especially with the Indian fli c e and Colonial O s. As the activity of the garden ex tended there grew u p a large staff o fscientific experts and artists , whose duties centred round the herbarium and li brary . These all looked to the Director for their guidance and control . The descriptive work prepared by them fo r publication began to take formidable dimen

. o f Flora o B ritisk I ndia sions The production the f , and a Flor s ofthe several Colonies, the publication ofwhich was G u to be o r conducted under overnment s bvention , had d ganise and carried through . These matters are mentioned here so as to give some idea o fthe extent and complexity o f the work which was carried through in the time Of the Hookers , and it has since been continued and ever F . or A fo r extended ten years as ssistant Director, and twenty years as Director, Sir Joseph Hooker guided eflfic ienc of this complex machine. The y his rule was shown by the increasing estimation in which the garden to was held by all who were able judge . It was the fou nding o f the herbarium and library at

Kew which , more than anything else, strengthened the scientific establishment . As taken over from the KEW 2 7

Crown the garden possessed neither. But Sir William G o wn had brought with him from lasgow his collections, s already the most exten ive in private hands . For long years after coming to Kew he maintained and added to his store at his own expense. But finally his collections G were acquired after his death by overnment. His herbarium was merged with the fine herbarium o fBen to 1 8 tham already presented the nation in 5 7 . Thus ’ the opening years o f Sir Joseph s directorate saw the organisation on a public basis of the magnificent her u l no t bari m and ibrary, which now contains only his ’ father s collections , but also his own . Among the enormou s additions since made to the herbarium o f r Kew , its greatest inte est will always be centred in the H o okerian s collection which it contains. The herbarium building thus holds in its most c o n densed O form the scientific essence of Kew . riginally a

- to dwelling house belonging the Crown , it has been extended by two large wings, in which the herbarium o n u cases are arranged s ccessive galleries . The older r part of the building is shelved and contains the libra y , o f e the bound volumes correspondence , and the colle d s . tion of drawings, copies of publishe plates , and maps Here the great series of Indian and Colonial flo ras has been worked out, while the documentary evidence upon which they were based is to be found in the actual speci mens stored in the adjoining wings. Kew , and

- a especially the herbarium building , may be regarded as

- o f a c o ordinating centre bot nical knowledge, primarily fo r u t . fo r the Empire, b also the world at large Its effect is far more extended than that o f mere holiday am u sement fo r the crowd ! far more even than that intelligent interest which a certain proportion o f the o f crowd takes in the collections living plants, or in the re contents of the museums. It is a structu built upon the solid work of the Hookers, father and son . Their dynasty was even extended by marriage to the third 2 8 JOSEPH DALTON H OOKER

’ - in - law generation in the person o f Sir Joseph s son ,

Thiselt o n- who Sir William Dyer, succeeded him in the

Directorate . There is only one other family record in European botany which can be compared with this o fthe Hookers Fo r o f G . at Kew . It is that the de Candolles of eneva three generations they also were in the forefront o f

o f . . Systematic Botany . The greatest them was A P de Candolle . H e was a most versatile writer on physi ology and on geographical distribu tion . But his greatest ’ P roaromns S stemati c N a tu ra lis work was the y , in which all known plants were to be arranged according t o i u . h his nat ral system , and described at length He itiated u u to this st pendo s work , but did not live com let u his e . p it It was based chiefly pon own collections ,

f u . still preserved in the amily ho se in the Place St Pierre,

G a . . at enev We visit it with interest , and pious respect But it is evident that the active Science of the present o f day has drifted elsewhere . The dynasty de Candolle , ff v brilliant and e ecti e as it was , has left behind it no c o - ordinating machine like that of the establishment at

Kew. It might be thought that such drafts upo n the time and energy of a scientific man as were involved in the directorship of Kew would leave no opportunity for other u t u d u ties. B it was while th s burdened that Sir J oseph was called to the highest administrative office in Science in Great Britain . He served as President o fthe R oyal 1 8 1 8 8 o f Society from 7 3 to 7 . The obligations that position are far from being limited to the req u ii' ement s G o f of the Society itself. The overnment the day has always been in the habit of taking its President and officials into cons u ltation in scientific matters o f public c importan e. In these years the administrative demand s upon Sir Joseph were the greatest in his li fe. They are marked by a temporary pause in the stream of his o f publications . None his own larger work s date from KEW 9

this period. It happens only too often in this country that our ablest men are thus paralysed in their scientific careers by the potent vortex of administration . Not a few succumb , and cease altogether to produce . They L are caught as in the eddy o f the orelei , and are so hopeles sly entangled that they never emerge again . to too adminis They fail realise, or realise late , that the tratio n of matters relatin g to Science is not an end in b u t itself, only a means to an end. Some , the steadfast and invincible seekers after truth , though held by the

. eddy for a time, pass again into the main stream the R Hooker was o ne of these . His Presidency of oyal

Society ended after five years. Seven years later he oflic e demitted as Director of Kew , under the Civil in ‘ 1 88 Service rule . He was thus free 5 , still a young

man in vigour though not in years. For over a quarter of a century after retirement he devoted the energy of his old age to peculiarly fruitful scientific work . Thus the So administrative tie upon him was only tem porary . o f long as it lasted he faithfully obeyed the call duty , notwithstanding the restrictions it imposed . CHAPTER V.

A UTH O R S H I P .

’ TH E great bulk of Sir Joseph Hooker s published works were written frankly as by a botanist for botanists. He rarely wrote for the general pu blic but he did so in his H imala an ou rnal u l y j , and its pop arity showed that he possessed the power of fascinating his readers . The ’ “ ” Vo a e o t/ze B ea le volume ranks with Darwin s y g f g , ’ and W allace s M alay A rchipelag o books which form a veritable trilogy o fthe golden age of travel in pu rsuit o f o f f Science . Another of his works quite a di ferent u 1 8 0 ro class has sec red a wide circulation . In 7 he p ’ du ced S tu dent s Flora o tbe B ritis/z I sla nds his f , of which 1 8 8 1 88 later editions appeared in 7 and 4. The book was pu blished to “ supply student s and field botan ists with a fuller account of the plants of the British Isles ” than the manuals hitherto in use aim at giving . I t still u u to holds the field , though it requires to be bro ght p date in point of classification and nomenclat u re . Thus the greatest systematist of his time was yet willing to help those of less ambitious flights . It will not be necessary to give an exhaustive list of the works u pon which Hooker’s reputation as a scientific systematist

. to o u u fo r was founded They are n mero s that . It must suffice to indicate the nature and scope of fou r o f iz t rc i Flr v . A n a t c o a Flr the greatest of them , , the ; the o a ' of B ritts/z I ndia ; the Genera Pla nta rmn ; and the K ew

We have seen how o n the Antarctic voyage Hooker (30)

3 2 J OSEPH DALTON H OO KE R

1 8 G o Already in 5 5 Sir Joseph , with his lasgow c llege friend , Thomas Thom son , had essayed to prepare a “ ” Flora Indica . It never advanced beyond its first volume . But if it had been completed on thelscale set by that volume, it would have reached near y pages ! After a pause of over fifteen years Hooker made a fresh start, aided now by a staff of collaborators , and Flora B ritis/i In ia c on the of d was the result . It was

c eiv ed . , he says with regret , upon a restricted plan u Nevertheless it ran to seven vol mes, published between 1 8 2 1 8 6 000 the years 7 and 97 . There are nearly pages f o to . letterpress , relating species It is, he says inc o m in the Preface, a pioneer work, and necessarily le e p t . But he hopes it may help the phytographer to discuss problems of distribution of plants from the O f point of view what is perhaps the richest , and is certainly the most varied botanical area on the surface ” of the globe .

Scarcely was this great work ended when Dr. Trimen Ce lon Flora died . He left the y , on which he had been engaged , incomplete. Three volumes were already u u p blished , but the fo rth was far from finished , and the

fifth hardly tou ched . The Ceylon Government applied o f to Hooker, and though he was now eighty years age , he responded to the call . The completing volumes were I 1 8 1 0 r issued n 89 and 9 0 . This was no mere aking over afresh the materials worked already into the I ndi a n

Flora . . For Ceylon includes a strong Malayan element

. in its . vegetation It has, moreover, a very large number o f de en mic species, and even genera . This last floristic work of Sir Joseph may be held fitly to round o ff his treatment of the Indian Peninsula . His last c o ntribu “ tion to its botany was in the form o f a Sketch of the ” Vegetation of the Indian Empire, including Ceylon ,

u n . B rma , and the Malay Peni sula It was written for the Im erialGaz etteer G p , at the request of the overnment of

India. No one could have been so well qualified for AUTH OR SH IP 3 3 this as the veteran who had spent more than half a

fo r . u 1 0 century in preparation it It was p blished in 9 4, and forms the natural close to the most remarkable study of a vast and varied flora that has ever ' been carried ne u through by o r ling mind . ’ The third o f Hooker s great systematic w orks is the Genera P lanta rnnz i produced in collaborat on with Mr . ‘ rnassive difi Bentham . Its three volumes contain a c o c a tion of the Latin diagnoses of all the g enera of flowering o f u plants known at the date p blication . It is essentially fo r c a work the te hnical botanist, but for him it is indis a pensable. The only re l predecessors of this mon u mental work were the Genera P la nta rnnz o f Linnaeus ( 1 7 3 7

' ' and that o f de Ju ssieu to which may be added that o f Endlicher ( 1 836 Both Benth am and Hooker had felt the inconvenience o f the want O f a Genera Pla nta ram o n u to founded act al observation, u o f replace the antiq ated ones Endlicher and Meissner, o f both which , especially the latter , had been in great o f measure mere compilations . I n view the gigantic o f u nature the task they joined forces . But the a thors specially wi shed th at the whole should be considered as the joint production of them both . The characters embodied in the diagnoses were drawn from the actu al examination of specimens . These could only be derived e o f from a r liable and rich herbarium , such as that Kew u no t had no w become. Th s the book is in any sense r a compilation from the work of ea lier writers, but it contains a redrafting of the diagnoses o n the basis o f

‘ o n personal observation . Probably into no work Botany is there condensed so wide a field of personally recorded u fact, expressed in su ch concise terms. The a thors were B u t both mature observers. while Hooker was at home n ' in the forest and the j ungle, Be tham was rather a c o n deni z en of the herbarium . His education as a v eyanc ing barrister gave point to his naturally acu te f d ifli c u lt mind in the exact wording O diagnoses . The y 3 3 4 JOSEPH DALTON H OOKER

of the task Of Bentham and Hooker was greater than that o f their predecessors by reason o ftheir wider know i O f ledge, and the ncrease in the number recognised genera consequent on the activity of collectors the world Genera P la nta rnfn over . But their was on that account

a nearer approach to finality. Hitherto its supremacy

O n ! has not been challenged . the other hand it has formed the sou rce from which diagnoses have been

liberally borrowed . It will probably long remain the u ltimate court of appeal on the exact definition o f

genera. The fourth o f the great systematic w orks o f Hooker I K ew nsi mentioned above was the nd ex e s . It was pro d u c ed upon the plan and under the supervision of Sir Da do n ff Joseph by Mr. y Jackson and a sta of clerks . 1 8 The publication began in 93 , and successive supple ments to its fou r quarto volumes are still appearing at

intervals . The expense was borne by Charles Darwin . The scheme originated in the difficulty he had fou nd in “ ” Fo r the accurate naming of plants . synonyms have frequently b eefI given by different writers to the same

e to u . sp cies, and this had led endless conf sion The object of the Index was to provide an au thoritative list all of the names that have been used , with reference to and o the author o f each t its place of pu blication . The

habitat of the plant was also to be given . The correct

name in use according to certain well - recognised rules o f nomenclature was to be indicated by type different from d that of the synonyms superse ed by it . The only pre ’ decessors of such an I ndex was Steu dels N omencla tor B otaniczcs z , a book greatly pri ed by Darwin , though long o f to out date. He wished at first produce a modern ’ d lN c o Steu e s omen la t r. edition of This idea was , how e to ver, amended , and it was resolved construct a new f list of genera and species , ounded upon Bentham and ’ ' Genera P la ntara Hooker s m. Sir Joseph Hooker was to asked by Mr. Da rwin take into consideration the AUTHO RSH I P 3 5

o f he extent and scope t proposed work , and to suggest _ it u the best means of having executed . He ndertook a the t sk , and it was he who laid out the lines to be D a . u d on followed After years of labo r by Mr. y Jackson ff the u sta . and his , work was prod ced. But Sir Joseph a nd read narrowly criticised all the proofs . Imagine lu four large quarto vo mes , containing in the aggregate 2 00 e n 5 pages , each page bearing thre colum s of close u print , and each column abo t fifty names . The total

figures out to about specific names, all Of which were critically considered by the octogenarian editor ! S u rely no greater technical benefit was ever conferred u pon a fu ture generation by the veterans O f science than

' fo r s this Index . It smooths the way every systemati t who It a s m comes after . stands a monu ent to an mu nific enc e intimate friendship . It bears witness to the f o f u u o . Darwin , and the ngr dging personal care Hooker This brief analysis o f the fou r greatest systematic works o f Hooker will have su ffi ced to show how fu lly he was i mbued with the old systeinatic methods : how he a adv nced , improved and extended them, and was in his H is father r time their chief exponent . had held a simila

position in the generation before him . But the elder n H ooker, true to his generatio , treated his species as ot u n . fixed and imm table . He did generalise from them

e u , His end was attain d by their , acc rate recognition

e c . delineation , d scription , and lassification The younger

w o rk ' he n Hooker, while in this was not a whit behi d the best Of his predecessors , saw further than they . H e was no t satisfied with the mere record o f species as they ' u o f the o ri in are . He so ght to penetrate the mystery g

f . s ec ies was a o p . In fact he not merely Scientific P niloso nical Systematist in the older sense . He was a p B iologist i n the new and nascent sense of the middle ' period of the nineteenth century. He was an almost w as .life- long friend of Charles Darwin . He the first

c - e - W l t o f r and a , c Onfidan his species theo y,, , excepting a l 36 J OSEPH DALTON H OOKER

’ ‘ w - hearted adherent its first hole . But he was also Darwin s constant and welcome adviser and critic . Well indeed was it for the successfu l launch of. evolutionary theory

- s that o ld fashioned ystematists took it in hand . Both

' Darwin and Hooker had wide and detailed knowledge

- o fspecies as the starting point of their induction . The fame o f Sir Joseph Hooker as a Philosophical Biologist rests upon a masterly series o f Essays and “ Addresses. The chief of these were the Introductory ” Flora Tasmaniae Essay to the , dealing with the Ant “ arctic flora as a whole ; the Essay o n the Distribution ” “ i n 1 86 2 u s of Arctic Plants, published ; the Disco r e on Insular Floras in 1 866 the Presidential Address to the British Association at Norwich I n 1 86 8; his Address at Y 1 881 G u ork , in , on eographical Distrib tion and finally , “ ” o n in the Essay the Vegetation Of India , published 1 0 were these e o f 9 4. In no case , mer inspirations the o f u u moment . They were the outcome ard ous jo rneys t o to u o f Observe and collect, and s bsequently careful c ‘ analysis of the specimens and Of the fa ts . The dates o f o u t On publication bear this . The essay the Ant flora o u the arctic , appeared ab t twenty years after completion of the voyage . The essay on the Vegetation of India was not pu blished till more than half a century i u after Hooker first set foot n India. It is pon such ‘ ’ foundations that Hooker s repu tation as a great Constru c tive thinker is securely based .

The fi rst - named o f these essays will probably be estimated as the most notable o fthem all in the History 8 o f . 1 Science It was completed in November , 59, barely

‘ a o f and year after the , joint communications Darwin to L ae Ori in Wallace the inn an S ociety , and before the g of Species had appeared It was to thi s essay that “ Darwin referred when he wrote that Hooker has come ’ n rou d , and will publish his belief soon But this publication of his belief was not merely an echo o f. ’ n It assent to Darwin s own opinio s . was a reasoned AUTHORSHI P 7

n u “ stateme t, advanced pon the basis of his own self ” o w n thought , and his wide systematic and geographical F experience . rom these sources he drew for himself “ support for the hypothesis that species are derivative , ” u and m table . He points out ho w the natural history of Au stralia seemed specially suited to test such a o f theory, on account the comparative uniformity of the physical features being accompanied by a great variety in its flora , and the peculiarity of both its fauna and t C flora , as compared with o her ountries . After the test had been made, on the basis of study of some 8000 species , their characters , their spread , and their relations to n those of other lands , he co cludes decisively in favo u r o f u e m tability and a doctrine of progr ssion . How highly this essay was esteemed byhis c Ontem po raries is shown by the expressions of Lyell and o f “ : Darwin . The former writes I have just finished the O reading of your splendid essay on the rigin of Species ,

. u o as ill ustrated by yo r wide b tanical experience, and

- think . it goes far to raise the variety making hypothesis to k o f o r the ran a theory, as accounting f the manner in ” a : which new species enter the world . D rwin wrote “ e I have finished your essay . To my judgm nt it is by far the grandest and most interesting essay on su bjects ” o f u the nat re discussed I have ever read . to But, besides its historical interest in relation the ’

- - u c o ntai ed . what Species ! estion, the essay n was up to its time the most scientific treatment o fa large area from

t - t he point o fview of he Plant Geographer. He found a or th t the Antarctic, like the Arctic fl a, is very uniform s u round the globe . The same species in many case occ r n thou sancfi s o every island , though of mile of ocean may r e inte v ne . Many of these species reappear on the o f mountains Southern Chili , Australia , Tasmania , and oras N ew ! ealand . The southern temperate fl , on the other hand , of South America, South Africa, Australia, and New ! ealand differ more among themselves t han d o 3 8 J OSEP H D ALTON H OOKER

the floras of Europe, Northern Asia , and North S t America . To explain these facts he ugges ed the x probable former e istence , during a warmer period than th the present , of a centre of creation of new species in e o f Southern Ocean , in the form either a continent or an

' archipelago , from which the Antarctic flora radiated .

This hypothesis has since been held open to doubt . But the fact that it was suggested shows the broad V iew wh ich he was prepared to take of the problem before m him . His ethod was essentially that which is now

‘ ‘ styled Ecological Many hold this to be a new phase u intr du c ed f W of botanical enq iry, p by Pro essor arming 1 u in 89 5 . N O one will deny the val e of the increased

' u ut precision which he then brought into s ch studies . B in ”point of fact it was Ecology on the grand scale that e e 1 Sir Jos ph Hook r practised in the Antarctic in 840. Moreoy er u n o t o f o ld it was p rsued , in regions civilisa

tion, but in lands where nature held her sway untouched by the hand o fman . This essay on the flora of the Antarctic was the prototype of the great series . Sir J oseph exam ined the ’ mi O f Arctic flora from si lar points view . H e explained u i w the circumpolar n formity which it sho s , and the o f prevalence Scandinavian types, together with the ' peculiarly limited nature O i the flora of the southward peninsula o f Greenland . He extended his enquiries to o u oceanic islands . He pointed t that the conditions which dictated circumpolar distribution are absent from them ; bu t that other conditions exist in them which accou nt for the strange feat u i es which their vegetation

S hows . He extended the application o f such methods H e to the imalaya and to C ntral Asia . H e joined with G N OI th Asa ray in like enquiries in America . The latter had already given a scientific explanation o f the

' surprising fact. that the plants o f the Eastern States resemble more nearly those of China than do those o f the Pacific slope . In resolving these and other problems

40 JOS EPH DALTON H OOKER

no so f May we t now add to these word his, that Hooker was himself its greatest exponent ?

Certain other memoirs fall into a distinct class , which

“ may be styled M orpholog i calm a sense established early he lt u a t . o in as cent ry The exact micr scopic , nalysis of the structure and development of plants had been greatly advanced on the continent about the close o fthe n e eightee th century, and early in the ninet enth they were specially pursued by S chleiden and Hofmeister . In Britain the great outbu rst of systematic work in the first half of the nineteenth century had had a deleteriou s ff w o e ect . By its success ork in the laboratory seemed t d f be in anger of being strangled in the land o its birth . But ' Sir Joseph Hooker formed a link between the herbari u m and the laboratory. H e held a balance between them by a series o f memoirs which were o M rphological in the more modern sense. H e stu died the curious parasitic Balanophoraceae in this ' the Pitc her N e tn li en es . h sio o way ; also Plant , p The p y g a o f u f cal signific nce its rns , and of the Organs o other

' i o f carn vorous plants , formed the subject his address 1 8 u t before the British Association at Belfast in 74. B t 1 86 previous o this , in 3 he had produced his great Welwitscnia monograph on , that most remarkable o fall

' G n the ym osperms , which grows in a limited area of

- G South West Africa, recently erman . The plant is of so un u sual a character that it was a real triumph to trace

’ the comparisons leading to the systematic position which

' he assigned to it . Much modern work with more s e fined methods than his has only served to confirm his classification o f one o f the most bi z arre plants in the vegetable kingdom . Such work bore the mark O f a time ’ u later than that in which it was prod ced . These memoirs ’ serve as another indication of the breadth of Hooker s e scientific outlook . Wh n we take into consideration his o f various published works , which those here quoted are e merely the most notable xamples, the impression is left A UTHORSHIP 4 1 o f w insi it high versatility, combined ith keen g persistence in the acquisition of detai l great power o fusing facts constru ctively Hooker 5 work throu ghou t led v was constructive, and it to positive ad ances in science which form a last ing monument to his long life . CHAPTER V I .

- TH E S PE CI E S ! U E STI O N .

THE middle o f the nineteenth century was a critical period in the history of Biological Science, and especially u Linna n of Botany . The glamo r of the a period had e u o f fad d , and the nat ral system classification of plants u ssieu u initiated by de J had f lly established its position , d an had been worked out into detail, taking its most elaborate form in the P rodromu s of de Candolle . That ' o f v 1 8 1 u h great luminary Gene a died in 4 , leaving his completed work in the hands of his son , Alphonse. I n n R o f Engla d , obert Brown was in the full plenitude e his powers , and in possession of the Banksian h rbarium was evolving out of it s rich treasures new principles ne c lasSific atio n w . of , and morphological comparisons Morphology was being grad ually differentiated from mere ' c b t a as c o n systemati o ny a separate discipline . Nothing tributed more effectively to this than the pu blication of D ie B otani/r als indu ctive Wzssensclta t n f , by Schleide in 1 842 : for in it development and embryology were for the first time indicated as the fou ndation of all insight u into morphology . Th s a new and more profound basis for classification was gradually being evolved . But S the dogma of constancy of pecies still reigned . It was to continue for some years after the middle o ft he century to hold the ground , notwithstanding its growing inconsistency with ascertained facts and well - grounded comparisons . The period i mmediately before the middle of the (42 ) ' THE SPECIES - ! UESTIO N 43

century was pregnant with other new developments . The study of protoplasm engaged the attention of V on

Mohl . The nucleus was recognised by Brown as a con stan t feature o fthe cell . Apical growth was investigated e li L by N a ge and eitgeb . The discovery of the sexuality

e - r B ff offerns, and the completion of th ir life sto y by ischo , e eli u Na g , and Suminski led p to the great generalisation hese' ears of H ofmeister. T y thus witnessed the initiation o f its n - morphology in moder development , as based u t he pon the whole cycle of life of organisms compared . ' O n L P rinci les o Geolo the other hand , yell s p f gy had t a w appeared and ob ained wide acceptance. D r in back “ ” from the Beagle was working at his ! barnacles : Joseph

Hooker was occupied first with his Antarctic voyage , and up till 1 85 1 with the Himalayan journey. These o f u u three great figures, the forerunner Evol tion, the a thor ’ o f Ori i n o S ecies the g f p , and Darwin s first adherent among e h u in e u biologists , w re t s th ir vario s ways working to . wards that great generalisation which was so soon to u revolutionise biological tho ght. f art whic h i Be ore we trace the p , Hooker h mself played in the drama of evolutionary theory , it will be well to glance at his personal relations With Darwin himself. It has been seen ho w he read the proof- sheets of the “ ” v f Voy ag e of the B eagle while still in his last year o

' medical study . But before he started for the Antarctic

h . It a he was introdu ced to its aut or . was in Traf lgar

r a . O n e . Squar , and the interview was brief but co di l retu rning from the Antarctic , correspondence was opened ' u 1 8 in 1 843 . In Jan ary 44 Hooker received the mem o rable letter c o nfiding to him the germ o fthe Theory ( “ w t u : o f Descent. Dar in wrote h s At last gleams of ls light have come, and I am a mo t convinced that species are not (it is like confessing mu rder) i mmutable : I ’ think I have fou nd (here s pres u mption !) the simple way by which species become exquisitely adapted to ” s c o mmu nic a various ends . Thi was probably the first ' 44 JOSEPH DA LTON HOOKER

o f - sc ientific tion by Darwin his species theory to any , e c o Heagu . The correspondence thus happily initiated between Darwin and Hooker I s preserved in the Life a nd Letters of Cha rles Darw in and in the two volu mes of Letters h R o subsequently publis ed . ecent welcome additi ns to the correspondence are also incl u ded in the Life a nd Letters D H oo r 1 1 8 ir . . ke L. o S . f ! , by Huxley, 9 The letters Show o n the one hand the rapid growth o f a d eep friend two e ship between these potent minds , which nded only beside the g rave of Darwin in Westminister Abbey . o But what is more imp rtant is that these letters reveal , in a way that none of the pu blished work o f either cou ld he o f l have done, t steps in the growth the great genera

‘ is tio n W e read o f o r a . the doubts of one the other ; the gradual accumulation of material facts ; the criticisms

‘ an d amendments in face o fnew evidence ; and t he slow progress from tentative hypothesis to assured belief. We ourselves have grown u p since the clash of opinion It u d . for and against the m tability of species die down _ is hard for u s to u nderstand the strength o fthe feelings aroused : the bitterness Ofthe attack by the opponents of ad the theory, and the fortitude demanded from its h ‘ t erent s. It is best to obtain evidence of such ma ters u at first hand , and this is what is s pplied by the corre s o ndence p between Darwin and Hooker. How completethe u nderstanding between the friends soon became 15 shown by the provisions made by Darwin for the pu blication Of his manuscripts in case o f sudden s 1 death . He wrote in Augu t 85 4 the definite direction

' ” Hooker by far the best man to edit my species volume

“ and this notwithstanding that he writes to him as a m ” . B u t ste and awful judge and sceptic again , in a “ few . : letter a months later, he says to him I forgot at the moment that yo u are the one living soul from whom ” c o rfstantl I have y received sympathy . Hooker was in w ’ r fact not only Dar in s fi st confidant, but also the first to TH E SPECI ES - ! UESTION 4 5

accept his theory of the mutability of species . But even not u he did fully assent to it till after its first p blication . t o u t The latter poin comes clearly from the letters . In 1 8 s January 59 , six month after the reading o f thei r c Linnman joint om munications to the Society, Darwin “ ’ writes to Wallace : Y o u ask about Lyell s frame o f d min . I think he is somewhat staggered , but does no t

. give in I think he will end by. being perverted .

. o u o r Dr Hooker has become almost as heterodox as y I , an d I look at Hooker as by far the most capable judge ” 1 8 D in Europe . In September 5 9 arwin Writes to “ W Fo x : L u . D . yell has read abo t half of the volume

. u in . clean sheets He is wavering so much abo t the a immut bility of spec ies that I expect he will come round.

e e . Hooker has ome round, and will publish his b lief soon I n w to : the follo ing month , writing Hooker, Darwin says I have spoken of you here as a convert made by me : b u t I know well how much larger the share has been of your o w n self- thought A letter to Wallace o f Novem “ ber 1 85 9 bears this postscript : I think that I t o ld you ’ If before that Hooker is a complete convert. I can

' ”

a n . convert Huxley I sh ll be conte t And lastly, in a ’ o f letter to W . B . Carpenter, the same month , Darwin “ b u t says : As yet I know only one believer, I look at viz him as of the greatest authority , . , Hooker These L quotations clearly show that, while yell wavered , and no t m Huxley had yet co e in , Hooker was a complete adherent in 1 85 9 to the doctrine o f the mutability of species . Excepting Wallace, he was the first, in fact, of the great group that stood round Darwin , as he was the last o f them to survive . The story of the joint communication o fDarwin and “ o fWallace to the Linnatan Society O n the Tendency of to o n u o f Species form V arieties, and the Perpet ation ! Varieties and Species by Natural Means o f Selection ‘ Sit L has been frequently told. It was Charles yell and ’ : Sir Joseph Hooker who jointly , and with the authors 4

two t permission , communicated the papers to the socie y , together with the evidence of the priority o fDai win i n therefOre u o the enquiry. Nothing, , co ld have been m re apposite than the personal history which Sir Joseph gave

' at the Darwin - Wallace celebration,held by the Linnaean

1 08. Society in 9 He then told , at first hand , the exact

circum stances under which the joint papers were produced . Nor could the expressions used by the President when a nd thanking Sir Joseph , presenting to him the Darwin “ . : Wallace Medal , have been i m proved He said The s i ncalculable benefit that your constant friend hip, advice , u and alliance were to Mr . Darwin himself, is s mmed up

“ ‘ 86 Y o u o wn 1 . in his words , used in 4 have represented ’ to me for many years the whole great public . The “ President then added : O f all men living it is to yo u more than to any other that the great generalisatio n o f Darwin and Wallace owes its tri u mph These words ’ ' r H u xle s death were utte ed many years after y . The ' names o f Huxley and o f H ooker will always be asso c i ated as the public d efenders of evolu tion against attacks o m ne . n stimulated by preconception , ight eve say by to O bigotry. These came a head at the xford meeting i O f the British Association n 1 860. Darwin hi mself was h i not present. The c ief onslaught came from the B shop o f O O f u xford , and the full brunt it was taken by H xley

who replied with his celebrated fighting speech. Huxley

was followed by Hooker. He demonstrated that the Ori i n t Bishop could never have read the g , and tha he n was ignorant of the rudime ts of Botanical Science . ’ o wn The m eeting then collapsed , and in Hooker s words, “ he ! was congratu lated and thanked by the blackest coats and the whitest stocks in Oxford The very last appearance of Hooker at any large public gathering of biologists was at the centenary cele ’ o fD C in 1 bration arwin s birth at ambridge 909. N 0 o ne e fi u i e there present will forg t the tall g of the veteran , a i n aged, but still vigorous, with viv city every feature .

C HAPTER VI I .

L A E R T PE R SO NA CHA R CT I S I CS . IN the preceding chapters the attempt has been made to u present Sir Joseph Hooker in his p blic capacity , as a

“ Pioneer of Science It remains very briefly to sketch his personal characteristics . Though Darwin might half ” u t m humoro sly call him a s e and awful j udge , he was H e i n reality a very human and kindly man . played W not o wn ith children , only his . His visits to Down were popular with the young Darwins . He took a peculiarly sympathetic interest in the work and in the careers of the younger botanists : and even after his

‘ H e s ran retirement that interest still remained . p g from

' “ ” a family o f serious thought. The Judicious H ooker o f b was one his predecessors . His own ranch Of the family became related by marriage and by friendship t o f n an wi h members the Norwich School of Pai ters , d u u with the ! aker families of East Anglia . S ch alliances and friendships had their effect upon the home life o f o f Sir William Hooker, giving it a tinge austerity com bined u u with high c lt re, and they undoubtedly had their effeét in moulding the mentality of his son. A serious c o m sense of duty was a leading characteristic . This bined with strong enthusiasm for science was the key to H i . u his prolific life s temper was equable , and well nder command . But there was one public occasion when his wrath was justly roused , and expressed in strong terms . was n f It whe maladministration by his o ficial chief, the (48) PERSON AL CH ARACTERI STICS 49

F o f to u irst Commissioner Works , bid fair r in the pros e o f pe ts the scientific establishment at Kew . He won the u in enco nter , and the incident though suffi ciently no w acute at the time, serves to show that Hooker f n o t possessed an o ficial will easily bent, and that latent

fires were in reserve in his apparently quiet nature . A very marked feature was his strong family affection f and love o home . It is shown by warm passages in his letters from the Antarctic, which often contained pointed comparison of striking views with scenery known to the f amily , and the expressed wish that they could share his pleasures . His affection for his elde r brother comes out particularly in the expressions evoked by his early

. e fo r death His r gard his father , so often shown in l ife, stim u lated the elaborate record o f his works published A nna ls o B otan 1 0 2 long after his death in the f y , 9 .

Personally , Sir Joseph Hooker was of tall and rather u u spare b ild , with feat res striking and forcible rather than handsome, and he was somewhat unconventional in dress . As a young man he was very active . At the age of 1 9 his mother tells ho w he returned o n foot 2 4 miles from Helensbu rgh to Glasgow on a Sunday after u noon , so as not to miss a Monday morning lect re . His the activity stood him in good stead in Antarctic, and re the Himalaya . His endurance at high levels was t u markable . Wi hout the elaborate preparation and eq ip ment which has enabled other mou ntaineers to reach the greater heights , he climbed well over feet on La f s slopes of Donkiah. ter in li e the exacting week of collecting in the R ocky Mountains and California showed that at the age of 6 0 he was still able to combine con tinu o u s exertion with intense scientific activity . He

. 1 8 1 was twice married First in 5 , to Frances, daughter f H enslo w of Pro essor Of Cambridge, who recommended “ Darwin as naturalist for the Beagle She, as the daughter o f one botanist and wife of another, shared in his pursuits . She even played her own part in 4 5 0 JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER

Traiti o f Le Dec aisne translating the Maout and , a volume to which Sir Joseph added many val u able notes . 1 8 u She died in 7 4, leaving him with a yo ng family of u 1 8 6 four sons and two da ghters . He married again in 7 ,

L . Hyacinth , ady Jardine , by whom he had two sons None of his family continued directly the botanical succession . But his elder daughter married Sir William

Thiselto n- u Dyer, who s cceeded her father as Director Of

Kew. Sir Joseph appears never to have been addicted to games or sport . When his elder brother would be

o r . fishing, he as a boy would be collecting plants insects His z eal for science left him little time for mere am u se ’ ho s ment . In later life he gave as his recreations in W Who u W ed , Nat ral Science, and the collection of g o f wood ware, chiefly the portraits eminent men . As a u “ collector he was a real enth siast . I look them over u o f every S nday morning, he says his Wedgwood . He and gave specimens Of the ware as wedding presents , t often as presents without any wedding . It was hen fitting that a s u ccessfu l medallion of himself should have been execu ted by the firm . Nat u rally from his official position Hooker knew all H i the leading scientific men of the day . s garden

- u h parties at Kew were well known re nions of t em . His most enduring and intimate friendship was with Darwin . His long alliance with Bentham ended only with Ben ’ u tham s death . H xley was a constant ally. Tyndall , Lu rankland Busk , Spencer, bbock , and F were also close W friends . hat then more natural than that they, with

X - some others , should constitute a social body , the C lub , to meet at intervals for dinner and discussion ? Founded 1 86 1 8 2 Fo r in 4, its meetings continued till 9 . a genera the tion it held together, in interest o f science and u sociability, a gro p of the most distinguished men of

! the time all intimate friends . As they died or grew o ld the meetings thinned , New blood was not admitted, PE R SONAL CH ARACTER ISTICS 5 1

X - and the Club finally collapsed, without any formal dissolution . That Sir Joseph himself outlived all the other members was the natural consequence o f survival enthu to extreme age . Combining as he did a burning siasm for science and a kindly sympathy with those who joined with him in its pursuit, he lived his long life in f happy relations with his ellows, and left not a tinge of

bitter feeling behind him at his death . C HAPTER VI I I .

’ HOOKE R S POS ITI O N A S A MA N O F SCI E NCE .

IR EP E lth 1 1 1 S JOS H HOOK R died on o December 9 , at the age of 94, full ofyears and of honours. The list of the distinctions heaped u pon him fills ten pages at the end Li of the fe. Thus contemporary Science gave its verdict no o f in uncertain way. The opinion a period is not Y et necessarily the opinion of posterity. there are solid reasons in the present case for believing that the two to will not diverge. In attempting analyse and ap prec iate those qualities which gave Sir Joseph Hooker his assured position among his contemporaries, it may be possible at the same time t o recognise the permanent f f eatures O his work . For it is these which wi ll secure in o f for him a prominent place the H istory Science, as it may be reviewed from some vantage point in the remote future . What first strikes the Observer is the mere su perficial n z u the fact of an unusually lo g li fe, ealo sly used . I n 1 8 year 37 , while still a student, he described three new 1 species of Mosses. In 9 1 1 he established several new I ti s species of mpa en . Thus his published record covers

- a period of three quarters of a century. Doubtless this e was a factor, but it was only a minor o n . What is more important is that to the very end he never grew really old . He never outlived his freshness of interest r in a new discovery, whether his own o that of his younger contemporaries . The extraordinary length of his p rod uctive period undoubtedly made the great (5 2) POSITION AS A MAN OF SCIENCE 5 3

o f B u volume his work possible. t it is not upon the mere o f to quantity the output, vast though it is, that his title fame rests . It is the quality, the originality, and the o f diversity the work that are its outstanding features . Throughout it all runs the golden thread o facute obser

. b e vation He knew his plants personally . As a boy absorbed specific knowledge almost unconsciously in ’ his father s house, in the Botanic Garden , and in the G country round lasgow. As a young man he travelled to the world over see plants in their native surroundings. As a veteran he lived among them in the great garden at Kew. In his address as President of the British Association 1 86 8 at Norwich in , he gives an insight into his early o f n n attitude enqui ry into biological questio s. Havi g ” “ mysel f, he says, been a student o f Moral Philosophy o n in a northern University, I entered my scientific career full of hope that Metaphysics would prove a use t ful men or, if not a guide in Science. I soon found , a o however, that it availed me nothing , and I long g so z arrived at the conclusion well put by Agassi , when ‘ no t he says , We trust that the time is distant when i t will be universally understood that the battle of the evidences will have to be fought on the field of Physical n ot o f l Science , and on that the Metaphysica This was the d iflic u lt lesson o fthe period when evolution was born . Hooker learned the lesson early. He cleared his mental outlook from all preconceptions, and worked

- down to the bed rock o f objective fact. Thus he was free to use his vast and detailed knowledge in advanci ng along the lines of induction alone towards soun d general isations. These had for the most part a very close o f The relation to questions the mutability of species. subject was approached by him through the study of geographical distribution , in which , as we have seen , he b the had at an early age ecome leading authority.

H ooker was not , however, merely a botanist. His 54 JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER

interest extended into kindred spheres. He shared with Darwin that wider outlook upon the field o f Science that gave a special value to the writings of both . His topographical work in Sikkim wou ld have given him a ff place as a geographer. His observations of the e ects

in o n ! o f denudation the Himalaya , and the deep sea u deposits in the Antarctic , wo ld have given him a foot ing as a geologist . But these were only side issues , and it is the purely botanical writings that made him famous . They fall naturally into three groups accord ing to their s u bjects : the Floristic and Systematic : the o f Morphological : and the Philosophical . In the first these , the Antarctic flora and the flora of British India will always form the basis of the stu dy o f plants in those o f widespread regions . In point richness and variety , as well as of importance to the great population that it

n . sustains , the. Indian flora takes ra k second to none lThe Antarctic flora is a curiou s contrast to it . Strange y uniform , more and more exiguous the more southerly o f the latitude, it is scattered over a still wider sector ’ u al the earth s s rface , where its increasing poverty must u l O ne who ways keep h man population n check . had studied in detail flo ras so diverse was fitted to su rv ey ’ the world s vegetation , as Hooker did . That his methods were essentially those of the most rigid systematist is shown by the share which he took in two purely technical : Genera P la nta ra m works Of the first magnitude the , I d x K ew nsis and the n e e . Both works mark a period u in the systematic treatment of plants. Each is p to o f o f its date a codification accurate knowledge, the one genera , the other of species . In contrast to these greater works are the Morpho o f exhau s logical Memoirs, the aim which is to obtain tive knowledge Of the structure and development of o r n iV lw certain species genera . The monograph o e it schia showed that in this field also Hooker was a master , assigning with accuracy the systematic position o fa most

56 J OSEPH DALTON HOOKER

who intelligible. There are doubtless those , while they u o f m st concede the vital nature the change , may still feel that in so far as the work o fthese great men dealt n with material things , their achievements sta d upon a lower plane than those attained in the purer realms Of abstract thought . Such views spring from imperfect

” knowledge o f what is required fo r the highest success in n Science : from a want of appreciation of the roma ce , o f the adventure , the risks a voyage into the region of u o f u nknown realities ; the preca tion s . the careful and

- disciplined thought , and the rigid self criticism which are the pilots that bring such voyages to a successful close. Moreover, it is not always realised that those u very methods of thought, which any scientific man m st u se a , are essentially the same as those which le d to success in the more abstract regions of intellectuality. The difference is that the practical sciences deal pri B u t o ne marily with real and tangible things . any who follows the work o f such men as Darwin and Hooker must feel how tenuou s is the line Of limitation between morphological reality and morphological abstraction : between the u nit observed and the su mmation o f such u nits into a progression : between the static and the dynamic study of living things . It was this line that was crossed by Darwin and Hooker was the first of his friends to follow . I n him we see the foremost student of the broader aspects o f plant - life at the time when evolutionary belief was nascent . His influence at that

- stirring period , though quiet , was far reaching and deep . u His work was both critical and constr ctive. His wide n knowledge , his kee insight , and his fearless judgment were invaluable in advancing that intellectual revolution he which found its pivot in the mutability of species . T share which he took in promoting it was second only to

- f C that Of his life long riend , harles Darwin .

When we review these varied activities , extending o f throughout the long life Sir Joseph Hooker, it is not POSITI ON AS A MAN OF SCIEN CE 57

difficult to account for the pre- eminent position which he held among his contemporaries . This estimate will be o ne o f an enduring . For the quality and extent the systematic work is such that its effect must be felt O n h wherever plants are defined and classified . the ot er o n Geo ra hi hand, the originality of the generalisations g p cal i - Distr bution, and on the Species ! uestion , has lifted current o pinion into new channels, and so altered it that his place in the history o f human thought is for ever assured .

DATE S R E LAT I N G TO TH E OFF I C I A L A N D SC I E N TI F I C L I FE O F S IR J OS E P H H OO KE R

CB . 1 8 1 8 1 G M 1 M. D . C. L . 69, 77 , 897 , . 907 , D. ,

F . L . S .

orn H a eswort S u fo u ne B , l h , f lk J P I I 8 rst u t n H o Ic . lV lI c a o o . o . . Fi p bli i ( k , ) 3 7

ra u at on . as ow U n ers t 1 8 G d i M . D . Gl g iv i y 3 9 S ailed for Antarc ti c S ept 1 83 9 Fi rst met D arwin 1 83 g R t R ’ t 1 8 e u rn of oss s E xpediti on from Antarc ti c S ep . 43 Correspondenc e w ith D arw in Open ed 1 843

A P I 8 - 1 8 ss stant to ro . ra am E n u r i f G h , di b gh 43 45 P u bli c at ion of A n tarctic Fl ora 1 843 - 1 860

etter ro m - t n an 1 8 L f D arw i n on sp ec i es q u es io J . 44 o tan st to eo S u r e 1 8 6 B i G l . v y 4 Fellow of Ro yal So c iety 1 847 N 1 8 S ail ed for I ndi a ov . 47 R etu rn ed fro m I ndia 1 85 1 R o a e a 1 8 y l M d l . 5 4 H i malayan J ou rnals pu blish ed 1 85 4 A ss istan t Di rec tor of Kew hday 1 85 5 o ra n n t c m ete 1 8 Fl I dic a ( o o pl d) . 5 5

D arwi n- Wallac e jo i n t c o mmu nic ation to the Linnaean S oc i ety J u ly 1 85 8 I ntro du c tion to Flora of Tasman ia N o v 1 85 9 N ov 1 8 Origi n of Spec ies . 5 9 Visit to Syria and Palesti ne 1 860 Welwitsc hi a 1 863 Direc to r of Kew 1 865 8 G enera Plantaru m 1 865 1 8 3 ’ I 1 8 0 S tu dents Fl ora o f the Brit ish I sl ands ( st Ed . ) 7 8 1 J o u rney to the At l as 1 7 8 2 - 1 8 Flora of B riti sh I n di a 1 7 97 P resident R o yal S oc i ety 8 Vi sit to R ocky M ou ntai ns and Californi a 1 7 7 1 88 R et ired from Direc torship 5 88 Co pley M edal 1 7 1 8 Darw in M edal 92 n ex Kew ensis 1 893 - 1 895 I d . 8 8- 1 00 C eylon Fl ora 1 9 9 0 Imp eri al G az etteer o fI ndi a (Botany) 1 9 4 Ce e ratio n nnaean S oc et 1 08 D arw in Wallac e l b , Li i y 9 ’ 1 0 Cen t en ary of D arw in s Birth a t Cambridge 9 9 ’ M t 8 6 1 1 1 t a . . Last p u blic atio n (Cu rti s B o . g 3 9 ) 9 Dec 1 0 1 1 1 D eath . , 9 Dec 1 1 1 1 B uri ed at Kew . 7 , 9

P R R O T A ITS .

A r t d 2 om a e m r f . lI e s c W . Ta o e V . . g 3 F k h by yl . Li o . , p 34 0 .

A ed 8 rom raw n R c mon . ron t s ec e to f g 3 F d i g by i h d F i pi Li e. Vol . I .

t d H er t e en am an o o o t er fe. Vo l . 1 B h k g h Li . II , p . 4.

‘ ' nnaean S c et s Portra t He k m r R rodu ed s r s Li o i y i , by r o e ep c a F onti

V l. e e of e. o pi c Lif II . e a on in ron z e es ne fo r me in t o hi 8o th M d lli B , d ig d dal c elebra ion f s birth da B w h r y By o c e .

Phott ra h . essrs . R u sse 8: S o ns w t Hoo er p By M ll , i h Lady k tgg‘ en t the C S t a amp , aines. o n Wedgwo d M edallio . m nster A e eda ons B ow her in Kew C u rc and in est . M lli . By c , h h W i bb y

The a bove are sel ec ted as giving good representati ons of S ir J oseph H er t r u s er s The e a on B owc her re are for the ook a va io p iod . M d lli by , p p d r r t m re ente on his 80th rt a has een t e su bsc ibe s o the edal p s d bi hd y, b garded as a very faithful representation ofhim at that time. B I B LIO G R A P H Y .

nd tters fS ir H oo er. eon ar H u x e . 2 o s . Life a Le o J . D . k By L d l y V l

u rra 1 1 8. M y. 9

nd ette f C ar w n E te ranc s arw n . Life a L rs o harles D i . di d by F i D i '

u rra . 1 88 M y 7 .

f 2 o s . E te . arw n and More L etters o Charl es D arwin. V l di d by F D i

C . S ewar . 1 0 . A . d 9 3

H 2 s ac m an . 1 00 . u x e . o . Life and Letters of T . H . l y V l M ill 9

C Pr 1 1 0 . m r e ess . e n E u t n . . u a Th Co mi g o f vol i o . J W J dd . b idg 9 ers o f t n E te : O r Cam r e M ak Bri ish B o ta y . di d by F . W live . b idg Pr 1 ess. 9 1 3 . Obituary Notic e of Sir J oseph H ook er w ith Li st of his Work s and P R ortra t . u et n of o alar ens Kew 1 1 2 N o . I . i B ll i y G d , , 9 ,

H m an o urn . H o r 2 u rr . 1 8 . a o e . o s. a i al y J al s. By J . D k V l M y 5 4 ‘ A s n e o u me E t on o f t s w as ro u c e ar o c i gl v l di i hi p d d by W d,L k ,

o w en Co . 1 8 1 B d , 9 . t A S ketc h of he Life and L abou rs of S ir William J ac kson H o oker. his S A n f o tan 1 . n s 02 . By on al o B y . 9

1 1113 11 1) a UNIV ERS I TY Pu s s (6 2)