Materia Giudaica Rivista Dell’Associazione Italiana Per Lo Studio Del Giudaismo VIII/1 (2003)

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Materia Giudaica Rivista Dell’Associazione Italiana Per Lo Studio Del Giudaismo VIII/1 (2003) Materia giudaica Rivista dell’associazione italiana per lo studio del giudaismo VIII/1 (2003) Giuntina Il presente fascicolo e` stato pubblicato con un contributo del Magnifico Rettore dell’Alma Mater - Universita`diBologna, il Prof. Pier Ugo Calzolari, e della Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Ravenna. QUOTE ASSOCIATIVE dell’AISG Tutti coloro che non hanno ancora provveduto a pagare la quota associativa dell’AISG per l’anno 2003, che ammonta a Euro 50 per i soci ordinari e Euro 25 per i soci aggregati, possono farlo tramite un versamento sul c/c postale n. 36247666, intestato a: Associazione Italiana per lo Studio del Giudaismo, c/o Dip.to di Conservazione dei Beni Culturali, via Degli Ariani 1, 48100 Ravenna. Lo stesso n. di conto 36247666, intestato all’AISG, funge anche da c/c bancario su cui versare un bonifico tramite banca, indicando le seguenti coordinate: codici ABI 07601 e CAB 13100. Ai soci in regola con i versamenti delle quote viene inviata gratuitamente la rivista. A quelli morosi l’invio viene sospeso. Il mancato pagamento di due quote annuali consecutive comporta il decadimento dalla qualifica di socio. ATTI DEL XVI CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DELL’AISG, GABICCE MARE (PU), 1-3 OTTOBRE 2002 GIORNATA TEMATICA SU: LE LINGUE DEGLI EBREI. TRADIZIONI E METODOLOGIE E RELAZIONI A TEMA LIBERO a cura di Mauro Perani M. Patrizia Sciumbata L’EBRAICO ANTICO TRA FILOLOGIA E LINGUISTICA: IL CASO DELLA SEMANTICA In un saggio miliare, James Barr affron- a una prima comprensione dei testi. Per diri- tava nel 1968 la questione dell’inadeguatezza mere omonimi non piu` trasparenti si e` fatto ri- dei trattamenti filologici cui l’ebraico biblico corso all’etimologia, che ha finito per assorbire era stato ed era sottoposto 1. Nella rigida visio- ogni possibile discorso sul significato, tanto da ne in cui era rinchiuso circa la sua natura e la trasformarsi in uno strumento predittivo, ren- sua grammatica, visione di cui diremo oltre, le dendo indifferenti gli studiosi ai principi di anomalie linguistiche percepite potevano esse- linguistica generale e alle metodologie per re spiegate in due soli modi: tramite la propo- l’analisi del significato che nel frattempo veni- sta di un’emendazione testuale per un presunto vano elaborate 2. guasto grafico o una cattiva lettura, oppure tra- L’adozione di procedure comparative per mite il mantenimento del testo e l’elucidazione l’interpretazione di forme e il rilevamento di della forma o del significato grazie alla testimo- significati apparentemente piu` consoni con il nianza fornita dalle lingue affini. contesto e` stata facile per l’ebraico biblico, an- che perche´ poteva vantare gia` una lunga tradi- L’approccio filologico comparativistico zione3, stimolata da un lato dai numerosi hapax e termini rari presenti nella Bibbia In effetti, a partire dalle scoperte otto- ebraica e dall’altro dalla competenza aramaica centesche di nuove lingue semitiche, i cui cor- e araba dei lessicografi medievali. Inoltre, l’in- pora andavano decifrati, e` invalso l’uso di dagine etimologica si sposava bene con la con- definire come filologia semitica la ricostru- cezione teologica dell’ebraico come lingua zione dei testi attraverso varie procedure di sacra, detentrice di uno status metafisico 4. Gli comparazione (piu` correttamente si dovrebbe anni Sessanta del secolo scorso hanno visto il parlare di linguistica semitica comparativa). In proliferare di proposte semantiche sulla base particolare, la comparazione si e` resa necessa- del nuovo e piu` vasto ventaglio comparativo 5 e ria ai fini semantici, dimostrandosi spesso utile questo non solo per i termini rari, ma anche 1 Del volume sara` qui citata la seconda edizione: P. van Hecke, Are People Walking After or Before J. Barr, Comparative Philology and the text of the God?, «Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica» 30 Old Testament. With Additions and Corrections, Ei- (1999), pp. 37-71. senbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana 19872 (1a ed. 3 Cfr. David Te´ne´, voce Linguistic Literature, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1968). Hebrew,inEncyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 16, 1971, 2 Per una discussione relativa all’applicazione coll. 1352-1390; vd. anche J. Barr, Hebrew Lexico- all’ebraico delle varie discipline semantiche, si ve- graphy,inP. Fronzaroli (cur.), Studies on Semitic dano le tre raccolte di dissertazioni presentate in Lexicography, Firenze, Istituto di Linguistica e di occasione di tre seminari internazionali organizzati Lingue Orientali − Universita`diFirenze 1973 in preparazione al progetto SAHD-Semantics of An- (Quaderni di Semitistica 2), pp.103-126, in partico- cient Hebrew Database e pubblicate su «Zeitschrift lare pp. 106-107. fu¨r Althebraistik» 6,1 (1993), numero monografico, 4 Cfr. J. Barr, The Semantics of Biblical Langua- e 7,1 (1994), pp. 1-50 e in T. Muraoka (cur.), Stu- ge, London, Oxford University Press 1961 (tr. it. Se- dies in Ancient Hebrew Semantics, Peeters, Louvain mantica del linguaggio biblico, Bologna, Edizioni 1995 (Abr-Nahrain Supplemente Series 4). Cfr. an- Dehoniane 1980). che M. Patrizia Sciumbata, Un progetto europeo di 5 Una breve storia delle diverse scuole compara- un database sulla semantica dell’ebraico antico tiviste operanti in quegli anni sull’ebraico puo` tro- (SAHD): gli studi preliminari: «Henoch» 19 (1997), varsi in D. J. A. Clines, Philology and Power,inid., pp. 237-242. Per un esempio di applicazione al- On the Way to the Postmodern. Old Testament Es- l’ebraico delle teorie della semantica cognitiva vd. says, 1967-1998, Sheffield Academic Press, Shef- 5 M. Patrizia Sciumbata per altri piu` conosciuti, per i quali in determi- primo volume, ma successivamente recupe- nati contesti si sono proposti degli omonimi rata10. (spesso piu`diuno), una pratica tesa a salvare il Se in effetti il ricorso alla comparazione Testo Masoretico in alternativa all’emendazio- in ambito semantico e lessicografico non puo` ne testuale 6,mache ha finito per minacciare la essere del tutto abbandonata a causa dei troppi funzionalita` stessa della lingua ebraica7. termini rari e hapax presenti nei limitati corpo- La centralita` della comparazione ai fi- ra letterari pervenutici 11, bisogna tuttavia esse- ni lessicografici e` visibile dalla posizione ini- re coscienti dei suoi limiti euristici 12. Anche ziale occupata dal materiale comparativo nei l’indagine etimologica puo`almassimo fornirci maggiori dizionari dell’ebraico biblico 8, una un’interessante prospettiva sulla storia di un si- tendenza questa che va ridimensionandosi nel- gnificante, ma non una reale informazione sul l’ultimo decennio, in seguito alle critiche susci- significato di una parola in una determinata fa- tate dagli eccessi del metodo9.Inquesti dizio- se di una lingua storica13.Iltipo di considera- nari sono anche elencate in numeri romani zioni che vanno a ricostruire il testo e il tipo di varie proposte di radici omonime, una pratica nozioni presupposte per lo studioso sono diver- rigettata programmaticamente dal DCH nel se da quelle messe in gioco in un’analisi lingui- field 1998 (Journal for the Study of the Old Dizionario Teologico dell’Antico Testamento, Ma- Testament Supplement Series 292), vol. II, pp. 613- rietti, Torino 1978-1981). 630 (paper presentato presso il Society of Biblical 9 Cosı` L. Alonso Scho¨kel, Diccionario bı´blico Literature Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Novem- hebreo-espan˜ol, Editorial Trotta, Valencia 1994; ber 1995). D.J.A. Clines (cur.), The Dictionary of Classical He- 6 Barr, Comparative Philology, cit., p. 6. brew, voll. I-V (fino alla lettera nun), Sheffield Aca- 7 L’accertamento dell’esistenza o meno degli demic Press, Sheffield 1993-2001 (d’ora in poi omonimi proposti attraverso la comparazione semi- DCH). 10 tica deve rispondere ad alcuni principi generali e Nell’articolo Philology and Power (in id., On soprattutto deve confrontarsi con il problema del- the Way to the Post-modern, cit., p. 617), Clines giu- l’ambiguita` che essi possono creare. In una lingua stificava la sua decisione dicendo di non aver voluto gli omonimi sono gestibili quando appartengono a privilegiare i dati della comparazione semitica ri- diverse parti del discorso,oadiversi campi seman- spetto a quelli delle versioni o dei lessicografici ebrei medievali. Una posizione questa criticata da tici, per cui il contesto dirime l’ambiguita`.Cfr. Barr, G. Khan nella recensione su «Vetus Testamentum» Comparative Philology, cit., pp. 136-151; D.J.A. 47 (1997), pp. 392-393. A partire dal secondo volu- Clines, Was There an ’BL II ‘Be Dry’ in Classical me Clines introduce alcune proposte comparative, Hebrew?,inid., On the Way to the Postmodern, cit., dandone i riferimenti bibliografici. vol. II, pp. 585-594, in particolare pp. 588-589. 11 Lo stesso vale per la consultazione delle ver- L’articolo era precedentemente apparso su «Vetus sioni e dei lessicografi ebrei medievali. Sulle pro- Testamentum» 42 (1992), pp. 1-10. blematiche relative all’uso di questi strumenti cfr. 8 J. Barr, Hebrew Lexicography, cit., p. 114. in T. Muraoka (cur.), Studies in Ancient Hebrew Cosı` F. Brown, S.R. Driver, C. Briggs, A Hebrew Semantics, cit. gli articoli T. Muraoka, The Seman- and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an tics of the LXX and its Role in Clarifying Ancient Appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic, Claren- Hebrew Semantics, pp. 19-32; J. Margain, Se´man- 2 1 don Press, Oxford 1951 (1906 ), d’ora in poi BDB; tique He´braı¨que. L’apport des Targums, pp. 11-17; L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, Hebra¨isches und ara- G.B. Sarfatti, Mishnaic Vocabulary and Mishnaic ma¨isches Lexicon zum Alten Testament,6volls., E. Literature as Tools for the Study of Biblical Seman- J. Brill, Leiden 1967-1996, d’ora in poi HAL; cfr. tics, pp. 33-48. anche G.J. Botterweck, H. Ringgren (curr.), Theo- 12 I risultati ottenuti per via filologico-compara- logisches Wo¨rterbuch zum Alten Testament,8voll., tiva sono necessariamente probabilistici e approssi- Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart-Berlin-Ko¨ln- mativi. Il problema e` nel metodo in se´enon nel Mainz 1973-1995; E.
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