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IBM のパソコン事業参入に関するケース・スタディ (1) パソコン市場への参入に遅れた IBM が 1980 年代初頭にパソコン開発に関して下した技術的決断に関 わる組織外的要因と組織内的要因 A
技術戦略論 2011 講義メモ> CASE STUDY>IBM の PC 市場参入 IBM のパソコン事業参入に関するケース・スタディ (1) パソコン市場への参入に遅れた IBM が 1980 年代初頭にパソコン開発に関して下した技術的決断に関 わる組織外的要因と組織内的要因 a. 組織外的要因 --- 1970 年代後半期におけるパソコン市場 メインフレームやミニ・コンピュータといった製品から構成されていたコンピュータ産業に、1970 年代中 頃にパーソナル・コンピュータという製品が付け加わることになった。メインフレーム、ミニ・コンピュータ、 パーソナル・コンピュータではそれぞれターゲットとする顧客層が異なった。 産業構造 メインフレーム、ミニ・コンピュータの製造に関わるほとんどの企業は、垂直統合型構造を志向したが、 パーソナル・コンピュータに関わったほとんどの企業は、応用ソフト、OS、CPU、記憶装置など主要構成 要素に関して分業型構造を志向した。 組 織 PC 市場は 1975 年頃から急激な成長を開始し、1981 年の米国パソコン市場は推定出荷台数 70 万 市場 外 台、推定売上 10 億ドルという規模にまでなっていた。 的 要 競合企業 Apple 社、Commodore 社、Tandy=RadioShack 社 因 先行製品 AppleII(1977.4)、PET 2001(1977.4)、TRS-80(1977.8)などの 8 ビットパソコン 先行製品の 8080 系マイクロプロセッサー(インテルの 8080 と互換性を持つマイクロプロセッサー)>シェア大 採用CPU 6800 系マイクロプロセッサー(モトローラの 6800 と互換性を持つマイクロプロセッサー)>シェア小 ユーザー 主要なユーザー層が、イノベーター(Innovators)からアーリー・アダプター(Early Adopters)へと移行中 b. 組織外的要因 --- 1970 年代後半期におけるパソコン市場 製品の差別化を可能とする要素技術の自社保有の有無およびそうした技 術を開発する能力 自社の 「技術開発」力 パソコンでいえば、CPU の開発力、OS の開発力、アプリケーション・ソフトの開発 力、プログラミング言語の開発力などがこうした「技術開発」力になる 様々な要素技術や部品・ソフトウェアを組み合わせて「魅力」的な製品を 企画・開発・設計する能力 パソコンでいえば、「どのような CPU を採用するのか?」、「プレ・インストール用 製品に関わる OS としてどんな OS を採用するのか?」、「どのようなアプリケーション・ソフトをプ 技術力 レ・インストールしておくのか?」、「周辺機器接続のための拡張カードを利用する (Product Innovation ために、どのような拡張バス(ISA バスなのか、PCI バスなのか、AGP バスなのか、 組 に関わる技術力) 自社の PCI-EXPRESS バスなのか)を採用するのか、あるいは、拡張バスをどれだけの数 織 「製品開発」力 内 だけ設けるのか(あるいは拡張バスを設けないのか)?」、「外部周辺機器を簡単 的 「製品デザイン」 に接続してすぐに使うためにどのような接続ポート(ex.RS232C 接続ポート、ジョイ 要 力 スティック接続ポート、USB 接続ポート、IEEE1394 接続ポート、外部ディスプレイ 因 接続ポート)を採用するのか?」「どのようなマザーボードを採用するのか?」などと いった異なる複数の技術的方式の選択に関わる技術的判断を必要とする事柄に 関する能力 ----なお、 「どのような容量の HDD を採用するのか?」「FDD -
Computer Organization & Architecture Eie
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE EIE 411 Course Lecturer: Engr Banji Adedayo. Reg COREN. The characteristics of different computers vary considerably from category to category. Computers for data processing activities have different features than those with scientific features. Even computers configured within the same application area have variations in design. Computer architecture is the science of integrating those components to achieve a level of functionality and performance. It is logical organization or designs of the hardware that make up the computer system. The internal organization of a digital system is defined by the sequence of micro operations it performs on the data stored in its registers. The internal structure of a MICRO-PROCESSOR is called its architecture and includes the number lay out and functionality of registers, memory cell, decoders, controllers and clocks. HISTORY OF COMPUTER HARDWARE The first use of the word ‘Computer’ was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculation or computation. A brief History: Computer as we all know 2day had its beginning with 19th century English Mathematics Professor named Chales Babage. He designed the analytical engine and it was this design that the basic frame work of the computer of today are based on. 1st Generation 1937-1946 The first electronic digital computer was built by Dr John V. Atanasoff & Berry Cliford (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer named colossus was built for military. 1946 – The first general purpose digital computer- the Electronic Numerical Integrator and computer (ENIAC) was built. This computer weighed 30 tons and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which were used for processing. -
Lynn Conway Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Emerita University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110 [email protected]
IBM-ACS: Reminiscences and Lessons Learned From a 1960’s Supercomputer Project * Lynn Conway Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Emerita University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110 [email protected] Abstract. This paper contains reminiscences of my work as a young engineer at IBM- Advanced Computing Systems. I met my colleague Brian Randell during a particularly exciting time there – a time that shaped our later careers in very interesting ways. This paper reflects on those long-ago experiences and the many lessons learned back then. I’m hoping that other ACS veterans will share their memories with us too, and that together we can build ever-clearer images of those heady days. Keywords: IBM, Advanced Computing Systems, supercomputer, computer architecture, system design, project dynamics, design process design, multi-level simulation, superscalar, instruction level parallelism, multiple out-of-order dynamic instruction scheduling, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, VLSI design. 1 Introduction I was hired by IBM Research right out of graduate school, and soon joined what would become the IBM Advanced Computing Systems project just as it was forming in 1965. In these reflections, I’d like to share glimpses of that amazing project from my perspective as a young impressionable engineer at the time. It was a golden era in computer research, a time when fundamental breakthroughs were being made across a wide front. The well-distilled and highly codified results of that and subsequent work, as contained in today’s modern textbooks, give no clue as to how they came to be. Lost in those texts is all the excitement, the challenge, the confusion, the camaraderie, the chaos and the fun – the feeling of what it was really like to be there – at that frontier, at that time. -
1977: the Year of the Appliance Computer
1977: The year of the appliance computer Vintage Computer Festival East Sunday, April 2, 2017 Bill Degnan The MITS Mobile Computer Carivan traveled across the USA to demonstrate and teach customers about the MITS Altair, and to help customers with their kit project work. There has to be an easier way! Cover, Byte December 1977 Computer Lib / Dream Machines by Theodor Nelson 1977 a Nexus? • Customer demand for user-friendly computers. • Larger Manufacturers with finished systems entering the market • Mass production • Finished Systems well below $2000 • Multiple PC magazines • Special Interest Groups/Clubs/Conventions Enter The “Appliance Computer” • Phrase coined by Carl Helmers, Byte editor in January 1977 • Finished product desktop general-purpose computer complete with software (BASIC) • Reasonably Priced, purchased at a retail store or computer shop • Turnkey Computer – Works right out of the box • User does not need to know electronics or techniques of tuning of hardware • User does not need to build custom bootstrap program to initiate system • User manual uses pictures and examples to teach use, designed for simplicity. • The point of ownership is not to build the computer and maintain it Appliance computers for small business? You Bet! • A single computer is used in a very small business to take the place of several people either by saving the cost of salaries and benefits or freeing people for other tasks. • Eliminates manual processing of clerical work – inventory, book keeping, spreadsheets, production control, automated process monitoring and measuring, elimination of other paper shuffling. • New capabilities like presentations, mailing lists and other customer sorting, telephone files, library catalogs other databases. -
6.0.119 Plot Subroutine for FORTRAN with Format 1620-FO
o o o DECK KEY PLOT SUBROUTlNE 1. FORTRAN Plot Demonstration Deck to Read FOR FORTRAN Values from and Compute the Sine, Cosine WITH FORMAT and Natural Log (1620-FO-004 Version 1) 2. Plot Subroutine Program Deck 3. Plot Subroutine Source Deck 4. Plot Subroutine Demonstration Data Deck Author: Edward A. VanSchaik IBM Corporation 370 W. First Street Dayton, Ohio . "7 Plot Subroutine for FORTRAN with Format (1620-FO-OO4 Version 1) Author: Edward A. VanSchaik IDM Corporation Plot Subroutine of IBM 1620 FORTRAN with Format 3'70 West First Street Dayton 2, Ohio INTRODUCTION Direct Inquiries To: Author Since many IBM 1620 applications are in areas where a rough plot of the results can be quite useful, it was felt that a subroutine incorporated into A. Purpose/Description: This program presents a subroutine which can be FORTRAN was necessary. GOTRAN provides a statement for plotting easily used in FORTRAN for plotting single or multiple curves without requiring a separate program and a knowledge of GOTRAN language. This the GOTRAN problem of determining which curve has the lower magnitude. write-up presents a subroutine which can be easily used in FORTRAN for Also this method can be used to generate the curves on cards for off-line plotting single or multiple curves without the GOTRAN problem of detf;'lr printing. mining which curve has the lower magnitude. Also this method can be used to generate the curves on cards for off-line printing. B. Method: N/A METHOD OF USE C. Restrictions and Range: Normally a range of 0-'70 should be the limitation for typewriter output since the carriage can handle only 80 to 85 positions. -
A Study for the Coordination of Education Information and Data Processing from Kindergarten Through College
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 035 317 24 EM 007 717 AUTHOR Keenan, W. W. TTTLR A Study for the Coordination of Education Information and Data Processing from Kindergarten through College. Final Report. INSTITUTION Minnesota National Laboratory, St. Paul. SDONS AGENCY Office of Education (DREW), Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research. BUREAU NO BR-8-v-001 PUB DATE Sep 69 GRANT OEG-6-8-008001-0006 NOTE 165p. EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.75 HC-$8.35 DESCRIPTORS Computer Oriented Programs, *Educational Coordination, Educational Planning, *Electronic Data Processing, Feasibility Studies, Indexing, Institutional Research, *State Programs, *State Surveys ABSTPACT The purpose of this project was to study the feasibility of coordinating educational information systems and associated data processing efforts. A non-profit organization, representing key educational agencies in the state of Minnesota, was established to advise and guide the project. A statewide conference was held under the auspices of the Governor to mobilize interest, to provide and disseminate information, and to do preliminary planning. A status study was conducted which covered all institutions in the state and included hardiare utilized, plans, training of staff and special projects and efforts that might be underway. On the basis of the conference, the status study, and subsequent meetings, a basic overall plan for the coordination and development of information systems in education in the state of Minnesota was completed and disseminated. Appendixes include a report on the conference, the status report, and the resultant state plan. (JY) 4 FINAL REPORT Project No. 8-F-001 Grant No. OEG-6 -8 -008001-0006 A STUDY FOR THE COORDINATION OF EDUCATION INFORMATION AND DATA PROCESSING- FROM KINDERGARTEN THROUGH COLLEGE W. -
6.823 Computer System Architecture
6.823 Computer System Architecture Instructors: Daniel Sanchez and Joel Emer TA: Hyun Ryong (Ryan) Lee What you’ll understand after The processor you taking 6.823 built in 6.004 September 8, 2021 MIT 6.823 Fall 2021 L01-1 Computing devices then… September 8, 2021 MIT 6.823 Fall 2021 L01-2 Computing devices now September 8, 2021 MIT 6.823 Fall 2021 L01-3 A journey through this space • What do computer architects actually do? • Illustrate via historical examples – Early days: ENIAC, EDVAC, and EDSAC – Arrival of IBM 650 and then IBM 360 – Seymour Cray – CDC 6600, Cray 1 – Microprocessors and PCs – Multicores – Cell phones • Focus on ideas, mechanisms, and principles, especially those that have withstood the test of time September 8, 2021 MIT 6.823 Fall 2021 L01-4 Abstraction layers Application Algorithm Parallel computing, Programming Language specialization, Original Operating System/Virtual Machine security, … domain of the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Domain of computer Microarchitecture computer architect architecture (‘90s) (‘50s-‘80s) Register-Transfer Level (RTL) Circuits Reliability, power Devices Expansion of Physics computer architecture, mid- 2000s onward. September 8, 2021 MIT 6.823 Fall 2021 L01-5 Computer Architecture is the design of abstraction layers • What do abstraction layers provide? – Environmental stability within generation – Environmental stability across generations – Consistency across a large number of units • What are the consequences? – Encouragement to create reusable foundations: • Toolchains, operating systems, libraries – Enticement for application innovation September 8, 2021 MIT 6.823 Fall 2021 L01-6 Technology is the dominant factor in computer design Technology Transistors Computers Integrated circuits VLSI (initially) Flash memories, … Technology Core memories Computers Magnetic tapes Disks Technology ROMs, RAMs VLSI Computers Packaging Low Power September 8, 2021 MIT 6.823 Fall 2021 L01-7 But Software.. -
Retrocomputer Magazine
Jurassic News Retrocomputing: Buon compleanno tre scuole di Spectrum! pensiero, un solo movimento C R La storia del BASIC A Y 1 Le mostre Torino: Steve Jobs 1955-2011 Bertiolo 2012 Apple Club: il miniBASIC Trento: Era domani Retrocomputer Magazine Anno 7 - Numero 41 - Maggio 2012 Collophon I dati editoriali della rivista Jurassic News Jurassic News Rivista aperiodica di Retrocomputer Jurassic News Coordinatore editoriale: Tullio Nicolussi [Tn] E’ una fanzine dedicata al retro- Redazione: computing nella più ampia accezione del [email protected] termine. Gli articoli trattano in generale dell’informatica a partire dai primi anni Hanno collaborato a questo numero: ‘80 e si spingono fino ...all’altro ieri. Besdelsec [Bs] Lorenzo [L2] La pubblicazione ha carattere Sonicher [Sn] puramente amatoriale e didattico, tutte Salvatore Macomer [Sm] Lorenzo Paolini [Lp] le informazioni sono tratte da materiale Giovanni [jb72] originale dell’epoca o raccolte su Internet. Antonio Tierno Cecilia Botta Normalmente il materiale originale, Moira Bertolini anche se “giurassico” in termini Felice Pescatore informatici, non è privo di restrizioni di Luca Papinutti utilizzo, pertanto non sempre è possibile Damiano Cavicchio Massimo Cellini riportare per intero articoli, foto, schemi, listati, etc…, che non siano esplicitamente Diffusione: liberi da diritti. La rivista viene diffusa in formato PDF via Internet agli utenti E’ possibile che parti del materiale registrati sul sito: pubblicato derivi da siti internet che non sono citati direttamente negli articoli. www.jurassicnews.com. Questo per la difficoltà di attribuzione del Contatti: materiale alla fonte originale; eventuali [email protected] segnalazioni e relative notifiche sono benvenute. Copyright: I marchi citati sono di copyrights La redazione e gli autori degli dei rispettivi proprietari. -
Las Netbook En Educación
Las Netbook en Educación PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sun, 10 Jun 2012 00:15:15 UTC Contents Articles Historia de las computadoras personales 1 Internet 19 Netbook 28 Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación 31 Web 2.0 53 Docencia 2.0 57 Conectar Igualdad 58 References Article Sources and Contributors 60 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses Licencia 63 Historia de las computadoras personales 1 Historia de las computadoras personales La historia de las computadoras personales comenzó en los años 1970. Una computadora personal esta orientado al uso individual y se diferencia de una computadora mainframe, donde las peticiones del usuario final son filtradas a través del personal de operación o un sistema de tiempo compartido, en el cual un procesador grande es compartido por muchos individuos. Después del desarrollo del microprocesador, las computadoras personales llegaron a ser más económicos y se popularizaron. Niños jugando en una computadora Amstrad CPC 464 en los años 1980 Las primeras computadoras personales, generalmente llamados microcomputadoras, fueron vendidos a menudo como kit electrónicos y en números limitados. Fueron de interés principalmente para los aficionados y técnicos. Etimología Originalmente el término "computadora personal" apareció en un artículo del New York Times el 3 de noviembre de 1962, informando de la visión de John W. Mauchly sobre el futuro de la computación, según lo detallado en una -
Programming the IBM 650
RICHARD v ANDREE ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATIC S UNIVERSITY OF OKLAH O MA c - .....- If' '" .. " \ ' 0 .. N G OA t .. ........ ".•0t0l .... --\I'• .Q\; ....... -, OtU;t1Q1t•" ~ .;. ... 1<• ..,'0<" ~ut .....ucnooo ....' U .. "CO Olffhl.. Ow I • ~ 0 0 4. • 0 0 &8CMltU ~ aut\lU '-'Sfb&tJTOIt L ~ ItI~ :U· IlCII'.'" tu.II _ ife» '-'*' QHaAnoe , ...."a SfOfJ SINN no-C .~~' . '. - " ..,. I ( , I. • • • • • • • • "'f"'. ~.. • ',01 ~ IoOW1I ~ _ ....... ... ,~..- J 4«t* , no.. .., , , 't' ' \' , ,.' ~ .' ;' .. I~ MOGt£MMtO NW oa. • 0 0 • • " ,. ~ I ( ,. I 0 If • C()trl:ft.Ol ~. DGPUoy ovtut&'W ~ '''0'1 -- , , . ' I .. .. 'I O(.. IAM (O MJI ~T! " ,I,(Cu' ~I"O""¥I .. ~ .•• ~, I I I "'.' I HH;( I __ ~ S1"" I SlO'. ~ I IlUf HUT U$U l......... ' , • j ~ ~., " id , ~j ~' ·;1 ,IJ ', ',' .' • t., ." '" (, It \ t \' .. , '.3 ~: . f .. _ ... ~ .. ~ ~ . " ' . , '. \t J \' '' ':l!~ t. ','l ) '. J '\ :..' ~. , • , • • ,_ r: .. ' : ,' rW , Ii •• , ' . ~ • " f ,,;. " ,',.' • -elf!" ~-iJ~ !) , r "" ... _, _ _ .. ... .. - ".'" 't. ~" ~ _ ~ f. _ _ ." ~'f--_ _ i __ ~ '* - ;. 4 ' ~ ! /~ RICHARD V. ANDREE ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA U U U 11 ;J n I] HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON, INC. 383 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK 17, N. Y. Dedication II II I I I I I II I I I I I III I I II I 1111 " I I I I II I III I I I I III I II 10000010000010000000111000000000100000110010000001000001000000000110000000000000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526 272829 JO 313233343536 37 38 39 40414243« 45 46 47 48 49 50 5152535455565158596061626364656667686970717213747576 -
Systems Simulator Programming Language for the Ibm 1620 Computer
A SYSTEMS SIMULATOR PROGSAMMING LANGUAGS FOR THE IBM 1620 COMPUTER by THOMAS ALLEN liTEBB III B. S. , Kansas State University, I965 A MASTER'S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Industrial Engineering KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1966 Approved by: Major Professor t-p 2(;6»? r4 \lO(f U/ 3(^ C. X . , Oom m-ey-^ TABLE OP CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 FOHTBAH II k DECISION SYSTEMS 1? RANDOM NUMBERS 2? IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODIFIED PROCESSOR 30 TRIAL PROGRAMS 36 CONCLUSION UrO FIGURES 42 APPENDIX 1 91 APPENDIX 2 109 BIBLIOGEAPHY 137 ''] ''} ^ : : yj '"'"' \' '- ... ^ '^. \ *, - - T - \ IHTRODUCTION Through simulation the performance of an orcanizatlon or some part of an orcanization can be represented over a certain period of time (Martin, I96I). This is accomplished by devising mathe- matical models representing the components of the organization and 'oroviding decision systems for these components to represent the various interrels-tionships. A digital computer may be used to progress through the model for various intervals of time, paus- ing at the end of each interval to compute the interactions be- ti.'cen certain components. In this way it is possible to obtain a "simulated" history of the organization under certain specified conditions. By changing the conditions and repeating the process it is possible to compare various parameters or decision systems. In -this manner it is possible to experiment with changes in an organization without affecting the actual organization being studied. Eandon variations are characteristic of many organizations. In many situations, the randomness is so essential that the com- mon simplifying technique of using average values simply "assumes away" the problem. -
IBM 5100 APL Reference Manual
Preface This publication is a reference manual that provides specific information about the use of the IBM 5100 Portable Computer, the APL language, and installation planning and procedures. It also provides information about forms insertion and ribbon replacement for the 5103 printer. This publication is intended for users of the 5100 and the APL language. Prerequisite Pub1icat ion IBM 5100 APL Introduction, SA21-9212 Related Publications IBM 5100 APL Reference Card, GX21-9214 APL Language, GC26-3847 IBM 5100 Communications Reference Manual, SA2 1-9215 0 First Edition (August 1979) 0 Changes are continually made to the specifications herein; any such changes will be reported in subsequent revisions or technical newsletters. Requests for copies of IBM publications should be made to your IBM represen- tative or the IBM branch office serving your locality. 0 A form for reader's comments is at the back of this publication. If the form has been removed, address your comments to IBM Corporation, Publications, Dept. 245, Rochester, Minnesota 55901. @ Copyright International Business Machines Corporation, 1975 0 Contents CHAPTER 1. OPERATION ......... 1 CHAPTER 4. PRIMITIVE (BUILT-IN) FUNCTIONS . .43 I8M 5100 Overview ............ 1 Primitive Scalar Functions ..........43 Display Screen ............. 1 The + Function: Conjugate. Plus .......44 . Switches ............... 4 The- Function: Negation. Minus ..... .45 (-. i Power On or Restart Procedures ....... 4 The x Function: Signum. Times ...... .46 Display Screen Control .......... 5 The + Function: Reciprocal. Divide ..... .48 Keyboard .............. 6 The r Function: Ceiling. Maximum ......50 Attention ............. 6 The L Function: Floor. Minimum ..... .51 Hold ............... 6 The I Function: Magnitude. Residue .....52 Execute .............. 7 The *Function: Exponential. Power .... .54 Command ............