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1 The following document has been adapted from an IBM intranet resource developed by Grace Scotte, a senior information broker in the communications organization at IBM’s EMEA headquarters in Paris, France. Some Key Dates in IBM's Operations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) Introduction The years in the following table denote the start up of IBM operations in many of the EMEA countries. In some cases -- Spain and the United Kingdom, for example -- IBM products were offered by overseas agents and distributors earlier than the year listed. In the case of Germany, the beginning of official operations predates by one year those of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, which was formed in 1911 and renamed International Business Machines Corporation in 1924. Year Country 1910 Germany 1914 France 1920 The Netherlands 1927 Italy, Switzerland 1928 Austria, Sweden 1935 Norway 1936 Belgium, Finland, Hungary 1937 Greece 1938 Portugal, Turkey 1941 Spain 1949 Israel 1950 Denmark 1951 United Kingdom 1952 Pakistan 1954 Egypt 1956 Ireland 1991 Czech. Rep. (*split in 1993 with Slovakia), Poland 1992 Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia 1993 East Europe & Asia, Slovakia 1994 Bulgaria 1995 Croatia, Roumania 1997 Estonia The Early Years (1925-1959) 1925 The Vincennes plant is completed in France. 1930 The first Scandinavian IBM sales convention is held in Stockholm, Sweden. 4507CH01B 2 1932 An IBM card plant opens in Zurich with three presses from Berlin and Stockholm. 1935 The IBM factory in Milan is inaugurated and production begins of the first 080 sorters in Italy. 1936 The first IBM development laboratory in Europe is completed in France. 1937 The first IBM sales school for French-speaking Europeans is held in Paris. 1939 The first European sales school is held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1941 IBM inaugurates a new factory for parts production and assembly in Essonnes, France. IBM establishes a subsidiary in Spain. 1947 IBM France headquarters is established at Place Vendome in Paris. 1948 IBM Italy has 63 DP equipment users. 1949 IBM Belgium produces one million cards a day. IBM Germany moves from Berlin to Boeblingen. 1950 The first IBM World Trade Hundred Percent Club conventions are held in Berne, Stockholm, and London. An IBM subsidiary is established in Denmark. 4507CH01B 3 1951 IBM UK begins marketing IBM products and services. 1952 IBM opens a new plant in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 1953 IBM UK opens a new factory in Greenock, Scotland. IBM wins its first contract in Egypt (before its branch sales office is established) with the Heliopolis Railways Company and Ain Shams Oasis to supply tabulating machines. IBM Germany opens a new research and development lab in Boeblingen. 1955 IBM Institute of Data Processing and Computing opens in Paris, France. 1956 IBM Ireland is organized to market data processing equipment. An IBM Research Laboratory is inaugurated in Adliswil, Switzerland. 1957 The IBM France Data Processing Center in Paris installs the first IBM 704 computer in Europe. A distinguishing feature is its magnetic core memory which can store up to 20,000 alphabetical, numerical or symbolic characters. IBM UK opens its new headquarters in London. The U.K. Atomic Authority installs the first IBM 704 in the British Isles. 1958 European and U.S. programming specialists meet in Zurich and agree to a unified programming language, ALGOL. IBM's introduces cross-border manufacturing in keeping with the spirit of the Treaty of Rome. Applying the manufacturing concept of "product by plant,” IBM establishes the practice of concentrating a product's manufacture in an individual plant for all of Europe. 4507CH01B 4 An IBM 305 RAMAC (Random Access Memory Accounting) computer answers questions on world history in 10 languages at Brussels World's Fair. The IBM 7070 transistorized computing system is announced in Paris, France. IBM Germany establishes a manufacturing research department. German engineers complete development work, started in 1953, on the IBM 3000 series. The IBM Executive typewriter -- a machine that produces proportionally-spaced type -- goes into production in the Amsterdam plant. The development laboratory at Hursley, U.K., near Winchester, is opened. 1959 IBM's European headquarters is relocated to Cite du Retiro in Paris, France. A new headquarters building for IBM Belgium opens in Brussels. The European Education Center is established at Blaricum, The Netherlands. The 1960s 1960 A new research unit is founded in Paris, France, which later becomes an IBM Scientific Center. IBM Sweden is first in Europe to use teleprocessing. The Nordic laboratory is established in Solna, Stockholm. The first computer to be installed in Turkey-- an IBM 650 -- is delivered. 1961 Computer Centers with IBM 7090 and 1401 systems open in Boeblingen, Germany; Paris, France; and London, U.K. An IBM laboratory opens in Vienna, Austria. IBM Denmark establishes a new headquarters in Copenhagen. The first IBM 729 Tape Unit is manufactured in Europe at the Essonnes plant in France. 4507CH01B 5 A Central Ordering Point (COP) is established at Orly, France, to centralize administration of spare parts requirements throughout Europe. The IBM 1401 computer becomes the first “system-tested” machine at the Sindelfingen, Germany, plant. Entire systems and their peripherals made by other European plants are tested here before being delivered to customers. Italy's National Committee for Nuclear Energy installs an IBM 704 Data Processing System. The new IBM Selectric typewriter -- the first “golf-ball” element typewriter -- is manufactured for Europe at the Amsterdam plant in The Netherlands. IBM 709 installed by CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. 1962 The first scientific computer, the IBM 1620, is installed in University of Ghent, in Belgium. The IBM Laboratory at La Gaude, France, near Nice, is opened. The facility’s spectacular design is the work of the Hungarian-born architect Marcel Breuer. La Gaude later receives data from an IBM laboratory in the U.S. via the Telstar communications satellite. The first IBM 1410 system (for use by large customers) is built at the Essonnes plant in France. A new IBM Scientific Center opens in Heidelberg, Germany. The Berlin plant begins production of the IBM 200 Series Dictating equipment, and produces its 100,000th typewriter. Max Planck Institute in Germany uses an IBM 7090 mainframe for plasma physics research. A new development laboratory is opened at Uithoorn, The Netherlands. IBM Sweden moves to new headquarters in Stockholm. The research laboratory at Zurich, Switzerland moves to Ruschlikon from the Adliswil site where it was established in 1956. The Zurich Research Laboratory announces new thin film memory, operating at 100 billionths of a second. IBM World Trade completes a laboratory at the Hursley, U.K., main site of IBM British laboratories. 4507CH01B 6 1963 IBM's "Speak Up!" program is introduced to encourage communication between employees and management, and is first adopted by IBM Netherlands. The IBM 1440 -- a system for general use by small and medium-sized businesses -- is built at the Sindelfingen, Germany, and Milan, Italy, manufacturing plants. IBM Germany opens a card printing plant in Boeblingen. An IBM laboratory is dedicated in La Gaude, France. A new IBM research laboratory is dedicated in Ruschlikon, Switzerland. 1964 The first IBM teleprocessing network connects Hursley, U.K.; Essonnes, France; and Poughkeepsie, N.Y., for cooperative engineering work. The Sindelfingen (Germany) and Essonnes (France) plants become “technology” plants, and begin production of logic cards and boards, the new semiconductor components used in the IBM System/360. Two IBM 1401 RAMAC computers are used at the Winter Olympics at Innsbruck, Austria. IBM Italy opens its new headquarters in Milan. IBM Portugal opens its new headquarters in Lisbon. The Istanbul Technical Library installs the first IBM 1620 in Turkey. Hursley builds the first IBM System/360 Model 40 processor. 1965 IBM-sponsored computer centers in European universities open in Copenhagen, Denmark; London, U.K.; and Pisa, Italy. The IBM-based reservation system introduced by SAS (Scandinavian Airlines System) is the first computerized seat reservation system in Europe. Microelectronics made in France are used in every IBM System/360 manufactured in Europe. EPL -- European Program Library -- opens in Boulogne, near Paris, France. 4507CH01B 7 New plants open at Montpellier, France -- initially to produce the IBM System/360 Models 40 and 50 processors -- and at Boigny, France, near Orleans -- to produce a variety of supply products. The first IBM System/360 Model 40 processor manufactured at Essonnes is shipped to Franco-German Research Institute, St. Louis, France. Hursley lab plays a major role in the development of PL/1, a new language more powerful than FORTRAN and ALGOL, and the industry's first high-level language designed for both business and scientific problems. The Greenock plant in the U.K. produces its first IBM 1130, a stand-alone system for engineers, scientists and mathematicians. 1966 The first IBM System/360 used for typesetting is installed at Turun Sanomat, a major regional newspaper in Finland. The Sindelfingen plant in Germany begins production of the IBM System/360 Model 20 and 30 processors, and IBM 1311 Disk Storage units, which feature the first removable disk packs. A new manufacturing plant opens in Vimercate, Italy, to specialize in medium-sized systems. Production of the IBM System/360 Model 20 processor is transferred from Germany, and Vimercate becomes the single source for European requirements for this product. The Solna laboratory in Sweden moves to Lidingo and is inaugurated in the presence of Prince Bertil and Arthur K. Watson, vice chairman of the IBM Board. 1967 A new manufacturing plant opens in Mainz, Germany. A branch office of IBM World Trade is opened in Reykjavik, Iceland. Euratom installs an IBM System/360 at its nuclear research center in Ispara, Italy. ESRI -- European Systems Research Institute -- is established in Geneva as a post-graduate school in computer science for IBM employees.
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