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Uma Análise Variacionista Da Colocação Dos Pronomes

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Uma Análise Variacionista Da Colocação Dos Pronomes v. 14 • n. 2 • p. 147-167 • jul./dez. 2018 UMA ANÁLISE VARIACIONISTA DA COLOCAÇÃO DOS PRONOMES CLÍTICOS NO PORTUGUÊS FALADO 8 EM LUANDA-ANGOLAI A VARIATION ANALYSIS OF THE PLACE- MENT OF CLITIC PRONOUNS IN PORTU- GUESE SPOKEN IN LUANDA-ANGOLA ARAÚJO, Silvana Silva de Farias Doutora em Língua e Cultura pela Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), professora titular da Universidade Estadual de Feria de Santana (UEFS) SILVA, Ma noel Crispiniano Alves Graduando em Letras Vernáculas da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS) RESUMO Com base na Sociolinguística Variacionista (LABOV, 2008 [1972]), e na perspectiva do contato, este estudo apresenta a ordem da colocação dos pronomes clíticos em lexias verbais simples na norma culta e popular do português falado em Luanda, capital de Angola. Para isso, utilizamos o corpus formado por 24 entrevistas sociolinguísticas do projeto “Em busca das raízes do português brasileiro”, sediado na Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. A fi m de testar a correlação das variáveis independentes com a variável dependente, utilizamos, para esse fi m, o programa computacional GoldvarbX (SANKOFF; TAGLIAMONTE; SMITH, 2005). Assim, os dados de Luanda, devidamente levantados e analisados, serviram de base para investigar as aproximações e os distanciamentos dessa variedade com o português brasileiro (PB). Desse modo, esta pesquisa buscou contribuir com o debate sobre a relevância do contato entre línguas na formação sócio-histórica do PB, no sentido que busca investigar um fenômeno variável na língua portuguesa falada em uma ex-colônia de Portugal. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a colocação pré-verbal apresentou uma maior frequência, perfazendo uma frequência de 75% de um total de 507 ocorrências, não havendo registros de mesóclise no corpus. Nesse sentido, no que tange ao fenômeno em foco, nota-se 147 Diálogos Pertinentes – Revista Científi ca de Letras uma aproximação entre o PB e o português angolano (PA). O programa Goldvarb X selecionou como favorecedora da implementação da próclise as variáveis linguísticas “tipo de oração”, “clítico” e “elemento que antecede o verbo”. E, em relação às variáveis extralinguísticas, foram selecionadas como estatisticamente relevantes “escolaridade” e “local de nascimento”. Palavras-chave: clíticos; português angolano; português brasileiro. ABSTRACT Based on Variationist Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 2008 [1972]), and in the perspective of contact, this research presents the order of placement of clitic pronouns in simple verbal lexias in the cultured and popular norm of Portuguese spoken in Luanda, capital of Angola. For that, we used a corpus formed by 24 sociolinguistic interviews of the project "Em busca das raízes do português brasileiro", based in the State University of Feira de Santana. In order to test the correlation of the independent variables with the dependent variable, we used the Goldvarb X computational program (SANKOFF; TAGLIAMONTE; SMITH, 2005). Thus, Luanda data, duly analyzed, served as a basis to highlight the approaches and distances of this variety with Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Thus, this research sought to contribute to the debate on the relevance of the contact between languages in the socio- historical formation of PB, in the sense that it seeks to investigate a variable phenomenon in the Portuguese language spoken in a former colony of Portugal. The results show that the pre-verbal placement had a higher frequency, with a percentage 75% of a total of 507 occurrences, and there were no records of mesoclisis in this corpus. In this sense, regarding the phenomenon in focus, an approximation between BP (Brazilian portuguese) and Angolan Portuguese (AP). The Goldvarb X program selected thelinguistic variables "type of sentence", "clitic" and "element that precedes the verb" as favoring the implementation of the proclisis. And, in relation to the extra linguistic variables, "schooling" and "place of birth" were selected. Keywords: Clitics; Portuguese Angolan; Brazilian Portuguese. 148 v. 14 • n. 2 • p. 147-167 • jul./dez. 2018 CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS A sócio-história do Brasil foi marcada por sucessivos contatos linguísticos, inicialmente entre os portugueses e os falantes das línguas autóctones de diversas etnias, e, de forma mais expressiva, com os negros escravizados que adquiriram o português como segunda língua de uma forma assistemática, por meio de oitiva. (MATTOS E SILVA, 2004) Em situações de contato entre línguas pode formar-se uma nova língua, como é o caso dos pidgins e das línguas crioulas, ou apenas uma nova variedade de uma das línguas da situação em contato, mas com alterações em sua gramática, como ressalta Araujo (2017, p. 51), com base em Lucchesi (2001) “[...] o intenso contato entre línguas diversas e ininteligíveis na sócio-história do português brasileiro não chegou a acarretar a formação de um crioulo prototípico, e sim um processo de transmissão linguística irregular”. Embora tenha havido o intenso contato entre línguas na sócio- história do PB, comcontextos favoráveis à formação de uma língua pidgin ou crioula, encontra-se desacredita a hipótese de que a variedade brasileira é o resultado de uma crioulização, mas “isso não signifi ca que o contato entre línguas não esteja na base da notável diferenciação da língua portuguesa no Brasil frente a sua congênere de Portugal”(LUCCHESI, 2012, p. 45). Desse modo, para uma compreensão da realidade linguística brasileira, é importante a realização de estudos comparativos entre o PB e o “português de Camões”, mas também é necessária a realização de estudos contrastivos entre o PB e a língua portuguesa falada em países africanos, a exemplo de Angola, bem como em comunidades brasileiras marcadas etnicamente, para que assim, possamos buscar elementos que possibilitem aferir as consequências do contato linguístico na constituição da heterogeneidade linguística do Brasil. Para a pesquisa aqui delineada, foi escolhido o tema que a gramática tradicional (GT) chama de pronomes átonos, embora esse termo seja inadequado do ponto de vista linguístico.Cagliari (1992, p. 54 apud SCHEI 2003, p. 23), sobre essa questão, afi rma que o vocábulo “átono” é impróprio ao se tratar dos pronomes no PB, afi nal “a posição de próclise permite que o pronome receba um acento tônico (o que torna ridículo chamar esses pronomes de ‘átonos’ de antemão)”. Por isso, no presente trabalho, chamaremos de colocação dos pronomes clíticos. 149 Diálogos Pertinentes – Revista Científi ca de Letras A literatura tem mostrado que a língua portuguesa do Brasil é caracterizada pela anteposição do pronome clítico (CARNEIRO, 2003; FERREIRA, ALKMIM, 2003; LOBO, 1992). Sabemos que o PA e o PB são variedades históricas formadas por meio de sucessivos contatos linguísticos, e, assim, aventamos a hipótese de que a colocação com maior frequência no PA seja a próclise, havendo, dessa forma, uma aproximação com o PB. Assim, temos como objetivo analisar como se realiza esse fenômeno no português falado em Luanda, capital de Angola, investigando os contextos sintáticos e os fatores sociais que atuam nesse uso linguístico variável. Além disso, objetivamos desenvolver um estudo comparativo entre pesquisas já realizadas que analisaram esse fenômeno na realidade sociolinguística brasileira, averiguando as semelhanças ou diferenças entre ambas as variedades de matriz portuguesa, nos que diz respeito aos contextos aqui investigados. Este artigo está estruturado da seguinte forma, além desta seção introdutória, na seção dois, procuramos sistematizar estudos já realizados sobre o objeto de estudo em discussão, na terceira, destacamos a teoria e os procedimentos metodológicos e logo em seguida, na seção 04, a socialização dos resultados alcançados e fi ndamos com as referências utilizadas neste trabalho. 1 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA: A COLOCAÇÃO DOS CLÍTICOS NO PB E NO PE Desde o século XIII (período em que começa a escrita em línguas românicas) predominava a ênclise no PE, semelhantemente ao que ocorre nos dias, como afi rma Schei (2003, p.42): “Se compararmos o sistema de colocação do século XIII descrito por Ramsden com o sistema atual do PE vemos que são muito parecidos [...]”. A partir do século XVI1,no PE, houve uma forte tendência à próclise, como observam Galves e Lobo (2009, p.176): Os séculos XVI e XVII são fortemente proclíticos, mas, a partir do século XVIII, assiste-se a um retorno da ênclise, que se torna majoritária entre os autores nascidos na segunda metade do século (cf. GALVES; BRITO; PAIXÃO DE SOUSA, 2006; doravante, GPBS, 2006), e passa a ser a única possibilidade no português europeu moderno. 1. Para uma análise sobre a colocação dos clíticos no século XVI, ver. Lobo (1992) 150 v. 14 • n. 2 • p. 147-167 • jul./dez. 2018 Carneiro (2016), ao estudar a colocação dos clíticos no português falado na cidade de Feira de Santana-BA, propõe-se a investigar se há variação na fala dos informantes feirenses no que concerne a esse fenômeno. Para esse fi m, a pesquisadora utiliza a amostra de fala do projeto “A língua portuguesa no semiárido baiano-Fase III”. Analisa as duas vertentes formadoras do PB- a norma culta e a popular- investigando somente os contextos sintáticos com verbos na forma fi nita e chega a seguinte conclusão “[...] em todos os contextos sintáticos, sem exceção, na fala oral culta e não culta, a colocação dos clíticos ocorre em posição de próclise” (CARNEIRO, 2016, 146). Portanto, podemos concluir que, em relação a esse fenômeno sintático na realidade linguística brasileira predomina a generalização da variante proclítica,
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