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Crossing Borders, Creating Boundaries

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Crossing Borders, Creating Boundaries Institutionen för naturgeografi Crossing borders, creating boundaries Identity making of the Angolan diaspora residing in the border town of Rundu, northern Namibia Emelie Danielsson Examensarbete grundnivå GG 189 Geografi, 15 hp 2016 Förord Denna uppsats utgör Emelie Danielssons examensarbete i Geografi på grundnivå vid Institutionen för naturgeografi, Stockholms universitet. Examensarbetet omfattar 15 högskolepoäng (ca 10 veckors heltidsstudier). Handledare har varit Peter Kinlund, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet. Examinator för examensarbetet har varit Urban Nordin, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet. Författaren är ensam ansvarig för uppsatsens innehåll. Stockholm, den 30 september 2016 Steffen Holzkämper Chefstudierektor Crossing borders, creating boundaries Identity making of the Angolan diaspora residing in the border town of Rundu, northern Namibia Emelie Danielsson Abstract This Bachelor’s thesis explores the relationship between borders, boundaries and migration, and their effect on identity making from a diasporic perspective. The study focuses on notions of national, regional, cultural, tribal and ethnic identity, and set in relation to the influence borders and boundaries have on these processes. It investigates this topical realm within the specific conditions of the Angolan-Namibian border, following the developments from the era of colonization, independence struggle and decolonization and the transformation of Angola and Namibia into self-asserting and sovereign states, in which it focuses on the identity making of the Angolan diaspora residing in the border town of Rundu, northern Namibia. In doing so, it sets out to investigate the connection between macro variables and processes such as colonialism, the Cold War in Africa, and independence movements, to micro processes focusing on the living conditions and experiences of border residents. The study aims at a holistic approach drawing from theoretical developments within border and boundary studies stemming from disciplines such as political geography and anthropology, along with migration studies and social psychology. The results suggest that differing dominant conditions of the Angolan and Namibian states in terms of historical and political development, living conditions and the manifestation of the border and political assertion of the nation-states, has indeed helped to inform and construct different social categories and identities. In terms of the Angolan diaspora, the results indicate that migrants acquiring Namibian citizenships and thereby rights, did redefine their national identity to a greater extent than those denied documentation as their agency has become curtailed, leaving this group in an identity-limbo. The main contribution of this study is an investigation of what the border-migration-identity nexus means in terms of the Angolan diaspora and the Kavango region. Keywords Border, boundary, identity, Namibia, Angola, diaspora, migration, colonialism, independence struggle, civil war, proxy war Acronyms and abbreviations CCPA Cuando Cubango Province of Angola DSWA “Deutsche Südwestafrika”, German South-West Africa DTA Democratic Turnhalle Alliance FAA “Forças Armadas Angolanas, Angolan Armed Forces FALA “Forças Armadas de Libertação de Agnola, Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola FAPLA “Forças Armadas Populares de Libertação de Agnola, The People’s Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola. FNLA “Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola, National Front for the Liberation of Angola IDP Internally displaced person IJC The International Court of Justice IPD Internally Displaced Persons MHAI Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration, Republic of Namibia MPLA “Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola, Popular Front for the Liberation of Angola NDF Namibian Defence Force OAU Organization of African Unity OPO Owamboland People’s Organization. PCA “Partido Comunista Angolano”, the Angolan Communist Party PLAN People’s Liberation Army of Namibia PLUA “Partido da Luta Unida dos Africanos de Angola”, Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola RDP Rally for Democracy and Progress SA South Africa SADC Southern African Development Community SADF South African Defence Force SAMP Southern African Migration Project SFF (Namibian) Special Field Force SWA South West Africa SWAFT South West Africa Territorial Force SWANLA South West African Native Labour Association SWANU South West Africa National Union SWAPO South West Africa People’s Organization UN United Nations UNGA Unite Nations General Assembly UNSC United Nations Security Council UNITA União Nacional para Independência Total de Angola, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. UPNA “União das Popilações do Nortre de Angola”, Union of Peoples of Northern Angola U.S. United States (of America) Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 2 Background ................................................................................................ 2 3 Aim of study and research question.......................................................... 2 4 Scope and limitations ................................................................................. 3 4.1 Theoretical scope ............................................................................................................... 3 4.2 Spatial scope ...................................................................................................................... 3 4.3 Temporal scope .................................................................................................................. 5 5 Terminology ............................................................................................... 6 5.1 Concepts and definitions .................................................................................................... 6 5.2 Acronyms and definitions ................................................................................................. 13 6 Methodology ............................................................................................. 15 6.1 Philosophic perspective and scientific approach................................................................ 15 6.2 Chosen methods ............................................................................................................... 15 6.3 Data collection and sampling methods .............................................................................. 16 6.3.1 Primary data ............................................................................................................. 16 6.3.2 Secondary data ......................................................................................................... 17 6.4 Method critique, quality of data and sources of error ........................................................ 17 6.4.1 Sampling methods and data analysis ......................................................................... 17 6.4.2 Reliability, validity and interviews as method ........................................................... 18 6.4.3 The Ovimbundu/Umbundu/Mbundu/Ambundu/Kimbundu /Chimbundu-confusion ... 19 7 Theoretical framework ............................................................................ 22 7.1 Borders and boundaries – moving towards a theory? ........................................................ 22 7.2 Migration and diasporas ................................................................................................... 25 7.3 Identity and social categories – formed by processes of social construction and politics .... 26 8 Historical setting ...................................................................................... 29 8.1 Early colonial rule in Angola and South West Africa ........................................................ 29 8.2 The Angolan and Namibian independence struggles ......................................................... 30 8.3 Wars by proxy, liaisons by circumstance .......................................................................... 31 8.4 Post-war Angola and independent Namibia ...................................................................... 33 9 Related research– an overview................................................................ 35 9.1 The Kavango as a boundary and site of identity making.................................................... 35 9.2 The terrestrial section of the Angolan-Namibian border .................................................... 36 9.3 Neighbouring borderlands ................................................................................................ 37 10 Result ..................................................................................................... 38 10.1 The Angolan-Namibian borderland and its peoples ........................................................... 38 10.1.1 The border region in pre-colonial time and during German and Portuguese rule ........ 38 10.1.2 South African versus Portuguese rule........................................................................ 40 10.1.3 Independence struggle, native territories and ethnic separation .................................. 42 10.1.4 The border region during the Angolan civil war ........................................................ 45 10.1.5 The border region since independence and peace ...................................................... 48 10.2 The Angolan diaspora in Rundu ......................................................................................
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