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The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics This outstanding multi‐volume series covers all the major subdisciplines within linguistics today and, when complete, will offer a comprehensive survey of linguistics as a whole. Recent Titles Include: The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics The Handbook of Korean Linguistics Edited by Manuel Díaz‐Campos Edited by Lucien Brown and Jaehoon Yeon The Handbook of Language Socialization The Handbook of Speech Production Edited by Alessandro Duranti, Elinor Ochs, Edited Melissa A. Redford and Bambi B. Schieffelin The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory, The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and Second Edition Communication Edited by Shalom Lappin and Chris Fox Edited by Christina Bratt Paulston, Scott F. The Handbook of Classroom Discourse and Kiesling, and Elizabeth S. Rangel Interaction The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics Edited by Numa Markee Edited by Juan Manuel Hernández‐Campoy The Handbook of Narrative Analysis and Juan Camilo Conde‐Silvestre Edited by Anna De Fina & Alexandra The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics Georgakopoulou Edited by José Ignacio Hualde, Antxon The Handbook of English Pronounciation Olarrea, and Erin O’Rourke Edited byMarnie Reed and John M. Levis The Handbook of Conversation Analysis The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 2nd edition, Edited by Jack Sidnell and Tanya Stivers Edited by Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. The Handbook of English for Specific Purposes Hamilton, & Deborah Schiffrin Edited by Brian Paltridge and Sue Starfield The Handbook of Bilingual and Multilingual The Handbook of Spanish Second Language Education Acquisition Edited by Wayne E. Wright, Sovicheth Boun, Edited by Kimberly L. Geeslin and Ofelia García The Handbook of Chinese Linguistics The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics Edited by C.‐T. James Huang, Y.‐H. Audrey Li, Edited by W. Leo Wetzels, João Costa, and and Andrew Simpson Sergio Menuzzi The Handbook of Language Emergence The Handbook of Dialetology Edited by Brian MacWhinney and William Edited by Charles Boberg, John Nerbonne, O’Grady and Dominic Watt Full series title list available at www.blackwellreference.com The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics Edited by W. Leo Wetzels, João Costa, and Sergio Menuzzi This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. The right of W. Leo Wetzels, João Costa, and Sergio Menuzzi to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for 9781118791950 (hardback) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: © Clivewa / Shutterstock Set in 9.5/11.5pt Palatino by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2016 Contents Notes on Contributors vii 1 History and Current Setting 1 Maria Teresa Brocardo and Célia Regina dos Santos Lopes 2 European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese: An Overview on Word Order 15 Mary Aizawa Kato and Ana Maria Martins 3 Portuguese in Contact 41 Ana Maria Carvalho and Dante Lucchesi 4 A Comparative Study of the Sounds of European and Brazilian Portuguese: Phonemes and Allophones 56 Gladis Massini‐Cagliari, Luiz Carlos Cagliari, and Wayne J. Redenbarger 5 Phonological Processes Affecting Vowels: Neutralization, Harmony, and Nasalization 69 Leda Bisol and João Veloso 6 Syllable Structure 86 Gisela Collischonn and W. Leo Wetzels 7 Main Stress and Secondary Stress in Brazilian and European Portuguese 107 José Magalhães 8 The Phonology–Syntax Interface 125 Raquel S. Santos and Marina Vigário 9 Intonation in European and Brazilian Portuguese 141 Sónia Frota and João Antônio de Moraes 10 The Phonology and Morphology of Word Formation 167 Alina Villalva and Carlos Alexandre Gonçalves 11 The Morphology and Phonology of Inflection 188 Luiz Carlos Schwindt and W. Leo Wetzels 12 Clitic Pronouns: Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax 210 Ana R. Luís and Georg A. Kaiser 13 The Null Subject Parameter and the Structure of the Sentence in European and Brazilian Portuguese 234 Inês Duarte and Maria Cristina Figueiredo Silva vi Contents 14 The Structure of DPs 254 Ana Maria Brito and Ruth E. V. Lopes 15 Wh‐movement: Interrogatives, Relatives and Clefts 275 Carlos Mioto and Maria Lobo 16 Null Objects and VP Ellipsis in European and Brazilian Portuguese 294 Sonia Cyrino and Gabriela Matos 17 Passives and Se Constructions 318 Ana Maria Martins and Jairo Nunes 18 Binding and Pronominal Forms in Portuguese 338 Sergio Menuzzi and Maria Lobo 19 The Semantics of DPs 356 Marcelo Barra Ferreira and Clara Nunes Correia 20 Lexical Semantics: Verb Classes and Alternations 374 Márcia Cançado and Anabela Gonçalves 21 Tense and Aspect: A Survey 392 Rodolfo Ilari, Maria Fátima Oliveira, and Renato Miguel Basso 22 Mood and Modality 408 Rui Marques and Roberta Pires de Oliveira 23 Some Issues in Negation in Portuguese 425 Scott A. Schwenter 24 Discourse Markers 441 Ana Cristina Macário Lopes 25 From Latin to Portuguese: Main Phonological Changes 457 D. Eric Holt 26 Main Morphosyntactic Changes and Grammaticalization Processes 471 Célia Regina dos Santos Lopes and Maria Teresa Brocardo 27 Main Syntactic Changes from a Principle‐and‐Parameters View 487 Charlotte Galves and Anthony Kroch 28 Main Current Processes of Phonological Variation 504 Celeste Rodrigues and Dermeval da Hora 29 Main Current Processes of Morphosyntactic Variation 526 Maria Marta Pereira Scherre and Maria Eugênia Lammoglia Duarte 30 Acquisition of Phonology 545 Giovana Ferreira‐Gonçalves and Maria João Freitas 31 Acquisition of Portuguese Syntax 562 João Costa and Ruth E. V. Lopes 32 Second Language Acquisition 578 Ana Madeira Index 591 Notes on Contributors Renato Miguel Basso is Professor of Linguistics at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar, São Carlos SP, Brazil). He is co‐author of O Português da Gente (with Rodolfo Ilari, 2006), História Concisa da Língua Portuguesa (with Rodrigo Tadeu Gonçalves, 2014). He has also published articles in several academic journals in Brazil. His current research interests include natural language semantics and pragmatics, indexicals, the history of Brazilian Portuguese, and natural language syntax. Leda Bisol received her MA and PhD in Linguistics from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). She spent a postdoctoral year at Stanford University. She currently acts as a Professor at the Faculty of Humanities of PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil and is a researcher of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPQ). Her research focus is on the phonology of Brazilian Portuguese. Ana Maria Brito (PhD in Linguistics, 1998) is Professor at the Faculdade de Letras of the University of Porto, Portugal, where she has been responsible for the MA and PhD programs since 2007. She is one of the authors of the Gramática da Língua Portuguesa, Caminho, Lisboa, 2003, and the author of over 70 papers on different aspects of Portuguese syntax. She was the president of the Portuguese Linguistics Association from 2008 to 2010. Maria Teresa Brocardo is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Her current research topics include the diachrony of Portuguese verb forms and con- structions, analogy, and grammaticalization. Her recent publications include Tópicos de História da Língua Portuguesa (2014). Luiz Carlos Cagliari holds his MA from UNICAMP and his PhD from the University of Edinburgh. He is a retired Professor of phonetics from UNICAMP (State University of São Paulo, Campinas). Presently, he is a lecturer
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