Contact-Induced Restructuring of Portuguese Morphosyntax in Interior Angola
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LILIANA CRISTINA CORAGEM INVERNO Contact-induced restructuring of Portuguese morphosyntax in interior Angola Evidence from Dundo (Lunda Norte) FACULDADE DE LETRAS DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA — 2009 — LILIANA CRISTINA CORAGEM INVERNO Contact-induced restructuring of Portuguese morphosyntax in interior Angola Evidence from Dundo (Lunda Norte) Dissertação de Doutoramento em Letras , área de Línguas e Literaturas Modernas , especialidade de Linguística Portuguesa , apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação do Professor Doutor John A. Holm. FACULDADE DE LETRAS DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA — 2009 — Para a minha família, que fez tudo para eu que pudesse ter alguma coisa Table of Contents Acknowledgements i List of Tables iii List of Figures iv List of Maps iv List of Pictures iv Abbreviations and symbols v Abstract vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1.0. Introduction 1 1.1. Angola: brief country profile and sociolinguistic background 1 1.2. Lunda Norte: preliminary sociolinguistic description 10 1.3. Object of study and aims of the dissertation 16 1.4. Structure of the dissertation 21 1.5. Data sources and data collection methodology 22 1.5.1 Dundo Vernacular Portuguese 22 1.5.2. European Portuguese 26 1.5.3. Cokwe 27 1.6. Symbols, abbreviations and terminology 31 Chapter 2: Overview of the literature 2.0. Introduction 32 2.1. Angolan Vernacular Portuguese: a state of the art 32 2.1.1. Reference works in linguistics 33 2.1.2. General works about varieties of Portuguese around the world 35 2.1.3. AVP in Portuguese grammars and handbooks 44 2.1.4. Works on Angolan Bantu languages 50 2.1.5. Linguistic descriptions of Angolan Vernacular Portuguese 55 2.2. Contact Linguistics 72 2.2.1. Key concepts in pidgin and creole linguistics: introduction 72 2.2.2. Contact linguistics: the theoretical foundations 75 2.2.3. Continuum of contact language varieties and partial restructuring 80 2.3. Summary and conclusions 82 Chapter 3: A sociolinguistics history of Angola and Lunda Norte 3.0. Introduction 84 3.1. Portuguese overseas expansion until the discovery of the Congo 84 3.2. Early contacts with the Angolan region (1482 -1565): the Congo and Ndongo 86 kingdoms 3.3. The founding of Luanda: the early days of the colony of Angola 91 3.4. The Dutch capture of Luanda and Brazilian rule of the colony 95 3.5. Angola in the 18 th century 97 3.5.1. The development of Luanda 97 3.5.2. The exploration of the South 99 3.6. The 19 th century and the start of Portugal’s African empire: the case of Angola 10 2 3.7. The 20 th century and the effective colonization of Angola 109 3.7.1. The pacification wars, the Republic and the early year s of the Estado 109 Novo (1900 – 1940) 3.7.2. From the 1950s to 1975 11 4 3.8. The sociolinguistic setting in Lunda Norte: 19 th century to the present 118 3.9. Summary and conclusions 130 Chapter 4: Contact-induced tendencies in DVP’s noun phrase 4.0. Introduction 13 2 4.1. The noun phrase in EP and Cokwe: internal structure and inflectional 13 4 categories 4.1.1. European Portuguese 13 4 4.1.2. Cokwe and the languages of the Bantu branch 14 0 4.2. Contact -induced tendencies in DVP’s noun phrase 15 3 4.2.1. Number: variable marking and agreement 15 3 4.2.2. Gender: variable marking and agreement 16 3 4.2.3. Person markers 17 3 4.2.3.1. Neutralization of case contrasts 17 4 4.2.3.2. Proclitic word order of object person markers 178 4.2.4. Possession: post -nominal word order 18 4 4.2.5. Topics for further research 189 4.2.5.1. Omission of definite article 189 4.2.5.2. Demonstratives 19 2 4.3. Summary and conclusions 19 4 Chapter 5: Contact-induced tendencies in DVP’s verb phrase 5.0. Introduction 19 8 5.1. The verb (phrase) in EP and Cokwe: internal structure and inflectional 19 9 categories 5.1.1. European Portuguese 20 2 5.1.2. Cokwe and the languages of the Bantu branch 20 6 5.1.2.1. Person and number in Cokwe 209 5.1.2.2. Infinitive in Cokwe 21 3 5.1.2.3. Present tense in Cokwe 21 4 5.1.2.4. Past tenses in Cokwe 21 7 5.1.2.5. Future tenses in Cokwe 212 5.1.2.6. Perfective vs. imperfective aspect in Cokwe 22 4 5.1.2.7. Habitual aspect on Cokwe 22 6 5.1.2.8. Frequentative aspect in Cokwe 22 6 5.1.2.9. Mood categories in Cokwe: indicative, subjunctive and 227 imperative 5.1.2.10. Periphrastic verb forms in Cokwe 229 5.2. Restructuring of TMA categories in DVP 23 1 5.2.1. The infinitive: two competing marking strategies 23 1 5.2.2. Replacement of the subjunctive by the indicative 237 5.2.3. Preference for future and progressive analytic verb forms 240 5.2.4. Single imperative verb form in both affirmative and negative contexts 24 3 5.3 Person -number inflections and variable subject -verb agreement in DVP 247 5.3.1. First person singular ( 1SG ) 248 5.3.2. Second person singular and plural ( 2SG /PL ) 249 5.3.3. First person plural ( 1PL ) 25 3 5.3.4. Third person plural (3 PL ) 25 6 5.4. Variable verb -predicate agreement 26 4 5.5. Sentential negation strategies in DVP 266 5.5.1. Single pre -verbal marker 268 5.5.2. Multiple negation 27 1 5.5.2.1. Negative concord ( não V n -word ) 27 3 5.5.2.2. Bipartite negation ( não V não ) 275 5.5.2.3. Resumptive negation 28 3 5.5.3. Ainda ‘yet’ as a negative and imperfective aspect marker ? 28 5 5.6. Further research 28 8 5.6.1. Lexical marking of TMA categories in DVP 289 5.6.2. Existential ter ‘to have’ 29 3 5.6.3. Omission of the preposition a in periphrastic constructions 297 5.7. Summary and conclusions 30 2 Chapter 6: Final conclusions 6.0. Introduction 31 2 6.1. From AVP to DVP: the partial restructuring of a vernacular 31 2 6.1.1. The sociolinguistic evidence 31 3 6.1.2. The linguistic evidence 31 8 6.2. Theoretical implications 32 0 6.3. Further research 32 2 References 325 Appendix I: Pictures from Dundo and its surrounding areas I Appendix II: Speakers’ sociolinguistic information IX Appendix III: Linguistic corpus sample XI Acknowledgements The first two and a half years of the writing of this dissertation were probably the most difficult years of my entire life. This is not the place to discuss the reasons as to why this is so, but it is certainly the most appropriate place to acknowledge the support of those who helped me get through this particularly difficult period: John Holm, to whom I have a debt of gratitude that goes beyond the support, patience, insightful comments, criticisms, suggestions and help that I have received from him not only during the long and intense period of writing the dissertation but since I first met him in 1998; I am proud that I have been his student and fortunate to be his friend; Michael Pye, whose generosity seems to know no limits; I cannot thank him enough for having let me invade his office to write the very last pages of this dissertation and for helping me go through them when my exhausted brain got lost in translation; Dominika Swolkien, my colleague and friend, with whom I wrote my first paper and shared the stage-fright of facing an audience of linguists for the first time; she has always been there for me, giving me her unflagging friendship and support as well as her sharp and insightful comments on my work; Ana Flor Neves, who always seems to know what to tell me when I am lost in my very complicated theories about ridiculously easy things; her absolute lack of prejudice and her utmost sincerity make her a unique human being; All the DVP speakers in Dundo, for their willingness to cooperate with my research, but above all for showing me that it was relevant to them; Alan Baxter and Jürgen Lang, for the interest they have always shown for my work, their support and exchange of ideas; all my linguistics professor at the Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, for being an inspiration to me during my undergraduate studies and always being available to discuss my research; Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, for awarding me the PhD grant SFRH/BD/22865/2005 which provided me with the necessary funding to support me while I wrote the dissertation and to spend six-months as a visiting research student at the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), i where I conducted library research and attended a number of seminars on African linguistics. My family, for having taught me to fly, for having always supported me even when they could not quite understand the direction I was taking and for having taught me that no matter how high or far you can fly there always comes the time to come back to your nest; Finally, João, my partner, for all the love, respect and support that he has given me over the past thirteen years, but above all for having been able to love me for what I am rather than what I do and also for having helped me learn things about myself that I did not even know existed; ii List of Tables TABLE 1.