PROTEST AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Malamidis in Crisis-Ridden Greece Crisis-Ridden in Social Movements and Solidarity Structures Haris Malamidis Social Movements and Solidarity Structures in Crisis-Ridden Greece Social Movements and Solidarity Structures in Crisis-Ridden Greece Protest and Social Movements Recent years have seen an explosion of protest movements around the world, and academic theories are racing to catch up with them. This series aims to further our understanding of the origins, dealings, decisions, and outcomes of social movements by fostering dialogue among many traditions of thought, across European nations and across continents. All theoretical perspectives are welcome. Books in the series typically combine theory with empirical research, dealing with various types of mobilization, from neighborhood groups to revolutions. We especially welcome work that synthesizes or compares different approaches to social movements, such as cultural and structural traditions, micro- and macro-social, economic and ideal, or qualitative and quantitative. Books in the series will be published in English. One goal is to encourage non- native speakers to introduce their work to Anglophone audiences. Another is to maximize accessibility: all books will be available in open access within a year after printed publication. Series Editors Jan Willem Duyvendak is professor of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam. James M. Jasper teaches at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Social Movements and Solidarity Structures in Crisis-Ridden Greece Haris Malamidis Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Designed by Obscura Creative Cooperative Lab, Crete, Greece Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 243 8 e-isbn 978 90 4855 146 0 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463722438 nur 696 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) Haris Malamidis / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). Table of Contents Acknowledgements 9 Introduction 11 Part I Boundary Enlargement and Anti-Austerity Mobilizations 1 Theorizing the Process of Boundary Enlargement 29 1.1 Why Boundary Enlargement? 31 1.2 Dismantling the process of boundary enlargement 42 1.2.1 Social Movement Scenes 43 1.2.2 Organizational Structure, Resources and Identity 47 1.2.3 Sub-mechanisms, Combinations and Interconnections 52 1.3 Limitations 55 1.4 Conclusion 58 2 The Greek Wave of Anti-Austerity Mobilizations in Context 65 2.1 Three decades of mobilizations 66 2.2 From December 2008, onwards 70 2.3 The Period of Austerity 73 2.3.1 Crisis and Austerity 73 2.3.2 Anti-austerity mobilizations 75 2.3.3 The square movement and its decentralization 78 2.4 Alternative Repertoires of Action 80 2.4.1 The social movement scene of Food 80 2.4.2 The social movement scene of Health 84 2.4.3 The social movement scene of Labour 90 2.4.4 Institutional and Hybrid Space 94 2.5 Conclusion 97 Part II Social Movements in Food, Health and Labour 3 The Social Movement Scene of Food 107 3.1 Organizational Structure 108 3.1.1 Markets without Middlemen 108 3.1.2 Collective and Social Kitchens 115 3.1.3 Collection and Distribution of Food Parcels 122 3.2 Resources 125 3.2.1 Markets without Middlemen 125 3.2.2 Collective and Social Kitchens 128 3.2.3 Collection and Distribution of Food Parcels 131 3.3 Identity 134 3.3.1 Markets without Middlemen 134 3.3.2 Collective and Social Kitchens 141 3.3.3 Collection and Distribution of Food Parcels 146 3.4 Conclusion 148 4 The Social Movement Scene of Health 161 4.1 Organizational Structure 162 4.1.1 Affinity Groups Modeling and the Coordination of Autonomy 162 4.1.2 Internal Structure 165 4.1.3 Core and Peripheral Networks 167 4.2 Resources 171 4.2.1 Fixed Costs 172 4.2.2 Medical and Office Equipment 174 4.2.3 Drugs and Medication 176 4.3 Identity 181 4.3.1 Social Appropriation through Organization and Re- sources 182 4.3.2 Translation and Bricolage 187 4.4 Conclusion 190 5 The Social Movement Scene of Labour 199 5.1 Organizational Structure 200 5.1.1 Assemblies and Participation 200 5.1.2 Procedures of Entry and Exit 205 5.1.3 Networked Cooperativism 210 5.2 Resources 214 5.2.1 Initial Capital 214 5.2.2 Compensation, Demand and Supply 217 5.2.3 Investing within 222 5.3 Identity 225 5.3.1 Contentious Origins of Self-management 226 5.3.2 Aggressive and Defensive Self-management 233 5.4 Conclusion 239 Part III Different Applications of Boundary Enlargement 6 Different Scenes, Different Trajectories but the Same Process : A Within-Case Comparison 249 6.1 Comparing the Scenes 250 6.1.1 Comparing the Organization of the Scenes 250 6.1.2 Comparing the Resources of the Scenes 254 6.1.3 Comparing the Identity of the Scenes 255 6.2 Comparing the Trajectories 258 6.2.1 Trajectories in Organizational Structure 258 6.2.2 Trajectories in Resources 262 6.2.3 Trajectories in Identity 265 7 Boundary Enlargement in Different Contexts 271 7.1 The Spanish anti-austerity mobilizations 272 7.1.1 The case of PAH 275 7.1.2 The cases of Marea Verde and Marea Blanca 280 7.1.3 Municipalism and the Feminization of Politics 284 7.2 The 2001 Argentinean Crisis 288 7.2.1 Neighbourhood Assemblies 292 7.2.2 Piqueteros Unemployed Workers Movement 295 7.2.3 Recuperated Factories and Enterprises 298 7.2.4 Affective Politics 303 8 Epilogue 311 8.1 Expanding the notion of boundary enlargement 314 8.2 Future Research 325 Bibliography 331 Annex 351 Index 359 List of Figures and Tables Figures Figure 2.1 Repertoires and actors in the social movement scene of Food 81 Figure 2.2 Repertoires and actors in the social movement scene of Health 89 Figure 2.3 Repertoires and actors in the social movement scene of Labour 94 Tables Table 2.1 System of Health Accounts of year 2014 (ELSTAT, 2016a:1) 85 Table 3.1 Mechanisms and sub-mechanisms in the social movement scene of Food 149 Table 4.1 Mechanisms and sub-mechanisms in the social movement scene of Health 191 Table 5.1 Political and Social Homogeneity 231 Table 5.2 Mechanisms and sub-mechanisms in the social movement scene of Labour 240 Acknowledgements When reading a new book, I always start with the acknowledgements section. The point here is to realize that the author’s name only partially reflects the effort of the exercise, since a number of visible and unknown “heroes” helped in constructing, reflecting and questioning the path that the study has come through. The same also applies to this research. First and foremost, I wish to thank Donatella della Porta and Lorenzo Bosi. Donatella’s encouragement gave me the opportunity to enroll in the PhD programme at Scuola Normale Superiore and produce this piece of work, while her overall guidance structured my way of thinking. Lorenzo’s detailed comments, inspiring discussions, and emotional support paved the way for the completion of this research. It was the smoothest and the most motivating relationship I could imagine and, therefore, I could not be more grateful. I wish also to thank Maria Kousis, Eduardo Romanos and Lorenzo Zamponi for their fruitful comments and encouragement to undertake the task to turn this research into a book, as well as James Jasper for welcoming it in the series of Protest and Social Movements he edits with Jan Willem Duyvendak. I would like to thank the faculty members, administration staff, visi- tors and students of Scuola Normale Superiore and the Centre on Social Movement Studies for providing me with the resources and granting me a privileged position from which I carried out my research. Special thanks go to Silvia, Giulia, Serenella, Michela, Christian and Alessandra for creating a welcoming environment as well as to Lorenzo Mosca, Andrea Felicetti, Pietro Castelli and Cesar Guzman for commenting early drafts of the research design. For the same reason, I would like to acknowledge the Contentious Politics Lab in Athens and the Labouratory of Social Analysis and Applied Social Research in Crete. Special thanks also go to Tracey Rosen and Evag- gelos Evaggelinidis for their comments, as well as to Antonio Willox, Hara Kadere, Foteini Dimirouli, Niamh Keady-Tabbal and Lina Altiparmaki for their help in editing. This inquiry would not have been accomplished without the full engage- ment of my interviewees. Words cannot express my gratitude for devoting their time and trust to narrate their experiences for this research project. I hope this book will manage to highlight their courage and worries during the harsh times of austerity and correspond to the seriousness of their efforts. Moreover, I wish to thank my friends in Florence: Andrea and Elias, Argyris, Taygeti, Anna, as well as Silvia, Anna, Daniela, Giorgos, Filip, and all the Sardo community for their hospitality and encouragement; as well as my 10 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND SOLIDARITY STRUCTURES IN CRISIS-RIDDEN GREECE friends in Greece: Haris and Nena, Vasilis and Kostas, Panagiotis and Kostis, Andriana, Konstantinos, Margarita, Dimitra, Michalis, Eva, Lia, Antonis and Tamagos, Anestis, Haris, Kostas and Leonidas. My sincere thanks to the Prefigurativa collective and the Recreation thread, and particularly to Regina and my personal book sponsor, Mike. And of course, Hara, whose enthusiastic support was a necessary companion along this trip.