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Indigenous and Social Movement Political Parties in Ecuador and Bolivia, 1978-2000

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Indigenous and Social Movement Political Parties in Ecuador and Bolivia, 1978-2000 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Democratizing Formal Politics: Indigenous and Social Movement Political Parties in Ecuador and Bolivia, 1978-2000 A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirement for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Jennifer Noelle Collins Committee in charge: Professor Paul Drake, Chair Professor Ann Craig Professor Arend Lijphart Professor Carlos Waisman Professor Leon Zamosc 2006 Copyright Jennifer Noelle Collins, 2006 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Jennifer Noelle Collins is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2006 iii DEDICATION For my parents, John and Sheila Collins, who in innumerable ways made possible this journey. For my husband, Juan Giménez, who met and accompanied me along the way. And for my daughter, Fiona Maité Giménez-Collins, the beautiful gift bequeathed to us by the adventure that has been this dissertation. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE.……………………..…………………………………...…...…iii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................vii LIST OF ACRONYMS..............................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................xiv VITA...........................................................................................................................xvi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION.................................................................xviii Chapter 1 Introduction...................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 Theorizing Social Movement Parties..........................................................19 Chapter 3 The Ecuadorian Party System and its Parties .............................................79 Chapter 4 The Origins and Birth of the Pachakutik Political Movement..................165 Chapter 5 Pachakutik’s Organizational Structure and Political Culture ...................204 Chapter 6 Political Ideology and Behavior in Congress ...........................................269 Chapter 7 Small Villages, Big Opportunities: Pachakutik in Local Politics.............312 Chapter 8 False Starts: The Katarista Parties in Bolivia ...........................................398 Chapter 9 Conclusion and Epilogue..........................................................................460 Appendix 1 List of Bills Presented by Pachakutik Legislative Bloc.........................479 Appendix 2 Interview Questions for Members of Congress.....................................485 References .................................................................................................................493 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Change Versus Continuity in South American Parties, 1979-2006.…...…26 Table 2 Movement Resources……………………………………………………..54 Table 3 Percentages of Provincial and National Legislators Interviewed…….…114 Table 4 Distribution of Provincial Legislators by Region……….…..…………..115 Table 5 Number of Survey Respondents per Party………………….…………..116 Table 6 Ecuadorian Parties on Left-Right Ideological Spectrum………………..116 Table 7 Movement Involvement and Ethnicity of MUPP-NP Defectors and Loyalists in Congress, 1996-2002………………………………………253 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 MUPP-NP Legislative Initiatives 1996-1998……………..…….………282 Figure 2 MUPP-NP Legislative Initiatives 1998-2001…………..………...…..…283 Figure 3 National: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of MUPP-NP Cantons Compared to National Averages of All Cantons………..……324 Figure 4 Highlands: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of MUPP-NP Cantons Compared with Regional Averages……..…………………….325 Figure 5 Amazon: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of MUPP-NP Cantons Compared to Regional Averages………....………….………..326 Figure 6 Highland Cantons Won by MUPP-NP Divided According to Percentage of Rural Population that is Indigenous…………………329 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS AD – Acción Democrática (Democratic Action). One of two parties that alternated power in Venezuela from 1958 to 1998. ADN – Acción Democrática Nacionalista (Nationalist Democratic Action). Bolivian right-wing political party founded by ex-military dictator, Hugo Banzer. APRA – American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. Oldest Peruvian political party. Historically on the left, but in recent years has moved towards the center. Longstanding APRA leader, Alan Garcia, elected to the presidency for the second time in 2006. CEPLAES – Centro de Planificación y Estudios Sociales (Center for Planning and Social Research). Ecuadorian NGO that carries out social scientific research. A study they carried out on indigenous voting patterns in the 1996 elections in Ecuador is referenced in Chapter 7. CFP - Concentración de Fuerzas Populares (Concentration of Popular Forces). Ecuadorian political party. Jaime Roldós ran and won the presidency on this ticket; after his death a schism led to the formation of the populist PRE or Roldocista Party. CMS - Coordinadora de Movimientos Sociales (Social Movement Coordinator). Ecuadorian umbrella organization for many of the country’s non- indigenous social movements. Together with CONAIE it helped found Pachakutik. COB - Central Obrera Boliviana (Bolivian Workers’ Central). Historically largest and most important labor union in Bolivia. CODENPE – Consejo de Desarrollo de las Nacionalidades y Pueblos de Ecuador (Development Council of the Nationalities and Peoples of Ecuador). Ecuadorian government agency charged with coordinating development projects targeted at indigenous and minority populations in Ecuador. The work of the agency is in theory directed by and overseen by a council representing leadership from each of the country’s ethnic groups. CODENPE also has some responsibility with regards to PRODEPINE. COINCE – Coordinadora de Organizaciones Indígenas de la Costa Ecuatoriana (Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Ecuadorian Coast). CONAIE regional affiliate federation for the Coast. CONAIE – Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador). Largest and most politically viii powerful indigenous organization in Ecuador. Key organizational founder of Pachakutik. CONFENIAE – Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon). CONAIE regional affiliate federation for the Amazon. COPEI – Social Christian Party of Venezuela. One of the two parties that alternated power in Venezuela between 1958 and 1998. CORACA – Corporación Agropecuaria Campesina (Peasant Agricultural Corporation). Bolivian government program initiated by the UDP administration aimed at supporting the peasantry through provision of equipment, credit and training. CSUTCB – Confederación Sindical Única de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia (Unified Peasant Workers’ Confederation of Bolivia). Most important peasant organization in Bolivia; national in scope. DINEIB – Dirección Nacional de Educación Intercultural y Bilingüe (National Directorate of Intercultural and Bilingual Education). Ecuadorian government agency that oversees the country’s bilingual education programs in which indigenous children are taught in their native languages as well as in Spanish. It is part of the Ministry of Education, but indigenous organizations have direct and control and input within this particular agency. DP - Democracia Popular (Popular Democracy). Center-right Ecuadorian political party. Osvaldo Hurtado and Jamil Mahuad both won the presidency on the DP ticket. Based largely in the Highlands. ECUARUNARI – Ecuador Runacunapac Riccharimui (Quichua phrase meaning, “Ecuadorian Indians Awaken”). This is the acronym for the, Confederación de los Pueblos de Nacionalidad Kichua del Ecuador (Confederation of the Peoples of Quichua Nationality of Ecuador). CONAIE Highland regional affiliate federation. FADI – Frente Amplio de Izquierda (Broad Leftist Front). In Ecuador, coalition of leftist parties that formed at the time of the transition back to democracy and presented in elections during the 1980s. By the 1990s it had largely faded from view. FECAB-BRUNARI – Federación de Organizaciones Campesinas de Bolivar (Federation of Peasant Organizations of Bolivar). CONAIE provincial affiliate representing indigenous organizations in the Highland province of Bolivar. Alternate spellings of the acronym include: FECAB, FECABRUNARI or FECAB-RUNARI. ix FECOCI – Federación de Comunidades Campesinas e Indígenas (Federation of Campesino and Indigenous Communities). Local OSG located in the canton of Echeandia in the province of Bolivar. Members are primarily mestizo, but it is affiliated with FECAB-BRUNARI and thus also part of CONAIE.
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