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Orange Alba: the Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland Since 1798

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Orange Alba: the Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland Since 1798 University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2010 Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798 Ronnie Michael Booker Jr. University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Booker, Ronnie Michael Jr., "Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2010. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/777 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Ronnie Michael Booker Jr. entitled "Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. John Bohstedt, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Vejas Liulevicius, Lynn Sacco, Daniel Magilow Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by R. Michael Booker Jr. entitled “Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. John Bohstedt, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Vejas Liulevicius Lynn Sacco Daniel Magilow Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) Orange Alba: The Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland since 1798 A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville R. Michael Booker Jr. August 2010 ii Copyright © 2010 by R. Michael Booker Jr. All rights reserved. iii ABSTRACT This study introduces the idea that, taken together, the major institutional frameworks of the ultra-Protestant culture of loyalism in the southwestern lowlands of Scotland can be conceived as a civil religion. I argue that loyalist civil religion in lowland Scotland was comprised of a distinct set of institutions including the Orange Order, Glasgow Rangers Football Club, loyalist street gangs and paramilitaries and loyalist flute bands. The elements that informed each of these loyalist groups were not unrelated, but part of a multidimensional and interactive civil religious movement. Each institution appealed to a wide range of viewpoints within the loyalist community but they all rallied around the same general “cause” and participated in the same ritual gatherings. Loyalist civil religion in the urban lowlands was articulated through an understood system of rituals, folklore, symbols and moral values related to the Protestant Irish’s shared experience of historical conflict and victimization at the hands of Roman Catholics. Regular ritual commemorations of past events guided contemporary loyalist agendas and actions. Through the folk collage of symbols, songs and other folk displays at loyalist ritual events, the history and contemporary goals of loyalism were relayed to future generations of potential loyalists. The recurrent celebration of past military heroes, battles and blood sacrifices in the name of the loyalist cause helped to legitimize and sustain loyalist culture in Scotland, even after the civil religion of loyalism developed into a civil religion of a “Lost Cause.” This work argues that loyalist civil religion was not just a formation of an agreed-upon national creed, but functioned to unify a subgroup within a nation driven to articulate its identity in a way contrary to the national status quo. Loyalist civil religion forged not only a banner of collective allegiance, but also a charter for action. Loyalists not only believed they had the right to pursue their “way of life,” but they were united by the belief that they were engaged in a iv constant battle with the “shadowy” forces of Roman Catholicism whose collective was supposedly engaged in an ongoing quest to undermine the cherished British “civil and religious liberties” secured by William III in 1690 at the Battle of the Boyne. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page Introduction........................................................................................................................1 Chapter I - The Sash My Father Wore: The Orange Order and the Civil Religion of Loyalism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland...................................................20 The Glorious Revolution, the Battle of the Boyne and the Making of the Williamite Commemorative Tradition, 1688-1795..................................................................................................................22 The Early Development of the Orange Order in Ireland and Lowland Scotland.......................30 Orange Parades...........................................................................................................................42 Nineteenth Century Growing Pains: The Dissolution and Reinvention of the Orangeism in Scotland ....................................................................................................................................................51 The Orange Order in Scotland during the Home Rule Crises, 1886-1914.................................57 Blood Sacrifice and the Memory of the Somme: The Orange Order and the First World War.73 Orangeism in Scotland during the Interwar Period ....................................................................76 The Orange Order in Scotland after World War II ....................................................................82 Chapter II – We are the People: Glasgow Rangers Football Club and Loyalist Civil Religion in Scotland during the Twentieth Century..................................................................110 From Primrose to Souness: Loyalist Civil Religious Culture at Rangers from the Top Down119 No Surrender!: Grass Roots Loyalism and Rangers Football Hooliganism during the Twentieth Century .....................................................................................................................................151 Casual Culture, The Inter City Firm and the “Blues Brothers” Loyalist Alliance...................170 Glasgow Rangers FC, Sectarianism and Loyalist Civil Religion during the First Decade of the Twenty- First Century.............................................................................................................................186 vi Chapter III – Up to Our Knees in Fenian Blood: Alternative Expressions of Loyalist Civil Religion in Glasgow during the Twentieth Century...................................................202 Surrender or You Will Die: Glasgow’s Loyalist Bridgeton Billy Boys Street Gang during the Interwar Period........................................................................................................................................204 Hands Across the Water: Loyalist Paramilitarism in the Southwestern Lowlands of Scotland during “the Troubles,” 1967 - 2002 ....................................................................................................220 Chapter IV - Pugnacious Protestantism: Flute Bands and the Transmission of Loyalist Popular Culture in the Urban Lowlands of Scotland.................................................245 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................288 Picture Credits ...............................................................................................................299 Selected Bibliography....................................................................................................301 Appendices......................................................................................................................315 A. Loyalist/Orange Songs “The Sash My Father Wore”................................................................................................316 “The Sash My Father Wore” (Richard Hayward version)...................................................317 “The Green Grassy Slopes of the Boyne”............................................................................318 “Boyne Water”.....................................................................................................................320 “Rule, Britannia”..................................................................................................................322 “Croppies Lie Down”...........................................................................................................323 “The
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