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Dossier Pierre Duhem Pierre Duhem's Philosophy and History of Science
Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science , 2 (201 7) 03 -06 ISSN 2526 -2270 www.historiographyofscience.org © The Author s 201 7 — This is an open access article Dossier Pierre Duhem Pierre Duhem’s Philos ophy and History of Science Introduction Fábio Rodrigo Leite 1 Jean-François Stoffel 2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i2.02 _____________________________________________________________________________ We are pleased to present in this issue a tribute to the thought of Pierre Duhem, on the occasion of the centenary of his death that occurred in 2016. Among articles and book reviews, the dossier contains 14 contributions of scholars from different places across the world, from Europe (Belgium, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Sweden) to the Americas (Brazil, Canada, Mexico and the United States). And this is something that attests to the increasing scope of influence exerted by the French physicist, philosopher and 3 historian. It is quite true that since his passing, Duhem has been remembered in the writings of many of those who knew him directly. However, with very few exceptions (Manville et al. 1927), the comments devoted to him exhibited clear biographical and hagiographic characteristics of a generalist nature (see Jordan 1917; Picard 1921; Mentré 1922a; 1922b; Humbert 1932; Pierre-Duhem 1936; Ocagne et al. 1937). From the 1950s onwards, when the studies on his philosophical work resumed, the thought of the Professor from Bordeaux acquired an irrevocable importance, so that references to La théorie physique: Son objet et sa structure became a common place in the literature of the area. As we know, this recovery was a consequence of the prominence attributed, firstly, to the notorious Duhem-Quine thesis in the English- speaking world, and secondly to the sparse and biased comments made by Popper that generated an avalanche of revaluations of the Popperian “instrumentalist interpretation”. -
One of the Most Celebrated Physics Experiments of the 20Th Cent
Not Only Because of Theory: Dyson, Eddington and the Competing Myths of the 1919 Eclipse Expedition Introduction One of the most celebrated physics experiments of the 20th century, a century of many great breakthroughs in physics, took place on May 29th, 1919 in two remote equatorial locations. One was the town of Sobral in northern Brazil, the other the island of Principe off the west coast of Africa. The experiment in question concerned the problem of whether light rays are deflected by gravitational forces, and took the form of astrometric observations of the positions of stars near the Sun during a total solar eclipse. The expedition to observe the eclipse proved to be one of those infrequent, but recurring, moments when astronomical observations have overthrown the foundations of physics. In this case it helped replace Newton’s Law of Gravity with Einstein’s theory of General Relativity as the generally accepted fundamental theory of gravity. It also became, almost immediately, one of those uncommon occasions when a scientific endeavor captures and holds the attention of the public throughout the world. In recent decades, however, questions have been raised about possible bias and poor judgment in the analysis of the data taken on that famous day. It has been alleged that the best known astronomer involved in the expedition, Arthur Stanley Eddington, was so sure beforehand that the results would vindicate Einstein’s theory that, for unjustifiable reasons, he threw out some of the data which did not agree with his preconceptions. This story, that there was something scientifically fishy about one of the most famous examples of an experimentum crucis in the history of science, has now become well known, both amongst scientists and laypeople interested in science. -
Constructing Natural Historical Facts BACONIAN NATURAL HISTORY in NEWTON’S FIRST PAPER on LIGHT and COLORS
OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Mon Feb 10 2014, NEWGEN 2 Constructing Natural Historical Facts BACONIAN NATURAL HISTORY IN NEWTON’S FIRST PAPER ON LIGHT AND COLORS Dana Jalobeanu* The peculiar structure of Newton’s first published paper on light and colors has been the subject of an astonishing diversity of readings: to date, scholars still do not agree as to what Newton wanted to prove in this paper or how he proved it.1 The structure of the paper is far from transparent. It consists of two very different parts: a historical account of what Newton called his “crucial experiment,” and a “doctrine of colors” consisting of thirteen propositions and an illustrative experiment. Equally debated has been the “style” of Newton’s demonstration.2 Newton begins the first part with an extensive his- torical account of how he became interested in the “celebrated phenomena of colors” and later reached one of its major results: that the shape of the spectrum refracted * Research for this paper has been supported by the grant PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0719, “From Natural History to Science,” awarded by the CNCS. 1 The paper has been read, in turns, as a formal blunder of a young upstart who dared to make a clear break with the mitigated skepticism and anti-dogmatism of the Royal Society, and as a brilliant exercise of rhetoric aiming to rewrite in the “scientific style of the day” the results of six long years of optical research. The reason for the exercise of rhetoric has also been the subject of fierce debates. -
Alchemy Is One of the Great Losers in the Historiography of Science
1 ©William R. Newman (Copyrighted Preprint: To Appear in Lumière et vision dans les sciences et dans les arts, de l'Antiquité du XVIIe siècle, Danielle Jacquart and Michel Hochmann, editors, Librairie Droz.) Newton’s Early Optical Theory and its Debt to Chymistry William R. Newman Indiana University ©William R. Newman 2 ©William R. Newman Newton’s Early Optical Theory and its Debt to Chymistry Introduction In the years immediately preceding Isaac Newton’s experimental demonstration that sunlight is actually a composition of heterogeneous spectral rays rather than being perfectly homogeneous, a sophisticated methodology based on the analysis and resynthesis of gross matter had decisively shown that chemical compounds were also made up of heterogeneous components. Although modern scholars tend to associate the experimental approach of seventeenth-century corpuscular matter theory with mechanical philosophers such as Pierre Gassendi and Robert Boyle, an extensive alchemical tradition extending from the High Middle Ages up to Boyle’s immediate predecessors had long used the analytic retrievability of the constituents of compounds to argue for the permanence of the ingredients that went into them. Boyle, in particular, was the direct heir of this lengthy alchemical tradition, especially in his use of the atomistic writings of the Wittenberg medical professor Daniel Sennert. It is a well known fact that the young Newton was heavily influenced by Boyle, but no one up to now has argued in detail for a transfer from Boyle’s work on “chymical” analysis and synthesis to the optical analyses and syntheses that formed the bases of Newton’s early optical work.1 Elsewhere I have argued that alchemical experimentation helped to bring a decisive end to traditional 3 ©William R. -
Discovery of Acceleration of the Universe As an Experimentum Crucis
Experimentum crucis Accelerating evolution of the Universe Summary Discovery of acceleration of the Universe as an experimentum crucis Marek Szyd lowski Pawe l Tambor Adam Krawiec Department of Theoretical Physics, Catholic University of Lublin M. Kac Complex Systems Research Center Institute of Economics and Management, Jagiellonian University 6th ECAP, 2008 Krak´ow, 22 August 2008 Experimentum crucis Accelerating evolution of the Universe Summary Outline 1 Experimentum crucis 2 Accelerating evolution of the Universe 3 Summary Experimentum crucis Accelerating evolution of the Universe Summary Experimentum crusis Isaac Newton first used the term experimentum crucis in his Opticks (1704). In sciences, an experimentum crucis, or critical experiment, is an experiment capable of decisively determining whether or not a particular hypothesis or theory is correct. In particular, such an experiment must typically be able to produce a predictable result that no established hypothesis or theory is capable of producing. Experimentum crucis Accelerating evolution of the Universe Summary Experimentum crucis Important remark of John Stuart Mill: Experimentum crucis consists of not only one but at least three. In the cosmological context the different astronomical observations are used together: SNIa, CMB, baryon oscillation peak, gravitational lensing. Lakatos distinguished in his concept of research programmes the ‘minor crucial experiments’ and ‘major crucial experiments’. The former is applied within the research programme (series of theories with the common hard core) while the latter is applied to competing research programmes. Experimentum crucis Accelerating evolution of the Universe Summary Experimentum crucis (Such, 1975) There are two practical approaches to conduct the experimentum crucis: In the framework of given theory we try to explain the occurring anomaly where new hypothesis explains it. -
The Short History of Science
PHYSICS FOUNDATIONS SOCIETY THE FINNISH SOCIETY FOR NATURAL PHILOSOPHY PHYSICS FOUNDATIONS SOCIETY THE FINNISH SOCIETY FOR www.physicsfoundations.org NATURAL PHILOSOPHY www.lfs.fi Dr. Suntola’s “The Short History of Science” shows fascinating competence in its constructively critical in-depth exploration of the long path that the pioneers of metaphysics and empirical science have followed in building up our present understanding of physical reality. The book is made unique by the author’s perspective. He reflects the historical path to his Dynamic Universe theory that opens an unparalleled perspective to a deeper understanding of the harmony in nature – to click the pieces of the puzzle into their places. The book opens a unique possibility for the reader to make his own evaluation of the postulates behind our present understanding of reality. – Tarja Kallio-Tamminen, PhD, theoretical philosophy, MSc, high energy physics The book gives an exceptionally interesting perspective on the history of science and the development paths that have led to our scientific picture of physical reality. As a philosophical question, the reader may conclude how much the development has been directed by coincidences, and whether the picture of reality would have been different if another path had been chosen. – Heikki Sipilä, PhD, nuclear physics Would other routes have been chosen, if all modern experiments had been available to the early scientists? This is an excellent book for a guided scientific tour challenging the reader to an in-depth consideration of the choices made. – Ari Lehto, PhD, physics Tuomo Suntola, PhD in Electron Physics at Helsinki University of Technology (1971). -
History Syndrome OR Popperian Credentials of Geology PS MOHARIR
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.), Vol. 102, No. 2, June 1993,. pp. 283-305. Printed in India. History syndrome OR Popperian credentials of Geology P S MOHARIR National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007 India. MS received 12 June 1991; revised 28 December 1992 Abstract. Earth-science is greatly concerned with history. It is argued by some that a historical discipline is not a science. This is contrary to the conclusion from the demarcation criteria of Popper, set to separate science from formal disciplines such as metaphysics, mathematics and logic. Others have spoken of the unity of all sciences. Classification of intellectual activities is based on oenus proximum and differentia specifica. Hence the two viewpoints can be readily reconciled. Earth-science has been criticized variously for being descriptive, inductive, explanatory, etc. Other historical and concrete sciences have also attracted similar adverse comments. These issues are discussed at length to argue that Popper's work should be extended further to define a demarcation of science into immanent and historical. It is also argued that the rignur of cognitive and logical determinants of science is not an adequate reason to embrace sociological models of science. Further, sociological/logical models of science present a misleading dichotomy. Keywords. Demarcation criteria; historical sciences; Kuhnian model; mathematicalization; earth-science revolution. 1. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether geology can be a science. Science is a modern catchword. Therefore, everyone is bound to argue that his discipline is science and then proceed to define it. Most such definitions are territorial. -
Annual Report 2003 3
PL0401646 INSTYTUT PROBLEMÓW JĄDROWYCH im. Andrzeja Sołtana THE ANDRZEJ SOŁTAN INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES INSTYTUT PROBLEMOW J&DROWYCH im. Andrzeja Soltana The Andrzej Softan INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES INIS-PL- 0007 ANNUAL REPORT PL-05-400 OTWOCK-8WIERK, POLAND tel.: 048 22 718 0 83 fax: 048 22 779 34 1 e-mail: sinsipj.gov.pi http:Hwww.ipj.gov.pi Editors: D. Chmielewska E. Infeld Z. Preibisz P. ?upraftki Secretarial work and layout: A. Odziemczyk K. Traczyk Cover design G. Karczmarczyk Printed by Zakfad Graficzny UW, zam. 280/2004 ISSN 1232-5309 Annual Report 2003 3 CONTENTS 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 7 1- MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE 7 2. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL 8 3. DEPARTMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE I 0 4. SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE INSTITUTE 5 . V IS IT IN G SC IE N T IST S ....................................................................................................... 13 6. GRANTS 15 7. DEGREES 18 8. CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS ORGANIZED BY IPJ ........................................... 1 8 11. REPORTS ON RESEARCH BY DEPARTMENT 19 1 NUCLEAR REACTIONS I 9 2. NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE ............................................................ 35 3. DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS ............................................................... 55 4. RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY ................................................................. 69 5. PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................ 79 6. H IG H EN E R G Y PH Y SIC S .................................................................................................. -
Robert Finlay, 'Weaving the Rainbow: Visions of Color in World History'
Weaving the Rainbow: Visions of Color in World History robert finlay University of Arkansas udwig Wittgenstein wrote his last work, Remarks on Colour, during a visit to Vienna in 1950 and while dying of cancer in Cambridge theL following year. The slim book represented a return to a theme of his earliest writings, for he had dealt with the thorny problem of the logi- cal structure of color concepts in Tractatus Philosophico-Mathematicus (1908).1 Remarks on Colour sets forth a broad range of what Wittgen- stein called “puzzle questions”: Why is white not considered a color? What makes bright colors bright? Are “pure” colors mere abstractions, never found in reality? What is the relationship between the world of objects and the world of consciousness? Is there such a thing as a “natural history of color”? Faced with more conundrums than answers, Wittgenstein despaired that the logic of color perceptions could be clarifi ed: “there is merely an inability to bring the concepts into some kind of order. We stand there like the ox in front of the newly-painted stall door.” 2 Wittgenstein’s refl ections on color took place upon a fault line divid- ing the followers of Isaac Newton (1642–1727) from those of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832). Wittgenstein remarked that he found Newtonian questions interesting but not gripping, and although 1 Ray Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (New York: Free Press, 1990), pp. 561–568; J. Westphal, Colour: Some Philosophical Problems from Wittgenstein (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984), pp. 6–7, 11. 2 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Remarks on Colour, ed. -
A History of Science, V1
A History of Science, V1 Henry Smith Williams A History of Science, V1 Table of Contents A History of Science, V1.....................................................................................................................................1 Henry Smith Williams.............................................................................................................................1 VOLUME I. THE BEGINNINGS OF SCIENCE...................................................................................1 BOOK I.................................................................................................................................................................1 I. PREHISTORIC SCIENCE...................................................................................................................2 II. EGYPTIAN SCIENCE.......................................................................................................................9 III. SCIENCE OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA..............................................................................19 IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALPHABET..............................................................................30 V. THE BEGINNINGS OF GREEK SCIENCE...................................................................................36 VI. THE EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS IN ITALY...................................................................38 VII. GREEK SCIENCE IN THE EARLY ATTIC PERIOD...............................................................48 VIII. POST−SOCRATIC SCIENCE -
Newton's Experimentum Crucis from a Constructivist Point of View
Humboldt University of Berlin Philosophy Term Paper Winter Term 2008/09 Newton’s Experimentum Crucis from a Constructivist Point of View Author: Philipp Kanschik Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Olaf Müller Student No.: 522919 Institute for Philosophy Address: Jonasstraße 28 Humboldt University 12053 Berlin of Berlin Germany Phone: 0049 30 29045786 E-mail: [email protected] Date of completion: April 3rd, 2009 Table of Content 1. Introduction: Science and Reality 4 2. Simon Schaffer's Constructivist Approach 7 2.1 Realism and Constructivism 7 2.2 Leviathan and the Air-Pump 10 3. Facts and Theory in Newton's Letter from 1672 17 3.1 Facts 17 3.2 Theory 20 3.3 What Does the Experimentum Crucis Prove? 21 4. Newton's Experimentum Crucis from a Constructivist 25 Point of View 4.1 Evaluating Experimental Matters of Fact 25 4.2 Material Technology: Prisms as an Experimental 27 Instrument 4.3 Literary Technology: Newton's Overconfidence 31 4.4 Social Technology: Newton's Authority 35 5. Conclusion and Outlook: What Schaffer Should 40 Have Done Appendix 43 References 46 2 I, Philipp Kanschik, hereby declare this work to be my own, that I have acknowledged all the sources I have consulted in the paper itself and not only in the bibliography, that all wording unaccompanied by a reference is my own, and that no part of this essay can be found on the internet. I acknowledge that this paper has not been handed in at another university in order to obtain an academic degree. Signature 3 1. Introduction: Science and Reality Being skeptical about reality has become easy. -
David Hume Has Been Largely Read As a Philosopher but Not As a Scientist
THE VERA CAUSA PRINCIPLE IN 18 TH CENTURY MORAL PSYCHOLOGY 1 FERNANDO MORETT David Hume has been largely read as a philosopher but not as a scientist. In this article I discuss his work exclusively as a case of science; in particular as a case of early modern science. I compare the moral psychology of self-interest, sympathy and sentiments of humanity he argues for with the moral psychology of universal self-interest from Bernard Mandeville, presenting the controversy between the two as a case of theory choice. David Hume, Adam Smith and Francis Hutcheson regarded the psychology of self-interest advanced by Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Mandeville as the rival theory to be defeated; it was a theory making ‘so much noise in the world’, Smith reports 2. Hume positively praises Mandeville’s theory in the first pages of the Treatise . This volume pays more attention to self-interest than An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, in which Hume discusses the disinterested passions of humanity and benevolence in more detail. Both Hume and Smith were highly critical of Mandeville’s theory, which they considered to be ‘malignant’ and ‘wholly pernicious’ because it leaves no grounds for ‘feelings sympathy and humanity’. They actually allude to Mandeville with epithets such as ‘sportive sceptic’ and ‘superficial reasoner’, whose reasoning is ‘ingenious sophistry’. 3 Hume strongly criticises the self-interested individuals described by Mandeville who are ‘monsters’ ‘unconcerned, either for the public good of a community or the private utility of others’ 4; they are replicas of Ebenezer Scrooge who even at Christmas shows no humanity, no concern for others.