PL0401646

INSTYTUT PROBLEMÓW JĄDROWYCH im. Andrzeja Sołtana THE ANDRZEJ SOŁTAN INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES

INSTYTUT PROBLEMOW J&DROWYCH im. Andrzeja Soltana The Andrzej Softan INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES

INIS-PL- 0007

ANNUAL REPORT

PL-05-400 OTWOCK-8WIERK, POLAND tel.: 048 22 718 0 83 fax: 048 22 779 34 1 e-mail: sinsipj.gov.pi http:Hwww.ipj.gov.pi Editors: D. Chmielewska E. Infeld Z. Preibisz P. ?upraftki

Secretarial work and layout: A. Odziemczyk K. Traczyk

Cover design G. Karczmarczyk

Printed by Zakfad Graficzny UW, zam. 280/2004

ISSN 1232-5309 Annual Report 2003 3

CONTENTS

1. GENERAL INFORMATION 7

1- MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE 7

2. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL 8

3. DEPARTMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE I 0

4. SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE INSTITUTE

5 . V IS IT IN G SC IE N T IST S ...... 13 6. GRANTS 15

7. DEGREES 18

8. CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS ORGANIZED BY IPJ ...... 1 8

11. REPORTS ON RESEARCH BY DEPARTMENT 19

1 NUCLEAR REACTIONS I 9

2. NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE ...... 35

3. DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS ...... 55

4. RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY ...... 69

5. PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY ...... 79

6. H IG H EN E R G Y PH Y SIC S ...... 93

7. C O SM IC R A Y PH Y SIC S ...... 115

8. N U C L E A R T H E O R Y ...... 127

9. M A T ER IA L ST U D IES ...... <D

10. ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY ...... 151

11. TRA IN IN G A N D CO N SU LTIN G ...... (161)

12. ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT ...... 171

111. O B IT UA R IE S ...... 17 7

111. AU T H O R IN DE X ...... 179 4 Annual Report 2003 Annual Report 2003 5

IIIII FOREWORD PLO401647

My Forevvord to the 2002 Annual Report ended with a handful of best wishes for te year 2003.

One of them, rather ighly ptched, was addressed to our funding authorities: may teir preachincy about a Knowledge Based Society in Poland" come true! There is, unfortunately, little evidence tat this preaching is taken seriously by the preachers, even though the time for that in a unifying Europe is high I hope that this Annual Report bears witness that at least we are doing our bit in this direction.

Thus:

We have published 203 papers i international journals. Several of them quickly gain

international recognition. There was hard competition for our nternal awards. The four

emerging winners are behind the contributions: on the creation of circular vortices in Bose-

Einstein condensates contribution 823), on our share in the NA49 experiment at CERN

(contribution 64), on our use of solid state nuclear track detectors, SSNTD, in the hostile

environment of hot plasma experiments (contribution 5.5) and o some special detectors or

positron emission tomography to be applied in hadron therapy contribution 37). We have also contributed to te ceneral education by, eg., having over 7000 young guests at C, t, t, t t,

our Trainino, Department (see Capter I ), takingZ-1 part in the Science Festival in Warsaw ad

Udi, or starting the Roland Maze project" in that city. The pr OiJect alms at involving1-1 a large number of hgh school pupils in active research concerning extensive air showers at highest

energies (contribution 76). Very importantly, it has gained approval and financial support of te

local authorities in L6&.

Two international meetings were organized by our Institute: the XXVIII Mazurian Lakes

Conference, "The Atomic Nucleus as a Laboratory for Fundamental Processes", EPS sponsored,

see e.a. CERN Courier 44 2004), and the "Conference on Plasma Research and Applications,

PLASMA 2003", biannual -athering of plasma physics its.

Our attempts at obtaining EU contracts (see p. 17) gain momentum. This track full of urdles,

expected as well as unexpected ones. Slowly, we seem to be earning how to take them.

It seems to be trendy nowadays to refer to our field of research as Subatomic Pysics.

Obviously, this field has very strong links and/or overlaps of interests and expertise wth several other branches of modern science. The prime example is of course astrophysics with its emerging subfields: the astro-nuclear and astro-particle pysics. Several of us have for years been involved in some astrophysics related pr Oi'ects. New, hghZ:1 expectations raised by undertakings11:1 in this drectio re described in contribution 615. We wish our colleagues every success in their planned expeditio to

Chile. 6 Annual Rel)ort 2003

Our Subatomic Physics as also strong links to and involvement in various applied sciences. It is the weakness and the strenath of tis field that applications are varied and scattered throughout many industries. They fd their use i many other fields of research, notably in environmental studies and, last but not least, ae te basis of a aroe number of life saving techniques. We can provide material to illustrate the relevant statement of te President of our Academy, prof. Andrzej B. egocki: "In spite o 'inany a coninzon belief I claini that te diving force of any progress is ftindamental research. Not only does it extend our Understanding of the vvorld around its, it also is ehind all those new technologies vvhich are essential.for the advancement of civilisation" (Forum Akademickle Nr 1, 2004, p. 17). One such iustration", described in contribution 5.8, concerns a new technology of producing?- thin superconductingC, films foi- Irish energy particle accelerators. Hopefully, tis may become an important, economic method.

This Foreword is not meant as a uide throuah our Report but, hopefully, should serve as an encouragement to look inside.

I hope the Reader finds satisfaction in doing so.

Professor Ziemowid S 'kowski Annual Report 2003 7

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

The Institute is a state owned laboratory. It conducts pure and applied research oil subatomic physics, i.e. elementary particle, low and high energy nuclear physics, plasma physics and eated fields. The Institute specializes in accelerator physics and technology, material research with nuclear techniques, the development of spectrometric techniques, nuclear electronics and also in applications of nuclear techniques to environmental research, nuclear medicine etc. Apart from scientific departments, there is a separate production unit operating withi te Institute - ZdAJ (the Establishment for Nuclear Equipment). This unit specializes in medical equipment, notably in the production of linear electron accelerators for oncology. The main site of te Istitute is wierk near Otwock, but sorne of its departments (P-1, P-VI, P-VIII) are located in Warsaw, PL-00-681 Warsaw, 69 Ho2a street, and one (P-VII) in the city of L6&, PL-90-950 Udi, 5 Uniwersytecka street.

1. MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE

Director Professor Ziernowid SUJKOWSKI phone: 22) 718-05-83 e-mail: sujkowskipj.gov.p1

Deputy Director, Research and Development Professor Marek MOSZYTSKI phone: 22) 718-05-86 'l: mareki .gov.pl e-mal Pi

Scientific Secretary Dr. Danuta CHMIELEWSKA phone: 22) 718-05-85 e-mail: dankalpj.gov.pl 8 Annual Report 2003

2. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL

Till 30.06.2003

The previous Scientific Council was elected on the 7th of May 1999 by the scientific, technical and administrative staff of the Istitute. The Council had the ri-ht to confer PD and habilitation degrees in physics (DSc).

Representatives of scientific staff:

Helena Bialkowska, Assoc.Prof. Marian Pachan, MSc. Wieslaw Czarnacki, Dr. Jerzy Piekoszewski, Professor Stanislaw Gqbalski, MSc- Stanislaw Pszona, Dr. Michal Gryzifiski, Assoc.Prof. Wojciecli Ratyfiski, Professor Marian Jask6la, Professor Malpk Sadowski, Professor, Deputy Chairman Ro§cislaw Kaczarowski, Assoc.Prof. Adam Sobiczewski, Professor TadeUsz Kozlowski, Dr. Ryszard Sosnowski, Professor, Chairman Stanislaw Kulifiski Pofessor, Deput Cairman Joanna Stepaniak, Professor Jerzy Langner, Dr. Ziernowid Sujkowski, Professor Leszek Lukaszuk, Professor, Deputy Chairrnan Grzegorz Wilk, Assoc.Prof. Marek Moszyfiski, Professor Slawomir Wycech, Professor

Representatives of technical personnel:

Genowefa Fajkowska, Eng. Jolanta Mozdrzewska, MSc. Edward Fronczak, technician Jacek Pracz, MSc. Bogdan Gas, Ec,t" Anna Sidor Andrzej Hlger, MSc. 1wona Zawrocka, MSc. Jan Kope6, Eng. Zbigniew Zero, Eic,

External members:

Andrz ei Budzanowski, Professor - Institute of Nuclear Physics,(IFJ), Cracow Andrzej Chmielewski, Assoc.Prof. - Institute of Nuclear Chemistry (IChTJ), Warsaw Tomasz Czosnyka, Assoc.Prof. - Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University Jacek Fijuth, Assoc.Prof. - Institute of Oncology, Warsaw Janusz Mika, Professor - Institute of Atomic Energy (IEA), Warsaw Zdzislaw Pawlowski, Pofessor - Warsaw Technical Institute Stanislaw Rohozi6ski, Professor - Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University Janusz Zakrzewski, Professor - Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University Annual Report 2003 9

From 28.10.2003

The new Scientific Council was elected on the 28"' of October 2003.

Representatives of scientific staff:

Helena Bialkowska, Assoc.Prof., Deputy Chairman Jan Nassalski, Professor Ludwik Dobrzyfiski, Professor Krzysztof Rusek, Assoc. Prof. Marian Jask6la, Professor Adam Sobiczewski, Professor Ro9cislaw Kaczarowski, Assoc.Prof. Ryszard Sosnowski, Professor, Cairman Robert Kielsznia, Dr. Ziemowid S 'kowski, Professor Ryszard Kisiel, Dr. S14wornir Wronka, Dr. Leszek LukaSZLik, Professor, Deputy Chairt-nan Janusz Wilczyfiski, Professor, Marek Moszyfiski, Professor Deputy Chairman

Representatives of technical personnel:

Robert Hornuna, MSc. Jacek Pracz, MSc. Jan Kope6, Eng. Krystyna Traczyk, MSc. Jerzy Ma 'anowski, MSc.

External members:

Andrzej' Budzanowski Pofessor - Institute of Nuclear Physics,(IFJ), Cracow Katarzyna Chalasifiska-Macukow, Professor - Institute of Geophysics, Warsaw University Tornasz Czosnyka, Assoc.Prof. - Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University Danuta Kisielewska, Professor - University of Minnino,ID and Metalurgy2:1 Wojc1ech Kr6likowski, Professor - Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw Uiversity Zbigniew Kulka, Professor - Warsaw Technical Institute Julian Malicki, Assoc. Prof. - Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii Marek Pajek, Professor - Akademia Swiqtokrzyska, Kielce Stanislaw Rohozifiski, Professor - Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw Uiversity Michal Walig6rski, Professor - Institute of Oncology, Cracow 10 Annual Report 2003

3. DEPARTMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE

- NUCLEAR REACTIONS (P-1) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Krzysztof RUSEK

- NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE (P-11) Head of Department - Dr TadeUsz KOZLOWSKI (till June 30) Dr Jan SERNICKI (frorn July )

- DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS (P-111) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Zbi.In'ew GUZIK

- RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY (P-IV) Head of Department - Dr Stanislaw PSZONA

- PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY (P-V) Head of Department - Professor Marek SADOWSKI

- HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS (P-VI) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Helena BIALKOWSKA

- COSMIC RAY PHYSICS (P-VII) Head of Department - Dr Jacek SZABELSKI

- NUCLEAR THEORY (P-VIII) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Grzegorz WILK

- MATERIAL STUDIES (P-IX) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Zbi.,In'ew WERNER

- ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY (P-X) Head of Department - Dr Eugeniusz PLAWSKI

Other units:

- DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING Director - Pofessor Ludwik DOBRZYTSKI tel.718-06-12, 718-05-71

- ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT (ZdAJ) Director, MSc. Jacek PRACZ tel.718-05-00, 718-05-02

- TRANSPORT DIVISION (ZTS) Director, Civ. Eng. Bogdan GAS tel.718-06-16, fax 048-22-718-06-15 Annual Report 2003

4. SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE INSITUTE

PROFESSORS

1. BLOCKI Jan Theoretical Nuclear Physics 2. DABROWSKI Janusz Theoretical Nuclear Pysics DOBRZYTSKI Ludw1k Solid State Physics 4. INFELD Eryk Plasma Physics and Nonlinear Dynamic.,; 5. JASKOLA Marian Low Energy Nuclear Physics 6. LUKASZUK Leszek Particle Physics 7. MARCINKOWSKI Andrze' Low Energy Nuclear Physics 8. MOSZYNSKI Marek Nuclear Electronics, Technical Physics 9. MRbWCZY]SKI Stanislaw Particle Physics 10. NASSALSKI Jan Particle Physics I 1. PEKOSZEWSKI Jerzy Solid State Physics 12 SADOWSKI Marek Plasma Physics 13. SIEMIARCZUK Teodor Particle and Hiah Energy Nuclea Pysics 14. SOBICZEWSKI Adam Theoretical Physics, Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences 15. SOSNOWSKI Ryszard Particle Physics, Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences 16. STEPANIAK Joanna High Energy Nuclear Physics 17. SUJKOWSKI Zernowid Low Energy Nuclear Physics IS. SZEPTYCKA Maria Particle Physics 19. TUROS Andrz ' (" ") Solid State Physics 20. WILCZYTSKI Janusz Low Energyt, Nuclear Physics 1WILK Grze ooi-z Particle Physics 22. WYCECH Slawornir Nuclear and Particle Physics

CONTRACT PROFESSORS 1. MOROZ Zbigniew Low Energy Nuclear Physics :1 Z:1 2. ZUPRATSKI Pawel High Energy Nuclear Physics

ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS and DSc

I .BIALKOWSKA Helena High Energy Nuclear Physics 2. DELOFF Andrzej Particle Physics 3. GUZIK Zbioniew Nuclear Electronics 4. JAGIELSKI Jacek Solid State Ph sics 5. KACZAROWSKI Ro9cislaw Low Energy Nuclear Physics 6. KIELCZEWSKA Danuta Particle Physics 7. RUSEK Krzysztof Low Energy Nuclear Physics 8. RONDIO Ewa Particle Physics 9. SANDACZ Andrzej' Particle Physics 10. SKALSKI Janusz Theoretical Nuclear Physics 11. SLAPA Mieczyslaw Solid State Physics 12. SZCZEKOWSKI Marek Particle Physics 13. SZYMANOWSKI Lech Theoretical Nuclear Physics 14. WERNER Zb1gn1ew Solid State Physics 15. WIBIG Tadeusz ("") Cosmic Ray Physics 12 Annual Report 2003

16. WLICKI Wojciech Particle Physics 17. WROCHNA Grzeoorz Particle Physics 18. ZABIEROWSKI Janusz Cosmic Ray Physics 19. ZWIFG1,11SKI BoClUsfaw Nuclear Physics

RESEARCH STAFF

I ADAMUS Marek 30. PLOCIENNIK Weronika. 2. AUGUSTYNIAK Witold 31. POLA4SKI Aleksander 3. BALCERZYK Marcin 32. PREIBISZ Zygmunt 4. BARANOWSKI Jaroslaw 33. PSZONA Stanislaw 5. BARLAK Marek (**) 34. RABITSKI Marek 6. BATSCH Tadeusz 35. ROZYNEK Jacek 7. BIETKOWSKI Andrzej 36. RUCHOWSKA Ewa 8. BORSUK Stanislaw 37. SENATORSKI Andrzej 9. CHARUBA Jacek 38. SERNICKI Jan 10. CHMIELEWSKA Danuta 39. SKLADNIK-SADOWSKA E. 11. CHMIELOWSKI Wladyslaw 40. SKORUPSKI Andrzej **) 12. CZARNACKI Wieslaw 41. SMOLAICZUK Robert 13. GOKIELI Ryszard 42. SOWI`4SKI Mieczyslaw 14. GOLDSTEIN Piotr 43. STONERT Anna 15. G6RSKI Maciej 44. SZABELSKA Barbara 16. JAKUBOWSKI Lech 45. SZABELSKI Jacek 17. KORMAN Andrzej 46. SZLEPER Michal (I-) 18. KOZLOWSKI TadeUSZ 47. SZYDLOWSKI Adam 19. KUP Andrzej (*) 48. SZYMATSKI Piotr (*) 20. KUREK Krzysztof 49. SZYMCZYK Wladyslaw 21. LANGNER Jerzy 50. TRZCf14SKI Andrzej 22. MARIAISKI Bogdan 51. UTYUZH Oleg 23. MYSLEK-LAURIKAINEN B. 52. WINCEL, Krzysztof 24. NAWROT Adam 53. WOJTKOWSKA Jolanta(**) 25. NOWICKI Lech 54. WOLSKI Dariusz 26. PATYK Zygmunt 55. WYSOCKA Anna 27. PIECHOCKI Wlodzimierz 56. ZALEWSKI Piotr 28. PIOTROWSKI Anton] 57. ZYCHOR Izabella 29. PLAWSKI EUgeniusz

on leave of absence part-time employee Annual Report 2003 3

5. VISITING SCIENTISTS

I Cohen F. College de France, Paris, France Jan. 3tO P-Vil

2. Schnell G. DESY, Hamburg, Germany Jan. 712 P-I

3. Koval N. HCEI, Tomsk, Russia Jan. 28-31 P-V

4. Lachieze-R. M. CEA, Saclay Fance Jan. 28-Feb 2 P-VIII

5. Garkusha 1. NSC KIPT, Ukraine Feb. 128 P-V

6. Knappe H. Hahn-Meltner Institute, Germany Feb. 10- 2 P-VII

7. Klamra W. Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Feb. 10- 14 P-1111

8 . Kodama T. University o-Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Feb. 12-16 P-VIII

9. Wandler E. Friedrich Schiller Univ., Germany Feb. 15-23 P-I

10. Rabbe R. CEA, Saclay, France March 25-30 P-1

11. Artukh A. Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia March 3 April 3 P-I

12. Dietrych K. T.U. MUnich, Germany April 23 P-Vill

13. Gazeau P. University of Paris, France April 910 P-Vill

14. Capdevielle N. Colle-c de France, Paris, France April 10-20 P-VII

15. Garrido F. Centre de Spectrometric de Masse April 22-May 9 P-1

et Spectrometric Nucleare Orsay, France

16. Klamra W. Royal Inst. ofTechnology, Stockholm, Sweden May 616 P-111

17. Maydanyuk K. Inst. for Nuclear Research, Ukraine May 12-June 22 P-VIII

18. Guryna W. Brookhaven National Lab., USA June 823 P-VI

19. Guryna W. Brookhaven National Lab., USA June 29-July I P-VI

20. Kilian P. Forschunuszentrum, R111ch, Germany June 21-24 P-111

21. Morsch P. Forschun-szentrum, Rich, Germany June 21-25 P-111

22. Marmonier C. PHOTONIS, Brive, France June 26-27 P-ITI

23. Moussant C. PHOTONIS, Brive Fance June 26-27 P-111

24. Petrotchenkov S.A. Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia July 120 P-VII

25. Gazeau P. University of Paris, France July 810 P-Vill

26, Rudchik A. Inst. for Nuclear Research, Uki-aine July 15-16 P-1

27. Litvinov J. GSI, Darmstadt, Germany July 21-30 P-Vill

28. Tazzarl S. Univ. for Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy July 22-23 P-V 14 Annual Report 2003

29. Russo R. UnIv. for Tor Vrawa, Roma, Italy July 22-23 P-V

30. Catani L. Univ. Tora Ver(yata, Rorna. Italy July 22-23 P-V

31. Proch D. DESY, Hamburg, Germany July 22-23 P-V

32. Carrington J. Brandon University, Canada July 24-30 P-VI

33. Matos M. GSI, Darmstadt, Germany Aug. 10-19 P-Vill

34. Garrido F. Centre de Spectrornetrie de Masse Sept. l- 12 P-1

et Spectrometric de Nucleare Orsay Fance

35. Lapshyn V. NSC KIPT, Ukraine Sept. 813 P-V

36. Garkusha 1. NSC KIPT, Ukraine Sept. 813 P-V

37. Taran V. NSC KIPT, Ukraine Sept. 813 P-V

38. Tereshin V. NSC KIPT, Ukraine Sept. 813 P-V

39. Krualakov E. Budker Institute, Nowosybirsk, Russia Sept. 8- 3 P-V

40. Baronova E. Kurchatov Institute, Russia Sept. S 3 P-V

41. Vikhrev V. Kurchatov Institute, Russia Sept. 813 P-V

42. Clanchl A. UnIv. or Tor Vrgata, Roma, Italy Sept. 813 P-V

43. Mikhallov A. IJINR, Yakutsk, Russia Sept.] 5- Oct.5 P-VI

44. Klarnra W. Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Sept.29-Nov I P-1111

45. Wallon 0. University of Paris. France Oct. 612 P-VIII

46. Capdevielle N. Colleae de France, Paris, Fance Oct.26-Nov 12 P-VII

47. Alamanos A. CEA, Saclay, France Oct.29-Nov.2 P-1

48. Pakau A. Univ. of loannida, Grecce Oct.29-Nov.2 P-1

49. Munier S. Ecole Politechnique Fance Nov. 39 P-VI1I

50. Guryna W. Brookhaven National Lab., USA Nov. 15-24 P-V

51. De Martinis C. INFN, Mediolan, Italy Nov. 20-21 P-X

52. Giove D. INFN, Mediolan, Italy Nov. 20-21 P-X

53. Gazeau P. University of Pris Fance Nov. 24-25 P-Vill

54. Koshchy E. Kharkiv State Univ., Ukraine Dec. 2 P-1

55. Rudchlk A. Inst. for Nuclcar Research, Ukraine Dec. 4 P-Vill

56. Willis B. University of Oxford UK Dec. 914 P-1

57. Cohen N. Colleae de Fance, Parls, France Dec. 15-22 P-VII Annual Report 2003 t5

6. GRANTS

LIST OF RESEARCH PROJECTS (GRANTS) REALIZED IN 2003 Granted by State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN)

1. DYNAMICS OF FUSION AND DEEP INELASTIC REACTIONS Principal Investigator: Prof. J. Blocki No.2PO3BO5419

2. STUDIES OF THE GLUON POLARIZATION IN THE NUCLEON Principal Investigator: Assoc. ProL A. Sandacz No.2P03B11319

3. INVESTIGATIONS OF LEPTON PAIR PRODUCTION IN INTERACTIONS PROTON-PROTON AND PROTON-DEUTERON IN EXPERIMENT WASA Principal Investigator: ProL J. Stepaniak No.5PO3BO9420

4. SEARCH FOR NEUTRINOS TAU FROM OSCILLATIONS NEUTRINO Ml<->NEUTRINO TAU Principal Investigator: Assoc. ProL E. Rondio No.5PO3BO9520

5. PROJECT AND EXECUTION TECHNOLOGY OF PROTOTYPE MEDICAL UNIT FOR BRACHYTHERAPY OF BRAIN CANCER WITH USE OF PHOTON NEEDLE Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. M. Slapa No. I OT 1003 200OC/5092

6. INVESTIGATION OF AVALANCHE DIODS IN THE TEMPERATURE OF LIQUID NITROGEN FOR SCINTILLATION DETECTION. APPLICATION IN SPECTROMETRY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION Principal Investigator: Prof. M. Moszyfiski No. 8 I C00220

7. STUDIES OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE PRIMARY ENERGY RANGE 1015 - 5 I " eV ON THE ARRAY KASCADE Principal Investigator: Assoc. ProL J. Zabierowski No.5P03B13320

8. NUCLEAR STATES OF ETA MESONS Principal Investigator: ProL S. Wycech No.5PO3BO4521

9. ANALYSIS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC IONISING FACTORS IN NEAR GROUND AIR IN POLAND. APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS OF ENVIRONMENT AND MANAGEMENT Principal Investigator: Dr. B. Myslek-Laurikainen No. 6PO4GO0621

10. FORMATION AND DOSIMETRY OF NARROW BEAMS IN LINEAR ACCELERATORS USED IN STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY Principal Investigator: Prof. S. Kulifiski No 7T I I E04121

11. INTERACTION OF HIPERONS WITH ATOMIC NUCLEI AND THE HIPERON-NUCLEON INTERACTION Principal Investigator: Prof. J. Dqbrowski No. 2PO3BO7522 16 Annual Report 2003

12. PROPERTIES OF HEAVY AND SUPER-HEAVY NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Prof. A. Sobiczewski No.21?031303922

13. THEORY OF NUCLEAR SYNTHESIS Principal Investigator: Dr. R. Smolafiezuk No. 2P031304622

14. DYNAMICS OF RELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR AND HADRONIC COLLISIONS IN THE CERN SPS ENERGY RANGE. EXPERIMENT NA49 Principal Investigator: Prof. H. Bialkowska No.21?031313023 t 5. EXPERIMENTAL AND CALCULATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ABSORBED DOSE DISTRIBUTION IN CORONARY TISSUE OF THE PATIENTS TREATED WITH P-32 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE Principal Investigator: Dr. St. Pszona No. 3PO5CO6522

16. INFLUENCE OF MULTIPLE IONISATION AND SHELL COUPLINGS ON L SERIES X RAY EMISSION EXCITED WITH HEAVY IONS Principal Investigator: Prof. M. Jask6la No 2P031303824

17, DETERMINATION OF GLUON POLARISATION IN PROTON ON THE BASIS OF EXPERIMENT COMPASS Principal Investigator: Prof. J. Nassalski No 2PO3B 1425

1S. SELECTION OF PHOTO-GLUON FUSION IN MION-NUCLEON INTERACTIONS WITH PRODUCTION OF HADRONS WITH GREAT TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM Principal Investigator: Prof. E. Rondio No 2PO3 B 10725

19. INVESTIGATION OF OPTICAL FLASHES ACCOMPANYING GAMMA-RAY BURSTS Principal Investigation: Assoc. Prof. G. Wrochna No 2P031303825

In addition to the above, several of our scientists are principal investigators in grants coordinated by other institutions.

RESEARCH PROJECTS GRANTED BY FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS

1. INVESTIGATIONS OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS WITH LOOSELY BOUND NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Prof. K. Rusek Aureement with JINR, Dubna

2. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF A PROTOTYPE OF A LINEAR ARC SOURCE FOR COATING OF COPPER CAVITIES WITH NIOBIUM Principal Investigator: Dr. J. Langner Aureement with DESY, Hamburg, Appendix No 11 11

3. CONSTRUCTIONS AND TESTING OF TWO TRAVELLING WAVESECTIONS OPERATING IN DEFLECTOR MODE Principal Investigator: Dr. E. Plawski No PO/2327, Laboratorl Nazionall di Frascati. Italy Annual Report 2003 7

4. COLLABORATION IN THE THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Prof. A. Sobiezewski JINR Dubna, Order 25 2

5. PARTICIPATION IN DESIGNING AND TESTING OF PHOTOMULTIPLIERS Principal Investigator: Prof. M. Moszyhski Conti-act of PHOTONIS, Brive Fance

6. DESIGN AND TESTING OF A STRIPE DETECTOR Principal Investigator: Dr. T. Batscli Order No. 122/41515683/251

7. DESIGN AND ACCOMPLISHMENT OF A MODEL OF n x 9 SUPERSTRUCTURE Principal Investlgator: Dr. E. Plawski Order DESY, Appendix No. 7

8. CARRYING OUT OF THE SPECIAL TESTING OF THE HIGH VOLTAGE PULSED CAPACITORS IK-50/3 AND DELIVER OF 30 SUCH CAPACITORS TO CUSTOMER Principal Investigator: Dr. J. Larigner A-reement No POL-C 130/2003 with ITAC Ltd., Tokyo

9. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEW SCINTILLATION MATERIALS IN APPLICATION TO THE BORDER DETECTION EQUIPMENT Principal Investigation: ProL M. Moszyfiski Contract No 125961NSM-donors F

10. THE CONSULTANCY IN THE FIELD OF SCINTILLATOR CRYSTAL ANALYSIS BY NUCLEAR SPECTROMETRY Principal Investigator: ProL M. Moszyhski Contract No Sc 186697, Agreement wth Photonic Materials Ltd., Glasgow

I 1. THICK SILICON RADIATION DETECTORS FOR CHARGED PARTICLE SPECTROSCOPY Principal Investigator: Dr. W. Czarnacki Order No A29987

RESEARCH PROJECT GRANTED BY INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

1. PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTIVITY OF EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG RTD-D-3 Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. H. Bialkowska Contract No. HPRE-CT-2001-00190

2. DEVELOPMENT OF GRID ENVIRONMENTAL FOR INTERACTIVE APPLICATIONS (CROSS GRID) Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. W.Wiflicki No. IST-2001-32243 Te Fifth Framework Proaramme of EC

3. NUPEX A WEB-BASED SCIENCE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS Principal Investigation: Prof. L. Dobrzyfiski Contract No HPRP-CT-2002-00006 18 Annual Report 2003

7. DEGREES

PhD theses

I JULIA HOFFMAN (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-wierk) Search for light neutral Hic-s bosons in 2HDM model in e'e- collisions using DELPHI detector at LEP.

2. URSZULA MAJEWSKA Institute of Pysics, Akadernia wiqtokrzyska, Kielce) Study of ionization pocesses of ulphur pojectiles in collisions with atoms of solid states.

3. IGOR MUNTIAN (Institute fr Nuclear Studies, Otwock-wierk) Deformed superheavy nuclei.

4. KRZYSZTOF NAWROCKI (Institute or Nuclear Studies, Otwock-wierk) Studies of the b-quark decay into a strange quark and a gluon with the DELPHI detector.

5. SLAWOMIR WRONKA (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-wierk) Study of CP violation n K] _.s->Tc+Tc-e'e- decays in NA48 experiment.

6. ANNA WYSOCKA (Institute for Nuclear Studies, Otwock-wierk) Collimation and dosimetry of X-ray beams for stereotactic radiotherapy with a inear accelerator-.

8. CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS ORGANIZED OR COORGANIZED BY IPJ

1. XXVIII Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics "Atomic Nucleus as a Laboratory for Fundamental Processes" Krzy2e, Poland, August 3 - September 7 2003

followed by

5"' ANKE Workshop on "Strangeness production on Nucleons and Nuclei" Krzy2e, Poland, September - , 2003

Proceedings: Acta Phys. Pol. B35(3)2004, 893-1316 See also: http:llfiavs.fiivv.edii.plliiiaziti-iciiiliiiaziti-ian.htiill

2. Conference on Plasma Research and Applications Plasma 2003 Warsaw, Poland, September 9 - 12, 2003

See: http:llplasliia2OO3.cbk.vvaiv.l)I DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 9

11. REPORTS ON RESEARCH

I DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS PLO401648

Head of Department: Assoc. Professor Krzysztof Rusek phone: (22) 621-38-29 e-mail: rusekfuw.edu.pl

Overview

In spite of reduced personnel the number of papers published and in press exceeded fifty, almost ten more than a year ao. Another good sgn is the growing number of PhD students.

The following short reports cover the three m 'OF domains of our scientific activities: nuclear, material and atomic physics. a Nuclear physics The structure of light uclei was nvestigated, and studies of nuclear reactions induced by heavy ions were performed ncluding experiments at te Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw University. The experiments were carried out in collaboration with scientists from the Institute of Nuclear Research from Kiev, Ukraine. Proton induced eactions on zirconiurn were nvestigated theoretically by means of a multistep-direct odel extended for the unbound particle - hole states. Good areement with the experimental data was achieved. Isospin effects in mult1fragmentation of elativistic heavy ions were studied by the ALADIN Collaboratioll. Elements ofa. new aeneration detector PANDA were tested experimentally using a proton bear povide by the C30 compact cyclotron at Swierk. Evidence of a narrow baryon state was found in a quasi - real photoproduction on the deuterium target by te HERMES Collaboration, 0 Atomic physics Ionisation of selected heavy elements by sulphur ions was investigated in collaboration wth tile wiqtokrzyska Academy, Kielce. 0 Materials research Hydrogen release from ultralligh molecular weight olythene was investigated by means of' an c - particle beam from the Van de Graaff accelerator of our Department. Last but not least, many of our colleagues ave been involved in education. Lectures on nuclear pysics, accelerators, detectors used in nuclear esearch as well as nuclear methods applied in solid state studies r students from many hh schools of Warsaw and for students of Warsaw University were given by Dr. Andrzej Korman and Dr. Lech Nowicki. Also, our Department made a significant contribution to the 7 Science Festival, an event orcanizedt, regulary-I every year for the 11general public. 20 Annual Report 2003 PLO401649

1.1 Structure of the 14CI -(E,=6.09 MeV) Excited State from B 14C Inelastic Scattering 3 2) 2) 5) by S.Yu.Mezilevych" ), A.Budzanowsk' , V.K.Chernievsky'), B.Czech J.Choi ski4 , L.Glowacka S.Kliczewski 2), E.I.Koshchy6), V.M.Kyryanchukl), A.V.Mokhnach), A.A.Rudchik", A.T.Rudchikl), K.Rusek 3), S.B.Sakuta'), R.Sludak 21, I.Skwirczyfiska2), A.Szczurek2), L.Zern-104)

Anaular distributions o' the differential cross tested. In the latter projection, the two neutrons were section of the B 4C scatterinty were measured at treated as one particle, dneutron. The optical El,&("B = 45 MeV for the transitions to te (,round potentials for B core interaction were taken frorn and excited states of B and 4C nuclei using the B Ref '[2], the potentials for ''B + n and B + 2n ion beam from the Warsaw cyclotron U-200P. Te interactions were taken from Ref 3 In te fitting experimental data were analyzed by means of coupled procedure we varied the parameters of tile channels (CC) calculations. In this report we focus on spectroscopic amplitudes and the depth of te the results obtained for the excitation of the imac,' the IIB core potential. The results Cl- (E,=6.09 MeV) state of 4C. of the CC calculations with the coupling form-factors At first we assumed this state to be a two-phonon derived from the single-neutron and dineutron models vibrational state. The optical potential for the ''B + are shown in Fig 2 by short-dashed and solid curves, It Scattering system was taken in the standard respectively. The values of the spectroscopic z, -)+iW(r). Its real part was derived I - project 14CJ_=I2C"+2n(SJ3P,)=1.O) complex form Vi amplitudes foi ions from the known densities of B and 14 C nuclei by and 14CI_=13C I/2-+n(SJ2SI/2)=0.2, SJID312*0.5 we means of double - folding technique assuming M3y deduced from the fit. It is concluded that CC nucleon-nucleon interaction. The Imaginary part ofthe calculations with the collective form-factors and with `:' o the form-factors derived from the dineutron model Fit potential was taken in the Woods-Saxon rm with the the data equally well, better than the calculations wth parameters: W=5.8 MeV, i-, 1450 fm and the form-factors derived from sngle-neutron model. a,,=0.670 frn. For - ctors or tansitions between the states 01, 14C w ere constructed in the form s of 10 ...... derivative of the optical potential. The vbrational .C( 13,'B) "C'...,, parameter fll=0.143 was deduced from fitting the E,,(`B = 45 MeV experimental data at forward scattering angles. It is in 1 good agreement with the value 1=0.18 deduced in T E(`C) 6.09 WV (I-) 14C(Cl () 4 C paper I from the analysis of the lo inelastic scattering. The result of' the CC calculations with the collective model form-factors is shown in Fia. 1. lo 10 ...... 14C 12Co, + 2n 14 B. C,- 13CI12- + E ,.,(" B ) = 4 5 MeV lo ...... 'L ...... 20 40 60 80 loo 120 140 160 180 0- (d.g) E.("C) 6.09 M.V 1 Fig. 2 Results of CC calculations assurnnig the single-neutron ad dineutron structure of the F ( i = 609 McV state of "C. E 10 [1] G.Murillo et.al., Nucl. Phys. A579(1994)125 [2] S.Yu.Mezhevych et.al., Nucl.Phys.A724(2003)29 lo [31 R.L.Warner et.al., Phys. Rep. 20](1991)57 1) Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine l o, ...... I...... 2) H.Niewodniczafiski Institute of Nuclear Physics, 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Cracow, Poland 6- (d.g) 3) A.Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Fig. I Result of the CC C,11CUlations assuming %vibrational structure of the V(E = 609 MeV) state of "C. Poland 4) Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw University, Next, we considered this state to be of a sngle - Warsaw, Poland particle nature. In this case the wave function of 14C 5) Military UnIv. of Technology, Warsaw, Poland may be constructed from the wave functions of the 6) V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, core nucleus in its round or excited states and the Kharkiv, Ukraine wave functions describing the relative motion f a 7) Russian Research Center "Kurchatov Institute". valence cluster and the core. The two projections ' Moscow, Russia this state 14C 13c g.s. + n and 14C = 2Cil.s. + n, were DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 2

1.2 Breakup and Fusion of 6Li with 208 Pb bK.Rusek PLO401650

The effect of beakup of weakly bound pojectiles between the total ct-production cross sction ad te on then- fusion wth the well bound tar-et nuclei is exclusive 6Li breakup cross section (solid triangles III recently intensively discussed [1]. In some papers Fig. 1) as discussed in Ref 7 This clearly sows larae enhancement of the fusion cross section due to that reaction channels other than 6Li-(x+d breakup the breakup process below the Coulomb barrier has which are responsible for the 75 percent of te et- been reported, while some of them pi-edict ather large particles emitted from the 6Li + 208Pb naive suppression of the fusion cross section. an important influence on the fusion coss section In this report we study this effect by means of calculations. continuum-discretized coupled-channels calculations 6 (CDCQ. In the calculations a simple a. d cluster Li+"'Pb model of., 6Li was assumed. Couplings to t three of 6 resonant states Li as well as to the non-resonant 103-. continuum up to excitation eneray of about 11 MeV were included. All the dagonal and coupling potentials were derived rom the empirical cluster you'll taraet interactions using a single-folding technique. als were us 02 Two sets of cluster - taruct input potenti ed Set A consisted of the empirical1 - 201 Pb and d 211p' b hA optical potentials found in the low energy elastic GDC, C A scattering studies 2 3. In set B. te imaginary parts 11 Ich B of those potentials were changed to t sort - ranged, typically used in t fusion calculations, with the 101T CDCC , parameters W = 0 McV, r = I fm an a = 02 fin. The calculations were performed by means of 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1-3 computer code FRESCO 4]. They reproduced angular distributions of the elastic scattering differential cross ECA111 / B section measured by Keeley et al. [5] and Gernmeke Fig. I Experimental data for fusion of 61-i with Pb (filed ircles) et al. 6 as well as the total breakup cross section of Wu et al. [81 compared with the esults of various calculations as reported recently by Sgnorini et al. [7]. The explained in the text. The surn of te fusion cross section and file so absorption cross section, G. was extracted from the called stripping breakup cross section measured by Signorini et al. ab,, [7] are plotted by the solid triangles. CDCC calculations in the following way, Gbr + 19,,b = 7r/k Y 21 I (I _ S2), The effect of the 6Li --- a d breakup o te where elastic scattering S-matrix elements, S. and fusion process is found to be dependent on the nt the beakup cross section, Gbr, Wer dectly provided potential parameters. When the parameter set .A .is by the CDCC calculations. If the breakup pocess is used, breakup suppresses the fusion coss sectio in the dominant reaction channel, the absorption cross the whole energy1-1. range.0 UsinaLI parameter set B. te effect is opposite. The fusion cross section is section should be equal to the usion coss section, signii ificantly enhanced below the barrier.

The absorption cross sections generated by the In summary, it is found that the breakup of 6 Li alone is not able to explain all the problerns related to CDCC calculations ae plotted in Fig I as a function the 6Li+201 Pb fusion cross section predictions. of the c.m. energy (ratio to the Coulomb barrier hight, Influence of other reaction channels which ;ire V13). As expected, one - channel calculations with the responsible for the large et-production coss section set A of the input potentials (dotted curve) ave larger Z-, absorption than the calculations with the set B dot- observed experimentallyI have to be taken into account dashed curve). This is simply because the maginary In the model calculations. part of the dagonal potential derived from set A is of larger range than the one derived from set B. [1] N.Alamanosetal.,Phys.Rev.C65(2002)054606 For both input sets, absorption cross section values [2] C.M.Perey et al., Phys. Rev. 132(1963)755 obtained from the full CDCC calculations (solid and [3] G.Goldring et al., Phys. Lett. B32(1970)465 dashed curves) are much larger than the experimental [41 I.J.Thompson, Comp. Phys. Rep. 71988)167 [5] N.Keeley et al., Nucl. Phys. A571(1994)326 values of the fusion cross section published recently [6] H.Gemmeke et al., Z. Physik A286(1978)73 by Wu et al. [8] (solid circles). The calculated esults, [7] C.Signorini et al., Phys. Rev. C67(2003)044607 however, are very close to the sum of the measured [81 Y.W.Wu et al., Phys. Rev. C68(2003)044605 fusion cross section and the so called stripping breakup cross section. The latter is the dfference 22 Annual Report 2003

1.3 Multistep Direct Emission from Proton Induced Reactions by A.Marcinkowski, P.DemetriOL11). B.Mariafiski PLO401651

The multistep direct (MSD) reaction theory The non-DWBA, enhanced i-natrix elements we Feshbach, Kerman and Koonin (FKK) II] is based on used at the intermediate sta-es of the MSD reaction the convolution of one-step coss sections to well together with the ISDbotjd cross sections to bot te defined final states. Since these coss sections ave to collective one-phone and the incoherent bound- satisfy the energy weighted sum rules (EWSR's) the particle-hole states. It is shown in Fg. 1, that te MSD final states have to be ether te one-phonon collective cross sections of FKK for one-particle ernission ad or the incoherent bound-particle-hole states (I SDboand)- the ISD1,11bound cross section for the more complicated However, at energies above te particle-binding processes describe the experiment well. energy the one-step direct reaction (I SD) is likely to I 00 excite both te bound- ad unbound-particle-hole states. In the case of the unbound final states, the oe- 90 Zr(p.xn) step reaction leaves two particles in the continuum, E. 4 5 eV namely the ejectile and te unbound particle f te '7 final particle-hole state. At energies lower than the potential depth, i.e. below 40 MeV, it is se to assume that the low energy unbound particle 0 lo undergoes mainly damping transitions that end wth W0 the formation of a quasi-bound compound state embedded in the continuum. Such transitions tat 0W damp a considerable part of' the dect reaction flux UW SD into the compound nucleus states give rse to gradual 4 D absorption. On the other hand, at eneraies hgher than 0,11 40 MeV, the unbound particle f the final state 0 5 10 15 20 2G t) 3 6 4:'i escapes the nucleus leading to two-particle emission, NEUTRON ENERGY [MeVI I.e. to a knockout reaction (a, ab) tat is out of the Fig. I The MSDNu,,,, cross sections of FKK for one-particle scope of the FKK theory. Furthermore, the knockout emission calculated with the non-DWBA atrix lements or tile 90zr(p ( reaction can be followed by multistep scattering n)"Nb reaction at incident energy of' 45 MeV. Te morc processes. The latter are described rigorously by the complicated direct processes are included in the I SD theory f Ciangaru 2 which however was never [1] H.Feshbach, A.Kerman, S.Koonin, Ann. Phys. implemented in calculations. Instead, an approximate (N.Y.) 125(1980)429 method, based on the FKK theory was applie 3 [2] G.Ciangaru, Phys. Rev. C30(1984)479 According to this method the SD,,,,b I Cross section [31 P.Demetriou, A.Marcinkowski, Nucl. Phys. to unbound-particle-hole states is obtained by A714(2003)75 subtracting the cross section ISDbound rom ISD, i. e. ISDunbMind = ISD - ISDb,,,,,,d- It is worth emphasizing1-1 1) Institute d'Astrophysique et d'Astronornie, that the FKK theory describes only ne-particle Universit6 Libre de Bruxelles, CP-226 Campus La emission ad therefore allows folding only the Plaine B1050 Brussels, Belgium ISDbound into the multistep cross sections of the direct reactions. 11111III11111 line 11111 IIII line IIII111 1111 PLO401652

1.4 Isospin Effects in Multifragmentation of Relativistic Heavy Ions by A.Mykulyak and B.ZwiqgI16sk fr te ALADIN Collaboration at GSI-Darmstadt

The role of sospin in multifragmentation has been components in certain regions of the phase diagram explored very little up to now. This is in striking (isospin fractionation). contrast to the importance f isospin, in particular for The experiment S254 at GSI-Darmstadt was any interpretation of the liquid-gas phase tansition o.' in order to determine observable 11 undertaken nuclear matter. Theoretical studies aee that the consequences following the widest possible variation transitions between the liquid and the gaseous phases of the isotopic composition of the colliding systern. will be of first order only in symmetric (N=Z) nuclear Beams of stable 124 Sn as well as scondary radlactive matter, whereas in asymmetric matter it will be of 12"La and 107 Sn nuclei with E/A=600 MeWnucleon second order [1]. Moreover, asymmetric nuclear have been delivered by the Fragment Separator (FRS) matter is pedicted to be unstable against a to the target of the upgraded ALADIN spectrometer-. decomposition into neutron-rich and ricutron-poor The secondary beams have been produced i te DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 23

spoliation process of the E/A=900 MeV/nucleon 142 Nd El Tc..t;:,lA7=2.14 beam accelerated with the SIS 18 synchrotron and 0 4.-.5' 300 - separated by FRS frorn the est of poducts. Ficr I illustrates the isotopic composition of the beam taken 250 0 Z'_4 with the FRS settings optimized to select the 107 C] Z, component. F 1cr. 2 presents the quantitative 200 contribution of different beam components with Z5 A/Z=2.14, dspersed along te x-coordinate f the Q 1 0 - position-sensitive dagnostic element Just preceding the ALADIN target. By setting the ate at -5 rnm the 100- contribution of 19Sb can be significantly reduced. 50 - These two fi-ures illustrate te performance of FRS as reflected by the beam diagnostic elements. 5 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 1 0 1 20 Position along the target mm) Fig. 2 Distribution of intensity of different species i te pne of the ALADIN target, selected by imposing a syrnmetric around ...... A/Z = 214 in F g. 1. 2. I The upgraded detector with the dedicated electronics system demonstrated an outstanding ass- 2.14 resolution and tracking capability. The data analysis from the S254 experiment is underway and esults ill 2.12 be available soon.

11 H.MuellerandB.D.SerotPhys.Rev.C52 2.0R I.J. .1- 111. I.... 1.S_ I. I. L . (1995)2072 4-S 4.1, 4 .2.34% 4 0 .; 11 .1. .L -- [21 C.Sfienti, J.Luehning, U.Lynen. W.F.J.Mueller Fig. I Distribution of secondary beams, as delivered by FRS in and A.Mykulyak, GSI Scientific Report 2002, the A/Z vs Z plane. The A/Z=2.14 broken line coresponds to ""Sn. REPORT asi 2003-1, May 2003, p. 220 [31 C.Sfienti, J.Luehning, U.Lynen. W.F.J.Mueller. The second essential element of the experimental A.Mykulyak, ... , 132wiq-1ifiski, Proc. of te XLl system was the ALADIN spectrometer having its Int. Winter Meeting on Nucl. Phys., BormJ( tracking and identification capability for the (Italy), Jan.26-Feb. 1 2003), Ricerca Scienti fica fragmentation products snificantly enhanced as a ed Educazione Permariente, Suppl. 120, 2003). result of the ecent upgrade 2, 31. p. 323, Ed. by .Iori and A.Moroni

1.5 Amplitude and Time Response of the PbWO4+LAAPD Combination to 26 MeV Protons co L0 by D.Meinychuk, M.Kisiefifiski, T.Kozlowski, A.Mykulyak, J.Wojtkowska, A.Trzcifiski and (O I3.Zwiq-1ifiski for the ECAL-PANDA Collaboration at GSI 0 0 PANDA is a multielernent detector system Photonix Inc. 2], possessing a large sensitive area ad intended for studies of hadronic systems oriainatinc,Z, Z__ in the spectral sensitivity domain well matched Lo tl CL the annihilation of antiprotons with rnomenta up to PWO emission spectrurn. 15 GeV/c at the future accelerator facility at GSI [1]. The experimental setup we use consists of a largge Open charm and. 11-1guonic excitation studies, which are diameter 70 cm) vacuum chamber with a 2 M Z_/C 1 2 of primary interest, require fst and compact Au on a thin C backing taraet in its enter and a small electrornauneticC, calorimeter (ECAL) exploiting0 chamber 15 cm) fixed to1-1 the 30' exit port of' te PbWO4 (PWO ad/or BGO crystals. The ECAL will former. The small chamber houses a scintillator ofthe be installed within a superconducting solenoid, size x2Ox2O mm, readout from both 2x2O mm producing fields up to 2 T, therefore, the necessity to edges by a PMT XP2020 and a LAAPD, respectively. employ Jarge area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPDs) The PMT uives a start pulse for the tme-to-amplitude as light sensors, replacing photomultlpfiers (PMTs), t7 traditionally used for this purpose. We a engaged in converter (TAQ in the time-response measurements using this setup. A collimator at the entrance of' te work aimed at evaluatingC properties of a small chamber permits us to illuminate with particles PWO+LAAPD combination, using crystals coming11 the central portion of the PWO. Because of its sall from different producers, readout with a 16 mm light yield, energetic particle beams ae used to C, LAAPD 630-70-74-510 (windowless) of' Advanced evaluate properties of te scintillator coupled to a 24 Annual Report 2003

sensor instead of radioactive sources. Te tarcTet PbWO4 -LAAPD. Ep=26 WV prea.,p. CATSA, c..Ii,,g facilitates fi ne tuning of the particle intensity 450 impinging on the sintillator A pair f water-cooled 400+ Peltier elements, installed within te charnber prmits 350,._4 us to cool the LAAPD-holder. One pofits this way Z 300-- from its increased ain 3]. 7% Fig I presents the LAAPD-spectrum measured .i A, ( /E-1

with this setup using 26 MeV potons frorn the C30 1 50 compact cyclotron at INS-wierk as the primary beam.

The spectrum comes from the 40 mm sample cut 0 from a standard CMS crystal (I-st generation). The 100 I 50 200 250 300 3 '0 400 Channel wmbe, LAAPD temperature was -30' C in these Fig. Spectrum of protons measured with tile PWO+LAAPD measurements, which boosted the signal due to t combination, the latter at T=-301. scattered protons well above the rf background, seen [1] J.Aysto et al., An Int. Accelerator Facility for in the lowest channels. The sgnal due to electrons of Beams of Ions and Antiprotons, Conceptual the same amplitude would correspond to aarnma-rays below 20 MV (Birks'-effect). We Design Report, GSI, 2001; with ener-lyI littL):HwA,,w-new.gsi.de/GSI-futui-e/cdi- demonstrate, therefore, that C,aamma-ray etection thresholds well below this energy ae feasible for 12] Advanced Photonix Inc. product description, Z` avalanche photodiodes (LAAPDs); ECAL-PANDA with PWO crystals the 11-nd httL)://www.advancedi)(iotonix.coiiI ,generation, using both LAAPD and cystal cooling, .1 31 A.Mykulyak et al., Nucl nstr. and Meth A which is known also to boost light output. By te 11-nd (accepted for publicat' generation are meant crystals of improved quality due to special doping and rowth control. PLO401654

1.6 Flavour Decomposition of the Sea Quark Helicity Distributions in the Nucleon from Semi-inclusive Deep-inelastic Scattering by W.Augustyniak, A.Trzci6ski, P.Zt.lpraskl for the HERMES Collaboration

Double-spin asymmetries of serni-inclusive Cross are consistent with zero for all sea flavours A ecently sections for the production of identified pons and predicted flavour asymmetry in the polarlsation of the kaons have been measured in deep-inelastic scattering light sea quarks appears to be disfavoured by the data. of polarised positrons on a polarised deuteriurn taract. Helicity distributions at a squared four mornenturn [1] A.Airapetianctal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.92(2004) transfer of (Q2)=2.5 GeV2 for quarks u, d, s and 012005 antiquarks u and d have been extracted from these data tooether with reanalysed previous data for dentified The HERMES Collaboration comprises 32 institutions fro I I Countries at DeUtches Eektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburs-, pions from a hydrogen11 tar-etC [1].These dstributions

1.7 Quark Fragmentation to T+, no, K, Proton and Antiproton in the Nuclear Lo Environment LO by W.Augustyniak, A.TrzcIfiski, P.ZLIPI-afiski for the HERMES Collaboration (O 0

0 The influence of a nuclear medium on Iepto- medium at low v and hh z with sgnificant roduction of hadrons has been studied in the differences amonc, the various hadrons. The HERMES experiment at DESY in semi-inclusive distribution of the hadron transverse momentum is p2 deep-inelastic scattering of' 27.6 GeV positions o-f enhanced at hgh , in the nuclear medium showing deuterium, nitrogen and krypton targets. The evidence of the Cronin effect previously observed III differential multiplicity for kypton relative to tat or collisions of heavy ions and protons with nuclei. deuterium has been measured for the first time for

various identified hadrons (7c', c--, C(, K K--, p and [II A.Airapetian et al., Phys.Lett. B577(2003)37 -) as a function of the virtual photon en ergy v, te p I

fraction z o this energyC, tansferred to the hadron, and the hadron tansverse momentum squared P2, [ Te The HERMES Collaboration comprises 32 institutions fro I I multiplicity atio is strongly reduced in the nuclear countries at Deutches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 25

1.8 Measurement Single-spin Azimuthal Asymmetries in Semi-inclusive Electroproduction of Pions and Kaons on a Longitudinally Polarised PLO401656 Deuterium Target by W.Augustyniak, A.Trzcifiski, PILlprafiski for the HERMES Collaboration

Single spin asymmetries have been measured for for Tco 0021 0.005 (stat) 0.003 (syst) semi-inclusive electroproduction of 7r' n no and K' for K: 0.0 3 0.006 (stat) 0.003 (syst) mesons in deep-inelastic scattering off a longitudinally The sn2 moments are compatible wth zero Im- polarized deuterium target. Te asymmetries appear in all particles. the dstribution of the hadrons in the azimuthal angle about the virtual photon dection, relative to the lepton scattering plane. The corresponding analyzing I I A.Airapetian et al., Phys.Lett. B562(2003) 82 powers in the sno mornent of the cross section ae [I]: for e 0012 0.002 (stat) 0.002 (syst), The HERMES Collaboration comprises 32 institutions fi-on I I countries at Deutches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), HanibL11-11 for Tr-: 0006 0.003 (stat) 0.002 (syst),

1.9 Evidence for a Narrow SI =1 Baryon State at a Mass of 1528 MeV in Quasi-real Photoproduction by W.Augustyrilak, A.Trzclfiski, P.Zuprafisl

Evidence for a narrow baryon state has been found -NI=1528 ± 2.6(stat) MeV in quasi-real photoproduction on a deuterium target a=8 2(stat) MV b) 0 11 - Iq throuah the decay channel pK0, ---> pn'7r- A peak is 0 observed in the p, invariant mass spectrum at 1528 ± 26 (stat ± 21 (syst) MeV. Depending on the background model, the naive statistical sgnificance of the peak is 46 standard deviations and its width may be somewhat larger tan te experimental resolution of = 43-6.2 MeV (Fl,g. 1). This state may be nterpreted as te predicted S=+1 exotic O' (uudds-) pentaquark baryon. No snal for a hypothetical + baryon was observed in the pK' invariant mass distri'but'on. The absence suc a sicnal indicates that an isotensor is excluded and an 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 isovector is unlikely. M(7t+,rCp) GeV] Fig. Distribution in invariant mass of te iu+7Cp system. The HERMES Collaboration at DESY, Hamburg, Germany

1.10 L-subshell Ionisation of Au, and Bi by Ions with Energy of 03 - 37 MeV/amu by I.Fijal, M.Jask6la, A.Korman, D.Bana§'), J.Braziewicz'), U.Majewska", M.Pajek", J.Semanlak", I')) 1-3 4) 5 S.Choinack'-, W.Kretschme G.Lapicki , D.Trautmann) OD LO (O Sulphur ion beams of energies 96- The L-x-rays excited in thin Au and B i targets I 0 41.6 MeV and charceC states 4 6 7 were obtained 40 tg/cmt, 2on thin carbon backings) were measured by 0 from EN tandem accelerator at the Erlancen-NUrnberg a Si(L0 detector placed at 90' to te bea dection University and of energies 65, 79, 99, and 120 MeV with energy resolution of about 200 eV. Te and charae states 13+, and 14+ form the U-200P production L-x-ray cross section was norniallsed to cyclotron at the Heavy Ion Laboratory (HIL) of the elastically scattered projectiles measured by Si Warsaw University. The targets were iadiated with detector kept at angles f' 150' and 20'. typical beam currents of 110 nA in Erlangen tandern In order to study the L-subshell lorilsation coss accelerator and about 12 nA currents in te Warsaw sections, the x-ray production coss scetions fr cyclotron. The beam spot on the targets in both cases Laj,2(L3-M4.5), Lyl(L,-N4), LY2(LI-N,) and LY3(LI-N3) was about 2 mm. The experimental set-up used in these two experimental places was the same. x-ray transitions were obtained. To resolve tse 26 Annual Report 2003 peaks the method developed [1] of analysis of xay charge-state equilibration n the target material (at spectra modified by the multiple lonisation efects was 120 McV the eqvilibrium charge state =13.3 foi- used. We we also able, to resolve unambiguously Au target). complex Ly(L-N, 0) transitions (see Fig. 1). The ...... I ...... observed x-ray shifting 120-560 eV) and broadeningt, lo, Sq+ -> Au, Bi (90-330 eV) the lines, which both contain te information on the ionisation probabilities [1], could 103 L3-Subshe 11 be quite precisely measured and analysed. 103 lo, 04 Sq, 73 L'y6 Au 10, LYI 79 MeV lo, 100 L2-Subshell 102 4 Cl) 10 10, Z 102 Ly4,4' D 10, 0 bshell 10' 0 02 SCA-UA Au 10, Bi ECPSSR+EC: 100 ...... CPSSR - 101 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 13 14 15 v1/v2 PHOTON ENERGY (keV) Fig. 2 Measured ionisation cross sections for Li, L2 ad Fig. I The Ly x-ray spectrum for S-ion impact on ALI With subshells of Au, and Bi bombarded by S-ions plotted versus elative resolved of individual x-ray transitions. X-ray energies of diagram projectile to electron velocity V/V2, compared to the SCA-UA [31, ECPSSR 4], and ECPSSR EC esults of calculations. and shifted lines (dashed and solid lines, respectively) are shown. The observed disagreement of the experimental From the production cross sections the LI-, L,-, L C, - 3- and te calculated cross sections, particularly fr the ionisation cross sections have been calculated Using L?-subshells clearly suggests a necessity to include the the atomic parameters modified for the multiple ionisation effects [1 2 The obtained lonisati(n L- subshell coupling effects in the theoretical treatment subshells coss sections ae compared wth the of the L-subshell lonisation. It was shown in paper 21, theoretical predictions of the semiclassical that if the subshell coupling effects ae ntroduced in the calculation, the theoretical predictions are in better approximation within the united-atom limit agreement with the experimental data. (SCA-UA 3 and the ECPSSR (Energy-loss Coulomb deflection Perturbation Stationary States Relativistic-effect) 41 theories or direct ionization I D.Bana§ et a]. J. Phys. B 33 2000) L793 and for the electron capture (EC) version. [2] M.Pajek et al. Phys.Rev A 68 2003) 022705 All the three measured L-subshell ionisation cross [3] D.Trautmann and T.Kauer. NIM 42 1989) 449 sections versus the elative projectile-electron velocity [4] W.Brand and G.Lapicki. PR A 23 1981) 1717 vI/v, ae compared with the SCA-UA 3 the ECPSSR and ECPSSR EC calculations on Fg 2 1) Inst.of Phys. witokrzyska Academy, Poland 2) Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw Univ., Poland As it is seen from F 2 the electron capture 3) Inst. of Phys. Univ. Erlangen-Mrnberg, Germany process plays a significant role for hh energy of ':1 1-1 4) Def. of Phys. East Carolina University, USA sulphur ions and at 120 MeV are about equal to the direct ionisation mechanism. Ts is due to the 5) Inst. of Phys. University of Basel, Switzerland formation of K-shell vacancies in sulphur ions by the

1.11 Hydrogen Release from He-ion Bombarded UHMWPE PLO401659 by Abd-ul Kader Ossman, A.Turos, L.Nowicki, R.Ratajczak, A.Stonert Chances of triboloalcal properties and molecular weight polyethylene (UHMPE) is the C, "I C improvement of blocompatibility of polymer surfaces material of choice for the load bearing surfaces in the by ion beam induced structural and chemical cup component of total 'oint implants. The selection modifications on a molecular level are currently being of UHMWPE is due primarily to a combination of studied by our roup. Ultimately, technological properties such as hh abrasion resistance, high procedures for surface enaincering of polymers fr toughness, low coefficient of friction, good chemical biological applications can be developed. Utrahigh resistance and relatively low cost. Irradiation ot' DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 27 polymers produces bond dsruption of C=C and C-H bond produces chain scission and ree adical 0.8 mev 1.4 KAIV formation, espectively. Chain scission is usually 2.0 MeV detrimental rgarding polyrner properties. Mobility of H-radicals leads to cross linkin- and hydrogen elease. The cross-linked layers formed by radiation are usually hard and wear resistant. Ion beams due to their much hher electronic Stopping power are more 3 effective in modifying polymer surfaces tan 20 conventionally used y-ray Xay or electron beams. Thus, even very low ion doses can induce important structural chanaes. 0- 0 5 1. Is 2. 25 Mechanisms of the improvernent tribological Dose 10" Wm) properties upon ion beam bombardment. especially Fig. I Hydrogen release from UHMWPE LIP011 IAC-iOrl the ole of surface layer carbonization, have not yet bombardment at different incident ener,ies. been elucidated in detail. In this work hydrogen Fig. I shows the dose dependence or release (radiolysis) was studied using RBS with 0. - H-concentration at different He-beam incident 2.0 MeV He beam from the Van de Graaff accelerator Lech. The key issue in application ]on beam analysis ener-les.C, Solid lines are fits according to MMR. They to polymers is optimization of experimental conditions allow determination of the H-release cross section and in order to avoid snificant material radiolysis. RBS saturation concentration as the function of He-bearn electronic stopping power. Such data are not oy spectra were analyzed using the model of molecular crucial for optimization of the RBS analysis. They can recombination (MMR). It requires that two hydrogen atoms liberated by ion bombardment have to also be extrapolated towards low energies (10-200 keV), which are principally used fr recombine in the bulk to form a H, molecule to be modification of UHMWPE. At these energies no RBS able to diffuse out of the material. measurements are possi 28 Annual Report 2003

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Q2 DEPENDENCE OF NUCLEAR TRANSPARENCY FOR In)COHERENT pPRODUCTION A.Airapetian,..., W.Augustyniak, B.Mariafiski, A.,rrzcifiski, Pluprafiski, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(2003)052501

ct-PARTICLE PRODUCTION IN THE REACTION 6Li + 2Si AT NEAR-BARRIER ENERGIES A.Pakou, N.Alamanos, A.Gillibert. M.Kokkoris, S.Kossionides, A.Lagoyannis, N.G.Nicolis, C.PapachristodOL11OLI, D.Patiris, D.Pierroutsakou, E.C.Pollacco and K.Rusek Phys. Rev. Left. 90(2003)202701

MEASUREMENT OF SINGLE-SPIN AZIMUTHAL ASYMMETRIES IN SEMI-INCLUSIVE ELECTROPRODUCTION OF PIONS AND KAONS ON A LONGITUDINALLY POLARIZED DEUTERON TARGET A.Airapetian, ..., W.Atigustyniak, B.Mariafisid, A.Tucifiski, P1uprafiski, et al. Phys. Lett. B562(2003)182

FRAGMENTATION IN PERIPHERAL HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS: FROM NECK EMISSION TO SPECTATOR DECAYS J.LUk-asik,..., A.Tucifiski, B.Zwiglihski, A.S.Botvina, et al. Plivs. Lett. B566(2003)70

QUARK FRAGMENTATION'roel-, 7c",K-, p IN THE NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENT A.Airapetian,...,W.Augtistvniali, B.Mariafisid, A.Trzcifiski, Pluprafisld, et al. Phvs. Lett.. B577(2003)37

MULTIPLE IONIZATION AND COUPLING EFFECTS IN L-SUBSHELL IONIZATION OF HEAVY ATOMS BY OXYGEN IONS M.Pqjek, D.Bana, Srnamak, ..13razlewicz, U.MaJewska, S.Clioinacki, T.Czyiewski, I.Fijal, N.Jask6la, A.Glornbik, W.Kretschmer, D.Trautmann, G.Lapicki, T.Mukoyarna Phys. Rev. A68(2003)022705 SCATTERING OF POLARIZED'Li FROM 4He K.Rusek, P.D.Cathers, E.E.Bartosz, N.Keelcy, K.W.Kernper, and F.Mardchal Phys. Rev. C67(2003)014608

DYNAM IC POLAR IZATION POTENTIAL FOR 'Fie p DUE TO BREAKUP R.S.Mackintosh, K.Rusek Plivs. Rev. C67(2003)034607

DIPOLE POLARIZABILITY OF'He AND ITS EFFECTS ON ELASTIC SCATTERING K.Rusek, N.Keeley, K.W.Kemper, R.Raabc Phvs. Rev. 67(2003)041604(R) MULTISTEP PROCESSES IN THE'2C('Li,(I) STRIPPING REACTION N.Keeley, T.L.Drurnmer, E.E.Bartosz, C.R.131-Une, P.D.Cathers, M.Fauerbach, H.J.Karwowski, K.W.Kemper, B.Kozlowska. E.J.Ludwi-, F.Mar6chal, A.J.Mendez, E.G.Myers, D.Robson, K.Rusek, K.D.Veal Phl's. Rev. C67(2003)044604

EFFECT OFEI EXCITATIONS TO THE CONTINUUM:'He and'Li+21"Bi COMPARED N.Keeley, J.M.Cook, K.W.Kernper, B.T.Roeder. W.D.Weintraub, F.Mar6chal, K.Rusek Phvs. Rev. C68(2003)054601

MULTISTEP CHARGE-EXCHANGE REACTIONS AT ENERGIES UP TO 120 MeV P.Dernetriou, A.Marcinkowski Nucl. Plivs. A714(2003)75

ELASTIC SCATTERING OF'He ON'Heand 4n SYSTEM R.Wolski, S.I.SidorchLik, G.M.Ter-Akopian, A.S.Fomichev, A.M.Rodin, S.Auger, V.Lapoux, R.Raabe, Yu.M.Tclluvil'sky and K.Rusek Nitc-I. Plivs A 722(2003)55

ROLE OF VIRTUAL EXCITATION IN ELASTIC AND NELASTIC SCATTERING N.Keeley, K.W.Kemper and K.Rusek Nuct Pow. A722(2003)267

THE "C + "B ELASTIC AND INELASTIC SCATTERING AND ISOTOPIC EFFECTS IN THE 12,11C +"B SCATTERING S.Yu.Mezhevych, K.Rusek, A.T.RLidclilk, A.Bucizanowski, V.K.Chernievsky, B.Czech, J.Clioitiski, L.Glowacka, S.Kliczewski, E.I.Koshchy, V.M.Kyryanchtik, A.V.Mokhnach, A.A.Rudchik, S.B.Sakuta, R.Siudak, I.Skwirczyhska, A.Szczurek, L.Zenilo Nucl. Plivs. A724(2003)29-46

ONE-NUCLEON TRANSFER REACTION 9I3e('1B,1`B)1(B AND OPTICAL POTENTIAL FOR THE "'B+")Be INTERACTION V.M.Kyryamkik, A.T.Rudchik, A.Buclzanowski., V.K.Chernlevsky, T.Czosnyka, B.Czech, L.Glowacka, S.Kliczewski. E.I.Koshchy, S.Yu.Mczhcvych, A.V.Mokfinach, K.Ruse-, S.B.Sakuta, R.Siudak, I.Skwirczyfiska, A.SZCZLirek, L.Zemlo Nucl. Plivs. A726(2003)231 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 29

ENERGY CALIBRATION FOR THE INDRA MULTIDETECTOR USING RECOIL PROTONS FROM 2C H SCATTERING A.'rucifiski,..., 132wiV-1ifiski, C.Volant, et al. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A501(2003)367

CLOSING OF COSTER-KRONING TRANSITIONS IN MULTIPLY IONISED GOLD ATOMS D.Bana§, J.Brazie-wicz, M.Czarnota. I.Fijal, NI.Jask6la, A.Korman, W.Kretschmer, M.Pajek, J.Sernaniak Mid. histr. and Melh. B205(2003)139

HIGHLY EXCITED STATES OF SULPHUR PROJECTILES INSIDE A CARBON TARGET U.Ma'e,,vska, .Braziewicz, M.Polasik, K.Slabkowska, I.Fijal, NI.Jaskffla, A.Korman, S.Chojnacki, W.Kretschmer Mid. histr. and Meth. B205(2003)799

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND XRAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF AlN LAYERS A.Kuwalczyk, A.Jagoda, A.MCicklich, W.Matz, M.Powlowska, R.Ratajczak, A.Turos Acta Phys. Pol. A 102(2002)221

QUADRUPOLE DEFORMATION OF ''B 3/2-,5.02 MeV) EXCITED STATE FROM ''B + "C SCATTERING S. Yu.Mezhevych and K.Rusek Acict Ph.ys. Pol. B34(2003)2415

X-RAY INVESTIGATION O A Bv SEMICONDUCTORS IMPLANTED WITH HIGH ION DOSES W.Wierzchowski, K.Witeska, W.Graeff, A.Turos, G.Gawlik, R.Grbtzschel A cta Crlystallographica A58(2003)supp. C45

INFLUENCE OF INTENSIVE y AND ELECTRON RADIATION ON TRACKS FORMATION IN THE PM-355 DETECTORS A.Szydiowski, A.Banaszak, I.Fijal, NI.Jask6la, A.Korman, M.Sadowski. Z.Zirnek Radiation Measurements 36(2003)1 1

CUBOCTAHEDRAL OXYGEN CLUSTERS IN U307 F.Garrido, R.M.Ibberson, L.Nowicki, B.T.M.Willis .1ournal qfftclecir Materials 322(2003)87

MEASUREMENT OF THE ETA PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS WITH THE COSY TME OF FLIGHT SPECTROMETER S.Abd Del-Sanied,..., Plupraflski, et al. Eur. Phys. Jurn. A16(2003)127

Q2 DEPENDENCE OF THE GENERALIZED GERASfMOV-DRELL-HEARN SUM RULEFOR THE PROTON AND HE NEUTRON A.Airapetian,..., Pluprafiski, et al. Eur. Phys. Journ. C26(2003)527

DOUBLE SPIN ASYMMETRIES IN THE CROSS SECTION OF DIFRACTIVE po AND PRODUCTION AT INTERMEDIATE ENERGIES A.Airapetian, ...,W.Augustyniak, B.Mariafiski, A.Trzcifiski, Pluprafiski, et al. Eur. hys. Journ. C29(2003)171

INFLUENCE OF Ar AND He IMPLANTATION ON SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS A.P1qtkowska,.I.Jagielski, A.Turos, 1_.[Lfsarski, D.Bielifiski Optica Applicalci XXXII(2002)267

ION BEAM MODIFICATION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS A.Turos, J.Jaglelski, A.Piqtkowska. D.131clifiski, L.klsarski, N.K.Madi Vacition 70(2003)201

MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF GAMMA-RAY IRRADIATED POLYETHYLENE BLENDS Mariam Al-Ali, N.K.Madi, Nara J.Al Thani, M.El-Muraikhi, A.Turos Vacuum 70(2003)227

DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN IN GaMnN AND GaMnM-N BY NUCLEAR REACTION ANALYSIS A.Turos, R.Rata.iczak, A.Kowaiczyk. S.Podsiadlo, T.Szyszko, G.Warso, W.Gqbicki, I.Strzalkowski, D.Granibole, V.Hermann Vacuum 70(2003)227

X-RAY STUDIES OF A,Gaj_,As IMPLANTED WITH 1.5 MeV As IONS W.Wierzchowski, K.Witeska, W.Graeff, A.Turos, R.Gr6tzschel Vacuum 70(2003)227

SPECTROSCOPY OF 121'Sn HOMOLOGOUS LEVELS VIA THE 2Sb(pct)12,)Sn RACTION P.Guazzoni, L.Zetta, A.Covello, A.Gargano, Y.Eiserniann, G.Graw, R.Hertenberger, H.-F.Wirth, M.Jask6la, B.Bavnian, W.E.Ormand A IP Cifrence Proceedinqs 675(2003)686

TENSOR ANALYSING POWERS FOR'Li INDUCED TRANSFER BREAKUP REACTIONS N.J.Davis, R.P.Ward, K.Rusek, N.M.Clarke, G.Tun,,,ate, J.A.R.Griffith, ..., T.Davinson, D.G.Ireland, K.Livingston, E.W.Macdonald, R.D.Page, P.J.Sellin, C.H.Shepherd-Tliemistocleous, A.C.Shotter, P.J.Woods et al. AIP Coil &ence Proceedings 675(2003)725 30 Annual Report 2003

LUCJAN ZEMLO 1939-2003) (in polish) M.Jask6la Poslqpy Fyki 54(2003)262 STATISTICAL MULTIFRAGMENTATION OF NON-SPHERICAL EXPANDING SOURCES IN CENTRAL HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS A.Le Fvrc,..., A.Tucihsid, B.Zwiglihski, A.S.Botvina, et a]. Nitcl. Phys. A, in press)

EVIDENCE FOR A NARROW /S/=1 BARYON STATE OF A MASS OF 1528 MeV IN QUASI-REAL PHOTOPRODUCTION A.Airapetian,..., W.Augustyniak, B.Mariafiski, PIuprafiski, et al. Physs. Left. B inpress)

FLAVOR DECOMPOSITION OF THE SEA QUARK HELICITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE NUCLEON FROM SEMl- INCLUSIVE DEEP-INELASTIC SCATTERING A.Airapctian,...,W.Augustyniak, B.Mariafisld, A.Tucifiski. P.7-uprafiski, et al. Plivs, Rev. Lett in press)

DYNAMICS OF FORMATION OF KHOLE FRACTIONS OF SULPHUR PROJECTILES INSIDE A CARBON FOIL J.13raziewicz, U.Ma,iewska, K.Slabkowska, M.Polasik, I.Fijal, M.Jask6la, A.Korman, W.Czarnacki, S.Chojnacki, W.Kretschmer Plivs. Rev. A in press)

HIGH REZOLUTION STUDY OF "'Sn(pt) REACTION AND SHELL MODEL STRUCTURE OF ... Sn P.Guazzoni, L.Zetta, A.Covello, A.Gar,,,ano, G.Graw, R.Hertenberger, H.F.Wirth, M.Jask6la Phys. Rev. C in press)

MULTISTEP DIRECT PROCESSES INNEUTRON SCATTERING AT 26 McV A.Marcinkowski, P.DemetriOLI Acta Ph.ys. Pol. B inpress)

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HALF-METALLIC HEUSLER COMPOUND NIMNSB L.Nowicki, A.M.Abdul-Kader, P.Bach, G.Schmidt, L.W.Molenkamp, A.Turos, G.Karczewski Nucl. Insir. and Meth. B in1ress)

LATTICE LOCATION OF HELIUM N URANIUM DIOXIDE SINGLE CRYSTAL F.Garrido, L.Nowicki, G.Sattonnay, T Sauvage, L.Thorn6 Nitcl. nstr. and Meth. B in1ress)

CHANNELING STUDY OF THE DAMAGE INDUCED CERAMIC OXIDE CRYSTALS IRRADIATED WITH HIGH-ENERGY HEAVYIONS J.Jwie1ski, A.Gentils, L.Thorne, L.Nowicki, F.Garriclo, S.Klatimunzer Nitcl. Instr and Meth. B in press)

VIRTUES AND PITFALLS INSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ION IMPLANTED HETEROSTRUCTURES BY THE COMPLEMENTARY USE OF RBS/CHANNELING AND HIGH RESOLUTION XRAY DIFFRACTION A.Turos, J.Gaca, M.W6_jcik, L.Nowicki, R.Ratajczak, R.Grbtzschel, F.Eichhorn, N.Schell Ntfcl. Instr. ced Meth. B inpress)

DAMAGE PRODUCTION IN CUBIC ZIRCONIA IRRADIATED WITH SWIFT HEAVY IONS A.Gentils, L.Thorn6, J.Ja-iclski, L.Nowicki, S.Klaurniinnzer, F.GaiTido, M.Beauvy Nucl. nstr. and Meth. B (inpress)

IN SITU TOPOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF ION IMPLANTED A Bv SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOUNDS DURING THERMAL ANNEALING W.Wierzchowski, K.Witeska, S.Gri-ull, J.Hdrtwig, W.Graeff, G.Gawlik, A.Turos, R.Grbtzschel Journal o'Phiwics-D inpress) THE RECIPROCAL SPACE MAPPING OF IMPLANTED A Bv SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOUNDS K.Witeska, W.Wierzchowski, W.Graeff, G.Kuri, A.Misiuk, A.Turos, G.Gawlik Journal o'Alloys and Comptind.v in press)

STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF HIGH-DOSE IMPLANTED AND ANNEALED A... Bv SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOUNDS W.Wierzchowski, K.Witeska, W.Graeff. A.Kowalczyk, G.Gawlik, A.Mocklich, R.Gr6tzschel, A.Turos Ph.ysica Status Solidi a), inpress)

AMORPHOUS Ta-Si-N DIFFUSION ON GaAs A.KLICIlLik, E.Karnifiska, A.Piotrowska, K.Golaszewska, E.Dynowska., O.S.Lytvyn, L.Nowicki, R.Rata.iczak Thin Solid Films in pess) BARRIER PROPERTIES OF TA-SI-N FILMS IN AU- AND AG-CONTAINING METALLIZATION A.KLICIlLik, J.Closek, A.Piotrowska, E.Kaniihska, A.Wawro, O.S.Lytvyn, L.Nowicki, R.Ratajczak Vacuum in press) DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 3

ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS IN TROPOSPHERIC AND LOWER STRATOSPHERIC AIR IN A NORTHEASTERN REGION OF POLAND J.Braziewicz, L.Kownacka, U.Majewska, A.Korman Atmospheric Environment in press)

MULTISTEP DIRECT EMISSION FROM NUCLEON-INDUCED REACTIONS A.Marcinkowski, P.Demetriou The European PhYsical.lourna A i press)

REPORTS

ENERGY CALIBRATION FOR THE INDRA MULTIDETECTOR USING RECOIL PROTONS FROM 12C + 'H SCATTERING &.Trzcifiski,... B.Zwigfifiski, C.Volant. et al. Report GSI 2003-03 (Janitary 2003)

FRAGMENTATION IN PERIPHERAL HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS: FROM NECK EMISSION TO SPECTATOR DECAYS J.Lukasik,..., A.Trzcifiski, B.Zwigfifiski, A.S.Botvina, et al. Report GS1 2003-04 (January 2003)

STATISTICAL MULTIFRAGMENTATION OF NON-SPHERICAL EXPANDING SOURCES IN CENTRAL HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS A.Le Fvre_.. A.Truifiski, BJvigfifiski, A.S.Botvina, et al. Report GSI 2003-30 October 2003)

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

SOURCE SHAPE DETERMINATION WITH DIRECTIONAL CORRELATION FUNCTIONS A.Le Fvre, ..., A.Trzcifiski, B.Zwigfihski, A.S.Botvina, et al. Proceedings otheYLI International 111inter Meeting on Nuclear Physics, Bonnio, Italy Jan.26 - Febr 1 2003, Ricerca Scienfficv ed Educazione Pe)-maneme, Suppl. 120. 2003.1).178, Ed. By .1ori and A.Moroni

]MODALITY IN BINARY Au ALICOLLISIONS FROM 60 to I 0 MeV/u M.Pichon,..., A.Trzcifiski, B.Zwigglifiski, et al. Proceedings qfthe XLI International lVinfer Meeting o Nuclear Ph'ysics, Bonnio, Italy, Jan.26 - Febr.], 2003, Ricerca Scienlificcl ed Educazione Pernumente, Suppl. 120. 2003,1049 E. Y I.Iori (laid A.Moroni

THE TP-MUSIC UPGRADE AT THE ALADIN SPECTROMETER C.Sfjenti,..., A.Mykulyak, B.bwigliftski, et al. Proceedings qfthe XI International lVinter iVeeting on Nuclear Physics, Bortnio, Italy, em.26 - Febr.1, 2003. Ricerca Sciemi ica ed Educcizione Permanente, Suppl. 120, 2003, 1023, Ed. y L Iori and A.Moroni

MULTISTEP DIRECT PROCESSES IN NUCLEON INDUCED REACTIONS AT INCIDENT ENERGIES BELOW 40 MeV A.Mareinkowski, P.Demetriou, B.Nlariafiski Proceedings qfihe 10th Int. Confon Nuclear Reaction Mechanisnu, ed. E. Gadioli, Varenna 2003, niversita degli studi d Milano, Itedy, Supp. N. 122,I).321

MULTISTEP REACTIONS AT ENERGIES UP TO 120 MeV P.Demetriou, A.Marcinkowski Proceedings qfthe 10th Im. Conf o Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms, ed. E.Gadioli, Varenna 2003, Universita de,,,,Ii studi di Milano, Italv, Supp. N. 122,I).331

SUMMARY OF IVORKSHOP ON "DErECTANALYSIS BY CHANNELING" A.Turos XVI International Conf6-ence "lon Becun Anaysis ",Albuquerque (USA), July 2003

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HALF-METALLIC HEUSLER COMPOUND NIMNSB L.Nowicki, A.M.Abdul-Kader. P.Bach, G.Schmidt. L.W.Molenkamp, A.Turos, G.Karczewski XVI International Confierence "on Beam Analysis", Albuquerque (USA), July 2003

LATTICE LOCATION OF HELIUM IN URANIUM DIOXIDE SINGLE CRYSTAL F.Garrido, L.Nowicki, G.Sattonnay, T Sauvage, L.Thomd XVIInternationalCon -ei7ce"It)iiBeaiiiAiitili!.i.v",Albitqtiei-(Itte(USA),Jltl?2003

CHANNELING STUDY OF THE DAMAGE INDUCED CERAMIC OXIDE CRYSTALS IRRADIATED WITH HGH-ENERGY HEAVYIONS J.Jagielski, A.Gentils, L.Thome, L.Nowieki, F.Garrido, S.KlaumUnzer (LThome) XVI International Conf6-ence "Imi Beam Analysis ", Albuquerque (USA), Jly 2003

VIRTUES AND PITFALLS IN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ION IMPLANTED HETEROSTRUCTURES BY THE COMPLEMENTARY USE OF RBS/CHANNELING AND HIGH RESOLUTION XRAY DIFFRACTION A.Turos, .Gaca, M.W6jcik, L.Nowicki, R.Rata.jczak, R.Gr6tzschel, F.Eichhorn, N.Schell (A.Titros) XVI Intemational Con rence Ion Beanz Anavsis ", Albuquerque (USA), uly 2003 32 Annual Report 2003

DIPOLE POLARIZABILITY OF6He K.Rusek Direct Reactions with Exotic Beams, niverviti o'Surrev. Gui1c4('rd_hdv 912. 2003

INVESTIGATION OFTHESTRUCTURALORDER OFTHIN HIGHLY STRAINED nGaAs/GaAs MQW J.Gaca. M.W6jcik, A.Turos, W.StrUpifiski. N.Schell, 11.13auer 2 P European CrystallographicMeefinq, Durban. South Aftica. August 2003

THE INFLUENCE OF As ION IPLANTATION ON THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF InP SINGLE CRYSTALS AND EPILAYERS J.Gaca, M.W6jcik, A.Turos, W.StrUI)ifiski. N.Schc1l, P.Bauer 21' European Crlymalloqrophic Meetinq, Durbon. South Aftica. August 2003

CALIBRATION AND APPLICATIONS OF MODERN SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS IN HIGH- TEMPERATURE PLASMA EXPERIMENTS A.Szvdlowski, A.Banaszak, I.Fijal, M.JaskOhi, A.Kornian, M.Sadowski, J.Clioifiski InternaiionalConfrence PLASMA 2003 Research ond Applications of'Plasmas". Warsaw, Pokind, Sept 912, 2003

CROSS SECTIONS FOR MULTISTE13 DIRECT EMISSION IN NUCLEON-INDUCED REACTIONS A.rvlarcinkowski, P.Dernetriou InterationalConftrence on lVitclear Dataftw Science and Technology,,ND2004"

y-RAY STANDARDS FOR DETECTOR EFFICIENCY CALIBRATION AT HIGH ENERGIES B.Mariafiski, A.Marcinkowski 1A EA -Vienna, TECDOC-2004 Anex

LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS

Status of RHO coss sections Studies"' B.Mariafiski, DESY Hamburg, rebruary3 2003

Status of MC calculation for RHO production") B.Nlariafisld, DESY Homburg, March 3, 2003

Monte Carlo Studies of te N'(1440) and N'(1520) excited i te eactions alpha+p-alpha'+N' at an icident momentum of 7 GeV/c") W.Augustyniak, Institute qfftclear Ph.ysics ORSAY. April 42003

Recent results in PIXE nalysis") NlJaskOla, Instititto Nazimiale di Fisica Ntcleare. Milano, Aa-v 29,2003

Defcct Tansformations in Compound Semiconductors at Low Temperatures') A.Turos, Arizona State University (USA). June 2003

A-dependence of te O`L/cTT ratio of rho" production coss section B.Mariafiski, DESY Hamburg, Jul.y 03-2003

lonisation cross sections induced by Si ad ions in eavy elements') MjaskOla, Physikalisches histititt, UniversWit Erlangen Niii-tiberg, Jul), 10, 2003

Testim, LAAPD readOLIt Of PWO ith 26 MeV protons"' B.Zivlgfifiski_ H. P17.)-sikalisches Ilistitut, Justits Liebieg-Universitiit Giessen, Germany, August 4 2003

A-dependence of the GL/aT ratio of rho" production coss section` B.Nla riahs1d, Bari, Selnember 2, 2003

Pentaquark;" W.Atigiistyniak, Department #'Atolnic Nucleus. Waryan, niversit-y, 0clober 7, 2003

Analysis ofsemiconductor Structures by means ofXRXRD and RBS/c") A.Turos, , Warsait, Universit.y, October 2003 r.

Baryonic rsonances studies at COSY"' P1uprafiski, Institute offuclear Pffilsics Research Centrum, Juelich. October 24, 2003

Colour transparency in the poduction of vector mesons P.:6prafiski, Department ofAtomic Nucleus, Warsaw University. November 72003

Warsaw particle accelerators:" M.Jask6la, Polish Accademy qfkience. Cracoii,,.November 29. 2003

A-dependence of te Y/CYT rtio of coherent ad incoherent p poduction cross section" B.Marhifiski, DESY Hamburg, December 1, 2003 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 33

Status of the tracking procedure in te HERMES spectrometer W.Augustyniak, DESY Hamburg. December 5, 2003

INTERNAL SEMINARS

Physics with COMBAS " A.G.Artukh, 1P.1 Warsait-, Awil 1, 2003 Fascinatin- borders K.Rusek A.Soltai7 InstiizilefiorAuclem Sudies. irierk, October 16.2003

a) in Polish inEnglish 1

PARTICIPATION SCIENTIFIC COUNSILS AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES

A.Marcinkowski - member of the Intern. Advisory Committee of the Inter. Conf. on Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms, Varenna. taly

A.Marcinkowski - member of te PAC at te HeAvy Ion Laboratory

A.Turos -member Committee of Aphed Solid State Physics of State Atomic Energy Agency

A.Turos - member of the International Committee of the Conference,,ION2004"

A.Turos - mernber of the nternational Committee of the Conference jon Beam Analysis"

A.Turos- member of the International Committee of te School "Nuclear Methods in Materials Research 2004"

B.ZwiVg1ifiski -member of the Coordination Board for the PANDA - detector for the future facility at GS[-Darn1stadt

K.Rusek - member of te Or-anizinQ Committee XXVII I Mazurian Lakes School of Pysics, Krzy2e, Aug. 31 - Sept. 7 2003

Pluprafiski - member of te Scientific Cuncil of the HERMES collaboration at DESY, Hamburg, Germany

PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATIONS

A.Marcinkowski American Physical Society - fellow

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

PHYSICS LABORATORY Warsaw AgriCUItUral University K.Rusek

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS Military University of Technology, Warsaw A.Korman

MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS Warsaw School of Economy and Informatics B.rvlariafiski M.Jask6la - Spervisor of P.D. Studies of Mrs. 1.FiJal (IP.1) V year of Ph.D. courses K.Rusek -Spervisor of Ph.D. studies of Mr. S. Mezhevych (IPJ) III year of Ph.D. courses

B.ZwiCglifiski -Spervisor of Ph.D. studies of Mr. A.Mykulyak (PJ) III year of Ph.D. courses

B.ZwiVg1ihski -Supervisor of P.D. Studies of Mr. D.Me1nyChUk (IPJ) I year of Ph.D. courses VII Science Festival L.Nowicki, A.Korman, R.Ratajczak 34 Annual Report 2003

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Witold Augustymak, Dr. Renata Ratajczak, MSc. Andrzej Biefikowski, Dr. 3/5 Krzysztof Rusek, Assoc. prof. Marian Jask6la, Professor Anna Stonert, Dr. Andrzej' Korman, Dr. Andrzej Turos, Professor, 3/4 Andrzej' Marcinkowski, Professor Andrzej Trzcihski Dr Bohdan Marlafiski, Dr. Boguslaw Zwiq-liftski, Assoc. prof Lech Nowicki, Dr. Pawel Zuprafiski, Professor

PhD students Izabela Fijal, MSc. Andryl Mykulyak, MSc. Sergiy Mezhevych, MSc. Dmytro MeInychuk, MSc.

Technical and administrative staff Dorota Dobrowolska 3/4 Wladyslaw Mielczarek 1/2 Ryszard Kacprzak Wieslaw Pietrzak, 1/5 Edward Karnifiski, Eng., 1/5 ZbIgniew Szczepaniak Gra2yna Ksik, Eng. DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 35

2 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE

Head of Department: Dr. Jan Sernicki PLO401660 phone: (22) 718-05-54 e-mail: sernicki ipj.gov.p]

Overview

Research activities in our Department the last year were focused on traditional domains of nuclear pysics: heavy-ion reactions and nuclear spectroscopy, but also on medium-energy elementary particle physics, nutrino physics, as well as atomic physics. Along with the group of nuclear and atomic physicists, our Department encompasses a team working on medical physics and another team engaged in ecology and environmental physics. We maintain our collaboration with KFA Jfilich continuing experiments on the COSY storage ring, arned at studyin poperties of an exotic ao eson and heavy hyperons produced in pp collisions. A rich sample of pion -decays and rare radiative pion - and muon decays, collected with the PIBETA detector at PSI, has been analyzed in collaboration with PSI Villigen. In the field of neutrino physics, data collected with the T600 module of the cosmic ray detector ICARUS III Pavia have been analyzed. In collaboration with the Department of Nuclear Theory, conditions to observe the fascinating process of neutrino-less double electron capture were further examined from the point of view ofthe fundamental question of the neutrino nature and its mass. Nucleus-nucleus collisions have been studied both theoretically and experimentally in collaboration with LBNL Berkeley, Warsaw University, and LNS Catania. A complete theoretical description of the synthesis of super-heavy nuclei was proposed. Our participation in the CHIMERA multi-detector project aimed at studyllicy nucleus-nucleus collisions in the Fermi energy domain brought its first physical results. Our theory group is developing tools for a theoretical description of nuclear dynamics at this range 'Intermediate of energies. Our nuclear spectroscopy studies concentrated on measurements of life-times of hgh spin states in various nuclei, octupole correlations and other properties of excited states. The experiments were carried out Ill collaboration with Warsaw University and NFL Studsvik. Studies of ionization of K, L, M and N shells in atoms of medium and large Z, induced in collisions with heavy ions, have been continued in collaboration with the University of Fribourg, PSI Vlligen and Universities in Torufi and Kielce. Our medical physics group has completed a prototype of the set-up for brachytherapy of bain tumors. te .,photon needle", i.e., a needle-shaped X-ray generator with especially designed computer control. The environment and ology group our Department continued monitoring radioactive nuclides in te ground-level air from the nation-wide system of sensitive air collection stations. Filters from our air collection station in Hornsund Spitsbergen) are also analyzed. Moreover, preparations for implementation of so the called "Intelligent Air Monitoring System" fulfilling the norms of the European Union have been made.

Usinc, our C30 cyclotron, proton irradiations of 112 Sri to produce "'In for applications in nuclear medicine have been continued. Proton beams from the C30 cyclotron were used also for testing properties of the avalanche photo-diodes expected to be used in the PANDA project at GSI Darmstadt. 36 Annual Report 2003

2.1 Nuclear Deformation Energies PLO401661 by J.Blocki, L.Shvedov

Potential energy of a nuclear system as a function "'Hg -F'Ca of its shape deformation parameters relevant in fission 2 and fusion pocesses is a key quantity in describing X dynamics of these processes. An early approach 1.6- solving11 this poblem was presented more than twenty IA years ago [I J. In this approach the deformation energy C, 11 1.2 was calculated in a liquid drop model approximation (Coulomb plus surface energy). We propose to extent these calculations to the more realistic, ones, where .6- deformation energy is calculated as a sum of the .1 Yukawa - plus - exponential folding potential 2] and 1-1 .2 the Coulomb energy is calculated for the realistic diffuse charae distributions [3]. In addition we have .2 .4 1.2 1A 1.6 1 2 2.2 24 2.6 2 3 included shell corrections in our calculations and also P adjusted our total energy to the experimental mass Fig. I Deformation energy of the reaction 204 Hg+40 Ca. difference of the compound nucleus and separated fragments. Another modification we have made 's an extension of our configuration space above the [11 J.Blocki, WJ.wiqtecki, "Nuclear deformation "I pper boundary defined in 1]. energies" preprint LBL 1281 1, Berkeley, 1982 We have used this new prescription of calculating [2] H.J.Krappe, J.R.Nix, A.J.Sierk, Unified nuclear C, potential for heavy-ion elastic scattering, fusion, the potential energy of the system 4 and made a I fission, and ground-state masses and systematics of the fission and fusion barriers. From deformations" Phys. Rev. C20(1979)992 good areement of the results of our calculations with [3] K.T.R.Davies, J.R.Nix, "Calculation of moments, the experimental data we have arned some confidence C, potentials, and enerales for an arbitrarily shaped in our approach to the potential energy calculations. Z, C, diffuse-surface nuclear density distribution" Phys. In Fg.1 an example of the deformation energy for 2 4 1-1 Rev. C14(1976)1977 the reaction 04HgC, OCa is presented. The saddle [41 L.Shvedov, J.Blocki, J.Wilczyfiski, "Potential point in this case lies at p = 156 and = 164 at energy surface in nucleus-nucleus collisions energyC, equal to 4.31 . MeV. with respect to the corrected for exact nuclear masses" Acta Phys. compound nucleus. This important information was Pol. B34(2003)1815 completely lost in [1] as this saddle point lied above the upper boundary defined in there.

2.2 Energy and Mass Distributions of Fission Fragments PLO401662 by J.Blocki, L.Shvedov

9.0 ...... They can be found now in any nuclear physics

8.5 textbook. For nleus 236U, for example, the mass d istribudonI is double humped wthI peaks around masses A-90 and A2-140 and symmetric splittin of 8,0- 236 C U is very much depressed (about 100 times). The 7.5 averaoe kinetic energy distribution is in this case peaked at about 172 MeV with a half width equal to 7,0 - 25 MeV.

6.5 - We have done calculations trying to look or tese distributions. First we have calculated fission barriers "36u 6,0 0,25 0,30 0.35 0,40 0,45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0,65 0,70 0,75 Of nucleus for different asymmetries A/(A,+A2)- A,/(A,+A) Results are presented in Flg. 1, where a smooth

Fig.1 Fission barriers as a function of asymmetry Al/(A]+A). behaviour of the fission barriers as a function of asymmetry A/(A,+A,) is observed and the minimurn Distribution of the kinetic enerales and masses of of the barrier corresponds to a symmetric case. Out f C this behaviour one can deduce the population of the the fission fra-ments are well known for many years. DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 37

saddle points at a gven asymmetry. In our first attempt For the mass distribution Fig 3 a trace of te we have assumed a Gaussian distribution of the saddle desired peaks at A-93 and A,-143 is observed, point populations peaked at the symmetry with the however still the most probable splitting is aound width corresponding to 30 units in mass. Having such symmetry. We are going to continue these a population of saddle points we an a dynamical investigations tryina to make more meaningful program with fluctuations (Langevin equations) from assumptions for the initial conditions [1]. saddle to scission and look at masses and kinetic eneralesC, of ragments.1-1 Results of tese calculations [11 J.R.Nix, WJ.wi4tecki, "Studies in the lquid- with a relatively poor statistics so fr show very nice drop theory of nuclear fission", Nuclear Physics behaviour of the nergy distribution being in a ood 71(1965)1 agreement with the experiment Fig 2. 200 300

180 - 280 - 260 - 160 - 240 - 220 - 140 e 200

120 - 180 160 10 100 - 140 Z t5 80 - 120 11_6

60 - .00I 10080

40 60 40 20 20 0 40

0 0 L -L 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Energy (MeV) Mass Fig. 3 Mass distribution of fission fragments. Fig. 2 Energy distribution of fission fragments.

2.3 Deterministic and Langevin-dynamics Simulation of Deep Inelastic Nucleus- Nucleus Collisions CO (O by J.131ock], L.Shvedov, J.Wilczy6ski (O 0 NT Energy-angle distributions of deep-inelastic 500 0 nucleus-nucleus collisions at moderate enermes"D of - 86 Kr+ 166 Er about 10-15 MeV/nucleon reveal correlations between 8.18 MeV/u the averaaeZ, energyC, loss and the average scattering > 400 angle, which can be interpreted in terms of the (D 11classical dissipative deflection function" - known as Wilczyfiski diagram. An example of this correlation 300 86 166 (86 measured [I] for the Kr Er reaction at E Kr)

8.18 MeV/nucleon is shown in F. 1. Basic features of this correlation can be produced within our 200 macroscopic dynamic model, in which we solve numerically the classic Lagrancre-Rayleigh equations .1-1 Z, 20* 40" 60" Bo" of motion in the distance-deformation space 2 0 (deg) assuming one-body dissipation mechanism 3 and Fig. Contour diagram of the double differential cross section using the Yukawa-plus-exponential folding potential d 2 T/dOdE in the "Kr 116Er reaction, as a function of te scatterin- [4] corrected for she]] effects and exact nuclear masses angle and the total kinetic energy, compared with te dissipative [5] Pedictions of this classical model are shown in deflection function calculated within Our one-body dissipation model. The contour diagram of the cross-section distribLItiO is Fig I by black squares ndicating the calculated final taken from Ref. [I]. energy and scattering an-le for a given value of the aneular momentum. The solid line joins results A more realistic description of the nucleus-nucleus obtained for I-values in the ranue from 1= 160 to 1=430. dynamics requires inclusion of stochastic effects, fst This line, representing the classical dissipative of all those associated with thermal fluctuations. In tile deflection function, perfectly follows the ridge in the proposed approach [61 we solve the Langevin landscape of the double differential coss section, equations of motion in which stochastic white-noise d2(7/dOdE, descending from the maximum for razing term is added to the Rayleigh conservative ad collisions 350) down to the re-ion ofdeep-inelastic dissipative forces used in our deterministic versio of events occurring at smaller E-values. the model. The width of the thermal fluctuations is 38 Annual Report 2003 determined by the fluctuation-dissipation theoi 500 (Einstein relation). The contour diagram of the energy- 450 an-le distribution of the events -enerated with the

LangevinZ, dynamics for the same 86 Ki + 166 Er reaction 400 - is shown in Fig 2. 350 -

[11 A.GobblW.N6renbero,,Heav),,IonCollisiotis,ed. 300 R.Bock, North Holland, 1980, Vol. 2 p. 127 [21 J.131ocki, WJ.wiqtecki, Report LBL- 1281 1, 250 - Berkeley, 1982 [3] J.Blocki, ... , M.Robel, A.J.Sierk, WJ.wi4tecki, 200 et aL, Ann.Phys. 13(1978)330 150 141 H.J.Krappe, J.R.Nix, A.J.Slerk, Phys. Rev. C20 20 40 60 80 IOU (1979) 992 o (deg) [5] L.Shvedov, J.131ocki, JWilczy6ski, Acta Phys. Fig. 2 Energy-angle distribution of the events generated with the Pol. 34 2003) 1815 Lan-evin dynamics for the 86 Kr+ 166Er reaction at [6] J.Blocki, O.Mazonka, J.Wilczyhski, Z.Sosin, E(8(Kr = 8.1 MeV/nucleon A.Wieloch, Acta Phys. Pol. 31 2000) 151 PLO401664

2.4 Empirical Nucleus-Nucleus Potential Deduced From Fusion Excitation Functions by K.Slwek-Wilczyfiskal), J.Wilczyfiski

Existing data on near-barrier fusion excitation The mean barrier heights calculated wt ts functions for 48 medium and heavy nucleus-nucleus potential are reproduced with an accuracy about systems have been analyzed using a simple diffused- I MeV, while other frequently used potentials, i.e., the barrier formula" derived assuming the Gaussian shape proximity potential and the Akyiiz-Winther potential, for the barrier heicht distributions. Examples of considerably overpredict the experimental values, selected fusion excitation functions analyzed in this especially for heavy systems (see Fig. 2. way are shown in Fig. 1. The obtained mean values of 10 the barrier height have been then used for (a)Empirical fusion potential determination of the parameters of the empirical 5 nucl eus-nucleus potential, assumed to have Saxon- Woods shape. (For details see Ref. I 1.) 0 ------4 %

I 3 -5 (b) Akyft-Winther potential I > 5 2 10 0+ Sm 0+ W 1_ B, 60.5 MeV 13, 68. MeV 0 ------v ------U IV 1.45 MeV iv 129 MeV 10 R, 10.3 fin R,, 10.6 fin -5 (c) Proximity potential C/) 3 10 5 2 2 U 10 ------I 6 0+ 154 Sm 0 +208 Pb 1 B 58 4 MeV BO 73.6 MeV -5 2.25 MeV IV 1.57 MeV 40 60 80 100 120 140 10 R,, 9.6 fiii R,, 10.5 fin Z Z /(A 1/3+A 1/3 L 1 2 1 2 Fig.2 Comparison of experimental barrier heights Bo with 50 60 70 80 90 60 70 80 90 10 I In theoretical predictions for the AkyUz-Winther potential 4, Center of Mass Energy MeV) proximity potential [51 and the proposed "empirical potential". Fig. Fusion excitation functions measured for the 0+"4-"Sm [2], 16(+186W [3], and 110+201 Pb 3 reactions fll circles) In order to predict fusion excitation functions with compared with predictions (solid lines) of the diffused barrier formula" [1] for values of t mean barrier B,, the barrier the "diffused-barrier formula", we propose a simple distribution width I%,,and the radius parameter R, obtained with the method of theoretical prediction of the second least-square method. DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 39 parameter of the barrier dstribution, its width w. The [1] K.Siwek-Wilczyfiska, J.Wilczyfiski, Phys. Rev. C proposed formula accounts for the quanturn effect of (2004), in press sub-barrier tunneling, static quadrupole deformations. [2] J.R.Leigh et al., Phys. Rev. C52 1995)3151 and collective surface vbrations of the colliding [3] C.R.Morton et al., Phys. Rev. C60 1999) 044608 nuclei. [4] M.Dasgupta et al., Nucl. Phys. A539 1992) 561 With the theoretical knowledge of the mean barrier height Bo and width iv of the barrier distributions, one can predi i I 1) Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw ict cross sections for overcom'n- the barrier, i e., for sticking" or "capture" in reactions very University, Poland heavy systems used to produce super-heavy nuclei. PLO401665

2.5 Calculations of Cross Sections for the Synthesis of Super-heavy Nuclei in Cold Fusion Reactions by W.J.wiqteckil), K.Slwek-Wilczyhska 21 J.Wilczyfiski

We present a theoretical interpretation 1 of the at a single value of energy. The theoretical predictions cross sections to produce super-heavy elements with in Fig I are extended to Z =119, always using Pb atomic numbers Z102-112 in so called "cold fusion", and 2 9BI targets and 76 Ge, 82S e and 86 Kr as projectiles. i.e., one-neutron-out ractions in bombardments of 108Pb and I 1 48 - I, 54Cr, 58 9 __1 targets of 209B wth Ca, 50Ti Fe, 62,64 Ni and 70Zn projectiles 2 3. The formation cross 8 s(Injection) 1. hn STICK i section is taken to be the poduct of three fctors: the 7 - cross section for the projectile and arget to stick, the probability for the result'ing composite nucleus to 5 reach the compound nucleus confiGuration by diffusion, and the probability for the latter to survive E4 - fission and to emit only one neutron: 3 STICK*DIFFUSE cy(synthesis = stick x P(diffuse) x P(survive). 2 The first and third fctors are teated accordinaCI to 0 more o less conventional formulae, whilst the middle 0 0 - one is based on the statistical (Brownian-like) 0CD diffusion of probability over a barrier in the form of an -2- inverted parabola. The early dynamics of the neck -3-

1growth is replaced by an assumption of a rapid -4 - injection into a macroscopically calculated asymmetric STICK'DIFFUSMURVIVE fission valley, after which the diffusion process beams.Z, -6 - The hindrance factor associated wit ts diffusion 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 process is given by the expression: Atomic number Z

P(diffuse) (I - erf B/T) Fig. IThe calculated cross sections for stickier, (STICK), 2 forming a compound nucleus (STICK*DfFFUSE)1 and surviving, where is the barrier corresponding to the height fission (STICK*DlFFUSE*SURVIVE) are plotted for 20 eactions of the saddle point elative to the injection point in the leadin-, to elements with Z102-119. The circles refer to measured cross sections 2 3. asymmetric fission valley, and T is the temperature at the injection point. The measured cross sections 2 31 can b [11 W.J.wiqtecki, K.Siwek-Wilczyfiska, reproduced fairly well by ntroducino, an assumption J.Wilczyhski, Intl. Journ. Mod. Phys. E (2004) about the separation s between the surfaces of the in press approaching nuclei at which injection takes place. [2] S.Hofmann, Rep. Prog. Phys. 61 1998) 639 Figure I summarizes the esults f te above- [3] K.Morita, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan, private comi-nLl- calculations for all twelve (In) reactions used to nication produce elements with Z = 102-112. The adjustable 1) parameter s was taken to have the value 16 fm. The Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Brkeley solid circles refer to measured maxima of the National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA excitation functions and the open circles are es 2 )Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw (perhaps underestimates) based on the masurements University, Warsaw, Poland 40 PLO401666 Annual Report 2003

2.6 1480) Production in 2.83 GeV p+p Collisions at the ANKE Spectrometer of COSY-Jiilich ;Coptev 1) and 2) by I.Zychor, VJ_ M.Nekipelovl-

The reaction pp -->Kp Y' was measured at ANKE at pp-4K+pit+E(J385), a beam energy of 283 GeV. At this energy six pp-->K+peA(1405), hyperons can be produced: A(1116), Y1192), pp---)K+peE(J480), 1(1385), A(1405), Y1480) and A1520) with excess eneruies from 424 MeV down to 20 MeV or A( 16) PP__>K+peA(1520). and A1520), espectively. Some of their poperties In Fg I the solid line is the sum of Monte Carlo are listed in Table 1. simulations for the four above mentioned eactions. Table I The relative contribution from each reaction has been Properties of strange baryons Values with errors are fro [. fitted to obtain the best areement between the mass FWHM mean life simulated and experimental distributions. In Fig. 2 the Monte Carlo simulated mssinc, mass distributions are (MeV/C2) (MeV/C2) (s) shown for four strange baryons.Z, The best agreement A(l 116) 1115.683±0.006 2.501. 10-12 (2.632±0.020). 1(-211 has been obtained for the Y1480) mass equal 1(1 192) 1192-642±0.024 0.008895 (7.4±0.7). 510-211 1470 MeV. 1( 38 5) 1383.7±1.0 36±5 1.828- lo--' A( 405) 1406±4 50±2 1.316. 10-23 16 Z(1480) 11480 45 1.463. Iff") 42 A( 520) 11519.5±1.0 15.6tL0 4.219. 1(-21 4 Y(1480) 12, E(1385) I 11 A(1520) The Z1480) hyperon is particularly nteresting due lo:- A( 405) to the lack of information about it. In the 2002 Review of Particle Physics it is described as a 'bump' with unknown quantum numbers 1]. 6 The 1480) hyperon is produced at COSY 4 directly in pp-4rpE(1480) eactions and the 2 ANKE spectrometer permits the simultaneous observation of different decay modes: I48O)-xg+Z 1350 1400 1450 1500 1 550 missing mass ppK'p) [MeV/c Y(I48O)-->TcZ+, Y,(1480)->K p. The measurement f Fig. I Missing mass spectra for the reaction pp-K'pm,,. Te data points are measured at ANKE, the solid line shows onte P p interactions using a cluster _j'et hydrogen target was Carlo simulations. carried out in spring 2002 2].

3-fold KpTc' coincidences were selected by three 12C different parts of the ANKE detector system (side, :3 12w forward and ne(yative) to study the 1480) in the first E(1480) 10 ... AQ52-0) stage of the analysis. The mssing mass spectrurn for E(1385) the reaction pp-4Kpeg, consists of a flat plateau 8 A(1405) with a peak at approximately 1195 MeV 2]. The peak 6 corresponds to the decay Y148O)-4Tc+1-. If only events with M,=(l 195±20) MeV are selected, the rn, 4 shows p ectrum in te reaction pp->K+p(m.,=e+4j 2 two peaks with a width of 45 MeV each data points in Fig I ). The background from misidentified _J particles is

The ist peak corresponds to the contribution of missing mass pp, K' p ) [MeV' ;c Fig. 2 The simulated missing mass distributions foi- fur strange 1(1385) and A1405). The second peak can be baryons: 1( 38 5) (dot), 'A(1405) (dash), l0 480) (solid), 'bed with ascri - to the production f 1480) A( 520) (dot-dash). contri'budon from A(1520). Monte Carlo simulations have been performed [1] K.Haglwaraetal.,Phys.Rev.D66(2002)010001 [2] V.Koptev et al., Annual Report 2002, wierk, using the GEANT-3 code, ncluding the phase-space "Hyperon Production at ANKE" event generator GENBOD. To reproduce the experimental mssing mass distribution observed in the Petersbura Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, reaction pp->K+pY` at T=2.83 GeV we ave Russia 2 simulated four reactions: Foi-schunoszentrumZ, Jillich, Germany DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 4

2.7 The Evidence of Shape Coexistence in 49PM PLO401667 by R.Kaczarowski, A.A.Wasilewski, H.Mach') and B.Fogelberal)

New experiment devoted to studies of lifetimes of where 1) is experimental the excited levels in the 149pm nucleus populated in the branching ratio and quantities a and b depend onl on 14'Nd--> 141prn P-decay have been performed using the level spin and energies of deexciting transitions ad OSIRIS on-line fission-product mass separator at the are defined, respectively, as R2-0 reactor in Studsvik, Sweden. The radioactive 0.8709E 2y (I --- I - 1) beam of mass A= 149 was produced by thermal- a = f 235U J _ I neutron induced fission a target Integrated in 5 an ion source. The used experimental setup and E ,(I I - 2) method of measurement are described in ref ' [ ]. The b = A(I, K) E 5 (I I 1)

triple P(NEI II A) - y(Ge - y(BaF2) - t coincidence The Clebsch-Gordon coefficients ratio AK in events we collected and analysed off-line. The fst the above formula depend only on values of an-ular

timina information was derived fi-orn te Py Z7 momentum I and projection of I coincl'dences in tming detectors while selection of the momentum, K, on the nucleus symmetry axis. desired decay branch and deexcitation path have been obtained by an additional requirement ol.' coincidence The values of transitional quadrupole moment Qo, .0 with ating y-transitions recorded in a Ge detector of 323(27) 317(26) and 331(39) eb obtained f r te with hh Ienergy resolution. Te decay curves and 11/2', 15/2' and 19/2' levels, respectively, a fairly prompt time distributions were unfolded from the constant indicating no substantial hanue of tis

experimental time distributions using the ISOLTIME moment within the 72'[404] ground state otational computer program 2 which allows to take into band. The value of quadrupole deformation parameter, account even the complex deexcitation paths feeding P2=0-173(8), deduced from weighted mean valu of

the level of interest via several levels with different Qo;:=3.23(14) eb for this band, is lower tha te lifetimes. defonnation Of P2=0-197(15) of the negative parity rotational band built on the h11/2 configuration, The results of pevious experiment - half-life values and limits obtained for te excited levels in determined from Q=3.6(3) eb deduced (asSLI111111CT 149 PM as well as deduced tansition pobabilities have K=1/2) fom B(E2) transition probabilities within tis been already reported 3 4 The new experiment band. The Coriolis effect calculations show that tile 1/2-[5501 proton configuration consists the rnaill improves statistical quality of the data. In s gni component of wave function of this hl 12 configuration. addition, an extensive timing calibration un has been C

also prformed. It seems to indicate that the odd-proton occupyinoC, the hgh-j, h 12 configuration di-Ives the 149 PM nucleus The half-life obtained for the first rotational level Z-1 of the 72'[404] rotational band, that is for the 92' toward larger deformation. This would be te fst level at 288.2 keV, together with the known mixing mani 'festat'onI of the deformation-driv'naI effect in ts 11 nuclei reaion and evidence of shape coexistence In ratio for this transition allowed to deduce values of 149 PM. non-diagonal quadrupole moment Q21=2.31(18) eb as well as the value of the 0yrornagnetic fctors difference 11C_1'K-1C,:,R1=O-I8I(12) in this band. Assuming [11 H.Machetal.,NIMA280(1989)49 that these values remain constant within otational [21 R.Kaczarowski, SINS Ann.Rep. 2002, p.42 band and taking the values of banching,, ratios values [3] A.A.Wasilewskietcll.,SINSAnn.Rep.2001,p.43

in the 7/2'[4041g7/2 rotational band kown from the [4] A.A.Wasilewski et al., SINS Ann.Rep. 2002, p.47 high-spin experiment [5] one can deduce value of the [51 M.A.Jones et al, Nucl.Phys. A609 1996) 201 quadrupole moment in this band using formula

I 2 Department of Radiation Sciences, Uppsala Q( (9K - R Y + Q, 2 University, S611-82 Nykbpino, Sweden b a

00 182 Q0 2.8 The Deformation-driving Effect of the High-j Orbital in Ir C.0 2) 0 by R.Kaczai-owski, A.A.Wasilewski, I.Ahmad'), D.Blumenthall), M.P.Carpenter'), B.Crowell'), U.Gar,- 2 2 S.S.Ghugre ) R.V.F.Janssens'), T.L.Khoo'), T.Lauritsen'), S.Naguleswaran and D.Nissius') 0 _J CL Thorough analysis of the experimental data 1=(27)h and an excitation energy of about 5.8 McV. allowed for extending of three peviously known Two new strongly-coupled bands, built on sort 11VIII(I rotational bands in 182 Ir bands 13] up to a spin of isomeric states, 7 at 470 kV and (IO-), 793 kov 42 Annual Report 2003 identified, as well as one strongly coupled sde- were I The comparison of quadrupole moments deduced band built on the 554 keV level, and, possibly, a new from experimental B(E2) values (see Ref 4 for decoupled band built on the 71) kV level. Several several rotational band built on different additional excited levels decaying to these bands were two-quasiparticle v configurations shown in the also observed. In total, more than 90 new aarnma Fig. 2 clearly indicates an existence the strone, transitions have been placed in the level scheme of deformation-driving effect for configuration involving 182 Ir. high-j 92-'[924] neutron orbital.

Properties of kinematical and dynamical moments 13 182 I I of inertia, Routians and alignments in all otational 12 - Ir bands in 82 Ir were carefully analyzed in order to 1 1 10 understand internal structure and backbending 9 K=5 (l 12(541 )S(,,912[:2 properties of these bands. Values of K 0 3 and for Z 8 K=3 W/215411)o(,7121 '411 K=1 band A, and C, respectively, were assumed 7 according to ref 3 Distinctively different behaviour 6 - of al'ignments as a function of rotational frequency in 5 these bands reflectin snificant differences in their

internal structure can be easily noted in the respective 3 plots. 6 8 I 2 4 6

182 J Fig. 2 Quadrupole moments in several rotational bands bilt oil 10 Ir Pasmo B- the different 7r-v confi-urations in 2 Tr. Thin horizontal ies

8 - AV AV represent weighted values for the respective configurations: K - A the lowest, K= - middle and 5 -the highest line. Only the latter A configuration consists the i13/2 neutron orbital 92'[924]. 6

4 [1] S.Andre, J.Genevey-Rivier, J.Treherne, 2 - A V exp J.Jastrzebski, R.Kaczarowski, J.Lukasiak, Phys. - (7t1/2[541])0(v7/2[514]) Rev. Lett. 38(1997)327 0 - I I - - - [2] V.P.Janzen, ... , J.C.Waddington, Y.S.Chen, 0,1 0,2 0,3 Z:1 hw [MeV) F.Donau, P.B. Semmes, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 Fig. I Comparison of experimental alignment triangles) with (1988)2073 ali-nment calculated as suin of the respective simle-particle [3] A.J.Kreiner, J.Davidson, M.Davidson, components fr the rotational band bilt on the rx,, K=3' P.Thieberger, E.K.Warburton, Phys. Rev. C42 configuration in 'Tr. (1990)878

A comparison with similar plots for rotational [41 A.A.Wasilewski, R.Kaczarowski et al, SINS Ann.

bands built on singleC, quasi-particle poton and neutron Rep.1999,p.42 states in "'Ir and "'Os, respectively, allowed in 1) several cases for identification proton and Physics Department, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, L60439, USA neutron configuration involved in the respective 2) C, Z:1 18') Physics Department, University of Notre Dame, 2-quasiparticle configurations in the odd-odd -Ir t Notre Dame, N46556, USA nucleus (see example in Fg. 1).

2.9 Structure of the Intruder Bands in Light Sn Nuclei by M.Wolifiska -Ci chockal, 2) ,J.Kownackil), M.Kisielifiskil), M.Kowalczykl 2),W.A.Pl6ciennik, 2 2), Y2) a 4) 1 E.Ruchowska, Ch.Droste ), T.Morek J.Srebrn , W.Mqczyfiski'), W.GasO), H.Jdler , R.L'edei B.Bekman-Joklsz 5) (O 0 1q_ The 98MO(160, xn) reaction has been used [ 1 2 to An intruder state is a state with an intrinsic 0 study the level structure of the semi-mack 1 Sn, 11 1Sn structure significantly different from that of the other

and 112 Sn nuclei and the neighbouring isotopes using states in the same excitation re-ion. In the odd nuclei the OSIRIS-11 array equipped with 10 HPGe detectors intruder sngle particle states come in most cases from with anticompton shields and with 48 elements BGO the next higher shell and have parity opposite to the multiplicity filter. In this work, the properties of neighbouring states. In the even nuclei the intruder 112 excited states in 1Sn, 1Sn and Sn have been states are associated with excitation of one or two studied with a special interest put on nvestigation of particles into the next shell. They thus have 1plh the intruder bands. (one-particle one-hole) or 2 - 2h configurations with DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 43 opposite or the same parities with respect to the The alignment (Flg. ) and Routhian Fig 2 plots normal states, respectively. The particle-hole states for "('Sn and 112 Sn look similar in many aspects. Te may induce deformation in an excitation region which band crossing in the intruder band in 1Sn and ll is predominantly characterized by te spherical higher of two bands in 2Sn occurs roughly at h - symmetry. The excitation energy of the intruder states 0.37 MeV while the increase in alignment is about decreases with increasing number of' the ance 6.5h in both cases. In this mass realon the first band nucleons and approaches minimum in te middle of crossing has usually been attributed to the 1111/2 the shell. The shape coexistence in this nuclear reuion neutrons [5, 61. is thus expected to occur pedominantly in proton serni-mauicZ, nuclei with the half-filled neutron shell. 2 - Gamma-spectroscopy nvestigations of the serni- ma-ic Sn nuclei established shape coexistence in the 114-1 even-mass "Sn isotopes [3]. Experimental :;0 branching ratios B(E2)i,,tIB(E2)i,,,,,. for ntruder band in 11Sn 1 4 show that in hh spin region intraband E2 S" transitions are very strong compared to educed AF 11:S11I interband transitions of the same multipolarity while in -2 S" low spin region intensities of these transitions are comparable. This indicates that the low spin states of 0.1 0.2 0.3 &.1NIevi0.4 0.5 0.6 the intruder band ae mixed perturbed) contrary to the Fig. 2 Experimental Routhians for intruder bands i 1(Sn,1 Sn, high spin region with pure spherical configurations. and 112Sn. The crossing frequency in (Sn and 112SI1 is observed Therefore the intruder band is not so well developed at around 037 MeV, while in'"Sn the first vh I /2 ali,nment isshifted low excitation enerales as it is at the hiaher spins. A due to the occupation of vh ]/, orbital. simple level mixingC, calculations account for the values [1] HIL Annual Report 2002, p. 15 and p 17 of B(E2) ratios of the intraband-to-interband [2] M.Wolifiska-Cichocka et at., Acta Physica transitions. In the alignment plot this mxing would Polonica, B34(2003)2305 manifest itself as an rregularity at low rotational [3] J.Bron et al., Nucl. Phys. A318(1979)335 frequencies. [4] M.Wolifiska-Cichocka et al., Acta Physica Polonica., B34(2003)2309 12 - [5] J.L.Wood et al., Phys. Reports. 215(1992) 101 Sn [6] K.Heyde et al., CERN-EP/98-181, (998), 1 112, Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University,

4 Poland 2) Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Poland 0 The H. Niewodniczallski Institute of Nuclear

Physics, Cracow, Poland 0.1 0.2 0.3h IWV1 0.4 0.5 0.6 4) Institut ffir Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum

Fig. I Alignments for intruder bands in the "Sn, "Sn, and 5 Rilich, Germany 112Sn nuclei. A reference configuration with parameters Department of Physics, Silesia University, Jo-- I5112/MeV and J =25114MeV-3 has been subtracted Katowice, Poland

2.10 Entry Region and Angular Momentum Transfer Studies for Nuclei with 0 A-110-130 Produced in Heavy-ion Fusion-evaporation Reactions tl- ,2 3), i4), co by J.Kownackil), M.Wolifiska-Cichockal ), A.A.Pasternak J.Perkowsk M.Kisielifiski", E.Ruchowska, 5), t5 5), 2) j6), 6) 0 R.Lieder W.Gas ), H.Jdger M.Kowalczyk' , W.Mqczyhsk J.Styczefl ,W.A.Pl6ciennik, J.Andrzejewski,l), J.Dworskil), A.Stolarzl), Ch.Droste 2), T.Morek 2) and J.Srebrny2) 0

The OSIRIS array consisting of 10 Compton energies and y-ray multiplicities have been measured suppressed HPGe detectors and equipped with an with the BGO ball in coincidence with discrete y-rays inner BGO ball for sum-energy and multiplicity from the residual nuclei, registered in the HPGe measurements has been employed to study the entry detectors. To calibrate the BGO ball the esponse reuionO for nuclei with A- I 0- 30. The 160+98MO, function measurements have been performed usingC ]6o+ 107, '09Ac, and 14N+1 18,120 122 Sn fusion-evaporation sources emittine, cascade of two y-rays of reactions have been used in measurements. Sum- approximately equal energies and intensities. 44 Annual Report 2003

The obtained y-ray sum-energy and multiplicity reactions. The analysis of the y-ray sum-energy and data were used to deduce te entry line (dependence of multiplicity data is in progress. averace excitation energy < El- > on multiplicity M or spin I) for different exit channels. For the entry line 1) Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw Univ., Poland construction up to -I 0 windows have been set on the 2) Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw sum-energyZ, spectrurn in order to achieve reasonable University, Poland precision of the excitation energyC, dfinition. Foi- each 3) A.F.Joffe Physical Technical Institute RAS, window the average vlue of multiplicity has St. Petersbura, Russia been determined from te corresponding. .multipliciI I tY ') Department of Physics, Univ. of L6d2, Poland distribution wile the avera(yeC excitation eneray 5) Institut fUr Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum has been calculated with the formula J611ch, Germany =*, were corresponds to the 6) The H. Niewodniczahski Institute of Nuclear center of each window set on the sum-energy Physics, Cracow, Poland Spectrum A change of slope bending) of.' the experimental entry line is observed for all studied

2.11 Computerized Set for Rradiotherapy with Photon Needle X-ray Tube by M.Slapa, W.Stra, M.Snopek, M.Talejko, M.Traczyk (O 0 R&D poject entitled "Set or brachytherapy of Main objectives of the software was to: 0 brain turnors by means of Photon Needle X-ray tube" facilitate a elatively straightforward radiotherapy concluded in 2003 with development of' ndividual treatment procedure elements of the set. Next problem was to Integrate the help to build up the user confidence in the device elements into an instrument. prevent malfunctioning even when operated by technically not highly-advanced operators.

PHOTON NEEDLE

BEAM MONITOR

NEEDLE TESTER

Fig. I Photo of te set. OTHER XY CHANNELS DOSEMETER A PC computer was chosen as the set controller. The following functions and al-orithms have been implemented in the software: TROLLER COMPUTER

0 system configuration and preset of operational Fig. 2 Functional dia.-rarn of the set. parameters 0 periodical self-test of cucial electronic ircuits Computer codes control every hardware element ' • device calibration the set (the photon needle, the beam monitor, the • on-line monitoring and display of basic operational photon needle tester, the XY dosemeter) via separate channels of a suitable multi-channel controller. The set parameters may be easily expanded with other elements (eg. with settinc, an alarm when preset parameter goes out of radiation detector C, an ranget, This work has been presented at 2 nd Int. • leadinc,Z, the user throuah"I the adiotherapy treatment SymposiumI "MedicalI Physics",I 13-15 November i.e. forcing the user into some prescribed sequence 2003. Ustroh, Poland (poster Setfor brachytherapy of' of steps and preventing sorne steps to be performed brain tumoi-s by Photon Needle X-rcty tube by out-of-sequence M.Slapa, W.Stra, M.Traczyk, M.Snopek, M.Talejko, data archiving M.Moszyfiski, M.Harat, P.Sokal and A.Wlniewski) DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 45 PL0401672

2.12 Spatial and Seasonal 7Be Distribution in Ground Level Air in Poland by B.Mysłek-Laurikainen, M.Matul. K.Garanty, J.Wojtkowska, Z.Moroz0, W.E.Maciążek2', I.Zwolska2).M.Bysiek31, M.Biernacka1'

The cosmic origin 7Be is the most abundant radionuclidc in the ground level air. It is formed Be-7 okres letni 2000 through nuclear reactions of cosmic origin primary / Gdynia 54.001 _.- protons and secondary neutrons with oxygen, nitrogen and carbon in atmospheric air: • Szczecirr' 12, sita Gs suk

« 4200

52.00' -_,, Cwock - Świder 34U0 I V 320(1

t^ 3000 5100 >. 2800 \ \ 2500 Katowice

50 03

16.00 17X0 (8.00 ^22,00 j 23.00

About 67% of 7Be is born in stratospheric and the e-7 okres zimowy 2000/2001 rest in troposphere air. The7 Be vertical distribution in atmosphere depends on vertical transport between stratosphere and troposphere as well as on the upper and ground level layers of troposphere. It is related to temperature gradient, isolation and atmospheric i&OO fallout. The seasonal distribution of Be in Poland Warszawa ' shows the winter minimum and summer growth. The 52 GO1 spatial distribution is not uniform but changes from Otwock - ąwider year to year and varies with season of the year. The maps of 7Be for summer and winter 2000 and 2001 are Lublin shown Fig. 1. These distributions were calculated for 5'K average data from 10 high sensitive monitoring ASS-500 stations, which from the radioactive 50.00 . • / / / monitoring network. Kraków / • '-••''

16.00 iioo 18.00 u Technical University of Białystok, Poland 2) Institute of Meteorology and Water Management Fig. 1 The maps of 7Be for summer 2000 and winter 2000/2001. 3) Central Laboratory of Radiological Protection

2.13 Intelligent Monitoring System as Air Quality Management and/or Control Tool by Z.Moroz0, M.Sowiński, J.Wojtkowska, B.Mysłek-Laurikainen, M.Kowalski, K.Szymańska21, T.Kołakowski2) i co

The results of SO2, NO, NO2, and dust possibility of application of this innovative approach concentration measurements in Gdańsk region were to: :O analysed using neural network method. The network of • identification of pollution sources - point-like, nine automatic air-monitoring stations of ARMAAG linear, or areal, 3D- (placed in many points of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Sopot, and Tczew) collected the data during the 1999-2002 • prediction of short- and long-term changes of air period. Some meteorological parameters like T, P, H, pollution,

Wdir, and Wv (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind • modelling of lime-space distributions of air direction, wind velocity) were taken into account. The pollution, analysis was performed in order to evaluate the 46 Annual Report 2003

• determination of the risk of pollutant helpful in air pollution control and management issues concentrations exceeding alarrn- or threshold on local, reulonal or entire-country scale. These results values, and methods of data processing may be a valuable • analysis of optimal treatment of technological contri'bution of Poland (as a member of te European Union) to the GMES (Global Monitoring for ecological,C, and economical aspects of' alt- Environment and Security), which has been createdC pollution. lately. Analysis of data obtained in 2002-2003 in real Figures I and 2 show examples of short-term time, show that neural networks, particularly wth use (daily) nural prediction. of genetic algorithms and wavelet methods, can be

1,9/m I GDA/average over stations 19 GDA/average over stations 19 80 1999 WU.gfil. SO/2000 t,.).I.g M. 60 O'4 40 0.3 20 0,2 0 O'l - 80 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

4060 2000 t,.I.I.g M 0.20,37 NO/2000 W.U. M A i 20 0.1 141, 0 0,0- 80 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 0.4 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 60 2001 Wstl.g fit. 0,3' NO 2000 tWing 111. 40 0,2- 2C)

80 _.0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 160 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 60 60 - 2002 t..thg M 0.6-. S02/2002 W.Ung fil. -1 40 0,4- 20 VI";Zz 0,2-

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 day# day#

Fig. 2 Neural prediction of NO, NO2, S02 concentrations Fig. Neural pediction Of S02(atni) concentrations in 1999 averaued over 9 measurim, stations, taken from days I - 6 => 2002. atm = dt concentration, P, WSP, WDIR, T, M). Data: 7 jy,-6, Yn-.5, Y.,-4, Y,,-3, ,,-2, Y"- I => y. Data: averaged over 6 days averaged over 9 stations measurement points, - concentration (a measurement points, - concentration values determined using values determined using the neural network odel for S02 in the neural network model for different pollutants; neural network 1999/2001/2002); data of the year 2000 used for neural network trained for S02 concentration in the year 2000). One neural network trainim, model may be applicable for different pollutants.

The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies 2) Foundation ARMAAG - Agency of Regional and Bialystok Technical University, Poland Monitorinor of Gdafisk Microre-ion, Poland

2.14 Preliminary Results of Radioactive Air Pollution Studies at Polish Polar Station in Hornsund, Spitsbergen by B.Myslek-Laurikainen, M.Matul, S.MikolaJewski, H.Trzaskowska, Z.Preibisz, I.Czerska' 0 M.Kubicki2), P.Rakowski3), T.Krynicki'), M.Stefafiski') 0 In July 2002 the hh volume air sampler AZA- 1000 was installed at Polish Polar Observatory of 3 Polish Academy of Science at Hornsund Z (Spitsbergen). The device was built with numerous specific features, which make possible to operate such station in extra difficult climatic conditions of polar region. The radioactive aerosols were collected at te Petrianov fillter tissue similar to that at ASS-500 sampling stations of radioactive air monitoring V0 network in Poland. The studies of radioactive pollution in polar re-ion are nteresting because the radioactivity is an important factor responsible for lonising phenomena in air. The radioactivity measured in aerosols collected in the filter is not proportional to the amount of dust in studied reulons and the behaviour of 7 Be air born Fig. I General view of environmental studies chamber where 11 AZA I 000 is placed radioactivity is different as well. DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 47

The summer maximurn of 7 Be concentration regularly recorded in Poland, Germany and other countries of medium eographical latitude appears when in the polar region concentration is minimum contradictory to usually accepted expectations. The other nteresting feature o radioactive pollution in 40 A E&A polar region is negligible concentration of K independently of on meteorologicalZ__ parameters. The concentrat on OPb, which s the decay product of ground origin Rn is strongly correlated with wind direction .m. coming fom inland. The correlation between pollution concentration and meteorological ftors like wind, dection and Fig. 3 The comparison of dustiness at Hornsund and Swider iear 11 Otwock measured usin- the same methods and filterin- material. velocity, temperatures and insulation are beiric, -O ------studied.

Msund 200212003 years.

MO, %

-E fl 2-'a- 7 7!74 ...... A AA AA" AA A

Fig. 4 The air born 7Be concentration at Hornsund and Nvlder 0 A near Warsaw. W. --,k 137Cs A 40K 21OPb 0 7Be Hornsund I Faculty of Physics Warsaw University, Poland

2 40 137 2) Institute of Geophysics, Pol. Aad. Sci,, Warsaw, Fig. 2 Concentration of 'Be, l')Pb , K, Cs radionuclides at Poland ground level air at Hornsund fro Jly 2002 to 2003. 3) Polish Polar Station, Horns

2.15 Spectrometric Properties of Conventional Avalanche Counters at Moderate Specific Ionization by J.Sernicki j,LO 'Lo The analysis of the energy distribution of detected investigated. It may also affect the variance relation of 0 radiation is a starting-point for estimation of the the as gain distribution when the fluctuatio of spectrometric properties of a given detector. Both the secondary ionization in stron(T electric field is CL energy resolution and as ain characteristics can be analysed 3. then determined for the avalanche counters [1 2 The analysis of complex spectral dstributions Besides, the linearity of the used test setup can be then including cc-particles emitted b 24 'Am was the ail of determined. this investigation. The analysis was related to te However, alone,C with. .the fluctuations of the variation of plateau of energy resolution of parallel- primary and secondary ionization values 3 some plate avalanche counter (PPAC) with an electrode additional factors, e.u.,1-1 the fine energy structure of the spacinc, of 03 cm 4 under conditions of defined detected radiation can bar a crucial effect on the Z, resolution of a conventional counter. Therefore, it is specific ionization in n-heptane 2]. The normalized energy dstributions in the spectral necessary to answer the question whether this factor lines were determined with the following assumptions: involved is also in the avalanche counters at moderate Z11 specific ionization. - a normalized energy distribution fj(E;Ej,(3), Limited resolution of avalanche counters causes recorded of a single 1-th spectral line of an energy Ej a has Gauss distribution with mean energy E and mean some spectral lines to be recorded as a single spectral standard deviation ; line. The broadened distribution introduces some error which mightZP influence, for instance, the value of - the detector efficiency and resolution values are Fano's coefficient to be determined in situations where identical for every spectrum line. the fluctuation of the primary ionization is 48 Annual Report 2003

The density function of broadened spectrum linear functions. The corrected values of averaLed distribution for these assumptions can be pesented in energy esolution within the plateau width differ fom a eneral form: the experimental data not more than 0.8% fig 2; te F(E;E(,,cy' = YAiXFj(E;Ei,(Y) / ZAi differences-reached a value 03% or d=0.2 cm [5]. Thus, we can generally conclude that the fine encrgy where E is the mean energy,C, and Ai is the intensity structure of the detected particle spectrum is not 11a of -th spectrum line. decisive factor with respect to the spectrometric It could be seen that the normalized energy properties of avalanche counters, at moderate specific distributions of the spectral lines under nvestigation ionization. are described by functions whose te E values of energy are practically equal to the espective peak 0 d=0.3 cm coordinate values E,,,. The aximum value of the -0 d=0.3 cm corrected difference (E,,-Em) is 0.01%, while the value for an z so ...... 0 electrode spacing of 02 cm was 0. I% too [5]. 38000 5 Tor r lwaool 0 so 8 Torr Ui 10 Torr Q 30000 0- 12 Torr ------0 15 Torr 40 18 Torr 211000 20 Torr W 25 Torr WZ 2211 30 Torr -FWHM=2.35c, 20 ...... 18000 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 P [ Torr 14000 Fig. 2 Mean value of te PPAC energgy resolution in plateau range 1:000 vs. n-heptane vapour pressure. 000 1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 axIO [eV] [1] J.SernickiNucl.Instr.andMeth.212(1983)195 Fig. I Dependence between the half-width of a complex spectral line (FWHMC) and the standard deviation of a sin-le spectral Ii [2] J.Sernicki, Annual Report 2000 SINS, p.49 The FWHM line corresponds to the Gauss distribution. [31 J.Sernicki, Annual Report 2001 SINS, p.49 [4] J.SerDicki, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A234(1985)527 The curves presented in fig. I provide means for [5] J.Sernicki, Annual Report 2002 SINS, p.52 correcting the spectrum due to the complex structure of the dtected radiation. The pesented curves ae DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 49

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACE IN NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS CORRECTED FOR EXACT NUCLEAR MASSES L.ShvedoN,, J.l3locki,.J.Wilczy(iski Actet Ph.i1sica Polonica B34(2003)1815

BARRIER DISTRIBUTIONS AND SYSTEMATICS OF FUSION- AND CAPTURE CROSS SECTIONS K.Siwek-W1lczvfiska, I.SkNNIra, JAN1i1cz),hski, Acta Physica Polonica B34(2003)1867

FUSION BY DFFUSION WJ.wiqtecki, K.Siwek-Wiiczyfiska, J.Wilczyfiski, Acta Phvsica PolonicaB34(2003)2049

NEUTRINO-LESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY - EXPERIMENTUM CRUCIS OF NEUTRINO PHYSICS Z.Sujkowski Acta Physica Polonica B34(2003)2207

IN-BEAM SPECTROSCOPY OF NUCLEI PRODUCED IN THE 98MO(160, xn) REACTION M.Wolifiska-Cichocka, ..., E.Ruchomska et al. Acta Ph.yfica Polonica B34(2003)2305

VARIETY OF BAND STRUCTURES IN LIGHT Sn, In AND Cd NUCLEI M.Woiiiska-Cichocka, J.Kownacki and E.Ruchomska Actu Physica Polonicci B34(2003)2309

BEHAVIOUR OF B(E2) FOR THE li II/, BAND TRANSITIONS IN "'La E.Grodner,..., A.Wasifewski, W.A.1116cicnnik, E.Ruchowska et al. Acia Physica Polonica B34(2003)1'447

M-SUBSHELL IONIZATION IN NEAR CENTRAL COLLISIONS OF 20 MeV/amu CARBON IONS WITH MOLYBDENIUM ATOMS J.Rzadkiewicz, D.Chmiciewska, A.G6jska, Z.Su.ikowski et al. Nucl. histr. Meth. B205(2003)128

OBSERVATION OF L-X-RAY SATELLITES AND HYPERSATELLITES N COLLISIONS OF AND Ne IONS WITH Mo and Pd M.Czamota, M.Pajek, ..., D.Chmic1ewska,.J.RzadkieNvicz, Z.Sujkowski et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B205(2003)133

OBSERVATION OF LONG IONIZING TRACKS WITH THE ICARUS T600 FIRST HALF-MODULE F.Ameodo,.... T.Koz1owski et al. Nucl. Instr Meth., A508(2003)287

GAMMA-RAY SPECTROSCOPY WITH AHe BEAM Zs.Podolydk,..., W.P16ciennik, E.Ruchowska et al. Nucl. histr. Meth. A5]1(2003)354

DETECTION OF CHERENKOV LIGHT EMISSION IN LIQUID ARGON M.Antonello,..., T.Kozlowski et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A5]6(2004)348

HIGH ENERGY ATOMIC PHYSICS OF ASTROPHYSICAL RELEVANCE Z.Sujkowski Nucl. Phvs. 11719(2003)266c

HIGH-RESOLUTION STUDY OF THE K XRAY SPECTRA OF MID-Z ATOMS BOMBARDED WITH 20 McV/aiml'C IONS J.Rzadkiewicz, D.Chmielevvska, Z.Sujkowski et al. Ph),s. Rev. A68(2003)032713

SEARCH FOR QUENCHING OF THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT D IN "'Ce A.Syntfeld,..., NN1.A.P16cicnnik, E.Ruchowska Ph)-s. Rev. C68(2003)0243304

ai)'(980)-RESONANCE PRODUCTION N pp ---> dK'K') REACTIONS CLOSE TO THRESHOLD V.Kleber, ..., .Zychor Ph-vs. Rev. Lett. 9(2003)172304

THE STUDY OF Th M-X-RAY SATELLITES AND HYPERSATELLITES INDUCED BY ENERGETIC AND Nc IONS M.Czarnota, M.Pajek. ..., D.Chmielewska, J.Rzadkiewicz, Z.Stijkowski et al. Radiation Phvsics and Chemistr.y 68(2003)121 50 Annual Report 2003

ULTRA-THIN NANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND DETECTORS M.Slapa, J.Szmidt, A.Werbowy, W.Czarnacki, M.Traczyk Diamond ad Related Materials in press)

FIRST STRUCTURE INFORMATION ON THE EXOTIC 149 La FROM THE -DECAY OF 14913a A.Syntfeld, H.Mach, NNI.A.Plftiennik, W.KUrcewicz ad B.Fogelberg European'Journal f'Physics in press)

CALCULATIONS OF CROSS SECTIONS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF SUPER-HEAVY NUCLEI IN COLD FUSION REACTIONS WJ.wiqtecki, K.SiNvek-Wilczyfiska, JANlilczyfiski Infl. Journal Mod. Phys. E in press)

ANALYSIS OF THE LIQUID ARGON PURITY IN THE ICARUS T600 TPC S.Amuroso,..., T.Kozlowsld et al. Nitcl. Instr. Meth i press)

STUDY OF ELECTRON RECOMBINATION IN LIQUID ARGON WITH THE ICARUS TPC S.Amuroso,..., T.Kozlowski et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth i press)

ISOSCALING IN CENTRAL 121 Sn + "Ni AND 112SI, + 5Ni COLLISIONS

E.Geraci,.... J.Wilczvhski et al. Nitcl. Phys A in press)

FRAGMENTATION STUDIES WITH THE "CHJMERA" DETECTOR AT LNS IN CATANIA: RECENT PROGRESS A.Pagano...., J.Wilczyfiski et al. Nucl. Ph.)7s A (in press)

EMPIRICAL NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS POTENTIAL DEDUCED FROM FUSION EXCITATION FUNCTIONS K.Siwek-Wilczy6ska, JI.Wilezyfiski, Phvs. Rev. C in press)

MEASUREMENT OF THE M UON DECAY SPECTRUM WITH THE ICARUS T600 LIQUID ARGON TPC S.AML11-0S0,..., T.Kozlowsld et al. hep-ex10311040, EPJ in press)

DESIGN. COMMISSIONING AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PBETA DETECTOR AT PSI E.Frlez,..., T.Koziowski et al. hep-exI0312017 i press)

PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF THE u'->7&'v BRANCHING RATIO D.Pocanic,..., T.Kozlowski et al. hep-exI0312030 i press)

PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF THE PION AXIAL FORM FACTOR IN THE n-->e'Vy DECAY E.Frlez, ..., T.Kozlowski et al. hep-exI0312029 i press)

NEUTRINO-LESS DOUBLE ELECTRON CAPTURE - A TOOL TO SEARCH FOR MAJORANA NEUTRINOS Z.Sujko,,Nski and S.Wycech hep-phI0312040 i press)

ON THE ATOMIC RESONANCES IN THE v2EC TRANSITIONS S.Wvcech, Z.SujkoN-,,ski Acta Phys. Pol i press)

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

RADIOACTIVE DOUBLE ELECTRON CAPTURE - A TOOL TO DETERMINE THE NEUTRINO MASS Z.Sujkowski (invited talk) XXXVIII Rencontres de Moriond. Mriond lVorkshop o Radioactire Beamsfin- Nuclear Physics ad Neutrino Physics, France. 23-30 March, 2003

NEUTRINO-LESS DOUBLE ELECTRON CAPTURE Z.Sujkowski (invited talk) The Ist Yamada S?mposiwn o Neutrinos and Dark Matter i Nuclear Physics, Nara, Japan 813 June, 2003

RADIATIVE ELECTRON CAPTURE - A TOOL TO DETECT He" IN SPACE D.Chn-delewska invited talk) The Ist Yamada Symposium onNeutrinos ad Dark Matter i Nuclear Physics, Nara, Japan 813 June, 2003 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 5 1

NEUTRINO-LESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY- THE KEY EXPERIMENT OF CONTEMPORARY NEUTRINO PHYSICS Z.Sujkowski invited talk) Advanced Studies Institute Symmetries and Spin, Prague, Czech Republic, 29 Jitly-4 September, 2003

FRAGMENTATION STUDIES WITH THE CHIMERA DETECTOR AT LNS N CATANIA: RECENT PROGRESS A.Pmano_., J.Wilczyfiski et al. (invited tal,) 8"' International Confrence on Nucletts-Nucleus Collisions, Moscow, Russia, 17-21 June, 2003

ELECTRON LINAC APPLICATION FOR DETECTING NUCLEAR MATERIAL T.Kozlowski invited talk) IAEA Workshoj. Veniza, Austria, 18 November 2003

RARE PION DECAYS T.Kozlowski invited talk) 9"'ANKE TVorkshop StrangenessProduction n Nucleons and Auclei, Krzy±e, Poland,810 Selitember 2003

CALCULATIONS OF CROSS SECTIONS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF SUPER-HEAVY NUCLEI IN COLD FUSION REACTIONS WJ.Nviatecki, K.Siwek-Wilczyfiska, JAN'ilczyfiski (invited talk) 10"' Nuclear Physics Workshop Marie ad Pierre Curie ", Kazinfierz DoIny, Poland, Selneinber 2003

CENTRAL "2Sn+"Ni, 121 Sn+"Ni COLLISIONS IN THE "REVERSE" EXPERIMENT E.Geraci, ..., JAN'ilczyfiski et al. oral) 8"' International Confierence o Nucleus-Nucleits Collisions, Moscow, Russia, 17-21 June, 2003

STRANGE BARYON PRODUCTION AT ANKE I.Zychor (oral) Hadron Physics at COSY, Bad Honef" Germany 710 uly 2003

THE STUDY OF ISOSPIN EFFECTS IN REACTIONS 121Sn + "Ni AND 112 Sn + 5Ni AT 35 MeV/A J.Blicharska,..., J.Wilezyfiski et al. (oral) XVIII'Mazurian Likes Conference (inPh.ysics,.Atomic ntcletis as a labortitory,.foi-.fittidtiineiitall)-ocesses", rzy:e, Poland. 31 A g. -7 Sept. 2003

HEAVY HYPEROUS: ANKE DATA I.Zychor (oral) 9" ANKE [Vorkshop Sangeness Production on Nucleons and Nuclei, Krzzy±e, Poland 810 Selneniber 2003

INTELLIGENT MONITORING SYSTEM AS AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND/OR CONTROL TOOL Z.Moroz, M.Sowifiski, J.Wojtkowska, B.Mysfek-Laurikainen, M.Kowalski, K.Szymafiska, T.Kolakowski (oral) Con : ARMAAG Air Monitorinq Netvvork - A Local Authorities hiffiative o Environmental Management i the Region Facing the EU Accession, Gdahsk, Poland,29-30 Mav 2003

THE ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTION N THE GDA4SK REGION J.Wojtkowska, M.Kowalski, Z.Moroz, B.Myslek-Laurikainen, N.Sowifiski, K.Szyrnafiska (poster) 4"' International Confierence n Urban Air Quality, Prague, Czech Relniblic, 25-27 March 2003

NEURAL NETWORKS AND WAVELET ANALYSIS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC 7Be RADIOACTIVITY CHANGES AND ITS RELATION TO GROUND LEVEL AIR CONDUCTIVITY Z.Moroz, C.Kownacki, B.NIN'slek-Laurikainen, M.Matul, S.Nlikolajewski, H.Trzaskowska, M.Kubicki, Z.Preibisz poster) 12"' International Con.ference o Atmospheric Electricity, Versailles Fance 913 June 2003

LONG TERM VARIATIONS OF SOME ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY, AEROSOL, AND EXTRATERRESTRIAL PARAMETERS AT WIDER OBSERVATORY, POLAND M.Kubicki, S.Michnowski, M.Myslek-Laurikainen, S.Warzecha (poster) 12"' International Con rence oil Atmospheric Electricity, Versailles, France 913 June 2003

ULTRA-THIN NANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND DETECTORS M.Slapa, J.Szinidt, A.Werbowy, W.Czarnacki, M.Traczyk (poster) 141h Eurolman Cnfrence o Diamond, Dianimid-like Materials, Carbon Nanotubes, Nitrides ind Silicon Carbide, Salzbur Austria 712 September 2003

SET FOR BRACHYTHERAPY OF BRAIN TUMORS BY PHOTON NEEDLE XRAY TUBE M.Slapa, NV.Stra, M.Traczyk, M.Snopek, M.Talejko, iV1.N,1oszyfiski, M.Harat, P.Sokal, A.Wi§niewski (poster) II International Symposium onMedical Physics, Usiro,, Poland, 13-15 November 2003

COMPUTERIZED SET FOR RADIOTHERAPY WITH PHOTON NEEDLE XRAY TUBE NI.Slapa, W.Strag, M.Traczyk, M.Snopek, rVl.Ta1ejko, N.Moszyfiski, M.Harat, P.Sokal, A.Wi§nlewski (poster) 11 hiternational Symposium on Medical Physics. Ustrofi, Poland 13-15 November 2003 52 Annual Report 2003

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE OF EXOTIC NEUTRON-RICH 149Cc and 147La A.Svntfeld, H.Mach, I.Micrnicka, R.Kaczaro,vski, W.Kurcewicz. NNI.A.Pl6ciennik, W.Urban, B.Fogelber- and P.Hoff oral) Int. Conf o Exotic Nclei and Atomic Masses ENAM2001. Hdineenlinna,Finland 27 Jd), 2001, Proceedings, Si-ingei--Ver1a,(,,, 20031).333

LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS

Neutrino-Less Double Beta Decay - te Key Experiment of Contemporary Neutrino Physics b) Z.Sujkowski, lecture) Queen's Univej-sit.v, Kingslon, Canada, Nvenibei 2003

Neutrino-Less Double Electron Capture - a Tool to Search for Majorana Neutrinosb) Z.Sujkowski, lecture) Queen's Unive)-sitY, Kin,,,,ston, Canada, November 2003

Neutrino-Less Double Electron Capture - a Tool to Search for Majorana Neutrinos Z.Stijkowski, lecture) Oak Ridge National Laboi-atoi-_y. ak Ridge. USA, Nvembet 2003

Influence oMalter on Neutrino Oscillations (1VISW Effect)"' T.Kozlowski, Vm-scnv Univei-sio, Selninai-, Wai-saw, Poland I A)fil 2003

Optimalization of Neutrino Oscillation Experiments:') T.Kozlowski, Wai-sair Univei-sitv Seminew. lVai-saii,. Poland, 10 October 2003

New SNO Data and Teir nfluence on Neutrino Parameters') T.Kozio-wski, Warsait, University Semincii-, lVarsaw, Poland, 31 Octobei-2003

New SNO Data;') T.Kozloivski, Wai-saw Univei-sitv Seminat-, lai-saw, Poland, 17 December 2003

The Time Distribution Moments Method for Analysis of Measurements of Very Short Nuclear Levels Lifetimes') R.Kaczarowski, 141ai-saw nivei-sitv Seminar, Warsaw, Poland I November 2003

a) in Polish b) in Emdish1

PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC COUNCILS AND ORGANISING COMMITIES OF CONFERENCES

D.Chrnielewska - Scienti fic secretary of XXVIII MaZUrian Lakes Conference on Physics ,Atomic nucleus as a laboratory for fundamental processes" ANKE WORKSHOP, Krzy2e, Poland, September 2003

Z.Sujkowski - Chairman of XXVIII Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics ,Atomic nucleus as a laboratory for fndamental processes" ANKE WORKSHOP, Krzv2e, Poland, September 2003

J.Wilczyfiski - Member of the CHIMERA Advising Committee" at LNS, Catania, Italy

J.Wilczyfiski - Member of the International Advisory Committee for te "World Consensus Initiative 2004" on nuclear reaction dynamics and thermodynamics in the Fernii-energy reginie

I.Zychor - Member of Organizing Committee 9" ANKE Workshop Strangeness Production on Nucleons and Nuclei", Krzw'e, Poland, 8 IO September 2003

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

J.Blocki - Supervisor of PhD Sdies of Mr. L. Shvedov (IPJ) III year of PhD courses

R.Kaczarowski - Supervisor of PhD studies of Mr. A. Wasilewski (IPJ)

Z.Sujkowski - Supervisor of PhD studies of Mr. J. Rzadkiewicz (IPJ)

Z.Sujkowski - Supervisor of PHD studies of Mrs. A. Gjska (IPJ) III year of PD courses DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 53

PERSONNEL

Research scientists

Jan Blocki, Professor Ewa Ruchowska Dr Danuta Chmielewska, Dr. Jan Sernicki, Dr. - Scientific Secretary of the Institute Mieczyslaw Slapa, Assoc. Pofessor 4/5 Ro§cislaw Kaczarowski, Assoc. Professor Mieczyslaw Sowifiski, Assoc. Professor 1/3 Tadeusz Kozlowski, Dr. Ziernowid S 'kowski, Professor Bogurnila Myslek-Laurikainen, Dr. - Director of the Institute Zbicln'cw Moroz, Contract Professor 35 till Nov. 30 Janusz Wilczyftski, Professor Antoni Piotrowski, Assoc. Professor 2/5 Jolanta Wojtkowska, Dr. 3/4 Weronika P16clennik, Dr. Izabela Zychor, Dr. Zygmunt Prelbisz, Dr. 1/2 till June 30; 115 from July )

PhD students Aneta G6jska, MSc. Jacek Rzadkiewicz, MSc. Adam Wasilewski, MSc

Technical and administrative staff Konrad Garanty 1/2 from May I Tomasz Plawski, Eng (on leave) Stanislaw Gqbalski, MSc. 1/2 Jacek Rzadkiewicz, MSc. Maciej Kisielifiski, Eno, 115 till April 30 Miroslaw Snopek Marek Kowalski, MSc. Wlodzimierz Stra Alicja Kurdej 2/5 Marcin Tal 'ko Mai-Ian Laskus 115 Marek Traczyk, MSc. Maria Matul, MSc. 3/5 Halina Trzaskowska Stefan Mikolajewski Adam Wasilewski, MSc. from Oct. I 54 Annual Report 2003 DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 55

3 DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS

Head of Department: Assoc. Professor Zbigniew Guzik phone: (22) 718-05-49 PLO401676 e-mail: zb1g1pj.gov.p1

Overview

The basic activities of the Department of Nuclear Electronics in 2003 were concentrated on followin aeas:

• studies of new scintillation techniques, • contribution to the bg European projects, • scientific contracts with European industry in respect to detection techniques • electronics for experiments in Hgh EnergyC7 Physics, • development. nvestigation and poduction of silicon detectors • development of y-ray spectrometry apparatus, • development of new generation State of the Art PCI based and USB based multi-channel analysers, • technical support for the Institute as the whole with special emphasis on networking • normalisation activities. Most of the scientific achievements of the Department were summarized in 18 publications (released or in press). These papers were published mainly in IEEE Trans. on Nuct. Scl. and Nucl. Instr. and Methods. Besides that, our scientists pesented 14 contributions at international conferences (such as IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium 2003 in Portland. USA or 3th IEEE Real Time Conference in Montreal, Canada). Particularly, two papers were presented at IEEE NSS Conference in Portland presenting the first in-beam study of LSO/APD array detectors for PET in hadron therapy - this work was performed in the collaboration with FZR Rossendorf in Germany. Studies on new scintillation techniques were concentrated mainly on energy resolution investigations in scintillation detectors. The study of pure CsI and BGO at liquid nitrogen temperature showed some iportant observations concerning non-proportionality of the light yield versus energy of yquanta and intrinsic energy C, t, resolution of the scintillators. It suc-ested that a modification of scintillators by additional doping may improve their poportionality and in consequence, their energy resolution. The Department was nvolved in scientific collaborations with a number of international centers, suc as CERN, the Royal Institute of Tchnology in Stockholm, FZR Rossendorf, IKP Jalich, GSI Darmstadt and companies as Advanced Photonix, Inc in California, Scionix in Holland and Photonis in Fance. Additionally, collaboration with the IAEA in Vienna concerning monitoring of State borders was started. Several scientific contracts were realized for the European industry. The collaboration with Hh Energy Physics Department of our Institute was focused on te LHCb experiment in CERN. It covered design, fabrication and tests of three kinds of hardware modules - TFC Switch (THOR), Throttle Switch (MUNIN) and Readout Supervisor (ODIN). The final versions of these odules were designed in the last year. Our work on the development of a new eneration State of the Art PCI based and USB based multi-channel analysers was promising. Many PCI based analysers were sold, while a USB based device is under final dsign. Work concerning semiconductor detectors concentrated on improvements of silicon device parameters in particular of those cooled by liquid ntrogen. Investigations of a method for surface stabilization of Xay radiation detectors were continued. Six special S-detectors were designed and delivered to Florida University in USA. The technical support for the Institute covers a lot of different types of activities, as supervision of Institute computer network, maintaining nternal data base and others. 56 Annual Report 2003

3.1 Energy Resolution and Non-proportionality of the Light Yield of Pure Cs1 at Liquid Nitrogen Temperatures by M.Moszyfiski, M.Balcerzyk, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, W.Klarnral), P.SchotanUS2) , A.Syntfeld 31, 45) M.Szawfowski , V.Koz] OV6) 0

0 The energy resolution and non-proportionality of photomultiplier, The large difference between pure the light yield versus y-ray energy of' pure Csi and thallium doped CsI crystals, comparable to that 'llators directly coupled to Large Area Avalanche reported for Nal crystals should be noted. scintl C, Photodiodes (LAAPDs) and cooled down to the liquid nitrogen temperatures have been studied, see Fig. 1.

Beryllium Window CsI (B) Cs1 (A) LED A CsI TI)

Crystal APD Sapphire

4

Cooling d (Copper) 10 100 1000 Energy [keNj Cryosorption Material Fig. 3 The non-proportionality curves of studied Csl crystals at LN2 temperature in comparison to the curve measured for Csl(TJ) coupled to the XP2020Q photomultiplier at room temperature

Fig. I Schernatic drawing of the cryostat with the Csl cystal The intrinsic resolution of the crystals versus coupled to the LAAPD. energy of gamma rays has been estimated by measurements of the number of primary electron-hole very hh fight output above 100000 ph/MeV pa' n LAAPD by sntillation light. The Z, irs generated was measured. One of the samples showed nearly observed correlations of non-proportionality with the proportional light yield response versus energy Of emission spectra of the CsI and those in the earlier gamma rays yielding energy resolution of 43±0.2% study of pure Nal suggest that the non-proportionality 11 11.1 CIt, for 662 keV y-rays from a 37 CS source, see Fia 2 of the scintillation response of halide crystals is not only their intrinsic property. 16oo ...... It suggests the question, is it possible to modify halide crystals, such as Nal(TI) or CsI(TI), to obtain 1400- Cs, 661.6 keV 7 better non-proportionality and consequently, a better 1200. energy resolution?

1000 FWHM 4.3 800- Presented at SCINT 2003 Conference, Valencia, 4 Spain, September 2003. 600- z 400 Royal Institute of Technology, SCFAB S106 91 Stockholm, Sweden zoo 2) SCIONIX Holland B.V. P.O. Box No. 143, 3980 ...... CC Bunnik, The Netherlands 0 500 10.0'0';500 2000 2500 -iooo .35oo 400o Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw Cha.nel..mbu- University, Ho2a 69, PL 00-681 Warsaw, Poland

Fig. 2 Energy spectrum of 662 keV y-rays from a 37CS source Advanced Photonix, Inc. 1240 Avenida Acaso, measured with Csl (13). 5 Camarillo, CA 93012, USA ) Gamma Medica, Inc., 19355 Business Center Dr., The non-proportionality of the light yield of Suite 8, Northridge, CA 91324, USA studied CsI crystals ae presented in Fig 3 in 6) Lebedev Physical Institute, 17924 Moscow, comparison to the similar dependence measured at Russia 3 ts shaping time for a 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick CsI(TJ) crystal coupled to the X2020Q DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 57 PLO401678

3.2 Intrinsic Energy Resolution and Light Yield Non-proportionality of BGO by M.Moszyfiski, M.Balcerzyk, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, W.Klamral), A.Syntfeld, M.Szawlowski,2)

The intrinsic enercy), resolution and non- High light outputs of 14000±300 electron-hole proportionality of te light yield as a function of pairs and nergy resolution of 65±0.2% for 662 keV 1:1gamma ray enerojes,-'D in the ener-y11:1 ranue 1:1 of 14 keV to 1-1gamma rays were measured with te 9 rnm diametcr, 1.33 MeV, were studied fr small BGO cystals at 4 mm thick crystals, coupled to a Large Ai-ea room and liquid nitrogen (LN,) temperatures. Figs I Avalanche Photodiodes and cooled down to LN, and 2 showed that te light yield non-proportionality temperature. and the intrinsic esolution o' BGO as a function of Special attention was paid to analyze te encray energy does not depend on the crystal temperature. resolution of the escape peaks, which were wc1l separated from the full-enerely photopeaks due to the II5- . Blood energy resolution of BGO at LN, temperatures II()- and the energy of bismuth K Xays, see F g. 3.

105 T 3000 A IN Cr 25000 - 320 1 V 0.9 A 90 T j, 2000 - Z 85 2 15000 LN, temperature RI' 800 900 1000 1101) 1-100 9.3 1 A sape paks 10000 KX escape peok 244 1iAl 70 -

65 5000

100 100

Energy [k,:Vl 0 0 200 4O 6 LI'0 3 DO 1 000 1201) 1400

Channel number Fig. 1 The non-proportionality characteristics of BGO cystals determined at both oom and LN, temperatures. Te ots Fig. 3 The energy spectral Ill of 3 20 keV y-rays from a Cr source. corresponding to the escape peaks, represented y the triangles, fit In the insert the fitting result of te escape peak is shown. well within the curve. 1011- The intrins' solution of te BGO crystal for escape peaks does not show deviations frorn the resolution of total energy absorption photopeaks. All the points, correspondin- to the intrinsic resolution of' escape peaks in Fg 2 fit well those of the full energy peaks. This holds in spite of the fact that te A contr'but'ons of X-rays and Auger electron cascade in

creation of escape peaks are much smaller than in full- 0- energy peaks. In a small volume cystal, ainly1

LN, tem pe ra tu re electrons produced in the photoelectric absorption

o R7F A) create the escape peaks. A Escape peaks Presented at IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Portland, USA, 100 1000 October 2003, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., in pess. Energy IkeVI

Fig. 2 Intrinsic resolution of BGO crystal at oom ad LN, 1) Royal Institute of Technology, SCFAB, S 106 91 temperatures. The points corresponding to the escape peaks, Stockholm, Sweden represented by the triangles, fit well within te curve. Gamma Medica, Inc., 19355 Business Center Dr., Northridge, CA 91324, USA 58 PLO401679 Annual Report 2003

3.3 New Fast Photomultipliers with a Screening Grid at the Anode*) by M.Moszyfiski, M.Kapusta, D.Wolski., M.Balcerzyk, S.O.Flyckt'), P.Lavoutel), C.Marmonier'), H.Mach 2)

Performances of new fast XP20YO/DA and 1000 grid n grid Co! C, XP20YOQ/DA 8 stage photomultipliers equipped LaC 3: with a screening rid at the anode were studied. The anode, a rid placed inside the last dynode, see Fg. 1, 163± 5Ps 182± 5ps 100 ensures a low time-of-flight of elections from the last dynode to the anode and a good charge collection at 1ch 11.17 ps the anode. However, one can note easily that the 10 anode sianal consists of two components: the maiin one induced by the collccted electrons fom the last dynode and a parasitic one induced at te anode by 0 I . I . I . I . . .I electrons traveling towards the anode frorn the pre- 0 grid no grid 22Na ultimate dynode. This parasitic component is shifted '000 LaC Cc in time relative to the main component, arriving 246± 5psA-' 285 5Ps Slightly earlier, and, in fact, its charge mainly triggers 100 fast discriminator. Thus, the triggering point is fr too high compared to that resulting from the statistical 1k properties of the scintillation detectors. 10

...... 20 60 100 140 20 6o 100 140 -2 Channel nunaber

Fig. 2 The time spectra meaStired with an LaCI3:Ce cystal coupled to the XP20YO/DA (with rid) and the XP20Y0. ly fo 6 22 respective 'Co and Na y-rays. Note tat in te reference dN I detector a BaF, crystal coupled to the XP20YOQ/DA was sed. Ar, Position of the Particularly, the tme resolutions normalized to the I I I screening grid number of photoelectrons measured with BaF, crystals 0 were comparable to those measured in the past wth Anode the XP2020Q in a superior dynode-timing mode. A sianificant improvement of tming up to a factor f 1.2 due to the arid at the anode was shown also in the measurements with LSO and LaCI3:CC crystals. It confirms the mportance of the rd in fast timing Fig. 1 Geometry of the last dynodes and te aode i a typical linear-focused photomultiplier. Note that the anode is bilt as a grid photomultipliers. inside the last dynode. The position of the screening grid is also Presented at IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium shown. and Medical Imaaina.1-111 Conference, Portland, USA, October 2003, submitted to IEEE Trans. Nucl. Scl_ The iming properties in coincidence experiments were measured with BaF?, LSO and LaCI3:Ce crystals 60C 22 1) Photonis, Av. Roger Roncier, B.P. 520, F 19106 for o and Na Z,aamma rays and discussed interms Brive La GaillardeZ:1 Cedex, France of the measured photoelectron numbers. 2) Department of Radiation Sciences, Uppsala Fig 2 presents a comparison of time spectra University, Studsvik Sweden measured with a LaC]3:Ce crystal coupled to the XP20YO/DA (with the screening grid) and XP20YO PMTs for y-rays from 6OCo and 22 Na sources. Note The work was realized within t Scientific again a systematically better time resolution measured Conti-act with Photonis, Brive la Gaillarde, Cdex, with the XP20YO/DA equipped with the screening France. .ari at the anode. DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 59

3.4 Comparative Study of PP0275C Hybrid Photodetector and XP2020Q Photomultiplier in Scintillation Detection 060 by M.Moszyfiski, W.Klamral), D.Wolski, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, M.Balcerzyk (0 F.- 0 Properties of a hybrid photodetector (HPD), type The measurement was done at a high volta(ye of' 0 PP0275C, produced by Delft Electronic Products about 15 kV at the photocathode. Energy of a single B.V., or scintillation detection and spectrometry were photoelectron was estimated to be 14 keV, in relation studied and compared to a standard XP2020Q to the 59.6 keV y-peak, reflecting the energy loss in photomultiplier, see Flg. . the entrance window of Si-diode. However, the study of the HPD with te

4-- 26 mm QLMM 'llators showed a dramatically reduced number of Window photoelectrons and a further deterioration of enercly T-1 resolution, depending on the sze diameter or cn-th) 15 kV S20 photocathode of the crystals. For a 10 mm diameter NaI(Tl) te 19 mm) number of photoelectrons of 5000±250 phe/MeV was A measured, which corresponds to about 56% of that -11 kV FoCLIsim, electrodes observed with the XP2020Q of comparable quantum ov efficiency. Energy resolution of 92% for 662 keV y- rays from a 37Cs source measured with the HPD Ight Si diode Ceramic walls readout showed a serious dgradation, laruer than that arising from the statistics of photoelectrons, see Fg 3. Diode signal Diode bias 25000- ...... Fig. I Schematic drawing of te HPD. 662 keV 137CS 20000- The study was performed for several sintillators, such as Nal(TI), CsI(TI), and LSO of different dimensions. The excellent capability of the HPD to E0 resolve single photoelectron events was fully confirmed. Flg. 2 pesents the response of the HPD to 1pbe 9.2/, E 10000- A light pulses of about 3 photons of mean intensity from Z I;I gain A00 gain xi a laser light pulser. 5000- 14000- 3plic 0 Q 12000- 0 500 . . .10' . . .1500. . . . .2 . . . .2500 3000 loooo- Channel number Fig. 3 Energy spectrum of 662 UV y-rays easured with Nal(TI) 8000- lph, coupled to the HPD in comparison to the sile photoelectron pak. 5phe 6000- In conclusion, the study showed that the PP0275C Z 4000- HPD is optimized for single photon detection and its A application to scintillation detection is very limited. 2000- 1\1 .1 7plic Presented at IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium __4 and Medical Imaging Conference, Portland, USA, 400 800 1200 1601) 2000 October 2003, submitted to IEEE Trans. Nucl. Scl. Channel number Fig. 2 Sin-le photoelectron response of HPD under iumination Royal Institute of Technology, SCFAB, S- 106 91 by about 3 photons light pulses on the average. Stockholm, Sweden 60 PLO401681 Annual Report 2003

3.5 Studies of Lil(Eu) Scintillator iny-Rays Spectrometry by A.Syntfeld, M.Moszyfiski, M.Balcerzyk, M.Kapusta, M.Majorov I and P.Schotanus 2)

Europiurn activated Ll is a scintillator mostly used photons/MeV. The iht yield proportionality obtained as thermal neutron detector via an interaction with the in our measurements is much better than that of., 6Li atoms of the crystal through the eaction: Nal(TI) crystal and slightly better as compared to

6Li + I _ 4He+'H Q CsI(Tl) scintillator (see Fg. 1). 3 0 2 1 The scintillator used is enriched to 96% 'Li. Since 60 no yrays a emitted in the reaction () resulting 81 Lil(Eu) D=30 x 3 mm 50 spectra correspond to neutrons registered in the M total detector. For interaction with thermal neutrons, the D El intrinsic energy released in the reaction (Q = 478 MeV) is 0 divided between the oc-particle and the triton ad is 30 uniquely specified, so the peak appears as a sharp P 20 Gaussian at an equivalent 7-ray nergy of about 0 3 MeV ([I] and references therein). Te energy LU 10 spectrum for fst neutrons demonstrates a poorly 0:1 defined and broad peak due to a dference in the 10 100 1000 scintillation efficiency to the alpha and triton which, Energy [keV] in turn, depends on the ambient temperature Fig. 2 Total and intrinsic energy resolution measured with Li (ELI). 1.35 C, However, the observed ood proportionality is not > 0 Ul q = 30 m x 3 mm a) 1.30 0 Nal(TI) reflected in the intrinsic resolution of the crystal which Csl(TI) 0.1 m/o s shown in Fa 2 Th energy resolution at 661.6 keV 1.20: measured for the b crystal is 75% and is much 0 1.1 7 better than 11.2% obtained for the smaller one. It Is 1.10' due to the better light collection in the case of b, A) 1.05 T LII(Eu) measured with a light guide f rnM ------T .... thickness. The nergy spectrum obtained foi- _r_ 1.00 ------0.95 -: the (1-50 x 5 mm crystal is presented in Fig 3. 0.90 10 I 00 1000 6000 - Energy [keV] 5500

Fig. The non-proportionality caracteristics of Lil(Eu) crystal. 5000

The L1(Eu) scintillator is a very hygroscopic 4500 0 0 material and has to be used in hermetically sealed 0 1000 assembly. The sctintillation efficiency is about 30- FWHM 35% of Nal(TI) 2]. The emission spectrurn consists of' 500 7.5% a broad band with a maximum at 470 m-n. The self-

absorption appears below 450 nm close to the 0 .... 5 0... 10'00 1'5'00 20'00 25'00 3000 emission peak hence large crystal dimensions can Channel degrade the energy resolution. Z, C, In this work, properties of two Ll(Eu cystals of Fig. 3 They-ray spectrum from a 3CS SUrCe measured with different sizes were studied in yray spectrometry. The 0=50 x 5 mm Li I(Eu). energy resolution and non-proportionality of the light [II R.B. Murray, "Use, Of Li6i (Eu) As A Scintillation yield vs. yray energy of the 0=30 x 3 min crystal ae Detector And Spectrometer For Fast Neutrons", presented, while for the 0=50 x 5 mm cystal only the Nucl. Instr 2 1958) 237 energy esolution at 661.6 keV was measured t [21 E. Sakai, "Recent Measurements On Scintillator- compare with the result for the smaller crystal. Due to Photodetector System", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Scl. 1.2 4s decay time constant [I] the 6 Vs shaping tirne Vol. NS-34, No. 1987 4 constant was chosen for both crystals. 1) The measured photoelectron yield is ather low Scientific Enuineering:1 Center, Nuclear Physics and amounts to about 3000 phe/MeV for LI(Eu) Researches, 2-nd Murinsky pr. 28, St. Petersburg, coupled to the calibrated XP5200 photomultiplier and 194021 Russia corresponds to the light output of' - 1.5x 104 SCIONIX Holland B.V., P.O. Box No. 143, 3980 C CC Bunnik, The Netherlands DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 6 PLO401682

3.6 Comparison of LaC13:Ce and Nal(TI) Scintillators in Gamma - Ray Spectrometry by M.Balcerzyk, M.Moszyfiski, M.Kapusta

A high energy resolution amounting to 33% for resolution is worse than that for Nal(TI). The analysis 662 keV y-rays of recently developed LaC13:Ce of the energy resolution of 34 keV Xays frorn crystal, reported for small samples below I cm 3 [1], a radioactive background of 1381-a excluded a trivial prompted the present comparison of a larcler sample of explanation by a surface effect. 025x25 mm size to Nal(TI) in y-ray spectrometry. LaC13:Ce has an emission maximum at 335 nm. 30% density of 386 g/cm.3 and is hygroscopic. Its A& effective atomic number is 59.5, as compared to 50.0 rZ o Nal(TI) Sample 3

for NaI(TI). The latter caracteristics suguest,Zr that the :5 20% E] A LaC13 detection eiciency of y-rays and the photofraction of LaC13:Ce should be comparable to that of Nal(TI). The A comparison of the energy spectra f 662 keV -y-rays 21 37CS a) 10% EA from a source, as measured with LaC]3:Ce and LUC NaI(T]) crystals at a 3 ts shaping time constant 4AA ALA A showed a ood energy resolution of LaCl :Ce of 42% 3 0% in comparison to the 65% observed with Nal(TI). The non-proportionality curve for LaCI3:Ce and NaI(TI is 10 100 1000 10000 shown in F 1. LaC13:Ce is clearly superior to Energy, keV Nal(TI) in terms of' non-proportionality Te energy Fig. 2 Energy resolution of LaC13:Ce and Nal(TI vrsus energy. resolution of LaC13:Ce and Nal(TI) measured with the same photomultiplier versus energy is shown in Fg 2 However, at low energies below 20 keV a sarp The enerav resolution of LaC]3:Ce above 122 keV is proportionality drop is seen in Fg. 1. Thus, probably superior, hile below 22 keV is poorer as compared it is responsible for a large deterioration of te to those measured with NaI(Tl) crystals. intrinsic resolution at low energies. Low energy X-rays, Auger electrons and numerous secondary 120% electrons (5-rays) also contribute to full energy peak. 0 Such deterioration, in fact, was qualitatively pedicted the El the simulationof the contribution arising froi -n *LaC13 ONal(TI) y-ray detection process to the intrinsic resolution 110% C: E] based on the measured electron non-proportionallty in 0 0 LSO and NaI(Tl 2 In these calculations, 8-rays CL 2 were not considered. Note that YAP crystal, which C: exhibits a good proportionality down to 59 keV at 0 100% Z t, 93 3 shows an intrinsic energy esolution btter than Nal(TI), even at 14 keV. Therefore LaC13:Ce presents an ntermediate case between YAP ad LSO. 90% All these crystals do not show any increase i te 10 100 Energy, keV 1000 10000 proportionality curve like NaI(Tl) does; the downward bendinc, starts at about 10, 20 and 100 keV foi- YAP, Fig. I Non-proportionality of the ight vield of LaCl,: Cc and LaC13:Ce and LSO respectively. The intrinsic energy Nal(TI). The curve error is 3. resolution also scales in the same order. At pesent,

No doubt that the main advanta-e of LaC13: Cc the tested sample showed about 40% lower light )field than small crystal samples [1]. over Nal(TI) is better energy resolution at eneraies above 120 kV. This fact and a comparable detection efficiency and photofraction will ake it, in the neai- [11 E.V.D. Van Loef et a]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 77 future a crystal of choice for pecise y-ray (2000)1467 spectrometry. A much faster light pulse allows for [21 J.D. Valentine, et al, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci 45 high counting rate measurements, several times laraer (1998)512 [31 M. Balcerzyk, et al., Proc. of the 5th Int. Corif ' on th.an with Nal(TI) A hh speed of the fast component Inoraanic Scintillators & Their Applications, of the light pulse and a hh light output assure also C, fast timing capabilities of the new crystal. The very SCINT99, Moscow, Au(yust 16-20, 1999, 167 goodI proportionality of the ightZ, yield of LaC]3:CC, Presented at SCINT 2003 Conference, Valencia, down to 20 keV resulted in an excellent energy Spain, submitted to Nucl. Inst. Meth A. resolution above 120 keV. However, below 120 keV, energy resolution and especially intrinsic energy 62 PLO401683 Annual Report 2003

3.7 The LS0/APD Array as a Possible Detector for In-beam PET in Hadron Therapy. by M.Kapusta, P.Crespo', D.Wolsk', K.He'dell), L.Heinrich", J.Hutsch'), J.Pawelkel), M.Sobiella'), I I A.Trzcifiska 2, M.Moszyfiski, W.Enclhardtl)

We have studied the performance of finger like NO (a) LSO:Ce (LSO cystals coupled one by one to pixels 10 of avalanche photodiode detector (APD) arrays, see Fig. . (b) NOW', "A'i4V loo (C) 10

(d)

Fig. 1 The assembling of a dete tor head. Miller

Each detector head was plugged into a socket on 500 1000 500200. 2500300. 31. 7. 8N 900 1110 M.U00 II..' one side of a multilayer PCB motherboard, which contains on the other side the 32 preamplifiel's Fig. 3 Energy spectra (a - d) and coincidence time distributions arrancedZ, in a circle. Details of the construction and the (e, f) obtained from the in-beam experiments, where the stopping final design are depicted in Fg 2 region of the 12C beam was in the detector field-of-view, by sorting the list mode data under different conditions: 12(a) all coincidence events within time ran-e of 18 ns durin- the C beam extraction, (b) as (a), but coincidence events within a time window of 6 ns; (c) all coincidence events within time range of 8 ns during the puses between the 12C beam extraction; (d) as (c), but coincidence events within a time window of 6 ns; e) time spectrum acquired dUring te beam extraction; (f) time spectrum acquired during the pauses between the beam extraction.

12C (200 Fig. 2 Details of the construction of the detectors and final view. E In first step of these experiments the parameters of the detectors and the snal processing setup were . . . . characterized off-beam, 1. e. by means of ive sources 2 2 6gGe). The mean values :2.3...... radioact' Na of C M energy resolution of 16.1% FWHM and timing resolution of 62 ns FWHM were measured. The average spread of 511 keV peak position was about Fig. 4 Positron emitter distribution generated by stopping the carbon bearn in a PMMA phantom and measured wit], the 20 %. LSO/APDA detectors with the set-up depicted in Fig 3.

Afterwards, the apparatus was installed at the medical beam line of the heavy ion synchrotron (SIS) The depth-distribution of activity observed is in of the Gesellschaft ftir Schwerionenforschung (GSI) at complete agreement with the expectations from the Darmstadt, Germany. Here the P' activity produced by kinematics of the nuclear fragmentation reactions nuclear fragmentation reactions of 2C 200.3 AMeV leading to the positron emitters. Onto a nearly plateau heavy Ion beams with polymerized rnethyl of activity formed by target fragments ("C, 'C and methacrylate (PMMA) phantoms we measured Te 150) a pronounced activity maximum due to the ' 'le fragments C, 10C) s superimposed. results of those measurements a pesented in Fg 4 projecti I I The demonstrated major achievement of this It was demonstrated also by rneans of' hgh experimental work were: () the in-beam imaging resolution 7-ray spectroscopy that LSO is not activated by the light pr 'ectile fragments escaping the patients capability of this detector type; 2 the sufficient Oi I radiation hardness of such detectors to be operated at a downbeam during therapeutic irradiations radiotherapy treatment site. In the second set of experiments te goal was to image the positron emitter distribution enerated by a 2 penci -like C beam stopped in a phantom. Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Postfach 510119, 01314 Fig 4 shows the measured + distribution achieved Dresden, Germany -) Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University, ul. Pasteura 5a, by shifting the irradiated phantoms alone the barn. 02-093 Warsaw, Poland DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 63 PLO401684

3.8 The Software for Automatized Measurements of Scintillation and Luminescence Spectra by T.Batsch, M.Balcerzyk

Testing of emission and absorption spectra of Increasing number of new scintillators that Eric illators is essential for undei-standinL of their tested in our laboratory and accurac. scint v of' basic properties. these measurements called for automation. Due to that the monochromator.exe program was written and The experimental set-up used . in these implemented. The prograrn 11runs on standar PC measurements in our laboratory consists ofan exciting Xe lamp, two CVI CM100 monochrornators a computer and di-Ives the monochromators a the photomultiplier with hgh voltage power supply, Ortec scaler throu-h RS-232 serial ports. Functions of' the program, I in 579 fast filter amplifier and an Ortec 994 scaler. The 1-1 can be easilly understood from its mai 'llator under test s exc'ted by a portion of the screen shown below. The new measurement cycle can light emitted by the Xe lamp wich is selected by the be started by pressing the "NEW" pushbutton. After wavelength t I -oi irst monochrornator. The light hat the operator the necessary inf -i-nation by distribution in the resulting scintillation and answering questions that ae presented to him b the luminescence emitted by the scintillator is tested step program.11 With the last answer the measurement starts by step by selecting the spectrum portion in the automatically. The collected data can be stored second monochromator and checking the countina rate ("SAVE" pushbutton) or printed out ("PRINT at the output of the photomultiplier. pushbutton). The programC, execution can be stopped by pressing the "EXIT" pushbutton.

sp-ifi-ti"', SCINTILLATOR ID- _LuA103:Ce "'o" 1 stepmonoll 100 10 100 10 N.nb., of teps: Step &tati,-7 50 30 Teted b: 12040 -0 -l2 10:50:32 MBeTB ......

k 15 POO SAVE P816T.'

Fig. I Main screen of the program.

The whole set-up was successfully tested during improvement of the measurements efficiency. Te recent measurements of more than 90 spectra of collected data were further evaluated with standard LuAlO3:Ce scintillator showing a significant Excel program. IIIIIIII 11111IIIline IIIII IIIII IIIII line IIIII 11111111 PLO401685 3.9 Assembling and Testing of Si Microstrip Detector*) by T.Batsch, M.Balcerzyk, A.DzIedzic, K.Le§niewski, M.Moszy6ski, T.Sworobowicz, D.Wolski, Ilawrocka

For the new experiments planned at FZ flilich The contract was sgned on 10.06.2002. During the COSY accelerator a series of new Si mcrostrip meeting in wjerk in June 2003 the progress of te detectors of thicknesses varying from 30 jtm to work was approved and further activities discussed. 500 ltm with 512 strips each was ordered by FZ Rilich The resulting work was finished at the end of' te in the firm "MICRON SEMICONDUCTOR". For 2003. assembling and testing of those detectors the FZ Jijllch signed a contract with our Institute. 64 Annual Report 2003

Within te work te foilowino- tCIIIS Were To allow for that two mjor problems wre solved: constructed ad bricated: - pick-up and cross-talk noise in densely packed - two VaCLJLII1 cambers one with step motor prearrip modules, controlled source positioning rnechanism), - fabricating of lar-je area multilayer epoxy oards. - 8 vacuum-tight epoxy. multilayer detector signals After assembling f t detector SCt-LIl) and feed-through plates three -.vith detector Spports), , check'na te vacuum sveral series of' tests wth the - 50 prearnplificr modules, 32 channels each. first detector w performed. Te tests we -formed wth Am-241 a-source oi- laser dode LIS' pei I inG our multiparaimter data DAQ system and referred to: accuracy of pixel identification, energy esolution, th-ning properties the detector

The planned work is finished. The prolongation f the contract is negotiated.

Fig. 2 Detector sct-up. Work contracted by FZ JUlich.

3.10 "Glue Light" - a Programmable Interface between Credit Card PC and Board Electronics in LHCb Experiment (O 00 by Z.Guzjk and R.Jacobsson (O CD 0Iq The LHCb experiment control Interface to electronics boards in LHCb in CERN. T fure electronic boards located in the counting roorns is below sows eal view of the device. based on a commercial Cdit Card PC fi-onn Digital Lo.a1c. It comi-nunicates wth cxternal world via Ethernet only. In ordei- to nterlace ts kn of computer to the board lectronics, an ntermediate mezzanine card "Glue light" has been des]uned, tested and fbricated. It is based on a sngle complex FPGA and emulates a PLX 9030. Logical and pysical connection between CC- PC and rest of the board logic is achieved with help of' PCI bus. Besides the parallel 32-bit local bus t also generates standard 12C and JTAG serial busses. Local bus ,cTuarantces te speed up to 40 Mliz. Control code written in VHDL hardware description language was .fully debugged and tested in experimental conditions. The board can be configured either locally from EPC2 Fig. I Picture of the ,Glue light" board tollether with tile EEPROM or emotely by emulated Byte Blaster. shielded Credit Card PC (left). This mezzanine will b poduce in very high volurne to be Inserted into several hundreds of' 1) CERN, Geneva. Switzerland

3.11 Development of Multichannel Analyzer Supervising Software Tukan 8 - New Features (O by K.Traczyk, M.Ploi-nibsk], P.Lorenckj

C) 0 The number of Tukan8k multi-chatinel analyzers In December 2003 the latest version of te _j developed in our Department nd sed In scientific program, labeled as 'I.34', was finished. Here ae institutes or student laboratories increases every yh-. some of newly introduced features: eportinu and in order to satisfy emerging user's eeds and to Importing of spectra in ASCII format, possibility of' Crilarge device possibilities t development of adding, subtracting or compressing of spectra. Also supporting software is still continued. Realon Of Interest (R01) functionality, selected on DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 65 collected spectrum, was expanded to provide editorial of InstallShield Express program (v. 35), the functions and to allow multiple calculation of peak installation of the Tukan8k software poceeds i a parameters (different options and ftting functions are typical way. The program shortcut is placed in MCS (multichannel scaling) mode of Windows start menu and an icon s placed on a running was developed for users of our previous desktop. Windows RegistryC, is updated with Tukan4k analyzers information about screen confiauration, selection of In 2003 the whole software was moved to a new user's interface language, applied folders. hardware environment of Borland's Delphi 7 development presets and other. system extended by TeeChart 601 package. Multi-channel analyzer Tukan8k is a commercial Adjustment of the program to the new environment, product now. A demonstration version of the program particularly a different system of localization which is including simulation of data acquisition was I , developed for marketing purposes. The demonstrate an ntegral part of the Delphi 7 system, was a time- ion consumingZ-1 pocess. As a esult of the change,C, the programC, is available on our web siteI program stability and performance was improved. (littp:/fwww.ipj.oV.Pi/ttiktn) from where it can be The Tukan8k analyzer can operate in various downloaded and easily installed on any computer supporting Windows 98/Me/2000/XP operatilic, environments beaInninc,C7 from Windows 98 up to Windows XP. Our latest achievement is a system. redevelopment of installation program. Under control PLO401688

3.12 The System for Data Collection During Production of Straw Chambers Using Microsoft Access Dbase in LHCb Experiment by M.Uzdowski

The data base is used for collection, storing and following program modules: New module, Straw presentation the information concerning production of preparation, Straws' gluing, Wiring, Tests of alf straw chambers, which will be used in LHCb module, Wires' changing Guing module box. Final experiment. The data base consists of two parts: tests, Packing, Sending. The main part enables access Production and Supervision. to every module. Beside that there are also other The Production part is applied for collecting and modules which track other parameters, suc as storma the data following stages of the production: delivery time of materials and so on. registering the chambers parameters, notifying usage The Supervision part is elated to a supervisiffiT of the particular materials and the conditions which person. The database helps to check tile current are examined at every stage of the poduction production status, without the possibility of (Temperature and Humidity). The date and time of the introducing changes. This part consists o te execution of each operation are appended following modules: Production, Materials, Tests, automatically. This part of the base consists of the Module status.

PLO401689 3.13 Improvements in the Computer Infrastructure of INS by J.Szlachclak, C.G6rny, M.Kapusta, K.Leniewski, P.Lorencki, M.Plomifiski, K.Traczyk

The development of computer nfrastructure in distribution and exchange of electronic documents and 2003 was mainly concentrated on mproving the forms, the Institute decided to purchase number of security and the reliability of the network. In order to licenses of Adobe Acrobat 60 CE. find out the number of softwares required to be In addition a set of ogon scripts was developed to legalized0 software and hardware audits were build a system for dynamict, collection of hardware and performed. As a result of the software audit the software inventory. Institute covered remaining number of licenses for In liaht of enhanced security concerns caused by Microsoft Windows (all versions) and Mcrosoft Office (all versions) by purchasing adequate Microsoft highly increased number of security accidents in open licenses. In order to potect workstations against Internet in 2003, Symantec Gateway Security SGS 5420 firewall was purchased and implemented in viruses and hacker attacks Norton Enterprise and order to protect the intranet network. A performance Corporate Antivirus were purchased. To fully support of Internet communication was improved by Portable Document Format (PDF) which is the de upgrading bandwidth of Internet connection to I Mbps. facto world standard for the secure and reliable 66 Annual Report 2003

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES IN SCINTILLATION DETECTION M.Nlomfiski, M.Szawlowski, M.Kapusta, M.Balcerzyk Nlfcl. Instr Meth., A497(2003)226

INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS INy-RAY SPECTROSCOPY N1.N,1osz3,fiski Nucl. Instr. Meth., A505(2003)101

INTRINSIC ENERGY RESOLUTION OF PURE NAI STUDIED WITH LARGE AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURES M.Moszyfiski, W.Czarnacki, W.Klarnra, M.Szmvlowski, P.Schotanus, M.Kapusta Nitcl. Instr. Meth., A505(2003)63

APPLICATION OF LARGE AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES TO STUDY SCINTILLATORS AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURE M.Nlomfiski, WCzarnacki, W. Klamra, M.Szawlowski, P.Schotanus, M.Kapusta Nucl. nstr. Meth., A504(2003)307

EVALUATION OF THE HAMAMATSU S8550 FOR SCINTILLATION MATRIX READOUT M.Kapusta, P.Crespo, D.Wolski, M.Nloszyfiski, W.Enghardt Nucl. Instr. Meth., A504(2003)139

CHARACTERIZATION OF YB-.YAG AND YB:YAP SCINTILLATORS BY MEANS OF LAAPD AT TEMPERATURE AROUND 100 K S.Belo,urov, G.Bressi. G.Carugno, 1N1.N,1oszyfiski, W.Czarnacki. M.Kapusta, M.Szawlowski Nucl. Instr. Meth.. A496(2003)385

STUDY OF PURE NAI AT ROOM AND LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURES NI.Moszyfiski, M.Balcerzyk, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, W.Klarnra, P.Schotanus, A.Syntfeld, M.Szawlowski IEEE,Tr(ins. Nucl. Sci., 50(2003)767

METHODS OF PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE OF SEALED GAS PHOTOMULTIPLIERS FOR VISIBLE LIGHT M.Balcerzvk. D.M&rnann, A.Breskin, B.K.Singh, E.D.C.Freitas, R.Chech1k, M.Klin, M.Rappaport IEEE 7-cins. Nitcl. Sci., 50(2003)847

DRIVING THE LHCB FRONT-END READOUT Z.Guzik, R.Jacobsson and B.Jost IEEE Trans. Nuct. Sci. in press)

ENERGY RESOLUTION AND NON-PROPORTIONALITY OF THE LIGHT YIELD OF PURE CSI AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURE NI.NIoszyfiski, M.Balcerzyk, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, W.Klarnra, P.Schotanus, A.Syntfeld, M.Szawlowski Nucl. Instr. Meth i press)

COMPARISON OF LACL3:CE AND NAI(TL) SCINTILLATORS IN F-RAY SPECTROMETRY M.Ba1cerzyk,1V1.N1oszvfiski, N.Kapusta Nitcl. Instr. Meth i press)

INTRINSIC RESOLUTION AND LIGHT YIELD NON-PROPORTIONALITY OF BGO N1.1v1oszyfiski, M.Balcerzyk, W.Czarnacki, \.Kapusta, W.Klarnra, A.Syntfeld, M.Szawlowski IEEE Tmns. Ntcl. Sci i press)

NEW FAST PHOTOMULTIPLIERS WITH A SCREENING GRID AT THE ANODE M.Nfoszyfiski, M.Kaptista, D.Wolski, M.Balcerzyk, S.O.Flyckt, P.Lavoute, C.Marmonier, H.Mach IEEE Tr(ins. Ntcl. Sci i press)

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PP0275C HYBRID PHOTODETECTOR AND XP2020Q PHOTOMULTIPLIER IN SCINTILLATION DETECTION Nf.tvloszyfiski, W.Klamra, D.Wolski, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, M.Balcerzyk IEEE Tivns. Nucl. Sci. (in press)

THE LSO/APD ARRAY AS A POSSIBLE DETECTOR FOR IN-BEAM PET IN HADRON THERAPY M.Kapusta, P.Crespo, D.Wolski, K.Heidel,..., J.Paxvelke, A.Trzcifiska, M.NIoszyfiski, W.Enghardt, et al. IEEE Trans. Nuct. Sci i press)

FIRST IN-BEAM PET IMAGING WITH LSO/APD-ARRAY DETECTORS P.Crespo, M.Kapusta.Pawelke, M.Moszynski, W.Enghardt IEEE Trans. NucL Sci i press)

RECENT ADVANCES IN GASEOUS IMAGING PHOTOMULTIPLIERS A.Breskin, M.Balcerzyk, R.Chechik, G.P.Guccles, J.Niaia and D.Mormann Nucl. Instr Meth A i press) DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 67

READOUT OF PLASTIC SCINTILLATORS WITH COOLED LARGE-AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES A.Mykulyak, M.Kapusta, U.Lynen, N.Moszyfiski, ..., M.Szaw1o-,vsk1, W. TraLltmann, A.Trzcifiski, D.Wolski, AZlvigfiflski Nucl. Instr. Meth. in press)

OTHER PAPERS

POLISH VERSIONS OF EUROPEAN STANDARDS

PN-EN 61691-2 - BEHAVfOURAL LANGUAGES, PART 2 VHDL M ULTILOGIC SYSTEM FOR MODEL INTEROPERAB ILITY (IEC 61691-2:2001) Z.Guzik, J.Charuba

PN-EN 61691-3-2 - BEHAVIOURAL LANGUAGES, PART 32: MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS IN VHDL (IEC 61691-3-2:2001). Z.Guzik,.J.Charuba

PN-EN 61691-3-3 - BEHAVIOURAL LANGUAGES, PART 2 SYNTHESIS IN VHDL (IEC 6691-3-3:2001). Z.Guzik, J.Charuba

PN-EN 61690 -Electronic DESIGN INTERCHANGE FORMAT (EDIF), PART 1: VERSION 3 (lEC 61690-I.-2000(E) Z.Guzik, J.Charuba

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

ENERGY RESOLUTION AND NON-PROPORTIONALITY OF THE LIGHT YIELD OF PURE CSI AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURE M.Moszvfiski, M.Balcerzvk, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, W.Klamra, P.Schotanus, A.Syntfeld, M.Szawlowski, (ora]) SCINT2003 Cnf&ence, almCia. Spain, ep. 2003

COMPARISON OF LACL.,:CE AND NAI(TI-) SCINTILLATORS IN y-RAY SPECTROMETRY M.Balcerzvk, M.Nloszyfiski. M.Kapusta, (oral) SCINT2003 Conlrence, 1alencia, Spain. Sep. 2003

INTRINSIC RESOLUTION AND LIGHT YIELD NON-PROPORTIONALITY OF BGO N01myfiski, M.Balcerzvk, W.Czarnacki, NI.Kapusta, W.Klarnra, A.Syntfeld, M.Szawlowski, (oral) IEEE NSS-MIC 2003, Portland, USA. Oct. 2003

NEW FAST PHOTOMULTIPLIERS WITH A SCREENING GRID AT THE ANODE M.Moszyfiski, M.Kapusta, D.Wolski, N.Balcerzyk, S.O.Flyckt, P.Lavoute, C.Man-nonier. H.Mach, (poster) IEEE NSS-MIC 2003, Portland. US,4, Oct. 2003

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PP0275C HYBRID PHOTODETECTOR AND XP2020Q PHOTOMULTIPLIER IN SCINTILLATION DETECTION NI.Nimyfiski, W.Klamra, D.Wolski, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, M.Balcerzyk, poster) IEEE NSS-MIC 2003, Portland, USA. Oct. 2003

THE LSO/APD ARRAY AS A POSSIBLE DETECTOR FOR IN-BEAM PET N HADRON THERAPY M.Kapusta, P.Crespo, D.Wolski, K.Heidel,.J.PaNvelke, M.Sobiella, A.Trzcifiska, M.Moszyfiski, W.Enghardt, et al., (oral) IEEE NSS-MIC 2003. Portland, USA, Oct. 2003

DRIVING THE LHCB FRONT-END READOUT Z.Guzik, R.Jacobsson and B.Jost, oral) 3th IEEE NPSS Real Time Conference 2003, Montreal, Quebec, anada, May 2003

FIRST IN-BEAM PET IMAGING WITH LSO/APD-ARRAY DETECTORS P.Crespo, M.Kapusta, J.Pawelke, M.Moszynski, W.Enghardt, (poster) IEEE NSS-MIC 2003. Portland, USA. Oct. 2003

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR RESEARCH AT THE SOLTAN INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES N1.1%joszyfiski, (invited talk) Inst)-tunentation and Monte Carlo Methodsjbr Dedicated PET System VVoi*shop, Rossendod,' Germany anitcuw 31 - ebl-Itarl. 1. 2003

STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE TRENDS OF SCINTILLATION DETECTION M.Nioszyfiski, (invited talk) IAEA Expert Meeting o te Development o'New Radiation Detectors, Vienna, Austria, August, 2003

WHY STUDY OF NON-PROPORTIONALITY AND ENERGY RESOLUTION ARE IMPORTANT FOR THE FUTURE OF SCINTILLATION DETECTION? M.Momfiski. (invited talk) Non-proportionalitylight yield o'scintillators tiorkshop, Portkind, USA, Oct. 2003 68 Annual Report 2003

ELECTRON LINAC APPLICATION FOR DETECTING NUCLEAR MATERIALS NI.Kisiefifiski, T.Kozlowskj, M.Nloszyfiski, J.Pracz and A.Syntfeld, (invited talk) IAEA Meeting on Application qf'Accelei-ators in te Bocii-cling Monitoring, Vienna, Ausll-ia, 8-21 Nov, 2003

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEW SCINTILLATION MATERIALS IN APPLICATION TO THE BORDER DETECTION EQUIPMENT NI.Mosz,,,fiski and M.Balcerzyk, oral) Resew-ch Cow-clination Meeting ofthe P-oject Improvement o7echnical Measures lo Detec awl Respond to Illicit Ti-a ickill,,, o Nuclecu- and other Radioactive Waterials" IAE /1, Vienna, A ustfia, Decembei I - , 2003

PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARDS, STANDARIZATION ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES

M.Moszyfiski - Heading Poster Session on conference IEEE NSS-MIC 2003, Portland, USA

N1.1N,1oszyfiski - Member of Radiation nstrumentation Steering Committee of EEE/NPSS MAMoszyfiski - Member of Program Committee of IEEE Medical Imaging Conference 2003, Portland, USA M.Nloszyfiski - Heading te Working Group of Research Coordination Meeting of the Project "Improvement of Technical Measures to Detect and Respond to Illicit Traficking of Nuclear and other Radioactive Materials", IAEA, Vienna, December I - , 2003 N1.iN,1oszyfiski - Member of Advisory Editorial Board of' Nucl. Instr. and Meth A M.Moszv6ski - Member of Transnational Committee of IEEE/NPSS Z.Guzik - Member of Working Group No. 173 for nterfaces and 131.1ilding Electronics stems" in Polish Normalization Committee Z.Guzik - Member of Polish CAMAC Committee J.Chartiba - Member of' Workin,, Group No. 173 for terfaces and Bilding Electronics Systems" in Polish Normalization Committee J.Chartiba - Member of Polish CAMAC Committee J-Charnba - Representative of Polish Normalization Committee in ISO/]EC JTCI/SC25, Interconnection of Information Technololly

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Marcin Balcerzyk, Dr Zbigniew Guzik, Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz Batsch, Dr Marek Moszyhski, Professor, Stanislaw Borsuk, Eng - Deputy Director of the Institute Jacek Charuba, Ena. till Au-. 3 Jacek Szlachciak, Eng., from July Arkadiusz Chlopik, Eng Dariusz Wolski, Ena -11 Z11 Wieslaw Czarnacki Dr

Technical and administrative staff Eu(yeniusz Belcarz, Eno, Krzysztof Le§niewski Andrzej' Dziedzic Plotr Lorencki Urszula Frlqg 1/2 Michal Plomifiski, Eng Cezary G6rny Tadeusz Sworobowicz Maci Kapusta, MSc. Agnieszka Syntfeld MSc from Oct. I Maciej Kisielifiski Ec,, from May I Krystyna Traczyk, MSc. Krzysztof Kostrzewa Marek Uzdowski, EnIa. Andrzej' Kotlarski Ec, lwona Zawrocka, MSc. DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY 69

4 DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY

Head of Department: Dr. Stanislaw Pszona phone: (22) 718-05-65 PLO401690 e-mail: pszonaipj.gov.pl

Overview

The esearch activities of the Department in 2003 smilarly to previous year were concentrated o te following tasks: Ionization cluster formation at the nanometre level; Radiation Dosimetry for medical purposes; Numerical modeling of interaction of radiation with matter; The following activities could be underlined: Ionization cluster formation at nanometre level: Te new experiment on the ionization cluster formation at nanornetre level in propane was carried out. The ionization cluster spectra for up to 03 tc, / CM2 (3 nm in uit density scale) have been analysed and compared with MC modeling. The efficiency of an electron multiplier 180AF for 3 keV propane and nitrogen ions was carried out. The collaboration under TMR program wth LNL Leanaro was continued. Radiation dosimetry for medical purposes: Further studies on the use of the rng ionization charnbcr, RIC, for standardising of absorbed dose from beta-radioactive wires used for the endovascular brachytherapy have been continued. The new models of RIC for dose uniformity measurements for P-32 radioactive sources used or intravascular brachytherapy were desi'-ned and tested. The shielding effect of the stents on dose dstribution to vascular tissue from a P-32 source has been studied using a Guidant system for ntravascular brachytherapy. Dose distribution to tissue beina in contact with a stent wire were modeled by MC method as well measured usino GAF chromic films. Numerical modeling: The numerical calculations for the pr 'ect of an experimental setup for te study ofthe electronuclear method of enerely generation based on the use of a subcritical fast plutonium reactor and 650 MV proton accelerator have been performed. 70 Annual Report 2003

4.1 Clusters of Ionization in Nanometre Targets for Propane by A.Bantsar, B.Grosswendtl), J.Kula and S.Pszona PLO401691

Further evidence on te reliability f te device density have been measured. The results ae pesented called the Jet Counter for studyl'nc, the I rmation of in Figure I.The method of deconvolution of the ionisation clusters at the nanometre level are measured to true cluster size distributions is also presented. The new experimental data on the given. Finally the measured cluster size distributions distributions of lonisation cluster size originating i I are compared with modeled distributions based on nm to 4 nm taraet size in propane iradiated by 38 Monte Carlo calculations. The results for propane MeV alpha particles are described. The Jet Counter, to-ether with previous ones for nitrogen place te Jet JC, consists of a pulse-operated valve which n'ects a Counter as an efficient tool foi- the 'nvest'(Yadon of expanding1 Z7 'et of propane into an interaction chamber radiation quality at the nanometre level. where a sensitive volurne in form f a cylinder is created. The sensitive volume was radiated by 38 1) Physikallsh Technische Bundesanstalt, MeV alpha particles. The resulting distribution f ion clusters in propane ranaing fromI I to 4 nm at unit Braunschweig, Germany

a 101: b 'o' 3.8 M.V-P.Nicle (P,.P-e) --o-L.P.6"'.0 3_ WV -Pati.. P.p.n.) D 0 hF 0. pg1c., D 0.25 g/,.': h 0.25,,gl-' Effirie..y L: Jul/. 40% -o- e.pe,,,em lo' 100% lo' t; Eff,-ie,,,y 5091. 60% 100% 10 2 P.i!;!;.nE.p 10' -

P 1o'- 10

lo' lo'

lo lo' I A

lo lo' 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 cluster size v cluster size v c lo' d lo'- 3.8 MeV.- P.,tirls (Pr.p.,,e) 3.8 MeV-patide (P,.'a,,e) - D 0.37 g/,.'. h 0.37,,gf..' Effic,.,,cy D 0.1 gl-': h 0.1 1 g/_2 30% 40% I I I I lo' 100% lo' Deco,,,, Poisso,,Bp ercy -A- 100%

10 lo-' A

CL-0 lo' IL _4

lo' lo' 'X

10 10

1117 i-

W lo' 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 cluster size v cluster size

Fig. 1 Frequency distribution spectra for different diameters of sensitive volume irradiated by 3.8 MeV alpha particles. Open circle - experimental spectra, solid circles and squares Monte Carlo calculations for different ion detector efficiencies, stars - Poisson distribution, full triangle -calculated true distribution of ionization Custers. Te deconvoluted measured distribution is shown in d as solid circles points. DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DS1METRY 7

4.2 Efficiency of an Ion Detector for Propane and Nitrogen Ions PLO401692 by J.Kula

The efficiency of the ion detector used in Jet Propane Counter is the basic parameter wich influences the 1,0 U3200 shape of the signal spectra and must be known. 0,8 ------U3000. Therefore, a set up for studying the efficiency of the U2800 I 0,6 ------used discrete channel electron multiplier type AF] 80IG was assembled and is presented in Fg. 1. 0,4 ------0,2 0,0 zi 0 50 P[Torr] 100 150 C.m. 1, 10t. I1(T- Z Fig. 2 Absolute counting efficiency foi- propane ions vs as pressure(ion flux) for AF 180 IGnr 18733. Nitrogen

------A- U (h, c...... :r 0,6 -

Vi .0 L vi i 0.4 - TURBOTUMP 0,2 -

Fig. I Set up for measuring the COUnting efficicney of the ion 0 detector. 0 50 P[Torr] 100 150 Fig. 3 Absolute counting efficiency for nitro-en ions vs as The special ion source has been constructed with pressure (ion flux) foi- AF 1'80 IG ni- 18733. controlled yield has zoomed nsct in F. 1. The efficiency of the AF180IG detector ws studied as a 0,8 function of hh voltaue for dferent source yields, before being installed in t nanornetric experiment. 0.6 - (D The results ae shown in Figs 24. 0,4 - The absolute efficiency of single propane and 0,2 ------nitro-en ions depends strongly on accelerating HV potential as seen in Figure 4. Special attention has 0 been 11aven to the reproducibility of the efficiency 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 measurements. The reproducibility of the esults were HV, V 05 i Fig. 4 Absolute counting efficiency for propane ions vs applied around I% for a source yield of I ions/s. potential with constant ion flux for AF 180 IG nr 18733.

4.3 Accelerator Driven Transmutation Systems by A.Pola6ski PLO401693

The principles of Accelerator Dven Sstems problem of nuclear waste transmutation. Different (ADS) for transmutation of nuclear waste and energyZ, approaches and methods to dispose of te aste ion are presented [I]. It Is te most important isotopes co 'dered as harmful because of' hgh product' nsi topic today in accelerator and reactor physics, which is radioactivity, migration in biosphere and level oftheir under nvestigations in many countries. There are a lot influence are discussed. Electronuclear installations of proposed pr 'ects on the development of the ADS (El), which generate proton induced intense fluxes of systems. but there is still no practical mplementat' ns with subsequent multiplication in fissile of the idea. medium, are considered as a safe method to transmute Main components of ADS include a high-intensity nuclear waste. accelerator delivering a proton beam of 5 to 20 MW The accepted conceptual design of the power, a sub-critical reactor core with a spoliation experimental Subcritical. Assembly in Dubna (SAD) is tar-et, and chemical reprocessing filities. There are based on the core of a nominal unit capacity of 20 kW no such accelerators available, and no technolocnes of (thermal). This corresponds to the multiplication needed sub-critical reactors developed. Thus the coefficient keff = 095 and accelerator beam power experimental ADS are projected at existing I kW. A sub-critical assembly driven with the existinc, accelerators. The review 21 is devoted to an actual 660 MeV proton accelerator at the Joint Institute or 72 Annual Report 2003

Nuclear research (JINR) in Dubna has been modelled [11 A.Polanski, Accelerator Driven Transmutation in order to make choice of optimal parameters or te Systems, The 4th Conference on Nuclear and experimental set-up. Dferent combinations f t Particle Physics, 1 - Oct. 2003, Fayourn, Egypt target, fuel and reflector materials have been [21 S.A.Bznuni, V.S.Barashenkov,..., A.Polafiski, considered. Some of the calculation results a A.N.Sosnin, et al., Perspectives ofelectro-nuclcar presented [ 1 2. systems, J. of Part. Phys. and Nucl. Phys., V.34, NrA, 2003, Dubna, Russia

4.4 Monte Carlo Modeling of Parameters of a Sub Critical Cascade Reactor Based on Molten Salt and Liquid Metal Technologies OD by A.Polafiski

0 'IT The Monte Carlo method was used to simulate a reactors are considered as the main power poduction 0 new full scale electronuclear systern consistina of zone. -cr' which s used cascade sub deal zones: fast reactoi I J as a booster, and a thermal liquid-metal eactors, where [1] S.Bznuni and A.Polanski, Monte Carlo model][110 most of the energy is released [1 2. Reactors of the of parameters of a sub critical cascade reactor type MSBR I 00, and CANDU-6 are considered. The based on molten salt and liquid metal systems consi -ed, functioning n the safe regi technologies, The Intern. Workshop on P&T ad (kff = 094-0.98), possess much higher maximurn ADS Development,C, Mol Belgium), Oct. 68, power in the entire range of keff than similar systems 2003 without an intermediate fst booster eactor. At the in [2] S.A.Bznuni, V.S.Barashenkov, ... , A.Polafiski. same time, high neutron flux with both fst and A.N.Sosnin, A.H.Khudaverdyan, et al., Bireactor thermal zones nuclear wastes can be efficiently Electronuclear Systems with Liquid Cadmium transmuted, decreasing the required proton current in Valve, Atomnaya Energia, 2003, V.94, Nr.2 the beam by approximately a ftor of 10. This is especially important when the molten salt thermal

4.5 First Experiments with a Large Uranium Blanket within the Installation "Energy Plus Transmutation" Exposed to 1.5 GeV Protons by A. Polafiski LO 0) (O The irst experiment usin a arge U/Pb assembly low-Z moderating materials have been included and 0 (lead target plus 103.2 kc, natural uranlurn blanket) cadmium shield is protecting the assembly fiom 0 exposed to 1.5 GeV proton beams was carried out in reflected thermal neutrons. November 1999. It is a start towards the construction of a full scale setup to study two aspects ofaccelerator driven systems (ADS) at the Synchrophaso- 5 On '47 tron/Nuclotron complex at the Laboratory of High Eneraies, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia: the energy production and transmutation of radioactive waste usino, relativistic protons. The Dubna Cascade Model in its version 1E DCM-CEM was employed to calculate the neutron PrOt ...... spectrum at dfferent positions of the target system...... Three aeometrical positions alone, the beam direction < were chosen for this calculation at a circle of 75 rn -IT...... distance from the central axis. The dependence of' the ......

neutron spectra on the length in the upstream position Neut-1 n ovr, IcV of the first section of the blanket was calculated for three values of the traversed distance. The calculated Fig. I Calculated neutron spectrum for te U/Pb assembly in the neutron spectra are shown in the fure in absolute plan, of the central detector plates. The positions of the Pb target, the U blanket and the three detector plates are shown in te lower terms of n/cm /proton. One observes in this set-up an part of this figure. exceedingly hard neutron spectrum as practically no DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY 73

4.6 Neutron Spectra Emitted from the Lead Target Irradiated by 660 MeV Protons by A.Polafiski

Preliminary experimental results the StUdy ( (O the distribution of neutrons emitted at 60 dea. fron- a 0 lead tar-et exposed to a 660 MeV poton bam are presented. 0 WI The esults of the neutron spectrurn measurement are shown in figure I (by open ccles). z T One can see a qualitative areement between experimental data and those calculated wt te GEANT code (solid line). However, the experimental eri are large. We expect to continue our measurement and to educe the experimental errors Fig. I Energy7 spectrum of fast neutrons emitted at 60 dg.I fro a the future experiments. lead extended target. Open ircles-experinient esults. histogram- GEANT simulation.

4.7 Influence of the Metallic Stent Component on Dose Distribution for 32PBrachytherapy Wire Source PLO401697 by K.Wincel, B.Zarba

The pesence of a stent is one of the reasons of the Maximum electron energy emitted by te source is dose perturbation in intravascular brachytherapy 1.710 MeV. Geometric model used for MCNP procedure. The MCNP - A General Monte Carlo calculations is schematically presented in Fig. 1.

N-Particle Transport Code [11 with the MCNPDAT 6.00E-01 cross-sections library 21 has been used to calculate 5.50E-01 stent the absorbed dose profiles in soft tissue with and IV 5,00E-01 without stent without stent compound for 32P brachytherapy wire source. The Monte Carlo method is considered to be > .COE-.1 one of the most accurate techniques r simulation of . 3.50E.01 radiation transport. To simulate electron transport, the E MCNP Monte Carlo code uses t so-called 3.OOE.01

condensed history" technique, where a large number 2.50E-01 of collisions are grouped toorether into a single step 2.00E-011 ,I:, .15 0.11, 0.17 0.'8 0`9 0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 that is andomly sampled. The code has te advantage R[r.] of being able to model 3-D eometry Te 32p source Fig. 2 The radial dose rate profiles ill Soft tissue with and without metallic stent component. was modeled accordin'- to the details included in the paper issued by ENEA Instituto di Radioprotezione [3]. The electron energy spectrum emitted by 32 P 1,OOE,00 source was taken from ICRU Report 56 [5].

0 4- R 1,6 M R 1, 8 R 20 0 X R2 CL 12 )K R 1,55 0 R 19 oil 0 ...... 0 - 0- R 2,1 1,OOE-01i P-32 so,1 16. idat \1 13,5 13,7 13.9 14,1 14.3 14,5 Oft ti's...St /,e...... Z (mm] ...... ",Water Fig. 3 The Z-axis dose rate profiles for radial distances 1.55, .60 1.70, 1.80, 190 20, 210 and 220 m in soft tissue in case of ...... R L-d- metallic stent component presence. The modeled beta radiation source corresponds to VACL-UM 32 cathered-based P endovascular brachytherapy Surce Fig. I R-Z section of eometrical model used for dose rate wire produced by Guidant Company 4 The ctive 31 profiles calculations. part of the cylindrical -P source is 27 mrn in ngth 74 Annual Report 2003 and 024 mm in diameter and is encapsulated in a NITI [1] J.F.Briemelster, MCNP - A General Monte Carlo tube. The NTi tube wall thickness is 0076 mm. The N-Particle Transport Code, Version 4C, Los outer diameter of the source we is 0.46mm A Alamos National Laboratory, CCC-700, 2000 tunasten wire marker with dimensions of I rnrn In [2] MCNPDATA-Standard Neutron, Photon and lenath and 025 mm in diameter is dstal to active Electron Data Libraries for MCNP4C, Los source and NIT] puo, is welded into the dstal end of Alamos National Laboratory, DLC-200, 2000 the wire cavity. The source wire is centrally positioned [3] "Intercomparlson on the Usage of Computational Codes'n Radiation Dosimetry", ENEA, Bologna, within blood artery. The 2 mm thick arterial wall filled I I I I with soft tissue of inside adius 1.5 mm is surrounded Italy, 2002 by water. Tori are introduced as volurnetric detectors [41 International Commission on Radiation Units and for tallying the energy deposition. Figure 2 shows a Measurments - Report 56 Dosimetry of External comparison of the radial dose distribution at the Beta Rays for Radiation Protection, 107, Jan. middle central plane with and without the metallic 1997, USA stent component. As shown in Figure 3 the dose [5] Certificate for Sealed Radioactive Source, reductions due to the presence of the metallic stent Guidant Corp. model number GDT-P-32, serial component are found to be hgher then 20%. number 0 10404008 DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY 75

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

INFLUENCE OF STENT STRUTS, QUIDE WIRE AND CALCIUM DEPOSIT ON DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS IN BRACHYTHERAPY OF CORONARY ARTERIES WITH P-32 LINEAR SOURCE S.11'szona, W.ffillski, C.Kqpka, A.Witkowski, K.Wincel, B.Zareba Radiotherapy ad Oncology 0, 1(2003)84 THE SHIELDING EFFECT OF A GUIDE WIRE DURING BRACHYTHERAPY OF CORONARY ARTERIES WITH P32 LINEAR SOURCE S.Pszona, W.Bulski, C.Kqpka, A.Witkowski Radiotheral)-y ced ncolog 6,1(2003)37

ELECTRONUCLEAR SYSTEMS WITH LIQUID CADMIUM VALVE S.A.Bznuni, V.S.Barashenkov, V.M.Zhanikochyan. A.Polafiski, A.N.Sosnin, A.H.Kliudaverdyan Atoinnava Energia 94,2(2003)55

NEUTRON SPECTRA EMITTED FROM THE LEAD TARGET IRRADIATED BY 660MEV PROTONS D.A.Arkhipkin, V.S.Buttsev,.- A.Polafiski_., R.Ya.Zulkarneev, Yu.R.Zulkarneeva, et al. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A505(2003)397

FIRST EXPERIMENTS WITH A LARGE URANIUM BLANKET WITHIN THE INSTALLATION "ENERGY PLUS TRANSMUTATION" EXPOSED TO 1.5 GeV PROTONS M.L.Kfivopustov, D.ChUltem, J.Adam, V.G.KaHnnikov, A.V.Pavliouk, V.P.Perelygin, A.Polafiski et al. Kenitechnik 68, ](2003)48

THE SHIELDING EFFECT OF A GUIDE WIRE DURING BRACHYTHERAPY SESSION WITH P-32 SOURCE C.Kepka, S.Pszona, W.Bulski and A.Witkmvski Cardiovascular Radicitioti Medicine 3 3200-3)205

PERSPECTIVES OF ELECTRONUCLEAR SYSTEMS S.A.Bznuni, V.S.Barashenkov, V.M.Zhamkochyan. A.Polafiski, A.N.Sosnin, A.H.Khticlaverdyan Journal of'Particle Phiwics ad Nuclear Phvsics, 34,4(2003)

SKUTECZNO WEWNATRZN/\CZYNIOWEJ 13R-ACHYTERAPII W LECZENIU RESTENOZY W STENCIE U CHORYCH NA CUKRZYC A.Witkowski,..., W.Bulski, A.Kulik, S.Pszona, W.RL12.'Ilo. et al. Folici Cardiolo-ica 10 22003)127

KOIORAJONIZACYJNA DO OMIARU DANATKI POCHLONIETEJ B.Kocilk, S.Pszona, Ejaworska Bizilelyn UrZqdu Patenlowego 14. 771(2003)35

CLUSTERS OF IONIZATION AT NANOMETRE TARGETS IN PROPANE- EXPERIMENT WITH JET COUNTER A.Bantsar, B. Grosswendt, J.Kula nd S.11szona Rad. Prot. Dsimetry, in press)

EXPERIMENTAL EQUIVALENT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTION IN NANOMETRIC VOLUMES OF LIQUID WATER B.Grosswendt, L.DeNardo, P.Colautti. S.Pszona, V.Conte, G.Tomielli Rad. Prot. Dosimetry (hi press)

A NOVEL IONIZATION CHAMBER FOR INTRAVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY S.Pszona, K.Winccl, B.ZarVba W.Bulski, M.Kawczynska, C.Kepka and A.Witkowski, Nuct. Inst. Meth A in press)

A NEW APPROACH FOR STANDARDIZING ABSORBED DOSE FROM BETA RADIOACTIVE WIRES USED FOR INTRAVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY S.11'szona, B.Kocik, K.Wincel, B.Zaqba, W.Bulski Proc. fIllt, N'111/)OSI.U111.Oil standards nd codes ot'Practice i Medical Radiation Dosimetry Vienna IAEA -CN96-88P. in press)

MCNP DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS CALCULATIONS FOR P-32 BRACHYTHERAPY WIRE SOURCE K.Wince, B.ZarVba Proc. Woi-ksliol)-Ilitercoiiil)cii-isoii on Uv(i,,,,e qfComputational Codes in Radiation Dosimetry, Bologna-Italy.hily 4, 2003,(in prcss)

ANGIOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF RECURRENT IN-STENT RESTENOSIS FOLLOWING INTRAVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY DOES NOT CORRELATE WITH DELIVERED DOSE. A STUDY WITH DOSE VOLUME HISTOGRAMS A.Witkowski...., A.Kulik. C.Kqpka, N4.Kruk, T.DeptLICII, J.Owczarczyk, S.Pszona, W.Ru2yllo, et al. Cardiovascular Radiation Medicine i press) 76 Annual Report 2003

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

NANODOSIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS ADVANCES AT SOLTAN INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES S.Pszona, (oral) VVorkshop o Nanoclosimetry: statits oart.. Legnaro, Italy, I718 Nov. 2003

CHARACTERISTICS OF TIN ANTI-N/IULTIPACTOR LAYERS REACHED BY TITANIUM VAPOR DEPOSITION ON ALUMINA COUPLER WINDOWS J.Lokiewicz, T.Fadinaj.Kula, S.Pszona, A.Bilinski, J.Sobczak, Z.YL1 (oral) II"' Workshop On RSuperconductivity, Trairenlifilde. Germany. SeIn 812. 2003

CLUSTERS OF IONIZATION AT NANOMETRE TARGETS IN PROPANE- EXPERIMENT WITH JET COUNTER A.Bantsar, B.Grosswcndt, J.Kula ad S.Pszona poster) 9 Synilmsitun o Newron Dosimetrv, Delfi, 77ie Netherland.y. Sept.2 - ct.3,2003

THE SHIELDING EFFECT OF A GUIDE WIRE DURING BRACHYTHERAPY SESSION WITH P-32 SOURCE S.Pszona, W.Bulski, C.Kcpk-a, A.Witkowski, (poster) ESTRO III Brachytheral)y Meeting, bibeka. Germany. May 15 -I 7,2003, Radiotheral)v and Oncology vol. 68 37

WPLYW PROWADNIKA WEWNATRZWIENCOWEGO I/LUB STENTU NA DYSTRYBUCJE DAWKI DOSTARCZONF:.) W CZASIE BRACHYTERAP11 PROMIENIAMI BETA C.Kepka, S.11szona, W.BUIski, A.Witkowski, oral) VII Miedzi-narodowv Kongres Plskiego Towarzvviva Kardiologicznego. 11 -13 ivrzesieh 2003, KardiologiaPolska

CZY GRUBO BLASZKI MIA;DZYCOWF.l ISTOTNIE WPLYWA NA DAWKL, DOsTARCZONA kv C7ASII-: BRACHYTERAPII RODLEM BETA') C.Kepka, K.Wincel, S.Pszona, A.Witkowski, B.ZarVba, oral) VII MiecIz.vnarodovv.v Kongres Polskieg Twarz.vsiwa Karcliologicznego 1-13 wrzesiefi 2003, Kardiologa Polska

MCNP DOSE DISTRIBUTIONS CALCULATIONS FOR P-32 BRACHYTHERAPY WIRE SOURCE QUADOS P2 ENDOVASCULAR RADIOTHERAPY PROBLEM K.Wincel, B.Zaqba, (oral) Workshol -Infercomliarison o Usage ofCompittational Codes i Rdiation Dosimetry, Bologna, Italy, Julv 14-16, 2003

THE SHIELDING EFFECT OF THE GUIDE WIRE DURING CORONARY BRACHYTHERAPY WITH P-32 SOURCE C.Kqpka, S.Pszona, W.BUlsk-i and A.Witkowski, poster) Cardiovascular Revascularization 71iei-aj)y. Vashington UA. 26-29 Janttall,-, 2003

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF REACTION RATES INSIDE AND NEXT THE SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE W.Pohorecki, T.Horwaclk. J.Janczyszyn, S.Taczanowski, I.V.Mirokhin, Molokanov, A.Polafiski, (oral) The XI International Seminar on Intemc-timi o Neitti-ons north Nuclei, Dtbiia. Russia, May, 2003

DEVELOPMENT OF QN1ID MODELS FOR MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF ELECTRO-NUCLEAR PROCESSES A.Polafiski, V.Uzhinski, oral) lVorkshol) Review oADS R&D At-fivilies" 26-29 May. 2003, Minsk, Byelorussia

RESIDUAL NUCLIDE PRODUCTION INDUCED BY NEUTRONS AND PROTONS BETWEEN 20 AND 200 MEV N FRAMEWORK OF THE QMD MODEL A.Polafiski, V.Uzhinsky, M.Baznat, (oral) Workshop on Nuclear Dataft)r he Transmutation o'Nitclear Waste GSI-Darmstadt, Germany, Selwinber 1-5. 2003

ACCELERATOR DRIVEN TRANSMUTATION SYSTEMS A.Polafiskil (oral) The 4h Con rence o Nuclear find Particle Phvsics. 11 -15 Oct., 2003, Favown, Eg),I)t

MONTE CARLO MODELING OF PARAMETERS OF A SUBCRITICAL CASCADE REACTOR BASED ON MOLTEN SALT AND LIQUID METAL TECHNOLOGIES S.A.Bznuni, and A.Polafiski, (oral) The International Vorkshol) on P&TandADS Dvelolmient, Ml, Bel,"iton, Ctobel-6-8,2003

PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES

9 Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry, Delft. Sept. 28 - Oct. 3 2003 S.Pszona, Session chairman

40' Conference on Nclear and Particle Physics, Fayourn Eypt, Oct. I I - 5, 2003 A.Polafiski, Session chairman DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY 77

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Jacek Kula, MSc. Krzysztof Wincel, MSc. Aleksander Polafiski, Dr, on leave until Dec. 2002 Barbara Zarqba, MSc. Stanislaw Pszona, Dr.

PhD students Aleksander Bantsar, MSc.

Technical and administrative staff Adam Dudzifiski E12bleta Jaworska 78 Annual Report 2003 DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 79

5 DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY

Head of Department: Prof. Marek J. Sadowski phone: (22) 718-05-36 e-mail: msadowskiipj.gov.pl PLO401698 Overview

In 2003. research activities in Dept. P-V embraced te continuation of previous studies in the field of hgh- temperature plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion. Some new investigations were developed, particularly in the field of plasma technology. The main topics of the esearch activities were as follows: 1. Selected problems of plasma theory- 2. Investigation of plasma phenomena in pulse dscharges of the Plasma-Focus (PF) and Z-Pinch tpe; 3. Development of selected methods of.'plasma dagnostics; 4. Research o experimental fcilities for basic studies and industrial applications; 5. Modification of material surfaces by means of pulsed plasma-ion streams. Theoretical studies concerned the numerical modelin- of discharges in a coaxial plasma accelerator of te IPD type. The modification of a 2-D model concerned mainly a plasma flow alone, the current sheath Surface. taking into consideration the development o'Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities, Several series of cornputations wre performed and different parameters of te system were determined. As for experimental studies, we studied plasma phenomena wich occur in high-current dscharges of PF and Z-Pinch type. Measurements of pulsed electron beams, and their correlation with other plasma phenomena. ,verc performed within the MAJA-PF device in Swierk and PF-1000 facility at IPPLM in Warsaw. Use was ade of' Cerenkov-type detectors and magnetic analyzers. It was confirmed that separate e-beams are enerated in different hot-spots, and the electron energy spectrum ranges up to several hundreds keV (i.e. above the inter- electrode voltaue during the adial collapse phase). We also presented papers presenting results previous research on polarization of X-ray lines rnitted from the pinch column. Experimental studies of hgh-temperature plasma were also carried out within the PF-360 facility in Swierk. Several papers, describing the most mportant characteristics of this device and results of research on plasma dynamics and anisotropy of the on ad neutron- emission, were published. Particular attention was paid to temporal changes in anisotropy of the usion nutron emission. Another experimental aim was the development of plasma diagnostic techniques. In collaboration with Dept. P-1 at IPJ and HIL at Warsaw University, the results of calibration measurements of nuclear track detectors (NTD) of the PM-355 type, as performed for energetic sulfur- and argon-ions, were elaborated and published. The calibration diagrams were used foi- dentification of heavy ions emitted from a laser-plasma experiment carried out within the PALS facility in Prague. We also summarized results of previous research on te nfluence of electromaunetic and electron radiation on NTD characteristics. Another diagnostic aim was the applicatio of time-resolved optical spectroscopy to study dynamics of plasma-ion streams and te nteraction of such streams with different solid samples. Particular attention was paid to spectroscopic measurements in the PF-360 facility. The data obtained were analyzed in collaboration with KIPT in Kharkov, and the most mportant results were presented at conferences in Kiev, St. Petersburg and Warsaw. Some efforts were devoted to studies of dfferent operational modes of the RPI-IBIS device. The results were reported at the Minsk conference. In November 2003 sries of spectroscopic measurements was performed within the PF-1000 facility in Warsaw. In the frame of technological studies, the collaboration with Dept. PIX was devoted to changes in ceramic samples (Al-,03) under their bombardment by pulsed plasma-ion streams. In collaboration with KIPT in Kharkov we nvestigated reversible aetters of hydrogen (based on Zr55V40Fe5 alloys). It was shown that such etters can produce a plasma shielding layer. This is of importance for the construction of fusion eactors walls. A very important aim was research on the use of ultra-high-vacuum arc dscharges for the deposition of' tin superconductor (Nb) layers upon RF accelerator cavities. In the frame of the collaboration wth Tor-Vergata University in Rome and DESY in Hamburcl, we performed experimental studies of the optimization o.' te deposition process ith the use of planar- and cylindrical-cathodes. Due to the reduction of the arc current ad an ncreased temperature of the samples, the amount of deposited micro-droplets was reduced and the record value RRR = 0 was obtained. Other studies of plasma-ion techniques for material engineering were performed in collaboration with Dept. PIX another chapter of this report). The most important achievements of Dept. P-V in 2003 were as follows: 1. The development of' tirne- resolved optical spectroscopy for studies of plasma in different experimental facilities (IBIS, PF-360 and PF- 1000) and determination of important plasma parameters; 2 Investigation of the influence of aamma- and electron-radiation on characteristics of nuclear track detectors, as well as the use of such detectors for ion measurements in different experiments; 3.,The deposition of thin superconducting layers upon samples wthin UHV-arc devices (operated in Rome and Swierk) and the obtaining of the record RRR = 80 value. Tis sows the possibility of useing this technique for the production of superconducting layers upon surfaces of' RF accelerator cavities. so Annual Report 2003

5.1 Computational Studies of Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities in the IPD Coaxial Accelerator (O by M.Rabihski, KZdunekl) O 0 During the impulse plasma deposition (IPD) which is deposited during the surface engineeringC, process a plasma-ion stream is acnerated in the process. w o rk in ga s d u e to a h ig h -v o lta ue h ig h -c u rre n t p u lse ...... C=11 OOVq:, U=6W, p=40Ra ...... discharge. It is initiated within an inter-electrode R.y1,.k:#, T.yf., W-M-biNty reuion of a coaxial accelerator [1]. Such a plasma discharge can be applied f - the synthesis of amorphous and nano-structured high-melting, materials in the form of thin layers, which can be R-7 -tat:flity deposited upon different substrates. The coatings made of diamond, titanium nitride, multi-component metallic alloys and aluminum oxide, have been obtained by mplementing this technique in material surface enaineering t, 1-11 For the computational modeling of IPD dscharges, a two-dimensional snow plow model has been applied [2], as a relatively simple, but accurate approximation of a current sheath driven by the Lorentz force. The developed self-consistent model combines the description of an eectric circuit with the plasma characteristics (resistance and inductance), as well as the balance of magnetic- and fluid-pressures at the contact interface, depending on the condenser bank parameters and the plasma outflow alon te current !A.,_ sheath...... During numerical simulations we found Fig. 1 Temporal evolution of the current sheath inside the PD experimental conditions favorable for Rayleigh-Taylor accelerator (a and b). Radial and axial distance are expressed in cm, instability formation. It was confirmed that the the sheath position is plotted with 1ps intervals. Plot c shows te balance of the magnetic- and fluid-pressures at the distribution of a plasma density along the current sheath layer. current sheath creates conditions necessary for ts instability development. [1] M.SokolowskiA.SokolowskaJ.Cryst.Growtli The process of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability 57(1982)185 creation and evolution has been studied in detail. [2] M.Rabifiski, K.Zdunek, Vacuum 48(1997)715 Some results of the computations ae shown in Fg. 1. structure of the IPD pinch region seems to be important for the phase composition of a material Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

.2 Studies of the Emission of Electromagnetic and Corpuscular Radiation within the PF-type Discharges; Participation in the PF-1000 Experiment 0 by L.Jakubowski, M.J.Sadowski, A.Banaszak and M.Scholzl) 0

0 Recently we studied of pulsed electron beams which are emitted mostly along the z-axis in the within two different facilities: MAJA-PF 45-0 device upstream direction, contain low-eneray (about several 1] (operated at PJ in Swierk) and PF-1000 facility keV) elections as well as hiGh energy (above 500 keV) [2] (operated at IPPLM in Warsaw). Use was made o electron bunches. Individual ,hot-spots" can be different diagnostic techniques, e. (erenkov-type identified as local sources producing different e-beams detectors equipped with special crystal radiators of nergy within relatively narrow bands. During a (enabling time-resolved studies) and miniature sin-le PF discharge the ,hot-spots", which are formed maunetic spectrometers enablin tme-integrated and successively along the x-axis, can emit e-beams ofan time-resolved measurements). average energy value different for each "hot-spot". The results obtained within the MAJA-PF device The experimental results suggest that the electron can be summarized as follows: The pulsed e-beams, beams can also be responsible for anisotropy te DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 81 velocity distribution function. This means tat they plasma pinch column. In such a case strong local can induce the polarization ot ' some Xay spectral electric fields might be responsible for the acceleration lines. of the observed electron beams. The above statement

7-w 1.0XVert 0.2X H- d by the observation that the high-energy N limit of the electron nergy spectrum in the PF-1000 experiments amounts to about 300 keV (see Fig I ad it is considerably hgher than the voltage applied to the 50 keV electrodes, while eventual over-volta(yes ae strongly damped by the dscharge circuit.

100 kev

[1] L.Jakubowsk],M.J.Sadowskl;Braz.J.Phys.3'-?I 300 keV ](2002)187 [2] M.Scholz, et al., IEEE Trans. on Plasma Sci. 30,

Ichi 1 aC. V", 2 30,1, A,,,: _f 2.05 2(2002)476

Fig. Time-resolved electron-induced signals, as easured in the PF-1000 xperiment for electrons f different energies. o a Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser comparison tere is also sown te fsion nutron signal. Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland

In PF-1000 experiments, no distinct hot-spots were collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw, Poland observed, but the observed short electron pulses could be produced by micro-instabilities formed within te PLO401701

5.3 Research on Peculiar Features of Plasma-focus Discharges within PF-360 Facility and Summary of Studies of the Ion-emission from Different Plasma-focus Devices by J1ebrowski, K.Czaus, M.J.Sadowski, M.Paduch'), K.Tomaszewskil)

In 2003, wthin the fi-ame Of Studies f dense A detailed analysis of experimental data, as magnetized plasmas, the previous research on peculiar collected during previous studies of Ion emission in features of plasma-focus discharges in the PF-360 different dense plasma-focus devices operated t te facility was summarized. A new paper wth a detailed IPJ in wierk, was also performed. The ost analysis of the known experimental results was important result of the ion time-intearated studies, as prepared [1]. This paper presented also ecent studies carried out within the PGN and PF-360 devices, was of plasma-focus dischargeC dynamics and the demonstration of the local minimum in the ast measurements of anisotropy coefficients of DD- deuteron angular distribution close to the PF discharge reaction neutrons, as performed under different axis. experimental conditions. Some discrepancy in We observed relatively low values of' the dimensions of a pinch column, as recorded in visible maximum deuteron energy (about 500 keV), te ast radiation and in soft X-rays, was observed. The Xray angular spreading of the Iemitted deuteron beams. and pictures, which were taken with soft Xay framing a scmall spatial shift (by 10- 150) in the maximum ofthe modules, showed also some helical structures see reaction proton distribution. Fia I A B di/dt U VR ED N XsN

SX 1 SX#2 ED Xii 1.3 0 ns At= 15 ns Integration Mode Xs L 1.3 Fig. 1 X-ray pictures taken for a sin-,le PF-360 discharge by XH IR J means of te SXFM module equipped with 5-pm-thick Ps-foil filter. The experiment was carried Out at Uo = 30 kV, E, = 113 U, p, = Fig.2 Typicaltime-resolvedsi-nalsobtainedfi-oni(A)MAJA-PF 6.05 hPa D, 4 Ar, and Y = 12 x 109. and (B) PF-360 facility. The traces were recorded for PF sots performed: (A) at p,,= 17 rnbar D2, E,,= 44 U B) at 1,= 46 nibar The time-of-life of the dense pinch structure in PF- D,, E,,= 113 U, Y,,= 98 x 109. otations: U - voltage, di/dt - crrent 360 facility was estimated to be 20-25 is. The neutron derivative, VR - visible radiation, N - ard X-rays and eutrons ED flux density in the side-on direction could be - ebeam signal (from Cerenkov detector), Xs ad Xi, - sol' ad hard Xays, o IL" and IR" - ion si(,nals from scintillation increased, when an additional planar target (with a detectors placed at different positions. DO-Ice layer) was applied. 82 Annual Report 2003

The time-resolved measurements showed that [11 J.Zebrowski, M.J.Sadowski, K.Czaus, ... , et al., during the PF discharge te ion pulse is relatively accepted for publication in Czech. J. Phys. 2004) short and usually appears close to te aximum [2] J.Zebrowski, M.J.Sadowski; Proc. Intern. Conf'. compression, but sometimes it can start 40-80 ns on Plasma Research and Applications PLASMA- earlier. The correlation measurements of te pulsed 2003, Warsaw, Poland, Sept. 2003 ion-beams with e-bearns Xays and neutron signals delivered more information about a sequence of Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser phenomena occurring during the PF dscharges - see Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland Fia 2. collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw, Poland

5.4 Research on the Influence of Additional Targets on the Emission of X-rays and C14 Neutrons from Fusion Reactions D-D in PF-type Devices; Participation in PF-1000 0 Experiment*) O by M.Scholzl), M.J.Sadowski, A.Szyd1owskI, P.Kube g2 and J.Kravarik 2) 0 In the PF-1000 fcility we studied te interaction sometimes surrounded by so-called spiral structures, of a current sheath (CS) with chosen targets. Tey and it ranges along the electrode axis) up a distance C, C, were placed at the end of te inner eectrode, at te z- even twice larger than the initial length ofthe we. axis, so that the CS layer collided with te target surface during the adial collapse pase [ 1 21. Use was 2 4 6 cm made of 2 different taracts tn wres made of aluminum or carbon (of 100-200 pm in diameter and several cm in length) and cylindrical targets made of agar (R 5 rnrn x 20 rnrn). The ain airn of measurements was to nvestigate the influence of such tareets on the dscharae, and to learn more about processes which occur in the targets at the nteraction 0-0- t,- 0.067 f (M of the CS layer. In the experiments performed we shot 21 6 determined a target spraying degree (thickness of the vaporized layer) and ionization states the charaed particles born by that process. The vaporization and dildt ionization of hard materials by a plasma is of importance for refueling of future fusion reactors (tokamaks), e.g. by the injection of deuterium ice micro-targets (pellets). We also nvestigated the soft PIN diode soft X-rays X-rays emission, which was due to the nteraction of the CS laser with the target. The implosion of thm- walled cylinders (so-called liners) within large Z- hard X-rays PMT 70 m pinch type filities has appeared a very efective neutrons method of an exchan(,c of electrical energy into intense pulses ofsoft Xays of energy up to 2 MJ. 2,0 2,5 In the PF-1000 facility, to perform soft Xays t t t [Ps] measurements we applied PIN diodes,, a spectrometer Fig. I High-speed VR camera itures taken at three different with a curved crystal (LIP t10 A), a razing times after the current dip upper images) and typical traces of a inci __arid spectrometer (LIP t 10 nrn), ad d1/dt signal, soft X-rays and fusion neutrons measured at a distance micro-channel plates (operated with about 3ns of 7 in from the plasma focus). The data were taken whi te exposition) which ecorded soft Xay Images formed PF I 00 experiment, for a elatively good"loll. shot at p, = 4 hPa D2, behind small diaphragms (pinholes). We also took Uo = 33 kV, 1.7 MA, Y., 12 x taroet pictures in the visible radiation, by means f Moreover, it was substantial that using the arid fast frame- and smear-cameras. Pulses of fst neutrons spectrometer) spectral lines of ions from Al VI up to were recorded with silver-activation counters and (as a Al XII were recorded. Also important was fnding that function of time) with scintillation detector probes. the soft X-ray emission from the target appears about The most important results rom the PF-1000 200 ns earlier than the emission of X-rays and facility have been the province that the interaction of neutrons from a plasma focus. We observed that te the CS layer with the wire-target produces a plasma neutron emission from PF-discharges with the we corona which "lives" even up to 700 ns; this corona is targets is by 30-50% lower than that for such DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 83 discharges without taraets ad the maxii-nurn neutron Institute of Plasma Pysics and Laser yiel aounted to 4 x 1010 neutrons/shot. Microfuslon, Warsaw, Poland 2) Czech Technical Univ.. Pracrue, Czech RepUblic [1] M.J.Sadowskl,M.Schoiz,ECAVol.27A(2003), P 1207 *) collaboration with IPPLM in Warswvv, Poland nd [2] P.Kubes, J.Kravarik, et a.. PFOC. Int. Conf. CVUT in Prague, Czech Republic PLASMA-2003, Warsaw 2003, P-3.8

5.5 Study of the Influence of Electromagnetic and Electron Radiation on Detection Characteristics of SSNTDs and Applications of Such Detectors in Different CY) High-temperature Plasma Experiments Ent-- rl-0 by A.Szydlowski. A.Banaszak, M.Jask6fa, A.Korman, M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz 1)and J.Wolowsk-i') 0 0 Calibration masurements of selected solid-state diameters (up to one hundred times) than those In tile nuclear-track detectors (SSNTDs) were continued in non-irradiated samples. Surfaces of t detector 2003. In particular-, we studied dfferent effects samples became rough and damaged undcr te influencing the track formation process. The influence of the aamma and fast electron irradiation, calibration diagrams, as obtained rom the pevious what made the track analysis more dfficult. studies, were supplemented with ew ata determined We also nvestigated the so-called a al effect. for the PM-355 detector irradiated with eneraetic (up PM-355 detector samples were irradiated f.0 - ts to 150 MeV) sulphur- and argon-lons [1]. The purpose with He-Ions of different energy (from 03 diagrams, which represent diameters of craters MeV to 46 MeV) almost 10 years ago. Some ofthese 11 -1 produced by C;given [on species versus ion energy nd samples were etched immediately afterI the rradiation etching time, appeared to be helpful in the and other were stored in a ght-proof envelope Under identification of heavy ion species emitted from normal conditions (at a room temperature oal different plasma ob ects 2]. The PM-355 detector was pressure and umidity) for ten years I 2003 te used to measure ast Ta-lons emitted frorn a solid samples ater 10 years of storing) were etche UI target, which was illuminated wt te PALS laser- steps. It was found that the maxima of' the calibration bearn, as well as ion eneraies we estimated on the diagrams, as determined for the samples stored 'or IO basis of the measured tack diameters. It was confirmed that vry ast Ta-lons ofenergy >20 MeV) years, were shifted considerably towards te hghcr energy values. were ernitted from te PALS-laser poduced plasma Preliminary measurements of fusion reaction [3]. Further calibration measurements are still protons, which are emitted from a TEXTOR acility necessary, especially for heavier ions in a lower during the deuterium shots, wre also performed Using energy range (from hundreds keV up to sveral MV). .'71 Z:1 the calibrated SSNTDs. The influence offast electrons and garnma-rays on the track formation process i the PM-355 detector was also nvestigated 4 To study te effect, sorne [1] A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, J.Fijal, et al.., Proc. PM-355 detector samples we first radiated with Intern. Conf. PLASMA-2003, Warsaw, Poland, protons and He-Ions of energy 1.5 MeV, and with 5.5 Sept. 2003, P-8.3 241 [2] A.Szydlowski, Radiation Measurements 36 alpha-particles (frorn Am source). After tat one (2003)35-42 portion of the iradiated samples was exposed to [3] A.Szydlowski, J.Badz'ak, P.Parys, et al., Plasma IO MeV electrons from a linear accelerator-, at doses I within the range of 105 - 2x 106 Gy. Another portion of Phys. Contr. Fusion 4(2003)1417-1422 Z__ [41 A.Szydlowski, M.J.Sadowski, A.Banaszak, t al., the samples was irradiated wth gamma rays om 60CO 06 Radiation Measurements 36(2003)111-113 source) at doses from 3.5xIO' Gy to 1.3x] Gy. After the irradiation the PM-355 detectors were etched 1) Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser in steps at typical conditions for various tching times. The energetic electrons and aamma-ray irradiation of Microftision, Warsaw, Poland the PM-355 detector esulted in considerably higher collaboration with IPPLM in Warsaw, Poland values of the bulk etchina ates and in laraer track 84 Annual Report 2003

.6 Development of Spectroscopic Studies of Plasma-ion Streams Dynamics and Investigation of the Interaction of Such Streams with Different Material Surfaces 0 by E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, K.Czaus, K.Malinowski, M.J.Sadowski, J.Zebrowskl, A.V.Tsarenkol), .V.Byrkal) and T.Pisarczyk 2) 0 1q_ 0 _j Durinc, the first semester of 2003, particular efforts scientific collaboration with a team frorn the Baykov were devoted to experimental studies o'eharacteristics Institute and ITEP in Moscow, Russia, we performed f the PF-360 facility treated as a plasma accelerator. investigations of changes in te optical poperties of esults of tose studies, elaborated within the frame sapphire and quartz induced by pulsed strearn of' of the scientific collaboration wth a team from the hydrogen ions 7 - ]. KIPT in Kharkov, were reported at the nternational conference in Kiev I ]. Results of detailed in November 2003 we performed series t- resolved spectroscopic measurements within the fi-arne measurements of chosen spectral lines as a function f of experiments within the PF-1000 fcility and those time, as performed durin te experimental sessions of the exploding wire" type, which were carried out with the PF-360 facility, were also described in 2] as at the IFPILM in Warsaw. Results of these studies ae well as in two joint papers presented at the to be elaborated in details in 2004. Furthermore we International Conference PLASMA-2003 3 - 4. performed comparative measurements of a proton energy distribution within the RPI-IBIS device by ,r000' Shots 030212 04-11 PF-360 (1) U=30 kV, p =Gh P a, D2 means of 3 different track detectors (LRl 15A, Cr-39 Db.t. position(l), z=2.5 cm and PM-355), using a Thomson-type rnass- Dg,,mma I t..P= 2LS 1110000 1 spectroi -neter. Results are to be pesented at the 6000 Workshop on SSND, to be held in Uppsala in 2004.

Dalph. [1] A.V.TsarenkoJ.Baranowski,etal.,Proc.Int. Conf. PLTP, Kiev 2003 25.75 [2] E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, et a, ECA Vol. 27A, P- 157 [3] J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, et aL, Proc. Int. Conf. PLASMA-2003, Warsaw 2003, P-3.3 [4] E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, et al., Proc. Int. Conf. PLASMA-2003, Warsaw 2003, P-3.4 [5] J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, et al., accepted for publication in HTMP 2003) [6] E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, et al., Proc. 4th Int. Conf. PPPT, Minsk 2003, Vol. II, P.6.26 [7] V.A.Gribkov, .I.Ivanov, et al., submitted foi-

Fig. I Changes i the optical spectrLini of plasma poduce i P- publication in Nukleonika 2004) 360 facility, as recorded with a 2-ps exposition at different times [81 V.A.Gribkov, L.I.Ivanov, et al., Proc I I th Int. after the discharge initiation. Conf. FRM, Kyoto 2003 - in pess

Particular attention was paid to the application o. ' 1) optical diagnostic methods to studies of the dynamics Institute of Plasma Physics NSC KIPT, Kharkov, -I Ukraine of pulsed plasma-ion streams C,aenerated within the 2) Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser RPLIBIS fcility [5], which is often used for studies Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland in the field of the material enaineering. A separate aim

was the detailed studies of different operational modes collaboration with KIPT in Kharkov, Ukraine of the RPI-IBIS device, which were carried out in a and IPPLM in Warsaw, Poland frame of the Polish-Ukrainian collaboration and reported at the international conference in Minsk, Byelorussia 6]. In addition, within the frarne of the DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY PLO401705 85

5.7 Research on the Interaction of Pulsed Plasma Streams with Surfaces of Alumina and Selected Getters of Hydrogen:") by J.Baranowski, J.Langner, M.J.Sadowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Stanislawski, J.Plekoszewski', Z.Werner V.N.Bor sko 2) I.E.Garkusha 3) V.I.Tei -eshinI 3 and A.V.Tsarenk 03)

The main aim of our studies undertaken in measured both mass and chanaes in te surface collaboration with a team fom the Dept. PIX in structure. It was also found that it is possible to Wierk, was to explain mechanisms of surface (and produce a shielding layer of plasma 3]. Such a plasma mass) changes of solid-state samples exposed to the layer mht be useful for the protection of walls of bombardment by pulsed plasma-ton streams from an future thermonuclear reactors. Results of the RPI-type device, which is used in the field of material detailed studies of the nteraction f plasma streams enaineerin-. The studies were performed within the with a etter surface were summarized i a paper IBIS device using targets made of alumina A1,03) presented 4]. and an optical spectrometer of the Mcchelle"'900 type. It was shown that the pulsed plasma strearn, as 14- produced by the IBIS device operated in te DPE 12- mode, exists about I ts, and an pulse of energyC, density equal to about j/CM2 causes the ablation of 10- All-03 containing some Ti admixtures), and the 8 formation of an Al-Ti plasma layer of a temperature of E (2-3) x 0' K [1]. 6

More detailed optical measurements of plasma 4 S metal-hydride pulses within the RPI system, which were performed 2 A copper with te use of titanium electrodes and a pulsed 0 injection of ntrogen in the PID and DPE operational 0 8 1,0 1 14 16 modes, demonstrated that an input f low-energy Number of pulses (100-300 eV) and high-energy (of te order of kev) C, Fig. 2 Energy density delivered to the getter surface as a unction ions depends strongly on the chosen operational mode. of the plasma pulses. The metal-hydride etter ensures the shickfin- Results of those studies were pesented at the during a few plasma pulses. international conference PLASMA-2003 2]. 1.2 DPE mode Characteristics of the pulsed plasma-ion streams 1 0.8 - Ti which are produced within RPI-type filities (and in 0.6 - particular by the IBIS device), as well as their 0.4 - applications in research on eversible getters of 0-2 time [psl hydrogen were described in a paper pesented [5]. 0 6 8 1 1? 1 16 0 . P [1] J.StanislawsklJ.Baranowski,etal.,PlasmaP[iys.

> -50 Contr. Fusion 45 2003)1121 1.2 - I PID ,,.de [2] J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanislawsk', et al., Pi-oc. Int. 1 Conf. PLASMA-2003, Warsaw 2003 08.2 0.6 - [3] V.N.Borisko, I.E.Garkusha, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 0, 313-316(2003)465 0.2 0 [41 V.N.Borisko, .V.Byrka, et al., Proc. Int. Conl'. 0 2 4 6 1'0 12 14 16 on Hydrogen in Condensed Matter, Helsinki 0 1-1 2003; submitted for publication in Phys. Scripta (2004) 50 [5] M.J.Sadowski, J.Baranowski, eta]., Proc. I st Int. Fig. 1 Temporal evolutions of Till, N ad N111 spectral lines at a Meet. on Appl. Phys., Badajoz 2003, p 177 distance of 16 cm from the electrode ends and voltmle waveforms recorded for DPE and PID modes of RPI-113 IS device. 1) Department PIX, Institute or Nuclear Studies, Swierk, Poland The second aim of our studies with te IBIS 2) 1( device, which were ealized in the collaboration with a Kharkov University, Kharkov, Ukraine 3) Institute of Plasma Physics, NSC KIPT, Kharkov, team fom the KIPT in Kharkov, was an nvestigation Ukraine of the influence of pulsed plasma streams on surfaces of so-called reversible getters of hydrogen.11 Samples of collaboration with PIX in wierk - Poland, gettersI based on Zr55V40Fe5 alloys, after their initial Kharkov University and KIPT in Kharkov saturation with a laroe amount hydrogen, were Ukraine irradiated by such plasma streams. After that we 86 Annual Report 2003

.) 5.8 Deposition of Superconducting Films for RF Accelerating Cavities' (.0 by J.Langner, L.Catan 1), A.Clanchi 1), K.Czaus, R.Mli-owski, D.Proch 2) , R.Ru SS03), M.J.Sadowski, 0 4) 15) r1_ S.Tazzarl , F.Tazzioll ,J.Witkowskiand N.N.Kova 0

0 Superconducting (SC) cavities for char(red particle A tic", UHV system for the coating ot' single-cell acceleration are mainly based on Nb bulk tcchnology. cavities has been completed ad put into operation at The Nb/Cu technology is a very interestin(y aternative IPJ. to the bulk-Nb cavities. I order to study possibilities of the vacuum arc technique to form high quality superconducting thin films For te coatin,(- RF coopei cavities, special efforts have been undertaken within -ati - Vergata" in F E the collaboi on of the University Tot Rome, the Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (IPJ) at wlcrk and DESY in Hamburg I . During three years, several experimental UHV a -based devices have been designed and constructed in Rome and w'ei trice 2004 tis topic w be in the frarne oil' the European Poject "CARE". In 2003 the UHV set-up at Tor Vergata" was up- graded to improve its liability and film quality reproducibility [2]. In particular-. te arc stability has been improved by adding a series inductance in the power supply circuit. Various methods f te arc Fig. 2 Te new UHV laboratory at IPJ i Nvierk. iunition have been tested from the point of view of operational reliability and purity. The most pomising [11 R.Russo, L.Catani, S.Tazzari, M.Cirillo, V.Merlo. C J. Lanomer, F. Tazzioli, Proc. I Ol' Workshop Oil technique for UHV a dvices appears to be te laser C, technique, because it does not ntroduce additional RF Superconductivity SRF2001, Tsukuba, Japan., Sept. 2001, KEK Proc. 2003-2, June 2003 impurities 3 In the second half of 2003, [2] R.Russo, L.Catani, A.Clanchi. S. Tazzarl F. experimental studies were oused oi te deposition fill Tazzioll, J.1-arigner, M. Sadowski, Proc I of Nb films. The esults obtained with N fms are 11 Workshop on RF-Superconductivity SFR-2003, very promisino, since the films with "bulk-like" Lubeck/Travemunde, Germany, Sept. 2003 properties have been poduced 4 - ] Masurements [31 J.Langner, M.Sadowski, K.Czaus, R.Mli-owski, of the superconducting citical temperature Fg. 1) 11 show the values T, very close to bulk values and vy J.Witkowski, L.Catani, A.Cianchi, R.Russo, S.Tazzarl, D.Proch, N.N.Koval, Proc. Intern. narrow tansition widths (0. I K). Conf. PLASMA-2003, Warsaw, Poland, Sept. 9-12, 2003 1 - d [4] A.Cianchl, L.Catani, R.Russo, S.Tazzarl, F.Tazzioll, J.Lananer, M.Sadowski, N.N.Koval, Proc. Intern. Conf. PLASMA-2003, Warsaw, > 10 Poland, Sept. 2003 [51 R.Russo, L.Catani, A.Cianchi, R.PolimS.Tazzarl, > 5 F.Tazzioli, J.1-angner, N.N.Koval, Proc I I Workshop on RF-Supei-conductivity SFR-2003, Lubeck/Travemunde, Germany, Sept. 2003 0 Univ. di Roma Tor Vercata and INFN-Ronia 2, a.8 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.2 9,3 9,4 9.5 9.6 Italy Temperature k] 2) DESY-Hamburcl Grmany

3) Univ. di Roma Tor Ver(yata and INFM-Rorna 2. Fig. I Transition curve of several deposited Niobiurn films. Italy

Nioblum films have haher RRR (up to 80), and 41 INFN-LNF. Italy laraer araln sizes, as compared to sputtered Nb films 5) HCEI, Tomsk, Russia deposited at the same temperature. Te films poduced by UHV arcs a less stressed and more andomly collaboration with University Tor-Vergata in oriented. Rorne, INFN in Fascati - Italy, DESY in Hamburg Germany and HCEI in Tomsk -Russia DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 87

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

APPLICATION OF XRAY POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS TO STUDY PLASMA ANISOTROPY IN PLASMA FOCUS MACHINES E.O.Baronova, G.V.Sholin, L..Jakubomrski Plasma Phys. Cntr. Fusion 45(2003)1071

INFLUENCE OF HIGH-POWER PLASMA STREAM IRRADIATION ON SURFACE EROSION BEHAVIOR OF REVERSIBLE HYDROGEN GETTERS V.N.Borisko, I.E.Garkuslia, V.V.Chebotai-ev. MV.Lototsky, J.Langner, M.J.Sadowski, V.I.Tereshin, Yu.F.Shillal'ko J. Nucl. Mater. 313-316(2003)465

NEW TYPES OF MULTI-COMPONENT HARD COATINGS DEPOSITED BY ARC PVD ON STEEL PRE-TREATED BY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS Z.Werner, J.Stanislawski, J.Piekoszewski, E.A.Levashov, W.Szymczyk Vacuum 70(2003)263

PHASE CHANGES IN STEEL IRRADIATED WITH INTENSE PULSED PLASMA BEAMS B.Sartowska, J.Plekoszewski, L.Wall§, M.Kolicexvicz, Z.Werner, J.Stanislawski, J.Kalinowski, F.Prokert Vacuum 70(2003)285

SNOW-PLOW MODEL OF IPD DISCHARGE jkl.Rabifiski, K.Zdunek Vacuum 70(2003)303

BRAZING OF ALUMINA CERAMICS MODIFIED BY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS COMBINED WTH ARC PVD TREATMENT J.Piekoszewski, A.Krajewski, F.Pro-ert, J.Senkara, J.Stanislawski, L.Wali, Z.Werner, W.Wfosifiski Vacuum 70(2003)307

ENCHANCED CORROSION RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM FOIL 'FROM NICKEL, NICKEL-MOLIBDENUM AND PALLADIUM SURFACE ALLOYING BY HIGH INTENSITY PULSED PLASMAS F.A.Bonilla, T.S.Ong, P.Skeldon, G.E.Thompson, J.Piekoszewski, A.G.Chmielewski, B.Sartowska, J.Stanislamski Corrosion Science 45(2003)-103

RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR INSTABILITY IN PLASMA JET FROM IPD ACCELERATOR M.Rabifiski, K.Zdunek Su).f Coal. Technol. 173-174(2003)964

STUDIES OF INTERACTION OF A PLASMA PULSE WITH SOLID SUBSTRATE AS OBSERVED BY OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY .I.Stanislawski..J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszewski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Wemer Plasma Ph.vs. Coiar. Fusion 45(2003)1121

CHARACTERISTICS OF ION EMISSION FROM A PLASMA PRODUCED BY HIGH-ENERGY SHORT-WAVELENGTH (438 nm) LASER RADIATION .I.Wolowski, ..., .1-5ska, P.Parys, M.Pfelfer, K.Rohlena, A.Szvdiowski, L.Torrisi, J.Ullschmied, E.Woryna, et a]. Plasma Phvs. Contr. Fusion 45(2003)1087

APPLICATION OF CR-39 TRACK DETECTORS FOR CORPUSCULAR DIAGNOSTICS OF HGH-TEMPERATURE PLASMAS A.Szydlowski Radiation Measurements 36(2003)35

INFLUENCE OF INTENSIVE y AND ELECTRON RADIATION ON TRACKS FORMATION IN THE PM355 DETECTORS A.Sz),dlowski. A.Banaszak, I.Fijal, M.Jask6la, A.Kornian, M.,J.Sadowski, A.Zimek Radialion Measurements 36(2003)1 1

APPLICATION OF CR-39 DETECTORS FOR STUDY OF CORPUSCULAR EMISSION FROM PRAGUE CAPILLARY PINCH E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranosvski, K.Kolacek, ..., M.Ripa, P.Ctibor, M.J.Sadowski, B.Sartowska,.Szydiowski, etal. Radiation Measurements 36(2003)321

MEASUREMENTS OF ENERGETIC IONS EMITTED FROM LASER PRODUCED PLASMA BY MEANS OF SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS OF THE PM-355 TYPE A.Szydlowski, ..., J.Krasa, L.Laska, M.Pfeifer, K.Rohlena, J.Skala, J.Ulischmied, F.D.Boody, S.Gammino, L.Torrisi, et a. Plasma Phys. Cntr. Fusion 45(2003)1417

HIGHLY CHARGED IONS GENERATED WITH INTENSE WITH LASER BEAMS J.Krdsa, ..., J.Sk6la, J.Ulischi-nied, V.Hnatowicz, V.Prina, J.Badzia-, P.Parys, J.Wolowski, E.Woryna, A.Szydlowski Nucl. histr. Methods B205(2003)355 88 Annual Report 2003

MEASUREMENTS OF ENERGETIC IONS PRODUCED BY HIGH-ENERGY LASER PULSES BY MEANS OF SOLID- STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS A.SzvdIoNvsId,..., J.Krasa, M.Pfeifer, K.Rohlena, J.Skala. J.Ullshcrnied, F.D.Boody, S.Gammino, L.Torrisi, et al. High Teml). Mater. Processes 7200.3)327-332.

OTHER PAPERS

RESULTS OF LARGE-SCALE PLASMA-FOCUS EXPERIMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR NEUTRON YIELD OPTIMIZATION MJ.Sadowski and M.Scholz Curi-ew Trends i ntei-national Fusion Research -Proc. qthe Fourth Symposium, Washington 2001 (Edii. Ch.D.Oi-th. E. Pan(wella. and R. Post, NRC Resem-ch Pi-ess. Ottenvel 2003 - (ill press)

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

PLASMA FOCUS PF-360 AS A PLASMA ACCELERATOR A.V.Tsarenko, J.Baranowski, .V.Byrka, MJ.Sado-wski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, ..., S.A.Trubchaninov, JZebrowski, poster) P)-oc. 1te)-nationalCollfel-ence o Physics o'Low Temperature Plasina, Kiev, ki-aine, Mm 11 -15, 2003 25 75

FEATURES OF POWERFUL PLASMA STREAMS INTERACTION WITH REVERSIBLE HYDROGEN GETTERS V.N.Borisko, .V.Byrka, I.E.Garkusha. ..., J.Baranwvvski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, M.J.Sadowski, et al., (poster) Proc. ntel-national Coll oil Physics o'Low Temperature Plasma, Kiev, ki-aine, May 11-15, 2003, Pst-deadlinepapei-s

STUDY OF PULSED ELECTRON BEAMS EMITTED FROM A PINCH COLUMN IN PLASMA-FOCUS FACILITIES L.Jakubowska W.Sadowski, (oral) Proc. 15"' IM Technical Meeting o Research Usiiw Small Fusion Devices, Vienna, Alistfia, May 19-21, 2003

MEASUREMENTS OF ENERGETIC IONS PRODUCED BY HIGH-ENERGY LASER PULSES BY MEANS OF SOLID- STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS A.Szydlowski, ..., K. JUngwirth, B. Kralikova, J. Krasa, L. Laska, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, J. Skala, J. UJIschmied, et al., poster) Pi-oc. Quatrieme Seminai)-e Fi-anco-Polonaissur les Plasmas Thermiques dons I'Espace et en Liboi-atoire, Bow-ges, Fi-ance, 16-19 Jilin 2003, L5

CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF CIZ-39 TYPE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS IN PLASMA-FOCUS AND OTHER PLASMA EXPERIMENTS A.Szyd1owski, A.Banaszak, rI.J.Sadowski, M.Scho1z. poster) Proc. Quatrieme Seminaire Fwnco-Polonais sur les Plasmas Thermiques dans 1Espace et en Labomtoii-e, Bow-ges , Fi-ance. 10-19 Jilin 2003. I.6

DYNAMICS OF HYDROGEN UNDER HIGH-POWER PLASMA STREAMS INTERACTION WITH REVERSIBLE HYDROGEN GETTERS V.N.Borisko, ..., V.I.Tcreshin, A.V.Tsarcnko_j.BaranoNvski, J.Langner, MJ.Sadowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, et al., poster) Proc. Intei-national Coil 6-ence o Hydrogen i Cmdensed Mcimei-, Helsinki, Finland, June 25-28.2003

TIN/IE-RESOLVED MEASUREMENTS OF SPECTRAL LINES EMISSION FROM DEUTERIUM DISCHARGES IN PF-360 FACILITY E.Skladnik-Sadowski,,I.Baranowski, K.Czaus, M.J.Sadowski, J.&browski, A.V.Tsarenko, et al., oster) Proc. 301h EPS Cnf o C trolled Fusi ad Pasina Phvsics. St. Petet-sbut-g, Russia, Atly 711, 2003; ECA Vol. 2 7A, P- 1.57

RECENT RESULTS OF LARGE-SCALE PLASMA-FOCUS EXPERIMENTS W.Saclowski, M.Scholz, poster) Proc. 30th EPS Conf o Conti-olled Firsion and Plasma Physics, St. Petersbw-g, Russia, July 71, 2003; ECA Vol. 27A, P-1.207

UHV ARC DEPOSITION FOR RF SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITY R.Russo, L.Catani, A.Cianchi, S.Tazzari, F.Tazzioli, J.Langner, M.Sadowski, (poster) Pi-oc. I I" VVork'shop o RP--Superconditclivitv SFR-2003, LubecklTravemunde, Gei-many, Septembei 812, 2003, al"ei- TuP37

UHV ARC FOR SUPERCONDUCTING NIOBIUM FILM DEPOSITION R.Russo, A.Clanchi. R.Polini. STazzari, L.Catani. F.Tazzioli-T.Langner, N.N.Koval, (poster) Pi-oc. I ill workshop o RF-Superconductivit-y SFR-2003, LubecklTravemunde, Gei-many, September 812, 2003, Papel TP38

EVOLUTION OF RAYLEIGH-TYLOR INSTABILITY IN IPD PLASMA ACCELERATOR NI.Rabifiski, K.Zdunek, (oral) Proc. Intei-n. Confon Plasma Resem-ch andApl)lications PLASMA-2003. IVai-saw, Poland. Septembet 912,2003, Paper 01.2

STATUS AND PROSPECT OF MEGAJOULE PLASMA FOCUS EXPERIMENT AT ICDMP M.Scholz, ..., P.Kubes, A.Banaszak, Ljaktibowski, W.Sadowski, A.Szydiowski, ..., F.Rocchi, et al., (invited talk) Pi-oc. Intei-n. Coqf o Plasma Resem-ch and Applications PLASMA-2003, Wo-savv, Poland, Sept 912, 2003, Paper I-3.4

PROGRESS IN ION-EMISSION RESEARCH WITHIN DIFFERENT DENSE PLASMA-FOCUS DEVICES JJ,'ebrowski, W.Sadowski, (oral) P)-oc. hite)-n. Cotif oil Plasma Resem-ch and Applications PLASMA-2003, Wu-saw, Poland, Sel)t 912, 2003, apei 03.3 DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 89

OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY INVESTIGATIONS OF PLASMA IN THE PF-360 FACILITY J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, N.J.Sadowski, J.Zebrowski, A.V.Tsarenko, .V.Byrka, poster) Proc. hitern. Conl o Plasma Research and Applications PLASMA-2003. lVarsaw, Poland, Sept. 912, 2003, aper P-3.3

TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECTRAL LINES EMISSION FROM DEUTERIUM DISCHARGES N PF-360 DEVICE E.Skladnik-SadoNvska,.I.Baranowski, K.Czatis, NJ.Sadowski, J.Zebrowski, A.V.Tsarenko, ..., VA.Tereshin, et al., poster) Proc.Intern. Conf o Plasma Research andApplications PLASMA-2003, TVarsaw. Poland, Sept 912, 2003. paper 11-3.4

ELECTRON BEAMS MEASUREMENTS IN LARGE PF I 00 PLASMA-FOCUS FACILITY Ljakubo-vvski, A.Banaszak, M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz, (poster) Proc. Intern. Confon Plasma Research and Applications PLASMA-2003, Warsaw, Poland, September 912. 2003, Paper P3.5

RECENT NEUTRON AND FAST ION MEASUREMENTS WITHIN PF-1000 FACILITY A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, NI.J.Sadowski, B.Biefikowska, 1. M.Ivanova-Stanik, M.Scholz, (poster) Proc. Intern. Con o Plasma Research al Applications PLASMA-2003, Warsaw, Poland, Sept 912. 2003, Paper P-3 7

INFLUENCE OF CARBON FIBER ON MEGAAMPERE PLASMA FOCUS RADIATION P.KLibes, .- M.j.Sadowski, Ljakubowski. A.Szvdlovvski, A.Banaszak, H.Schmidt, V.M.Romanova, (oster) Proc. Intern. Coiif o Plasma Research and Applications PLASMA-2003, Warsaw, Poland, Sept 912, 2003, Paper P-3.8

INVESTIGATION OF ION STREAMS EMITTED FROM PLASMAS PRODUCED BY THE HIGH ENERGY INFRARED AND VISIBLE LASER BEAMS J.Wolowski, ..., P. Parys, M. Pfeifer. K.Rohlena, J. Skdla, A.Szyd1owski, L.Torrisi, J.Ullschmied, E.Woryna. et al., oral) Proc. Intern. Con1 o Plasma Research and Applications PLASMA-2003. larsaw, Poland, Sept 912, 2003, Paper 04.3

OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE DYNAMICS OF PLASMA PULSES GENERATED IN THE ROD PLASMA INJECTOR J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanislawski, J.13aranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner, M.Barlak, (oral) Proc. Intern. Conf: on plasma Research andApplications PLASMA-2003, Warsaw, Poland, Sept 912, 2003, Paper 08.2

CALIBRATION AND APPLICATIONS OF MODERN SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS IN HIGH- TEMPERATURE PLASMA EXPERIMENTS A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, 1.1--i.jal,M.Jask6la, A.Korman, M..I.Sadowski, J.Choifiski, (poster) Proc. Intern. Cnfon Plasma Research andApplications PLASMA-2003, Warsaw, Poland, Sept 912, 2003, PaperP-8.3

UHV ARC DEPOSITION FOR RF SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITY: SAMPLES CHARACTERIZATION A.Cianchi, L.Catani, R.Russo, S.Tazzari, F.Tazziolij.Langner, M.J.Sadowski, N.N.Koval, (oral) Proc. nterii. Coqf o Plasma Research andApplications PLASMA-2003, lVeirsaw, Poland, Sept 912, 2003, Paper 09.1

RESEARCH ON INITIATION OF ULTRA-HIGH-VACUUM ARC DISCHARGES APPLIED FOR DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING LAYERS .T.Lan2ner, MJ.Sadowski, K.Czaus, R.Nlirowski, J.Witkowski, L.Catani, S.Tazzari, D.Proch, N.N.Koval, et al., (oral) Proc. Intern. Cont. o Plasma Research and Applications PLASMA 2003, Warsaw, Poland, Sept 912, 2003, Paper 09.3

MEASUREMENTS OF FAST IONS AND ENERGETIC ELECTRONS EMITTED FROM PF- 1000 PLASMA FOCUS DEVICE A.Sudlowski, L.Jakubowski, A.Banaszak, B.Bienkowska, 1. M.Ivanova-Stanik, M.Scholz, M.J.Sadowski, (oral) Proc.13" hit. School qfllacuuni Electron wid In Technologies, Varna, Bulgaria, Sept. 15-19, 2003, PC-5

CORELATION BETWEEN PINCH DYNAMICS, NEUTRON AND XRAY EMISSION FROM MEGAJOULE PLASMA FOCUS DEVICE M.Scholz, ..., P.Kubes, A.Banaszak, Ljakubowski, M.Sadowski, A.Szydlowski, H.Schinidt, S.Vitulli, (oral) Proc 13"' hit. School 'Vacumn Electron ad lon Technologies. Varna, Bulqaria, Sept. 15-19, 2003, PC-24

OPERATION MODES OF RPl-lBIS PLASMA DEVICE E.Skladnik-Sadowska,.I.Baranowski, NIJ.Sadowski, V.I.Tereshin, A.K.Lobko, A.V.Tsarenko, .V.Byrka, (poster) Proc.4thhit.Con Plsi)i,,iPIzi,.ics&PI(isiiitiTeclitiolog,Miii,k.Belai-itsSel)t.15-19,2003,Vol.11,P.6.26

STUDIES OF ION EMISSION FROM PLASMAS GENERATED BY THE HIGH-ENERGY PALS LASER AT 13 1 5 pm AND 0.438 prn WAVELENGTHS J.Wolowski, ..., M.Pfeifer, K.Rohlena, A.Szvdlowski, L.Torrisi, J.Ulischmied, E.Woryna, et al., invited talk) Proc. 111ork-shop o Plasma Producti(m bv Liser Ablation PPLA 2003. Illessina Catania, 11"lochy, Sept. 18-19, 2003

MEASUREMENTS OF CARGED PARTICLES EMISSION FROM PLASMA FOCUS M.Scholz, B.Bienkowska, I.M.Ivanova-Stanik, A.Banaszak, L.Jakubowsld, N.Sadowski, A.Szydlowski, (oral) Proc. Intern. Seminar o Dense Plasma Interaciion with Materials, Tallin, Estonia, Oct. 911, 2003

STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF MJ PLASMA FOCUS EXPERIMENTS AT ICDMP M.Scholz, .... A.Banaszak, L.Jakubowski, M.Sadowski, A.Szvdiowski, A.Bernard, V.Zoita, A.Patran, S.Vitulli, F.Rocchi. oral) Proc.Intern. Seminar o Dense Plasma Interaction with Materials, Tallin, Estonia, Oct. 911, 2003

CHARACTERISATION OF PULSED PLASMA-ION STREAMS EMITTED FROM RPI-TYPE DEVICES APPLIED FOR MATERIAL ENGINEERING NI.J.Sadowski,.T.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, V.N.Borisko, .V.Byrka, V.I.Tereshin, A.V.Tsarenko, poster) Proc. Ist International Meeting o Alied Physics (APHYS-2003), Badajoz, Spain, Oct. 13-18, 2003,I). 177 90 Annual Report 2003

COMMENTS ON STATUS OF PLASMA FOCUS RESEARCH M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz, (invited talk) Proc. ntei-national Workshop o Dense Magnetized Plasmas WDMP-2003, Warsaw, Poland, ov. 25-26,2003, 1-1

QUARTZ OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS CHANGES UNDER THE ACTION OF HYDROGEN ION STREAMS V.A.Gribkov, 1-11vanov, ..., W.Sadowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, A.Banaszak, ..., A.L.Suvorov, I.S.Smirnov, (oral) Proc II th Intei-national Conlrence oii Fusion Reaclor Materials, Kvolo. Japan, Dec. 712, 2003

LECTURES, COURSES, AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS

The main topics of plasma research in European Community countries and possibilities of the participation in pojects within the FP6"' MJ.Sadowski - invited lecture General asina Seminar, Continittee o'Physics (it PolishAcademy qf Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, March 18, 2003

Nuclear fusion") M.Rabifiski - invited lectures

Comments on the status of plasma focus research M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz - invited lecture Intei-nalional Workshop o Dense Magnetized Plasmas IVVDMP-2003, Weirsaw, Poland, Nov. 25-26,2003

a) i Polish b) in English

PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAM AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES

MJ.Sadowski - Co-Chairman of the International Scientific Program Committee and Local Organizing Committee International Con rence o PlasniaResearch and Applications PLASMA-2003, Warsaw, Poland. September 912, 2003

M.Rabifiski - Member of Local Or-anizim, Committee InternationalCn rence on Electric Power Supply Strategy i te XXI Cenniq, Warsaw, October 13, 2003

M.Rabifiski - Member Joint ENS/Foi-atoin Inftwination Committee

MEMBERSHIP IN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETES

W.Sadowski - mernber of the Polish Pysical Society (since 967)

M.J.Sadowski - mernber of the European Pysics Society (since 1968)

W.Sadowski - member of the Polish Society of Applied Electromagnetism (since 1990)

M.Rabifiski - member of the Polish Nuclear Society and Eropean Nuclear Society (since 1990) DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 9

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Jaroslaw Baranowski, Dr. (till Sept. 2003) Marek Sadowski, Professor Lech Jakubowski, Dr. (3/5) E12bieta Skladnik-Sadowska, Dr. (3/5) Jerzy Langner, Dr. Adam Szydlowski, Dr. Karol Malinowski, MSc. Jaroslaw Zebrowski, MSc. Marek Rabifiski. Dr.

PhD students Aneta Banaszak, MSc.

Technical and administrative staff Krzysztof Czaus. B.Sc.E.E. (3/5) Miroslaw Kuk Krzysztof Gqtarczyk Krzysztof Michalik Alicja Gawrofiska Robert Mirowski, M.Sc.E.E. Krzysztof Gniadek Wojc1ech P''anowski (till March 2003) Marek Jqdrzejczyk Jacek Stanislawski, M.Sc.E.E. Pawel Karpifiski AndrzejTrembicki Ki-zysztof Kasperski Andrzej Wiraszka Bernard Kolakowski Jan Witkowski, B.Sc.E.E. J6zef Kloch 92 Annual Report 2003 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 93

6 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS PLO401707 Head of Department: Assoc. Professor Helena Balkowska phone: (22) 621-28-04 e-mail: Lena.Bialkowskafuw.edu.pl

Overview

The activities of the Department f Hgh Energy Physics are centered around experiments performed at accelerators in the following laboratories: • At CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Geneva, Switzerland: DELPHI* at LEP ee- stora(Te rina - the tests of the Standard Model, b-quark physics, gamina-gami-na interactions and search for Higgs boson and supersymmetric particles - NA48 - the CP-violation and are K decays - COMPASS (Compact Muon and Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy) - studies the gluon polarization in the nucleon - NA49* and WA98 - heavy ion physics, looking for possible effects of the phase transition to te quark- - gluon plasma state • At CELSIUS Storage Ring in Uppsala, Sweden: - WASA - a precise study of near threshold resonance poduction. • At RHIC - study of pp elastic scatterin.g. • At DESY in Hamburg, Germany: - ZEUS - deep inelastic scattering f elections and protons, proton structure functions, dffractive poton- proton interactions. • Super-Karniokande and K2K - a study of neutrino oscillations. The Groups fi-om our Department participated in the construction phase of te experiments, both in hardware and in development of the software used in data analysis. Presently they take part in te data collection, detector performance supervision and data analysis. The Department is also involved in the preparation of new experiments: - search for optical flashes of cosmic origin: "7r of the sky" project - search for optical counterparts f y ray bursts, - CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) at the LHC, - LHCb (b-quark production and CP-violation) at the LHC Large Hadron Collider) at CERN, - ALICE - experiment to study the eavy ]on interactions at the LHC, - ICARUS - tests of a liquid argon TPC, in preparation for neutrino beam (CERN to Gran Sasso), and to be used for cosmic neutrino detection, - study of charge exchange processes in d-p collisions at Nuclotron in Dubna. A mechanical workshop attached to our Department participated in the construction of pototypes fr the alignment monitoring system for the Outer Tracker detector in the LHCb experiment. Now large scale preparations for the straw tube modules assembling are under way. Two of our colleagues work on the phenomenology of the quark-gluon plasma formation and of the low energy hadron-hadron reactions. We collaborate with the Institute of Experimental Physics of the Warsaw University in most of' our experiments as well as take part in teaching and supervising diplomas. There is a group of 10 PhD students working in our Department.

These experiments finished the data taking activities, but continue to analyse the data assembled. 94 Annual Report 2003

0co 6.1 The Delphi Experiment r,- by M.Bluj, R.Gokiell, J.Hoffman, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski 0 0 In the year 2003 four analyzes, based on te ata If the mass of such higgs is above treshold ofthe collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP in decay into pair of' beauty hadrons final state wt fur CERN, were finalized. jets dominate. Unfortunately this channel is \y 1. Measurement of the b - sg branching ratio difficult to aproach from the experimental point f .ew. The DELPHI experiment is the only one, out of' It is well known that analysis of penguin decays of vI beauty hadrons could be used to search fr te so four LEP experiments, which successfully analyzed called new physics phenomena. One of the most this channel. difficult, frorn the experimental point of view, is the 3. Search for Yukawa produced neutral higgses penguin decay ofb quark into s quark and guon. Te decayed into 1 f Standard Model dagram o. ' such decay is shown in If te mass of the neutral hiauses is below Fic,.1, whereas possible additional dagrarn in the threshold of the decay into beauty hadrons and above Minimal Supersyrnmetric Standard Model is shown in threshold of the decay into pair of r leptons ta te F Ig 2 later one is the dominant channel. Yukawa roduction of such decaying licenses anifests itself in two final states, one with two pairs (4-c topology) and one with bb pair and f pair (2b2,c topology) Tree independent analyzes (two for the 4c channel and one for te 2b2-c channel) were performed. No excess was found what allowed to set limits on the 2HDM ha"s Fig. I Fig. 2 sector. These analyzes ormed the base of the Ph.D. Significant enhancement of b -->sg branching ratio dissertation ofJulia Hoffman. could be nterpreted as a snal o new physics. Te analysis of 1363K hadronic decays of te Z boson, 4. Higgs to higgs decays within 2HDM collected by the DELPHI detector in 1994, as been Within 2HDM model there is possibility tat performed. Excellent resolution f the vertex detector heavier hggsIve, particles could decays into lighter ones. of DELPHI allowed to overcome an overwhelming These channels are shown in Fig. 6. background ad measure the branching atio of' t b quark decay into the s quark and guon to be 0.0 18 0.017 which is consistent wth pevious measurements and the Standard Model pediction. This analysis was te subject of the Ph.D. thesis of Krzysztof Nawrocki. A 2. Search for Yukawa produced neutral higgses in the 4b channel Two Maas Doublet Model (2HDM) is the ost I 11(yas sector simple extension of the I of' te Standard Model. It predicts existence of ive (instead of' one) 0 higgsigC1 particles. In this model very light scalar I , 01' pseudoscalar AO higgs is not yet experimentally excluded. Fig. 6 t- It is expected that decays into beauty hadrons ae the main decay channels of ghter higgs particle in the processes shown in Fg 6 Dedicated analysis of tese channels was designed and applied to te data collected at the highest energiesZ o LEP2 phase ofthe Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. DELPHI experiment. No sgnificant excess ws

It is possible that the only open poduction channel found. for such particle is a Yukawa process (its diagrarn is Analyzes 2 3 4 were described in the DELPHI shown in Fg. 5, because hiausstrahlung pocess (Fig. publication Search foi- Neutral Higgs Bosons HI Extended Models CERN-EP/2003-061 submitted to 3) and pair production pocess (Figg. 4) could be the European Physics Journal. suppressed or beyond knernatic limit. DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 95

6.2 ZEUS Experiment in 2003 PLO401709 by M.Adamus

VETO WALL - the back-round4= detector of ZEUS FATiming of hits 204102/11 11:47:41 experiment - continued to deliver information about 2.6 -- NVETO OR 2004,102/11 11-47:41 beams conditions. Due to the fact that VETO consists 24- VETO IN 2004102/11 11:47:41 of old parts, that were recuperated from te TASSO 2.2 - detector, a lot f activity to maintain the detector in ever ready condition was required. As usual main 2.0- works concerned: 1.8 1.6 - • tunin(T photornultiplier's hgh voltage, HV 1.4 • repair of the HV system L2 • repair of front-end electronics 1.0 • data quality monitoring Two new PCB for tric-erC electronics namely 0.6 GFLTBI and SCANNER were designed and they are 0.4 oh to be poduced at DESY. In the second hall'of the year 2 HERA started to deliver upgraded luminosity that

resulted in additional problem for the VETO WALL 1.0 -40 20 0 20 40 detector. The problem of the position of the positron beam snal Fig. 1) is now under nvestigation. Fig. 1 Positron signal seen by the VETO WALL.

6.3 Investigation of Rare Decays of Neutral Kaons in the NA48 and NA48/1 Experiments at CERN by NA/48: J.Nassalski, E.Rondio, M.Szleper, W.Wi§licki, S.Wronka by NA48/1: W.Wi§11cki PLO401710

The K, yy decay rate has been measured usin a For the rare decay mode K, 31 candidates high-Intensity11 neutral beam of K S from the CERN with an estimated backgroundZ, of 13.7 ± 32 events ave SPS I The measured branching ratio been observed 4 This first observation leads to a B(K, - yy) (2.78± 006,,,, ± 0.04,,,.,,)x 10- , obtained from branching ratio B(Ks - yyy = 4.9 ±.6,,,, ± 09,,,, x I -'

7462 events, is significantly h 1g h e r than the in agreement with Chiral Perturbation theory

o(j)') prediction of Chiral Perturbation teory. Using a predictions.

KL beam the ratio Using data collected during 89 days in 2002 with a high - intensity K, beam [5] 7 events B(K, 4 yy) / B(KL 3,7(' = 2.81± 01,,,, ± 002,,,,,) x I -' Ks - I' e'e- were found with the backaround of has been measured. 0. 15 events. The branching atio

A search for the decay K, -7r`yy has been made B(Ks --->Iroe'e- 11ee > 165 GeV/c (3.0',:15,,, ± 02,,,,) x I " using data collected in 1999 during a 40-hour run with high-Intensity K has been measured. Usin a vector matrix lement and S beam 2 An upper limit for the It, 0 a form factor equal one, the measurement elves 80% branching ratio B(Ks --->7r yy, z 02 < 33 x i o' has been higher value. obtained at 90% confidence level, where z 1112

The K,,, -47r'ne'e- decay modes have been [11 NA48 and NA48/1, A. Lai et al., Phys. Lett. studied 3 based on the sample of 162 and 621 55](2003)7 [2] NA48, A. La' et al., Phys. Lett. B556(2003)105 candidate events, yielding branching ratios of I (3.08±0.20)xio-' and (4.69±0.30)x10--' , espectively. [3] NA48, A. Lai et al., Eur. Phys. J. C30(2003)33

The CP-violatino, asymmetry of dstribution of the [41 NA48, A. Lai et al., Phys. Lett. B578(2003)276 [5] NA48/1, R. Batley et al., Phys. Lett. B576 azimuthal analeZ, between the pion and electron planes (2003)43 was measured to be 14.2±3.6)% for K, and no asymmetry for K,, in areement with theoretical predictions. 96 Annual Report 2003

6.4 Hadron Production in Elementary and Nuclear Collisions; The NA49 Experiment at CERN by H.Białkowska, B.Boimska, W.Trubnikow ii The NA49 experiment studies hadron production in hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus and nucleus- Quite an unexpected result was achieved from the nucleus collisions at CERN SPS energies. In 2003 study of Xi hyperon production in proton-proton these studies have led to 6 publications, 10 papers collisions. A study of (Xi-hyperon - pion) mass submitted for publication and numerous conference spectrum has shown a distinct peak at the mass of presentations. Two most important physics results 1.862 GeV, with a statistical significance of about 4 concern energy dependence of the strangeness sigma [3]. This could be a candidate for an exotic production in central heavy ion collisions - and pentaquark state. resonance production in proton-proton collisions. An energy scan of central Pb-Pb collisions (studied at 20, 30, 40, 80 and 158 GeV/c) has led to an observation of a sharp maximum in the fC/n+ ratio as a function of energy - shown in Fig.l [1], Such a maximum could result from a phase transition to the Quark Gluon Plasma. It remains to be checked, to what extent a position and a magnitude of the maximum could be explained by the energy dependence of kaon and pion production in elementary proton and neutron collisions, bearing in Fig. 3 The Xn imass spectrum from p -p collisions at 158 GeV/c. mind that Pb nucleus contains 60% neutrons and 40% protons. A possible paramctrization of such At the Warsaw site, two PhD studies are pursued. elementary processes mixture - and resulting peak - is One, ready for the defence, concerns transverse shown in Fig.2 [2]. characteristics of hadron-hadron and central hadron nucleus interactions. A study of nuclear modification factor and particle-antiparticle ratios for moderate transverse momenta (up to 1.6 GeV/c) offers an important background for higher energy studies. 0.2h l-"ł

• 0.0 0.0S 0 0.06-2.1 7T ^, es -^ i

J.b 1 •*- 0.1 i 0 3-0 45 m f r

0.2 o- r* '•-'* A .o b)

1.5

r, i JE. IQ . 10 P f X7 ,ł- /,, if .r ,v > i / \ Fig. 1 The energy dependence of the K*/n" ratio in central heavy Cft

* ^••"'.•* ion collisions (empty points - from pp collisions). r -' , y c) | -i) . 0.12 p, (CeV/cl p, IGv?V/cl Fig. 4 The nuclear modification factor for central p - Pb collisions -• \ * 0.10 • at 158 GeV/c, as a function of transverse momentum, for different

•f- ; * * intervals of normalized longitudinal momentum xf. 0 08 f • • Another one deals with the characteristics of 0 06 I' peripheral Pb - Pb interactions. 0.04 [ 1 ] M.Gazdzicki ct al., (the Na49 Collaboration), NA49 results, Plenary talk at the Quark Matter 0.02 ł I > 1 I ...... i ...... i .. 10 20 30 40 50 60 2004 Conf. and Phys.Rev.C66(2002)054902 [GeV] [2] A.Rybicki et al., (the NA49 Collaboration), Fig.2 An estimate of the effect of isospin composition of Pb Plenary Talk at the Strangeness in Quark Matter nucleus on the K*/K* ratio, based on Ihe study of energy dependence 2003 Conference, to be published of kaon and pion production in elementary (neutron and proton) [3] C.Alt et al., (the NA49 Collaboration), accepted collisions. for publication in Phys. Rev. Letters DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 97

6.5 The WA98 Experiment - Pb-Pb Collisions at 158 Gev/c PLO401712 by K.Karplo ad T.Slerniarczuk for WA98 Collaboration

Photon Flow in 15 A GeV/c Pb + Pb Collisions substantial contribution of te genuine threc-pl(n Directed and elliptic flow of 7 - decay potons in correlation, but not quite as large as expected for a 15 A GeV Pb + Pb collisions has been studied near fully chaotic and symmetric source. 'di idity n an analysis [1] of ata obtained wth the photon spectrometer LEDA of (lie WA98 Centrality Dependence of Charged-Neutral experiment at te CERN SPS. Preliminary esults on Particle Fluctuations in 15 A GcV/c Central 211,1% the apidity and transverse niomcntUrn dpendence f + 208Pb Collisions the flow have been obtained for VarlOUS Centrality Results on te study of localized fluctuations Il te CIIISSCS for PT 02 GeV/c nd 23

6.6 A 256-Chanel Electromagnetic Calorimeter Based on the Lead-tungstate Crystals by A.Deloff, K.Karplo, T.Slenilarczuk ad G.Wilk for ALICE Collaboration

A large-scale prototype 256 detector. cannels) f eneray range of 06 - 180 GeV. In te test wt te the ALICE/PHOS lectromagnetic spectrometer as negative pion barn, neutral pons as well as 77 - been developed. Te detector channel is based on a mesons were measured. The mesons were poduced lead tunastate cystal coupled to an APD wth a low- the inclusive reactions ;f + 12 C +X Illd noise prearnplifier. The pototype comprises the )T+12 C_477 +X at various negative pion encruics. High following subsystem: a Front-End-Electronics a encray11 and mass resolution has been achieved. Te cooling/thermo-stabilization systems an LED cncray resolution is parametrized as monitorinc, system, a CPV detector. The pototype was operating at a temperature f - 250C. It was + b IL c demonstrated, that with te used coohna then-no- E E TE, stabilization system, the temperature is stabilized to a with a 2 MeV/channel, b = 3 %, and I c. level of better than 010C. The pototype was tested with electron and pion bams Of te CERN PS and The mass resolution of 7 MV for 7 peak a 18 SPS accelerators. In the test with te electron beam, MeV for 77peak has been achieved. energy resolutio ad lnearity were studied in a broad 98 Annual Rport 2003

6.7 Phenemonology of thepp --4pp77 Reaction Close to Threshold by A.Deloff

0 1q_ The recent hh statistic measurement f the factor. The measured pp and i]p effective rnass spectra 0 pp---pp?7 reaction at an excess energy Q = 55 MeV can be well eproduced by liffing the standard on-shell has been anal sed by rneans of' ptial wave approximation in the enhancement factor a by decomposition of the cross section. Gided by t allowing or linear energyC dependence in te leading'=1 dominance f the final state 'So I)p interaction (FSI), -'Po -> 'So, s partial wave amplitude. Higher partial we keep only terms nvolving te FSI enhancemcnt waves seem to play only a marginal role.

6.8 CELSIUS/WASA Experiment by AXLIP6, P.Marciniewsk], A.Nawrot, J.Stepanjak In 2003 47c Wide Angle Shower Apparatus detector that covers scattering angle frorn 3 to I Z, t, (WASA) has been commissioned and used for studies degrees. The clear peak at the il mass as been Lo of production decays and oflight mesons at CELSIUS observed wth full width at half maximum qual to storage rng In Uppsala. The unique 1.'aCility: -al from pompt 3no production windowless hydrogen pellet target as used. Internal was ound to be small (about %). The total coss 0 1-1 C 1q, proton beam nteracted with the pellet. section for the prompt 37co production was ound to be 0 The data at 400 MeV incident poton energy was equal to 2 ± 04 Lb (Nuct. Phys. A721,2003). used for calibration purposes. Large arnOUnL of data Further study of multiple charge pion poduction was collected at the incident poton energy of was performed and the results were published in Phys. 1360 MeV. The production of co s and Is in PP Rev. C67(2003)052202. collisions as been studied slecting pp2g, 1,?1)4g, 1?1)6g The data were collected with the tr'aaer based on final states. Iclc the requirement of six charged particles in the event III The 77 meson from the pp - ppq eaction was order to study the semileptonic 77 meson decay into tagged via requirement f two potons in the forward e7f ee-. The analysis s in progress.

6.9 Local Equilibrium of the Quark-gluon Plasma by St.Mr6wczyfiski PLO401716

Equilibration mechanism of' the qLiark-gluon to the configurations that comply with the so-called plasma has recently become very puzzling as t collislonal invariants. The second one is iven by the experiments performed at Relativistic Heavy-Ion distribution functions that cancel the collision tcrrns Collider (RHIC) in Bookhaven National Laboratory representing the most probable binary nteractions. revealed tat the quark-gluon system, which emerges The two sets of solutions aree with each other if one at the early stage of high-energy nucleus-nLICICUS goes beyond these dominant processes. The most collision, thernializes surprisingly ast. In the course important finding of our study is that the local of equilibration a many-body systern first eaches a equilibrium state is colorful as the color charges ae local equilibrium and then it evolves not locally neutralized. We have discussed poperties hydrodynamically, usually at a much slower ate, of such an equilibrium state. In particular, the elated towards the global equilibrium. We have udertaken hydrodynamic equations of a colorful fluid have been an effort [11 to determine local equilibrium derived. As the local equilibrium is not color neutral, confi-urations f quark-gluon plasma wthin te the question arises how the plasma becomes colorless. kinetic theory. Such a configuration maximizes by We argue that color collective penomena, whic ae definition the local entropy. We ave used the well- very fst, are responsible for whitening of the quark- established transport equations of quarks and gluons gluon plasma. in the Vasov limit but we have supplemented tem with the collision terms of the Waldmann-Snidej, [I] C.Manuel and St.Mr6wczyfiskI, Phys. Rev. D68 form. Two different classes f local equilibrium (2003)094010 solutions have been found. The first one corresponds DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 99

6.10 Participation in the CMS Eperiment at the LHC Acelerator at CERN by M.Bl U.), R.Gokleli, L.Go§cilo, M.G6rsk1, P.Traczyk, G.Wrochna and P.Zalewski PLO401717

Out- roup participates i te peparations of' the particles. The possibility of detecting suc xd Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the states decaying into electron, muon and photo prs future LHC accelerator at CERN. According to the has been studied. A method of determining tile present planning the accelerator sould povide first observed esonance's spin-2 nature by analyzing proton-proton collisions in the year 2007. Te angular distributions of its decay poducts is so experiment has now entered its decisive phase of investigated. construction of the subdetectors and peparation of the The results are shown in Fg. 1, showing te necessary software. parameter space of the model along wth 95% CL The principal dornain of our interest lies in the exclusion boundaries for cyraviton detection and 90% construction of the electronics of the muon tr'aacring probability boundaries for spin determination. Te systern based on the Resistive Plate Cambers. In this whole interesting region should be covered, ai'ter a year we presented our results during te Electronics year f runninc, the LHC at its design luminosity. System Review meeting held in Warsaw in July by the CMS. The findings of the eview show good progress Spi,-1 Exci.d,-d PYTHIA CMSJET in our work. Electro eptons During year 2003 we have continued studies of the RS M.del Resistive Plate Chambers, which are to be used in the Excl.d.d rnuon tr ager. Special mhasis was put on the chamber performance with the gas mxture adopted for te Id-sti"g egi.. experiment. The results were presented at the V11-th 1 T.V Conference on Resistive Plate Chambers and Related Detectors in Clermont-Ferrand. We continued also simulation studies concerning Uons various processes and new particles poposed by

current extensions of te Standard Model which may Fig. I The parameter space of the Randall-SundrUrn 1&' be observed at the LHC. The aim of the simulation is exclusion limit s for 100fb-' intem-ated lminosity. Te CXCIUded to determine the possibility of.' dscovery of- tose region lies above the CUrves. The graviton's spin is determined by phenomena and define the best strategy for tl1er excluding the spin- I ypothesis. analysis. Another extension of the SM called tile Theories with extra spatial dmensions ae one Of supersymmetry (SUSY) pi-edicts te existence o.' the many possible extensions of the Standard Model. partners of presently known particles wth spin One of those theories is the Randall-Sundrurn model, differing by one half. One of the realizations of` the on which we focused our studies. One of the SUSY, known as the Gauae Mediated SUSY phenomena that ae pedicted by it is the appearance Breaking, proposes the cascade decays of new, heavy of massive excitations of the rraviton. They appear as particles. We find, that within certain limits of' te resonances with mass of the order of I TeV and can be parameter space, they may be seen in the CMS detected fi-om. their decays into Standard Model detector.

6.11 The LHC-b Experiment at CERN by M.Adamus, A.Nawrot, K.Syryczy6ski and M.Szczekowski PLO401718

LHC-b is a hadron collider experiment in To fully exploit the high lorward bb poduction preparation at CERN. The main goal of the LHC-b cross-section at LHC energies, te LHC-b experiment experiment is to search for new physics through ZD has been desianed as a sinale-arm. 1.'Orward precise tests of the heavy-flavour sector of the Standard Model. Te most strinuent test is expected to spectrometer running in .collider mode. Important characteristics of the experiment are: be provided by a combination of' precise measurements of CP violation in t B meson systern. An excellent hadronic particle identification over a The unitarity of the Cabibbo - Kobayash - Maskawa larae momentum range (1-'rom I to 150 GcV/c) matrix implies elations between matrix elements tat provided by three Rng Imaalna Cherenkov can be raphically represented as so-called unitarity (RICH) detectors. This is essential both 1or te exclusive reconstruction of hadronic B deca triangles. The LHC-b experiment intends to measure y all the parameters of the two triangles relevant for the modes and to ta(y the neutral hadrons initial meson system with a very good precis' flavour. 100 Annual Report 2003

• In addition to hgh - p, lepton triggers tere will be inside te straws and fixed in these positions using te a hgh - p, hadron trigger. This trigger, as well as wire locators nsertion tool. The prepared straws ae the low thresholds for the lepton triggers, ensure a then placed and glued on the panels using a special high triaoer efficiency also f0r purely hadronic B template with 64 rooves to assure exact positioning decays. of the straws in the modules Fig. 1 2. After alucing A ood proper tirne resolution, necessary to the panel with straws is placed on the wring machine. The 25 4m tungsten/gold wire is sucked through the resolve the fst Bo - B ( oscillations, is povided straws, tensioned to 70 a and soldered to the printed S S circuit boards at the ends of the straws. All these tools by te vtex detectors This device will provide a have been nstalled in Warsaw laboratory. 40 ltrn esolution on the interaction point along the 11 The second prototype module has been constructed beam axis. • A ood mass esolution is provided by te tracking in Warsaw SINS laboratory. It consists of 128 straws Z1 of mm diameter and 100 cm length Fig.3). The HV system. Because of hgh particle density close to 11 the beam axis, the racking system is split into tests were performed indicating that all te wires keep 1-1 1800 V. Two straw tube layers, ach carried a outer and inner subsysterns at a adius of sandwich panel, ae then oned face to face; te approximately 0.5 m. lateral strips ae ued on and closure of te module box is completed by gluing a plug of FR4 material between the PCBs of the two straw tube layers. Aftcr that the box with the two panels and aluminiurn side strips was closed allowing further tests of the module. The preliminary results indicate that the module is as tight and performs as required.

Fig. Soldering te "ton-Lies" of straws to pads in printed Circuit board to asure the proper rounding of te straws.

The Warsaw group is involved in the poduction of' about 13 of straw chambers modules for te LHCb tracking system. The modules should be produced ll clean environment with a constant temperature and humidity. To ulfill these conditions a clean room with a surface of about 70 rn- has been built in the laboratory of Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (SINS) High Energy Physics department. A sophisticated, automated air conditioning system

(VTS CLIMA) maintains the temperature within ± I' Fig. 3 The detail of the module construction: te secondar gas and the humidity within ± 5 % A very fine grained N1011.11nei made frorn little plastic inserts. filter povides clean room class 100000 specifications. Electronics engineers from the 3 rd department oi' All these conditions are necessary to maintain te hgh quality of the produced modules. the Institute are involved in the design and tests of te Readout Supervisor, the main control unit for the Data t Acquisition system of the LHC-b experiment and the Detector Control System of the Outer Tracker detector (slow control).

I LHCb - Trigger System Technical Dsign Rport., R.Antunes et al. CERN/LHCc 2003-3 , r Sept.2003. [21 LHCb - Reciptimization Detector Design and Performance, R.Antunes et al. CERN/LHCc Fig. 2 One meter template is sed for te correct positionin of the 64 straws in one half of the module. Te straws a held in the 2003-30, Sept. 2003. grooves by the vacuum ystern. [3] M.Adarnus et al. ,Results from first tests cifa The production of modules requires several tools prototype straw dft chamber module o te which should be designed and constructed in the Outer Tracker detector in the LHCb experiment" Report IPJ, April 2003. laboratory. The straws should be precisely cut t the [4] A.Adamus et al, "Production of I m prototype" ified length n a special cutting machine. Plastic speci I I Report SINS-Z-VI-4/2003 wire locators are placed in the well defined positions DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS IM PLO401719

6.12 COMPASS (NA-58) Experiment by O.Grajek, K.Kowallk, K.Kurek. A.Mlelech, J.Nassalski, E.Rondio, A.Sandacz and W.Wiglicki

The COMPASS experiment at CERN was built to 71 %. The progress in collecting of the data is shown study nucleon spin structure and charmed hadrons in Fig.C 1. About 20 of these data were taken wt a spectroscopy 1. Its main oal is to determine the transverse target polarization. gluon polarization (AGIG) in a nucleon, usin(T interactions of polarized rnuoris with polarized nucleon target and selecting final states wth large contribution from photon-aluon usion pocess. The gluon polarization will be obtained fom double spin longitudinal asymmetries, usin eents ith charmed mesons (Do and D*) and even s with pairs of charged hadrons with large PT- In both cases the measurements ...... cover a broad range of Q2, from about 03 to above 10 Ge V2, thanks to an extended triacler system.

In order to suppress systematic uncertainties, LI ...... two-cell target is being used. During data tak'na bot I h Fig. Accumulated data size in TB) vs. nmber ofdays of cells ae polarized in opposite dections and these collecting of data, for COMPASS 2003 run. polarizations ae eversed during each run (8 hour- Iona perlods of data taking). The tar-ct cells can be Our group participated in data collecting, taking polarized longitudinally or transversely, relative to a part in shifts 48 h/person). We are involved in te beam direction, 6and both these options ae used. In following analyses of physics data: () "open-charm" 2003 we used a LID target polarized up to 57 %, and (Do and D' mesons) poduction, (11) high-/ T adroll- a beam of 160 GeV polarized to about 76 pairs production, both aimed at extraction of AGIG, The COMPASS setup is a two-staae forward and (ii) exclusive production of vector mesons using spectrometer, equipped with two large-aperture1; very large amount of data in a low Q2 region. Tese magnets, and it consists of two sections: Small Angle analyses are fairly advanced, and some of the results Spectrometer (SAS) and Large An-le Spectrometer should by published in 2004. We also participate Ill (LAS). Its design has been optimised to cope with a aux I fo - COMPASS [2-5]. Many high beam rate 2 x 108 muons/spill) and re quirement preliminary physics results were shown at dverse of larae anaular acceptance. Tracks of' charged conferences and workshops in 2003. Fig 2 shows al particles in a beam region are reconstructed using example of COMPASS esults, pobably t ost scintillation fibers. A near-beam region is covered by important one in 2003 - a difference of a mass of' D2' novel aseous detectors - McroMeaas and GEMs. Far meson and invariant mass of its decay poducts - K from a beam tracking is performed with straw and 7r mesons. A peak associated with Do meso is chambers, drift chambers and MWPC detectors. The clearly visible. larae RICH detectors used in the first spectrometer to identify charged particles, is essential for the 350 identification of decay products of charmed mesons. Both spectrometers are equipped with hadron 300 calorimeters, as well as muon detectors. The trigger system is based on several 250 se ntillating-hadoscope planes, covering together a of Q2 broad range and it also uses signals from 200 hadronic calorimeters. The tria-er rate is of the order of 10 kHz. 150' The data acquisition and eadout systems ae based on ppellned architecture, data transfer via S-Link, 100 buffering of bursts and on the network event buiding The total number of channels is 250 k, the event size so is 45 kB and the data rate is 35 MB/s 3 TB/day). Nearly 300 TB were collected in 2003. Preliminary 0 - .1...... Data taking in a year 2003 covered period of 19 -400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 weeks, from May to September. The experiment M,.,-M, (MeV) suffered from several poblems wth te PS beam Fig.2 Differenceofai-nassofD')mesonandinvai-iantniassol'ils equipment. The efficiency of' a bearn dlivery was decay products K and Tc mesons A clear peak aound is associated only about 58 % while the data takin eiciency was 'ith D rneson 102 Annual Report 2003

[1] G.Baum et al., Common Muon and Poton (4] O.Grajek, ... , A.Sandacz, Color tansparency at Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy. COMPASS via coherent exclusive vector eson Proposal, CERN/SPSLC 96-14, SPSC/P 297, production, Proc. of the Advanced Study Institute March 1, 1996 Workshop on Symmetries and Spin, Praha, 2002, [2] K.Kowalik, Gluon polarization frorn SMC Czech J. Phys. Suppl. B53(2003)189 experiment, Proc. ofthe X Workshop on Hgh [5] A.Sandacz, Studies of exclusive processes in el) Energy Spin Physics, NATO ARW Sp1n03, scattering, Proc. of the Current and Future Dubna, Sept. 2003 (in press) Directions at RHIC Conf., RHIC, BNL, 2002, [31 A.Sandacz, Search or color tansparency, Proc. BNL-71035-2003 of the Current and Futur Dections at RHIC Conf., RHIC, BNL, 2002 BNL-71035-2003

6.13 Experiment PP2PP at RHIC by A.Sandacz PLO401720

The experiment PP2PP studies the elastic not permit to discriminate between various models for scattering of polarized protons at Relativistic Heavy elastic pp scattering. Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National More data were taken durina te next poton- Laboratory in an unexplored energy ran ge, proton un at RHIC, in May 2003. An upgrade of' 60< js 500 GV. several essential components of the PP2PP apparatus The analysis of the data from the first pp un at and data acquisition was accomplished before the run RHIC, which took place in 2002, was finalized in 2003. Namely, all previously used silicon mcrostrip 2003 and the results were published. During the 2002 detectors were replaced by the ones rom Harnarnatsu Photonics, the VME module for the readout ol'silicon run a dedicated accelerator tune enabled the PP2PP detectors was modified, four additional Roman pot experiment to collect about 3 10" elastic events in a short, 14 hour en-ineerina run at a center of mass stations were installed and equipped with detectors. - "I 1:1 Compared to the 2002 run, the conditions for the energy1-1 of s = 200 GeV and 0005< 1t 1<0.030 GCV2. PP2Pp data taking in 2003 were more favourable wth The total intensity of each beam was 10" I luminosity 4 times higher,C, the beam polarization 50 % distributed arnona 55 bunches. The magnitude and te higher and data takina time 3 on-er. The collected sign of the polarization of each poton beam were statistic of elastic events is about 3 min. known for the individual bunches. The data frorn this Altogether, due to the mentioned factors te data technical run, apart fom tests of the experimental collected in 2003 will allow much more precise setup, also allowed to obtain the first physics results determination of physics observables. For instance, for elastic proton na, namely the slope b the statistical error on parameter b is expected to be of the diffractive peak and the analyzing power AN in times smaller, and the error on AN about 7 times the ran Cae 0. I

T- .14 Neutrino Experiments by D.Kielczewska, T.Kozlowski, P.Przewlocki, E.Rondio, J.StepaniakM.Szeptycka, and J.Zalipska

0 IT The physicists from IPJ (ZI1 and ZVI), Warsaw J.Zalipska and T. Kozlowski frorn 11 IPJ participate 0 University and Warsaw Technical University in the experiments ICARUS Imaging Cosmic and a_ participate in works of Warsaw Nutrino Goup. The Rare Underground Snals), SuperKamlokande ad physicists from ZVI JPJ D.Klelczewska, K2K. P.Przewlocki, E.Rondio, J.Stepaniak, M.Szeptvcka, DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 103

Neutrino physics is attractive for young physicists construction of special high precision "tabic". 1. 5 PhD students (fi-om IPJ, Warsaw University Warsaw's responsibility is the mechanical part of' the and Warsaw Technical University) participate in our "table". For ts part the technical drawings are research. finished, necessary materials ordered and majority.1 1 of' 2. About 20 persons attend eekly serninar on them is aeady delivered and the preliminary tests performed. neutrino physics organized by DKlefczewska ad E.Rondio. 4. Due to the unexpected delays in te installatlMl of ICARUS 600 ton module in the LindffLTOLlnd 3. The lectures From neutrinos to cosmic laboratory in Gan Sasso environment protection sources" were given at Waras University by D. rules) Polish Group will participate i ts work ll Kielczewska and E. Rondio. 2004. Warsaw group collaborates closely with other K2K experiment

Polish neutrino C7groups from University of Silesia, Institute f' NucIcar Physics in Cracov, Jaglellonlan 1. The oscillation f v w dscovered ll University and Wroclaw UnIversit)/. experiments with atmospheric v. It was trefore The description of ICARUS, the experiments crucial to confirm this observation and masured which will be performed in ts detector and some values of oscillation parameters In a Iong ase results of the analysis of test data taken n 2001 were experiment with v bearn. I P described in 2002 issue of IPJ Report. On te basis of 250 km (distance from the KEK In te last year the basic airns of Warsaw Neutrino accelerator to SuperKamlokande detector) K2K Team wre confirmed the previous Supei-Kamlokandc 0 Experiment ICARUS observation. This result is published. 1. The feasibility studies of the appearance of v, in 2. An important question in v physics is te measurement of the oscillation parameters i al ICARUS obtained with CNGS beam. Tis requires the appearance experiment v V, In K2K experiment Generation of signal" charge current V, interactions - close" detectors control te admixture of v, ll v CC events) and background" (CC events poduced beam at the production target. J. Zalipska from Our by v, and by beam contaminations). Samples of events group is in charge of running "close" H)O detector were gencrated with NUANCE3 code, using CNGS and of analyzes of te data to establish te selectlMl beam characteristics, and assuming an ideal detector. I i I On the basis of kinematics of production and criteria of v, CC interaction and their admMI-11- I I decay, set of "jet like" variables wer cosen and the primary v beam. results obtained with two methods f separation f 3. K2K experiment is running and members of' s gnal from background were compared. The collaboration participate in shifts at Super- following methods were used: Kamiokande. - neural network method (this analysis was done in 4. Work on improvement of smulation code collaboration with Warsaw Tchnical Uiversity) (NUANCE 3 is in progress.C, - likelihood methods 0 Further plans of Warsaw Neutrino Group: The description f neural network ethod and the 1. To take part in the installation and running il of obtained esults a eady for publication as an T600 in Gran Sasso and in atmospheric v taking ICARUS note. In t described analysis the 2. To finish the analysis of the methods of polarization of -c was assumed to be 100%. It is not selection of v, Charge Current nteractions, ATiting a clear how this value influences selection sults. The publication. incorporation of the correct polarization into te 3. To include in search for v, analusis ie ef'f'ccts generationI code is in progress.11:1 of polarization. These results should be published 2. Some esults of the analysis of test data taken and also included in a PhD thesis. with 300 ton ICARUS module hav aeady been 4. To analyze the T production with aim of nergy published (5 publications). Further analysis of test data is in progress. It includes studies of calibration of LAr detector. .zl 5. To build the mechanical part of "table" r the electromagnetic component associated with ]flesh fabrication of ead out chamber wes for 1200 ton energy muons, and ioproduction. LAr module 3. Polish Nutrino Goup obtained from KBN the 6. To participate in tile poduction of' 57 000 financial support for te participation in the construction of the ton Liquid Argon detector. wires. Polish task is to ppare 57 00 wes for the 1200 I-Ar module ead out chambers. This task requires a 104 Annual Report 2003

6.15 Eksperiment „n of the Sky" CM by K.Nawrocki, M.Sokolowski and G.Wrochna for "TC of the Sky" Collaboration i CM i The „rc of the Sky" experiment [I] is designed to effective flash recognition algorithms (Fig. 2). jo search for short optical flashes in the sky. The main Currently two new cameras are being assembled. i _l motivation is to look for optical counterparts of After testing they will be placed on a motorized mount i DL Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) [2], GRB are 0.1-100 s (Fig. 1) installed at LCO. short pulses of gamma rays emitted by cxtragalactic The project is conducted in collaboration with sources. Intensity of the burst is often higher than the Princeton University, Center of Theoretical Physics total background from all other gamma ray sources in PAS in Warsaw, Warsaw University and Warsaw the sky. University of Technology. It is partially funded by a So far, phenomena responsible for GRB have not grant from State Committee for Scientific Research - been unambiguously identified. There arc hints that KBN. certain type of supernovae explosions could be the source of bursts energy. Among other hypotheses are neutron star collisions leading to black hole creation or quark star collapse. Certainly, in such kind of processes extremely high energy density states arc created, by far exceeding those achievable in modern particle accelerators. Study of those phenomena may bring new information about fundamental interactions involved in processes responsible for bursts and give new direction to particle physics. In order to proceed with understanding the physics of GRB one needs to observe them also in wavelengths different than gamma rays [3], So far, only about 30 GRB (out of several thousand delected Fig. 1 Motorized mount with prototype cameras. by satellites) were identified with optical sources. All but one were observed by large telescopes, many hours after the GRB. Only once a bright optical Hash I 10' was observed, a few seconds after GRB trigger. It was Magnitude - 9.96 caught by a small robotic telescope guided by satellite signals towards a given position in the sky [41. Since s then, about two dozens of similar devices search for 10 5-

GRB related flashes all over the world. Unfortunately, 10* — the delay of the signal received from the satellite and cosmic n plateau the inertia of the device itself make the chance for the 10' U •:'. ' flash observation within a minute to be rather small. A 0.8 0.9 1 novel approach is needed to be able to study short Eiliclency optical flashes in a systematic way. 10'

The „n of the Sky" project is an attempt to apply > " r Magnitude = 9.96 experimental techniques of particle physics for T 10* \=- detection of cosmic optical flashes. The apparatus covers most of the visible hemisphere down to about 20° above horizon. It consists of two sets of 16 camera t lenses of focal length 50mm. All lenses are attached to a CCD camera with 2000x2000 pixels. Most of the 103 analysis is performed in real time (on-line). Multilevel trigger system searches 60MB/s data stream for optical flashes of 11-12 magnitudo and duration of the Fig 2 False trigger rate [evcnts/h/16 cameras] vs detection order of 5 s. The system will be installed at Las efficiency for a single camera (upper plot) and coincidence of two cameras (lower plot) for different algorithms. Campanas Observatory (LCO) in Chile to profit from high altitude, clean atmosphere and clear sky over [ 1 ] G.Wrochna et al., "Apparatus to search for optical most of the year. flashes of astronomical origin", Proc. of SPIE, So far two prototype cameras (Fig. 1) have been 5125(2003)359 built and tested at observing site in Brwinów near [21 B.Zhang and P.Meszaros, astro-ph/0311321 Warsaw. Over 30 GB of data have been collected over [31 B.Paczyński, astro-ph/0108522 50 nighls. Those data have been used (o develop [41 K.Akerlofet al., Nature 398:400, 1999 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 105

BOOKS

Book Fundamentals in Hadronic Atorn Theory" A.Deloff IVo)ld Scientfic, New 2003

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

ELLIPTIC FLOW FLUCTUATIONS St.N1r0wczyfiski and E.V.Shuryak licta Phys. Pol. B34(2003)4241

COLOR TRANSPARENCY AT COMPASS VIA EXCLUSIVE COHERENT VECTOR MESON PRODUCTION M.Moinester, O.Grajek, E.Piasetzky, A.Sandacz Czech. Journal o'Physics, Suppl, A(2003)5.)'

MEASUREMENT OF PROTON DISSOCIATIVE DIFFRACTIVE PHOTOPRODUCTION OF VECTOR MESONS AT LARGE MOMENTUM TRANSFER AT HERA S.Chekanov, M.Adamus et a]. EurPhys. J C26(2003)389

SEARCH FOR AN LSP GLUINO AT LEP WITH THE DELPHI DETECTOR J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli,.I.Ktirowska-Hoffnian, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Smukowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski et ill. EurPhys. J C26(2003)505

MEASUREMENTS OF INELASTIC J/PSI AND PSI-PRIME PHOTOPRODUCTION AT HERA S. Chekanov, M.Adarnus et al. Eur.Phvs. J C27(2003)173

SEARCH FOR SUPERSYMMETRIC PARTICLES IN LIGHT GRAVITINO SCENARIOS AND SLEPTONS NSP J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli, J.Kurowska-Hoffrnan, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski et al. Eur.Phys. J C27(2003)153

MEASUREMENT OF EVENT SHAPES IN DEEP INELASTIC STATTERING AT HERA S. Chekanov, %4.Adamuset al. Eur.Phys. J C27(2003)531

SEARCH FOR RESONANT SNEUTRINO PRODUCTION AT S 2 = 183 GeV TO 208 GeV I.Abdallah, R.Gokieli,,j.Kurowska-Hoffrnan, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalemski et ll. Eur.Phys. J C28(2003)15

SEARCH FOR B, - ANTI-B', OSCILLATIONS AND A MEASUREMENT OF D"-ANTI B D, OSCILLATIONS USING EVENTS WITH AN INCLUSIVELY RECONSTRUCTED VERTEX J.Abdallah, R.Gokiefi, J.Kurowska-Hoffrnan, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski et ill. Eur.Pkvs. J C28(2003)155

MEASUREMENT OF HIGHQ2 e-l' NEUTRAL CURRENT CROSS SECTIONS AT HERA AND THE EXTRACTION OF x F" S.Chekanov, M.Adarnus et al. Eur.Plqs. J C28(2003)175

A STUDY OF THE ENERGY EVOLUTION OF EVENT SHAPE DISTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR MEANS WITH THE DEI-1-1111 DETECTOR AT LEP J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli, J.Kurowska-Hoffrnan, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Suzekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski et al. Eur.Phys. J C29(2003)285

ZZ PRODUCTION IN e'e- INTERACTIONS AT S"(1/2 = 183 GeV TO 209 GeV J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli,.J.Ktirowska-Hoffnian, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski etal. Ettr.Ph.vs. J 30(2003)447

INVESTIGATION OF KL.S -- Xr- e'e- DECAYS A.Lai, J.Nassalski, E.Rondio, M.Szleper, AVAN'iglicki, S.Wronka et al. Eur.Phys. J 30(2003)33

JET PRODUCTION IN CHARGED CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC ep SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov, N.Adarnus et al. Eur.Phys. J 31(2003)14

MEASUREMENT OF THE e'e- - WW CROSS-SECTION AND LIMITS ON ANOMALOUS QUARTIC GAUGE COUPLINGS WITH DELPHI J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli,.J.Ktirowska-Hoffni-.tn, K.Nmvrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Smukowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski et a. Eur.Phvs. J C312003)139 106 Annual Report 2003

HADRON PRODUCTION UNCERTAINTIES AT NuMl M.Szleper J.Ph vs. G29 2003)] 915 SPIN STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS IN NEUTRINO SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS M.Szleper Nuc1.1nst.Me1h.A 503(2003)270

OBSERVATION OF LONG IONIZING TRACKS ITH THE ICARUS T600 FIRST HALF-MODULE F. Arneodo, E.Rondio, J.Stepaniak, N.Szeptycka, N.SzIeper,.j.Zalipska et al. N1rc1.In.vt.Me1h.A 508(2003)287

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATION AND GAS COMPOSITION ON THE STABILITY OF THE RPC OPERATION M.bvlok, M.G6rski et al. Nitcl.hist.Meth.A 508(2003)38

AN ULTRA-THIN-WALLED SOLENOID FOR THE CELSIUS/WASA EXPERIMENT R.I.M.Y.Ruber, A.Namrot et al. Nitcl.hist.Meth. A 503(2003)431

RESULTS ON CORRELATIONS AND FLUCTUATIONS FROM NA49 C.Blume, B.Boimska, I-1.1lialkowska et al. Nuc1.Phv.v.A7J5(2003)55

RECENT RESULTS ON SPECTRA AND YIELDS FROM NA49 S.V.Afanasicv. B.Boirnska, H.Bialkowska et al. Nuc1.Phvs.i1715(2003)161

ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF LABMDA AND ANTI-LAMBDA PRODUCTION AT CERN SPS ENERGY A.Misclike, B.Boimska, H.Bialkowska et al. Nuct. PhIvs./I 715(2003)453 SYSTEM SIZE DEPENDENCE OF STRANGENESS PRODUCTION AT 158 AGeV I.Kraus, B.Boimska, 11.13ialkowska etal. Nuc1.Phx,.v.A715(2003)474

PHOTON FLOW IN 158 AGeV Pb+Pb COLLISIONS M.M.Aggarwal, K.Karpio, T.Sierniarmik et al. Nucl. Plmw. A7]5(2003)579c

PARTICLE DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS M.M.A--ai-wal, K.Karpio, T.Sierniarezuk et al. Nucl. 1hv.v.A715(2003)339

HIGH pt NEUTRAL PION PRODUCTION AND ANGULAR CORRELATIONS IN 158 AgeV pA AND Pb+Pb COLLISIONS M.M.A-arwal, K.Karpio, T.Siemiarczuk et al. Nucl. Plivs. A715(2003)729C

FIRST RESULTS FROM THE CELSIUS/WASA FACILITY S.KLIllander, A.Nawrot, J.Stepaniak et al. Nuct. Ph.vs A 72](2003)563

LEADING PROTON PRODUCTION IN e'l) COLLISIONS AT HERA S.Chckanov, N.Adarnus et al. Nucl.Plow. B658(2003)3

MEASUREMENT OF THE OPEN-CHARM CONTRIBUTION TO THE DIFFRACTIVE PROTON STRUCTURE FUNCTION S.Chekanov, M.Adamus et al. Nucl.Plow. B672(2003)3

UNIFORMITY OF THE PHASE SPACE AND FLUCTUATIONS IN THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM A.Maika and W.Wiglicki Physic( A322(2003)313

MEASUREMENT OF HIGH Q2 CHARGED CURRENT CROSS-SECTIONS IN E-P DEEP NELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chckanov, M.Adanius et al. Phvs.Lett.B539(2002)J97. Eri-citum-ibid. B552(2003)308

PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE Ks yy AND KL --->yy DECAYS RATES A.Lai. J.Nassalski, E.Rondio, M.Szleper, NNI.Wisficki, SAN'ronka et al. Phvs.Lett.B551(2003)7 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 107

STUDY OF THE AZIMUTHAL ASYMMETRY OF JETS IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov, M.Adanius et al. Phvs.Lett.B551(2003)226

SEARCH FOR DOUBLY CHARGED HIGGS BOSSONS AT LEP-2 J.Abdallah. R.Gokieli,.T.Ktirovi!ska-Hoffnian, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski etal. Phw.Lett.B552(2003)127

OBSERVATION OF THE STRANGE SEA IN THE PROTON VIA INCLUSIVE PHI MESON PRODUCTION IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chckanov, M.Adanius et al. Plos.Leit.B553(2003)141

SEARCH FOR THE DECAY Ks ---) Ti",(y A.Lai, J.Nassalski, E.Rondio,.M.Szleper, NVAN'iglicki, S.Wronka et al. PhVs.Len.B556(2003)105

BOSE-EfNSTEIN CORRELATIONS OF CHARGED KAONS IN CENTRAL Pb+Pb COLLISIONS AT 158-GEV PER NUCLEON S.V.Afanasiev, H.Bialkowska. B.Boiniska et al. Ph),s.Leit.B557(2003)157

MEASUERMENT OF SUBJET NULTIPLICITIES IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP NELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA AND DETERMINATION OF s S. Chekanov. NI.Adanius et al. Ph)!.v.Lett.B558(2003)41

SEARCH FOR SINGLE TOP PRODUCTION IN EP COLLISIONS AT HERA S. Chekanov, II.Adamus et al. Ph),,v.Lett.B559(2003)153

SCALING VIOLATIONS AND DETERMINATION OF s FROM JET PRODUCTION IN GAMMA P INTERACTIONS T HERA S.Chekanov, M.Adamus et al. P1qs.Lett.B560(2003)7

INCLUSIVE B DECAYS TO WRONG SIGN CHARMED MESONS J.Abdallah, R.GokielijXurowska-Hoffman, K.Navvrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski tal. Ph1,s.Lett.B561(2003)26

DUET ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS IN PHOTOPRODUCTION OF CHARM AT HERA S.Chekanov, M.Adamus et al. Ph)7s.Lett.B565(2003)87

SEARCH FOR THE STANDARD MODEL HIGGS BOSON AT LEP J.Abdallah, R.Gokicii,.I.Ktirowska-Hoffniin, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptvcka, P.Zalevvski et l. Ph s.Lett.B505(2003)61

STUDY OF INCLUSIVE J/PSI PRODUCTION IN TWO PHOTON COLLISIONS AT LEP-2 WITH THE DELPHI DETECTOR J.Abdallah, R.Gokicii,.I.Ktirowska-Hoffnian, K.Namrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptvcka, P.Zalewski et,-II. Phvs.Le1t.B565(2003)76

MEASUREMENT OF INCLUSIVE F115 AND F',,,,, PRODUCTION IN Z DECAYS WITH THE DELPHI DETECTOR J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli, J.Kurowska-Hoffnian, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski et al. Ph.Vs.Lert.B569(2003)129

MEASUREMENT OF DEEP VIRTUAL COMPTON SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov, M.Adanitis eta]. P1qs.Lett.B573(2003)46

OBSERVATION OF THE RARE DECAY Ks J.R. Batley. NNI.Wiglicki et al. Ph.Vs.Leu.B576(2003)43

STUDY OF THE P P --> REACTION IN THE LOW-ENERGY TAIL OF THE ROPER RESONANCE J. Patzold, J.Stepaniak et al. Phys.Rev. C67(2003)052202

CENTRALITY DEPENDENCE OF CHARGED-NEUTRAL PARTICLE-FLUCTUATIONS IN 15 A GEV PI3+PB COLLISIONS M.M.A,,,,,arwal, K.Karpio, T.Sieniiarcztik et al. Phw.Rev. C67(2003)044901 108 Annual Report 2003

ONE-, TWO-, AND THREE-PARTICLE DISTRIBUTIONS FROM 15 A GEV/C CENTRAL PB+PB COLLISIONS M.M.A-arwal, K.Karpio, T.Sierniarczuk et al. Phvs. T'li.C67(2003)014906

DIRECTED AND ELLIPTIC FLOW OF CHARGED PIONS AND PROTONS IN Pb+Pb COLLISIONS AT 40-A-GEV AND 158-A-GEV C.Alt, B.Boimska, H.Bialkowska et al. Phvs.Rev. C68(2003)034903

CHRON/IODYNAMIC WEIBEL INSTABILITIES IN RELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR COLLISIONS .I.Randrup and St.Mrowczynski PlivS. Rev. C68(2003 034903

LOCAL EGUILIBRIUM OF THE QUARK-GLUON-PLASMA C.Manuel ad St.Mrowczynski Phys. Rev. D68(2003)094010

A ZEUS NEXT-TO-LEADING-ORDER QCD ANALYSIS OF DATA ON DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING S.Chekanov, N.Adanitis et al. Phys.Rev. D67(2003)012007

A SEARCH FOR RESONANCE DECAYS TO LEPTON JET AT HERA AND LIMITS ON LEPTOQUARKS S.Chekanov, M.Adan)tjs et al. Ph.vs.Rev. D68(2003)052004

EFFECTIVE ACTIONS FROM THE SOLUTIONS OF THE TRANSPORT EQUATIONS C.Manuel and StJN11r0wczvfisk-i Plivs. Rev. D67(2003)014015

INDICATIONS OF NEUTRINO OSCILLATION IN A 250 kin LONG-BASELINE EXPERIMENT M.H.Ahn, D.Kielczewska, J.Zalipska et al. Phvs.Rev.Leit. 90(2003)41801

KINEMATICALLY COMPLETE MEASUREMENT OF THE P D - P D ETA REACTION J.ZlornaftZLik, J.Stepaniak et al. Phys.Scripta 7104(2003)84

FIRST RESULTS OF THE CELSIUSIWASA EXPERIMENT 1.Koch, A.Nawrot, J.Stepaniak et l. Ph.vs.Scripta 7704(2003)29

TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN PROTON PROTON COLLISIONS NEAR THRESHOLD B.Hoistad, J.Stepaniak at al. Ph.js.Scripta T104(2003)15

REPORT ON THE CHARGED DECAY PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION POSSIBILITIES IN WASA M.Jacewicz, A.Nawrot,.T.Stepaniak et al. Ph.ys.Scripia T104(2003)98

KAMERA INTERNETOWA W DYDAKTYCE I POPULARYZACJI ASTRONOMII G.Wrochna et al. Elektronika 112003

FINAL RESULTS FROM DELPHI ON THE SEARCHES FOR SM AND MSSM NEUTRAL HIGGS BOSONS J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli_j.Kurowska-Hoffrnan, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski etal. Eit r.Ph.vs. / C( in /2ress)

THE ETA-C 2980) FORMATION IN TWO-PHOTON COLLISIONS AT LEP ENERGIES J.Abdallali, R.Gokieli, J.Ktirowska-Hoffman, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnovvski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski et al. Eur.Phvs. J C inpress) B-TAGGING IN DELPHI AT LEP J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli_j.Kurowska-Hoffrnan, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski et al. Eur.Ph.vs. J C inpress)

SEARCHES FOR SUPERSYMMETRIC PARTICLES INe'e- COLLISIONS UP TO 208 GEV AND INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS WITHIN THE MSSM J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli, J.Kurowska-Hoffrnan, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptvcka, P.Zale'vvski et a. Eur.Ph v. J C in press)

STUDY OF ELECTRON RECOMBINATION IN LIQUID ARGON WITH THE ICARUS TPC F.Arneodo, D.Kielczewska. E.Rondio,.J.Stepaniak, M.Szeptycka, M.Szleper, J.Zalipska et al. Nucl.hist.Meth.A in press) DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS ](9

DETECTION OF CERENKOV LIGHT EMISS [ON IN LIQUID ARGON F.Arneodo, D.Kiciczewska, E.Rondio,.I.Stepaniak, M.Szeptycka, M.Szleper, J.Zalipska et al. Nitcl.hisi.Meth.A in press)

ANALYSIS OF THE LIQUID ARGON PURITY IN THE ICARUS T600 TPC F.Arneodo, D.Kiciczewska, E.Rondio, J.Stepaniak, M.Szeptycka, M.Szleper, J.Zalipska et al. Nucl.hist.Meth.A in press)

FIRST MEASUREMENT OF PROTON-PROTON ELASTIC SCATTERING AT RHIC S.13filtmann, A.Sandacz et al. Ph.),s.Left.B (iii press)

A MEASUREMENT OF THE BRANCHING FRACTIONS OF THE B-QUARK INTO CHARGED AND NEUTRAL 13- HADRONS J.Abdallah, R.Gokieli, J.Kurowska-Hoffnian, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski et al. Phys.Lett.B in press)

INTERFEROMETRY OF DIRECT PHOTONS IN CENTRAL Pb+Pb COLLISIONS AT 158 AGeV NI.M.A--arwal. K.Karpio, T.Sierniarczuk tal. PhyS. Rev. C in press)

OBSERVATION OF AN EXOTIC = 2, Q = 2 BARYON RESONANCE IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS AT THE CERN SPS C.Alt, H.Bialkowska, B.Boiniska, V.Trubiiikov etal. Plow.Rev.Lett. in press)

MEASUREMENT OF HIGHQ2 CHARGED CURRENT CROSS SECTIONS IN eP DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov, M.Adarnus et al. Eur.Phys J C in press)

AZIMUTHAL ANISOTROPY OF PHOTON AND CHARGED PARTICE EMISSION IN Pb+Pb COLLIcions AT 158 AGcV M.M.A-,arval, K.Karpio, T.Siemiarczuk et al. Eur.Phvs J C in press)

RAPIDITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF INCLUSIVE PHOTONS IN Pb+Pb COLLISIONS AT 158 A,-eV M.M.A--arval, K.Karpio, T.Sierniarczuk et al. Eur.Plow J C in press)

COLLECTIVE FLOW OF INCLUSIVE PHOTONS IN 158 A-eV Pb+Pb COLLISIONS M.M.Aggarval, K.Karpio, T.Siemiarczuk et al. Eurphvs J C in press)

STRANGENESS FROM 20-A-GEV TO 158-A-GEV C.Alt, B.Boimska, II.Bialkowska et al. .1.Phys. G in press)

SYSTEM SIZE DEPENDENCE OF STRANGENESS PRODUCTION AT 158-A-GEV I.Kraus,, B.Boimska, H.Bialkowska et al. J. Ph-vs. G in press)

Q AND W PRODUCTION IN PB + PB AND PP COLLISIONS AT 30-a-Gev, 40-A-GEV AND 158-A-GEV M.Mitrovski, B.Boimska, H.Bialkowska t al. .1.Ph vs. G in ress)

AND'-:--+ PRODUCTION IN PB + PB COLLISIONS AT 40-A-GEV AT CERN SPS C.Meurer, , B.Boimska, H.Bialkowska et al. .1.Ph-vs. G in press)

OBSERVATION OF K"s K"s RESONANCES IN DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chckanov, M.Adamus et al. Phys.Lett.B in press)

FIRST OBSERVATION OF THE Ks Te'yy DECAY A.Lai, J.Nassalski, E.Rondio, M.Szleper, NNV.Wiglicki, S.Wronka et al. Phys.Lett.B in press)

FLUCTUATIONS AND DECONFINEMENT PHASE TRANSITION IN NUCLEUS NUCLEUS COLLISIONS M.Gazdzicki, St.Mrowczynski, and M.I.Gorenstein Phys.Lett.B in press)

TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM FLUCTUATIONS IN NUCLEAR COLLISIONS AT 158 AGEV T.Anticic, H.Bialkowska, B.Boirnska, v.Trubnikov et al. Phvs. Rev. C in press) 110 Annual Report 2003

ENERGYAND CENTRALITY DEPENCENCE OF DEUTERON AND PROTON PRODUCTION IN PB+PB COLLISIONS AT CERN-SPS T.Anticic. 11.13ialkowska, B.Boimska, V.Truhnikov et l. 11h.vs. Re v. C (i i p ress)

INTERNAL NOTES AND REPORTS

BARYON SPECTROSCOPY AND A SEARCH FOR PENTAQUARK STATES WITH THE NA49 DETECTOR V.Cerny, 11.Bialkowska, B.Boiniska. V.Trubnikov et l. CERN-SPSC-2003-025, CERN-SPSC-1-227

COMPLEMENTARITY OF A LOW-ENERGY PHOTON COLLIDER AND LHC PHYSICS D.Asner, N..Szleper et l. hep-ph10308103

ALICE COLLABORATION, ALICE PHYSICS PERFORMANCE REPORT, ALICE PPR, vol I P.Cortese, A.Deloff, K.Karpio,'r.Sierniarezuk etal. Report CERN. CERNILHCC 2003-049

PHOTON MULTIPLICITY DETECTOR. Addendum to ALICE TDR6 P.Cortese, A.Deloff, K.Karpio, T.Sierniarezuk, etal. Report CERN, CERNILHCC2003-038,2003,45 paqes

TRIGGER, DATA AQUISITION, HIGH LEVEL TRIGGER AND CONTROL SYSTEM, ALICE TDR 10 P.Cortese, A.Dcloff, K.Karpio, T.Siemiarczuk, et a. Report CERN. CERJV1LHCC-2003-062. 2003

CONCEPTUAL ESIGN OF HO SCINTILLATORS IN THE RPC MUON TRIGGER GAVrochna, et al. CA4S NOTE-20031009

SEARCH FOR COLOR TRANSPARENCY A.Sandacz BNL-71035-2003 (P'orlnol Report) 97

STUDIES OF EXCLUSIVE PROCESSES IN el) SCATTERING AT EC A.Sandacz BNI,-71035-2003 Pormal Report) 357

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

RESULTS ON c/F AND CPV EFFECTS IN K --> mice FROM NA48 J.1'.Nassalski (invited tlk) New trends i high-energi!physics-Ailla, Ukraina 3-31 Alm. 2003

STRANGENESS AT CERN 13.13ialkowska iited talk) XXV11th Mazurlan Lakes Conftenece n Physics, K-',,.e. 31ALtq - 7 Sept. 2003

HEAVY ON PHYSICS AT CERN B.Bialkowska, invited talk) 2nd Wrsaw Afeefin o 1arficle correlatiomy and Resonances in Hemy lon Collisions. Warscm,,, Sept. 2003

DIRECT CP VIOLATION IN NEUTRAL KAON DECAYS IAI.Wisficki ivited talk) 1,Vth Interwitional Swnposittln o Particles Srings and Cosmology, Iumbai 38 an. 2003

FIRST POTOTYPE OF THE CROSSGRID TESTBED J.Marco, WAN19ficki et al., invite tlk) 1"Acrossgrittv Cnlerence, Santiago de Cmposrella. 12-14 1ebr 2003

EVENT-BY-EVENT FLUCTUATIONS IN HIGH-ENERGY NUCLEAR COLLSIONS St.N'lr0Nvczvfiski. invited talk) Conftrence Topics in Heavv lon Collisimis ".Montreal, Cemada, 25 - 28 Ame 2003

TRANSPORT THEORY OF QUARK-GLUON-PLASMA St.N1r0wczNrfiski ivited talk) 39-th tVinfer School o'77woretical Physics Foundations of Quark-Ghton Plasma ",Ldek drjj 2 12f'eb 2003

SUM RULE OF THE CORRELATION FUNCTION St.N1r0wczNrf1ski, (invited talk) Second arscm, Meeting on ParticleCorrelations find Resonances in Heavy lon Collisions, Warsaw, 1 - 8 Oct. 2003 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS M.Bashkanov, J.Stepaniak et al., (invited talk) HADRON'03 X InteniationalConfrence o Hadron Spectroscopv, Aschqftenburg, Germany 31 Aug - 6 Sept. 2003

OPERATION OF LOW-NOISE SINGLE-GAP RPC MODULES EXPOSED TO IONISATION RATES UP TO I H7Jcm 2 M.(-,viok, M.G6rski et al.. (oral) VII Workshop o Resistiv!e Plate Chambers ad Related Detec[ors Clermont-Ferrand,France, 20-22 Oct. 2003

LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS

Colorful Quark-Gluon Plasma" S.N1r6Nvczvfiski, Seminar qfthe Department o'Physics, McGill Universit Montreal, Canada, July 2003 Colorful Quark-Gluon Plasma"' S.Mr6wezyfiski, Seminar qfthe Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, Universitat de Valbicia, 25 Sept. 2003

Colorful Quark-Gluon Plasma"' S.N1r6wczvfiski, Seminar othe Department ol'Physics, Bergen University Norviay, October 2003.

Study of electromagnetic interactions of hgh energy muons in Liquid Argon") J.Stepaniak, ICARUS Collaborafimi Meetinq, Granada, 27-28.1illy 2003

Search for il ---) 7'n-e'e- decay i the CELSIUS/WASA data") J.Stepaniak, CELSIUSAVASA Data Analysis workshop. Angstrom Liboratory, Uppsala, Sweden, 3-15 Oct. 2003 Diffractive dissociation background for xclusive processes") A.Sandacz, CERN, April 2003

Exclusive vector reson production i COMPASS" A.Sandacz, CERN, 4April 2003

Lookin,, into the nucleon spin with COMPASS"' A.Sandacz. Hqh Energy Physicsselninar.Unhersily qf'Stonv Brook, USA, 28 April 2003

Spin density atrix elements for exclusive p poduction') A.Sandacz, CERN. 28 August 2003 Towards ground motion easurements in the NuMl tunnel') M.Szleper, NLC Planning Budget Meeting, Fermilab, 28 Oct. 2003

Second look at Bue Field effects on the easured asymmetryb) M.Szleper, NA48 CollaborationMeeting, CERN, 24 Oct. 2003

First look at Bue Field effects on the easured asymmetry') M.Szleper, NA48 CollaborationMeeting. Pisa, 17 Sept. 2003

NA48/2: Measurement ofCP violating asymmetries in charged kaon decaysb) M.Szleper, US Department ol'Energy. Northwestern, 7 Sept. 2003

How to use te MINOS near detector to estimate the v component') M.Szleper, NuMi o Axis VVorkshop, Argonne (USA), 25 Aril 2003

RPC Tri-,-,er Status') G.Wrochna, CMS RPC Panel Meeting, CERN. 19 Febr. 2003

RPC Tfi,:,-,er Status") G.Wrochna, CMS Link Bx Revieit,,, CERN, 19 Febr. 2003

RPC Trigger Statusb) G.Wrochna, CMS CPTIElectronics Veek, CERN, 5 MaY 2003 RPC Trigger Synchronisation') G.Wrochna, CMS CPTIElectronics VVeek. CRN 6 Maj, 2003

RPC Trigger May 2003 Test Beam ReSUIN" G.Wrochna, CHS CPTIElectronics Veek. CERN 7 Nov. 2003

b) in EnglishI., 112 Annual Report 2003

INTERNAL SEMINARS

Very Cold Antihydrogcn H.Bialkowska. IFD, UIV. 21 2003

Bctween AGS ad RHIC: Relativistic Heavy lon Pysics at CERN SPS 11.13ialkowska, 1FD1 UW, ]Nov. 2003

Heavy lon Physic at CERN SPS II.Bialkowska, BRAHMS collaboralionjibe U.I. 0acow, AI)i-il 2003

Heavy lon Collisions at High Energies 11.Bialkowska, 41afd Fiz)-k6ir Polskich, Gelcuisk. el)t. 2003

Jet QuenchingI 1I.Bialkowska, 1FD, VV.Nov. 2003

Achievements and challenges i neutrin sudies"' D.Kielczewska, IFT UIV. 7 Febi-. 2003

Neutrino oscillations i Super-Karniokande and K2K and plans for fture D.Kielczewska, Niewoclniczanski Institute q'Nucleaj-Physic-S. Ci-acow, 3 March 2003

Oscillations of neutrinos poduced i te Sun, Earth atmosphere accelerators and reactors D.Kielczewska, IFT UIV 7 Febi-. 2003

What do w knowabout neutrino asses ad mixim"s" D.Kiclczewska, IF UVV. 28 Meti-ch 2003

Colorful Quark-Gluon Plasnia St.Mi-6wczy6ski, Ssjet - ,,ktzji 70-cio ecki llrqlsora Andr-eja Bit(Lanowskiego, Ciwcolv, 3march 2003

Colorful Quark-Gluon Plasma S.MrOwczyfiski, BRAHMS, U, Crakow, April 2003

Colorful Quark-Gluon Plasma S.Nfi-6wczvfiski, senfinm- L. nflda. UIV 4 Dec. 2003

Spin pysics with Compass at CERN J.Nassalski, IFJ, Ci-acow, 4.1an. 2003

The COMPASS Experiment at CERN J.Nassalski, Physics Dept. lVarsaw Technical UniversitY 2 Feb. 2003

Report from the EPS Conference in Aachen J.Nassalski, IFD UVV, 10 ct. 2003

Future of neutrino pysics in Icarus E.Rondio, IFD UW 9 MaY 2003

How does a physicist looks into a nucleon" E.Rondio, Science Festival, 20-21 Sel7l. 2003

SPIN-2002 Conference Overview A.Sandacz, IFD, UVV, 17.1an. 2003

Why do w ned biggerz: accelerators - ad how will they look? R.Sosnowski, histitule sinincir 5 Mav 2003

Perspectives of te CERN LHC R.Sosnowski, FT VV.21 Nov. 2003

An-ular distributions ol'cosi-nic inUons J. Stepaiiiak, Inst. of'Phi'sics Silesian Universilv. 29 Sej)t. 2003

Icarus - what next? NI.Szeptycka, Semina)-, 24 March 2003

New experiments 'In neutrino physics M.Szeptycka, 1FD, IV. 25 AI)ril 2003

Measurement of direct CP violation i kaon decay 11'.Wiglicki, IFD, UIV. 14 Mm-ch 2003 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 113

Thermodynamics for choice odels on raphs W.Wiglicki, nst. o Phvsico-Chemisir,, PAN, 20 Ma)-ch 2003

New windows on te Universe G.Wrochna, Science Festival, Warsait% 20-21 Sel)t. 2003

New windows on the Universe G.Wrochna, Science Festival.Lod, 29,4pril 2003

SCIENCE POPULARIZATION TALKS AND ARTICLES

.J.Nassalski TV 1, Prom-arn"I Laboratory". 14.02.2003, Radio BIS, 20.03.2003, Radio S, 24.03.2003.

G.Wrochna I I i 12.11.2003 - TV Pro-ram Fundamental laws of Nature - at the elementary particles level Akademic TV

17-11 i 18.11.2003 - TV Pro,ram New windows on the niverse Akademic TV

P.Zalewski 16 articles in popular science magazine DELTA

PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC COUNCILS AND ORGANISING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES

H.Bialkowska Member of the Scientific Counc I of the SINS, cair of the Pro-ramm Commission Member of the SPS Committee, CERN Member of the Physics Panel, Hman Potential Networks C, Brussels 2003 Secretary General of the Polish Physical Society Deputy Spokesperson of te NA49 experiment at CERN

J.Nassalski Chairman with pi-of. A.Efremow) of the X Wrkshol o High Energy Sfin Physics (NATO ARW DUBNA-SIfin03), DUbna, Rosia, 16-20 Sept. 2003. Convenor section XP violation" of the j-iternational Europhysics Conference on High-Energy Physics", Aachen, Germany, 17-23 July 2003, Member of Penary ECFA European Committee for Future Accelerators) Member of Pro-ramme Advisory Committee for Particle Physics, JINR, Dubna Member of Extended Scientific Council, DESY, Hamburg

R.Sosnowski Chairman of the Scientific Council of the SINS Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Hi-hI., Pessure Centrurn of Polish Academy of Sciences Council for Nuclear Science and Technology - vice chairman, chairman of the High Energy Physics Commission, a member of the Commission for Collaboration with JNR in Dubna Polish delegate to the CERN Council, deputy cairman Polish representative to International Union of Pre and Applied Physics Member of the Scientific Cuncil of JNR in Dubna Member of the Executive Committee of the Eropean Physics Society Chairman of the Committee of Physics of te Polish Academy of Sciences

T.Siemiarczuk Polish roup coordinator in te ALICE CERN experiment Member of the Collaboration Board of the ALICE CERN experiment Polish group coordinator in te STRELA experiment at Dubna NUCLOTRON

J.Stepaniak Member of te Collaboration Board of the WASA Spokesperson of the C62 Experiment Multiple charged pion production at energies I 00- 360 MeV"

M.Szeptycka Member ofthe SLC.I Scientific Cuncil Member of te Physics Section, KBN 114 Annual Report 2003

G.Wroclina Scientific Committee of"'PERG/IEEE seminar", Wilga, May 2003, Chair of the session Thotonics fr Astronomy"

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Marek Adamus, Dr. Krzysztof Nawrocki, Dr., 1/2 Helena Balkowska, Assoc.Prof. Adam Nawrot, Eng. 3/5 Bo2ena Boirnska, MSc. Ewa Rondio, Assoc.Prof. Andrzej Deloff" Assoc.Prof. 113 Andrze' Sandacz, Assoc.Prof. Ryszard Gokiell, Dr. Teodor Siermarczuk, Professor Maclcj G6rskI, Dr. Ryszard Sosnowski, Professor Julia Hoffman. Dr. Joanna Stepaniak, Professor KrzysztofKarplo, MSc. Maria Szeptycka, Professor Danuta Kielczewska, Assoc. Prof. 1/5 Michal SzIeper, Dr. (on leave) Katarzyna Kowalik, MSc. Marek Szczekowski, Assoc.Prof. Andrzej Kupk, Dr. (on ]cave) Piotr Szyrnafiski, Dr. (on leave) Pawel Marciniewski, Dr. (on leave) Wojciech Wilicki, Assoc.Prof. Adam Mielech, MSc. Grzeaorz Wrochna, Assoc. Prof. Stanislaw Mr6wczyfiski, Professor 2/3 Piotr Zalewski, Dr. Jan Nassalski, Professor

PhD students Technical and administrative staff

Miclial Bluj, MSc. Krzysztof Brzozowski Oleg Grajek, MSc. Pion- Gawor Lukasz Go§cllo, MSc. Tadcusz Marszal Marcin Przewlocki, MSc. Wieslawa Pojedyfiska Marcin Sokolowski Maria Sobocifiska Liu Han, MSc. Teresa wlerczyfiska Krzysztof Syryczyfiski, MSc. Piotr Traczyk, MSc. WIktor Trubnikov, MSc. Joanna Zalipska, MSc. DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 115

7 DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS PLO401723

Head of Department: Dr. Jacek Szabelski phone: (42) 678-64-31 e-mail: jszpk.u.Iodz.pl

Overview

Cosmic Rays are energetic particles from outside the Solar System. The energy spectrum power law encray dependence) suggestsC11-1 a non-thermal origin of these particles. Most of the studies of Cosmic Rays address fundamental problems such as: • the nature of the physical and astrophysical pocesses responsible for the hgh energies of particles up to about 10213 eV/partlcle), • estimation of the astrophysical conditions at the acceleration sites and/or a search for sources of Cosmic Rays, • properties of hh energy particle interactions at very high energies (nuclear interactions at eneruies exceeding energies available in the laboratories). Some Cosmic Ray studies mght have practical (commercial) implications, e.- cosmic weather" forecast - predictions of geornagnetic disturbances related to Solar activity changes (due "I 1__1 to large Solar Flares events of Coronal Mass Ejections); these are important for large electricity networks, gas pipes, radio-wave connections, space missions and satellite experiments. The Department of Cosmic Ray Physics in L6d2 is involved in basic research in the high energy Cosmic Ray field. Eneraetic Cosmic Ray particles poduce cascades of particles in the atmosphere, called Extensive All' Showers (EAS). Registering EAS and their poperties is the main theme of experimental studies of very high energy Cosmic Rays. In the L6d2 Department we run an Extensive Air Shower array where EAS are registered. We concentrate our experimental esearch on the explanation of particle detection delayed by hundreds of rrilcro- seconds with respect to the main EAS sgnals. In the underground 15 meters) laboratory we continuously register muon (5 GeV energy threshold) flux wth the multidirectional telescope. We have observed several disturbances (Forbush Decreases) in muon countinaC rates. The interpretation of these events for "cosmic weather" and for Cosmic Ray transport models in te interplanetary plasma are on oing in collaboration with Prof. M. Alania (Siedlce), and Prof. K. Kudela (Kosice, Slovakia). International collaborations are very important: the Department was a KASCADE member (EAS experiment dedicated to solving the problem of mass composition of Cosmic Rays at energies around lo" eV In Forschunuszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany) and now is a member of KASCADE-Grande Collaboration - te large classical experiment for very hh energy EAS. We collaborate in EAS data interpretation, detection technics and basic Cosmic Ray problems with College de France, Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, JINR Dubna and the Cosi-nophysical Institute in Yakutsk (Russia). In the area of hgh energy particle physics our Department is a member of CELSIUSIWASA Collaboration (Uppsala, Sweden), and participates in ZEUS experiment at DESY Hamburg, Germany). Students of hiah schools in L6d a visiting our Department and can perform small experiments wth secondary Cosmic Ray particle detection. This activity is elated to Jhe Roland Maze Project", the idea oflarge EAS arrays with detectors placed on the roofs of high schools in L6d2. 116 Annual Report 2003

7.1 Ldi Extensive Air Shower Array by J.Gawin, K.Jdrzejczak, J.Karczmarczyk, S.Petrotchenkovl), J.Swarzyfiski, J.Szabelski TWIN(, C,4

0 We continued rulsterina vents of eneraies above neutrons started their diffusion in te lead block or in 0114- 1015 eV in te L6d2 EAS at-ray. Studies of' dlayed the around near the detectors I n signals are in progress. We assume the ypothesis tat The obtained time dstributions of slow ntrons PAS hadrons interact i the lead block ad pi-OCILICC are consistent wt t registrations i t boron MeV neutrons which after thermalisation induce te counter. The only poblem is te equirement of, delayed signals in t Gelger-Mfiller counters, te (Treat number of neutrons produced at te shower boron counter and other detectors registering t tme arrival. Calculations are performed in ollaboration structure f impulses (10 MHz FADC, 8bit with JINR in Dubna. converters, 32 kB mcmory).The hypothesis tat such We added a special scintillation counters realstrationsZ: are due to the areat lUmber f nutrons containing ZnS) eceived frorn the Institute of produced in the lead block seems vy pobable W Nuclear Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. performed many computer simulations ot' neutron diffusion in the vicinity of te aray. We used te MCNP program and ntroduced the detailed geometry of the array and its surroundings taking into account Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna. the arnount of hydrogen in t S011) Sulated Moscow, Russia

7.2 KASCADE-Grande:aConclusiveExperimentontheCosmicRaySpectrum'knee' by A.Iwan-Risse, J.Zabicrowski LO 04 In July 2003, the KASCADE-Grande experiment caused by light primaries: potons and heliurn uclei. located in Forschuncszentrum Karlsruhe in Germany The data suggest also that the position of the 'knee' is C) 'IT has started to take in data. It consists o' te "old" primary particle rigidity dependent. This points _J KASCADE experiment and 38 new 10 ill , scintillator towards its astrophysical ogin. However, current stations for measurement of the ar shower characd model inconsistencies do not allow final statements oil particles, dstributed on the aea ofO 2 -ne f orn the .5 krn this subject. A conclusive hint. will cot The main motivation for extending the KASCADE position of the ion knee' wich will be measured by experiment into the pimary energy region reaching KASCADE-Grande. 1018 eV was twofold: testin the hadronic interaction In te analysis ot' hadronic shower cores measured models up to te threshold of the AUGER experiment by KASCADE Calorimeter, another result was and obtaining data on the cosmic ray primary obtained. Namely, it was shown 2 that the aount spectrum well beyond the, so called, kncc' of geometrical alignment of hadrons in the cores (characteristic change of the spectral index). Te attcr observed in KASCADE can be uy explained by 'II allow us to test for te existence of te, so called, standard smulations and does not requi wl I I I ire any new iron knee' the change in te slope ofthe spectrum f physics. as has been claimed for many yars by sorne primary iron nuclei) above 1017 eV of primary energy. emulsion chamber experimenters. This activity is in view of the KASCADE In the combined analysis of the sintillator array Collaboration esults obtained fi-orn the unfolding b data and the measured muon dections in the Large several mathernatical procedures of the cxperimental Muon Tracking Detector a method ntroduced in 31 two-dimensional spectra of electron ad rnuon has been applied to the experimental data 14]. Further numbers in showers. These results are pmary energy studies of the muon rnomenturn space and its spectra for five pimary ass -1-OLIPS, epresented by protons, hellurn. carbon, siliconZ, and iron. This uique implications for the models of hadronic interactions are in progress. result (up to recently only 'all particle spectra' were obtained) 1 allows testing of the hypotheses o te origin of the 'knee', naT-nely to dstinguish between the [11 "Energy spectrum and elemental composition two main assumptions: astrophysical origin of' te the PeV re-Ion", M.Roth, A.Iwan, J.Zablerowski result or an unknown nteraction pocess in the C, atmosphere. et a., Proc 28"' ICRC, Tsukuba, Japan, 2003, Universal Academy Pess Inc., p 129, and Currently, our data sow wthout obt tat n:Wissenschaftliche Ber'chte FZKA 6890, p 21 the 'knee' in the overall primary energy spectru is DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 117

[2] Investigation of geometrical structures in the P.Doll, Nucl.Phys. B (Proc.Suppl.) 122 (2003) hadronic shower core", A.Iwan, JR.Hocrandel, 275-278; and in: astro-ph/0211568 J.Zabierowski et aL, Proc 28"' ICRC, Tsukuba, [4] "Investigation of the muon pseudorapidities in clis Japan, 2003, Universal Acaderny Pess Inc., with the muon tracking detector of'the kascadc p 1595, and in: Wissenschaftlichc Berlichte FZKA experiment", J.Zabierowski, ..., A.1wan et al., 6890, p.41 Proc 28 1h ICRC, Tsukuba, Japan, 2003, Universal [3] "Properties of tangential and adial angles of Academy Press Inc., p.29, and in: muons n eas", J.Zablerowsk', K.Dauni'ller ad Wissenschaftliche Berichte FZKA 6890, p.53

7.3 Methods of Energy Estimation for Giant Air Showers by K.Jqdrzejczak, M.Kasztelan, J.Szabelski, TWIbla PLO401726

In collaboration wth Pi-of. J.N.Capdevlelle and his registrations at the energies above IO eV obtaine in PhD student from Coll6ae de France we continued our the Yakutsk experiment (more than 30 000 events). studies of the problem of energy evaluation foi- the Some detectors in this experiment are placed in airs. Nauest registered showers. We studied the poblem of This allows for experimental determination of EAS the accuracy of shower energy estimation and the particle density fluctuations. influence of parameter naccuracies on the final esult of energy estimation. Because the cosmic ay particle In the middle of the year we started smulations of' the detector response to the passage of EAS particles energy spectrum is very steep, the iaccuracy of using the GEANT program. The studies should allow energy determination in the individual eents leads in for extractin- the fluctuationsi- due to te shower most cases to energy overestimation, and variations in development in the atmosphere from t fluctuations recylstration accuracy can induce chanues of the energy C, C, caused by the detection method. spectrum index. In 2003 due to the kindness of Dr. A Mkhallov we aot access to the unique results f cosmic ay

7.4 Origin of Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays - Single Source Model PLO401727 by T.Wibicy

The model of ultra high-energy cosmic ray origin experimental results concerning cosmic ay SCCtFLII11 from a nearby sngle source was studied in as well as small-range directional correlation. Both collaboration wth prof. A.W. Wolfendale fi-om papers present results of simulations ol.' the h Durharn University (UK). The model describes energy cosmic rays in extragalactic maurietic fields.

7.5 Studies of the Particle Production Processes in High Energy Interactions by I.Kurp, TWibI(r 00 N The continuation of studies of' the cascading in the atmosphere. We compared te model T-1 thermodynamical model of particle poduction in very predictions with esults of emulsion charnher -,T0 high energy hadronic collisions -Ives the experiments at mountain altitudes. The 0 parameterisation of te additional parameter i non- parameterisation obtained gives a solid toretical extensive thermodynamics as a function o the c.m.s. foundation of extrapolating the average transverse collision energy Tansverse momentum distributions momentum of produced particles to the highest were used for te fitting procedure. This result was observed cosmic ray particle energies. used in simulation calculations o the cosmic ray 118 Annual Report 2003

7.6 The Roland Maze Project by K.Jqdi-zejczak, I.Kurp, PPILIC]ftski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski, T.Wibi PLO401729

Experimental studies of extensive air showers at Also this time the pr 'ect has not been qualified or the hiahest enera, -e the mn the next step ofevaluati ,,es (above 1018 cV a I ion. scientific ll oal of the pi-0j 'ect W plan to -sconstruct placed ina We are also continuously trying to obtain some network of extensive ar shower detectoi I' rids from the local authorities. Out- activities L6d hgh school bildings, which lowers the cost by undertakenu the fl of 2003 have been supported by usin uban nfrastructure of te schools (INTERNET, the Deputy Mayor for the young people affairs. After power supply etc.), and also can be a very elegant ay three meetings with the local politicians out poject of science popularisation by en-a-1ng high school has been introduced to the next yar city budaet students in the esearch prograrn. 30 hi0h schools if) project. The donation (if confirmed by the Cy L6d2 have expressed their ill to be involved in te Council decision) will exceed the funds requested project. 1'rom KBN. Looking for funds for the pr .ect was te main out, 0j Contacts with the schools caused our areater (Yoal over the last year. Out. project submitted to KBN activity in popularisation of science: students 1'rom in January and July 2003 ave not been accepted for several schools have visited our EAS array during the realisation. In October 2003 we submitted for the 3d Science Festival. Some notes and articles about out- second time the "European" version o' the pr OJect Institute have appeared in the L6d2 edition of Gazeta (together with the centres in England, Finland, France "I 11 Wyborcza. There was also information in the local and Sweden) to the program SOCRATES-MINERVA. television TVP3.

7.7 CELSIUS/WASA - Investigation of the Production and Decay of Light Mesons CY)0 by J.Zablei-owski 0 In 2003, in addition to the final tun'ng o' the the Polish group: CA62 - production of charged '(+)pi(-) reaction and CA75 de detector components and improvements introduced pions in pp->pppi I cay into the trigger and data acquisition systems the of the eta->pl(+)pi(-)e(+)e(-) produced in pp experimental uns for projects approved by T collisions. Svedbera Laboratory PAC have taken place. In The Light Pulser Monitoring System due to proton-proton collisions eta meson poduction taggill(' chanues introduced recently into the constructio o' as well as dfferent eta decay channels and t the Light Source, can now be used lot- checking te production of' pions we nvesti,-ated. In articular-, linearity of the Scintillation Calorimeter durina the data ave been taken in two experiments poposed by runs.

7.8 ZEUS Experiment by P.Plucifiski PLO401731

Our work or the ZEUS experiment in DESY He was also involved in adapting software of' te concentrates on the tria(Ter system for the Backing BAC data acquisition systern to the actual Calorimeter (BAC). Mr Pawel Plucifiski, who works requirements of the experiment, and in studying in DESY, has played a ole of a on-line" expert for method of discrimination of muons and hadronic BAC. His ost iportant duties we to ppar te cascades in BAC. optimal set-up of the trior(Tel, system, technical control, and data monitoring (off'-line) in oder to control the system work. DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 119 PLO401732

7.9 The Underground Muon Telescope

by K.Jqdrzejczak, J.Karczmarczyk, J.Swarzyfiski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski, P.Tokarski, T.Wlbi (T

The muon telescope of 0.5 m 2 area placed in te At the end of October and becinnino, of'Novenibcr underaround laboratory has been continuously 2003 a series of strong Solar flares occurred. Our recistering the flux of muons with eneruies above muon telescope registered the Forbush decrease and GeV. anticipated increase of muon intensity corresponding The esults of registration and analysis of a few to the flare of 28 October which had a s trenath i X- Forbush decreases (variations of cosmic ray intensity rays estimated as XI 7 The i-esults are still analysed in in the space surrounding the Earth) registered in the order to search for anomalies that could possibly be muon telescope in 2002 have been presented at the caused by such a violent Solar activity. 28"' ICRC in Tsukuba, Japan, in August 2003. The In collaboration with prof. K. Kudela and dr K. results of our studies lead to the conclusion that during Iskra from the Academy of Podlasle we performed Forbush decreases cosmic ray energy spectrum is calculations of the so-called asymptotic drect](11s strongly dsturbed at te energy range above 50 GeV. corresponding to the geomagnetic position of L6&. Our work has been mentioned by pi-of. K. Munakata in his reporters talk summarizing the conference. 120 Annual Report 2003

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

PREPARATION OF ENRICHED COSMIC RAY ASS GROUPS WITH KASCADE T.Antoni,..., J.ZaI)iero-vski,...c1aI. Astropar6cle Physics 19(2003)715

MEASUREMENT OF THE ATTENUATION AND ABSORPTION LENGTHS WITH THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT T.Antoni ...... J.Zabicrowski_c a. Asiropaj-iicle Phlysics 19(2003)703

COMMENT ON"DETERMINING ENERGY SPECTRA FOR SEPARATE MASS GROUPS FROM EAS; THE QUEST IS STILL ON" T.Antoiii,..,J.ZabicroNiski,..et al. Asti-oparticle Ph.ysics 19(2003)37.3

THE INFORMATION FROM MUON ARIVAL TIME DISTRIBUTIONS OF HIGH-ENERGY EAS AS MEASURED WITH THE KASCADE DETECTOR T.Antoni. ..., J.Zabierowski et al. AstroparticlePhysics 18(2003)319

STUDY OF BARYON AND SEARCH FOR DIBARYON RESONANCES BY THE PP->PPPI(+)Pl(-) REACTION E.Doroshkevicli, ...,.T.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski et al. Euv Phys. J. A 8(2003)171

MEASUREMENT OF EVENT SHAPES IN DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov,..., P.Phicifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Em-. Phys. J. C2 7(2003)2. 531

MEASUREMENTOFHIGH-QA 2 c-p NEUTRAL CURRENT CROSS SECTION AT HERA AND THE EXTRACTION OF X F3 (REVISED) S.Chekanov,..., P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Eur. Phys. J. C28(2003)2.175

JET PRODUCTION IN CHARGED CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC ep SCATTERING AT HERA S.Clickanov...., P.Pluci6ski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Etu-. Phys..I. C3](2003)5149

LARGE TRANSVERSE MOMENTA IN STATISTICAL MODELS OF HIGH ENERGY INTERACTIONS T.Wibig, I.Kurp Jow-nal o'High Enerqy Physics 12(2003)039

THE COSMIC RAY EXPERIMENT KASCADE T.Antoni,..., A.1wan,.12abierowski.et al. Nucl. nsir tried Meth. A513(2003490

FIRST RESULTS FROM THE CELSIUS/WASA FACILITY S.KLillandei A.Nawrot,,J.Stepaniak,,I.Zabicrowski et l. Nuclem- Phys. A 72](2003)563(:

LEADING PROTON PRODUCTION IN ep COLLISIONS AT HERA S.Chekanov,..., P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Nucleen- Phvsics B658(2003)3

MEASUREMENT OF THE OPEN-CHARM CONTRIBUTION TO THE DIFFRACTIVE PROTON STRUCTURE FUNCTION S.Chekanov, ..., P.Plucifiski etal. (ZEUS Collaboration) Nuclear Physics B672(2003)3

PROPERTIES OF TANGENTIAL AND RADIAL ANGLES OF MUONS IN EAS J.Zabierowski, K.Daumiller and P.Doll. Nuct. Ph.vs. B (Pi-oc. Suppl.) 122(2003)275

ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE KNEE REGION H.Ulrich ...... Zabierowski et al. Nucl. Ph.vs. B (Pi-oc. Suppl.) 122(2003)218

ON THE HADRONIC COMPONENT OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS J.R.Hoerandel, ..., J.Zabierowski et al. Nucl. Ph.vs. (Proc. Suppl.) 22(2003)309

STATUS OF THE KASCADE-GRANDE EXPERIMENT K.-H. Kampert, ..., J.Zabicrowski et al. Nucl. Ph-vs. B (Proc. Suppl.) 122(2003)422 DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 121

TEST OF INTERACTION MODELS WITH THE KASCADE HADRON CALORIMETER J.Milke,..., J.Zabierowski et al. Nucl. Phys. B Pi-oc. Suppl.) 122(2003)388 MUON PRODUCTION HEIGHTS DETERMINED IN THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT C.Buctmer ...... J.Zabierwwski et al. Nucl.Phvs. B (Proc. Suppl.) 122(2003)289 SENSITIVITY AND CONSISTENCY STUDIES OF MUON ARRIVAL TME DISTRIBUTIONS MEASURED BY KASCADE F.Baclea, ...,.I.Zabicrowski et al. Nucl.Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 122(2003)271

MUON DENSITY SPECTRA AS PROBE OF THE MUON COMPONENT PREDICTED BY AIR-SHOWER SIMULATIONS A.HaLings, ..., J.Zabierowski et al. Nucl.Phys. B Proc. Suppl.) 22(2003)384 DETERMINATION OF PRIMARY ENERGY AND MASS IN THE PEV REGION BY BAYESIAN UNFOLDING TECHNIQUES M.Roth, ..., J.Zabicrowski et al. Nuc1.Phjs. B (Proc. Sippl.) 122(2003)317

TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS NEAR THRESHOLD H.Calen,..., A.Kupge, P.iNI.-ii-einici,ski,.I.Stepaniak,.I.Zabierowski et al. Ph,sica Scripta 7104(200315

FIRST RESULTS OF THE CELSIUS/WASA EXPERIMENT I.Koch, ..., A.Nawrot, J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski et al. Phlsica Scripta T]04(2003)29

KINEMATICALLY COMPLETE MEASUREMENT OF THE pd > pdrl REACTION J.Zlornanczuk, ..., J.Stcpaniak,.j.Zabicrowski et al. Physica Scripta T]04(2003)84 REPORT ON THE CHARGED DECAY PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION POSSIBILITIES IN WASA M.Jacewicz, ..., A.Nawrot, J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski et al. Ph)sica Scripta 704(2003)98

STUDY OF THE pp - pp n'Tc- REACTION IN THE LOW-ENERGY TAIL OF THE ROPER RESONANCE J.Paetzold, ..., J.Stepaniak,.T.Zabicrowski et al. Phw. Rev. C67(2003)052202

A ZEUS NEXT-TO-LEADING-ORDER QCD ANALYSIS OF DATA ON DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING S.Chekanov, ..., 1.111ticifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Ph3,s. Rev. D67(2003)012007

A SEARCH FOR RESONANCE DECAYS TO LEPTON+JET AT HERA AND LMITS ON LEPTOQUARKS S.Chekanov, ..., P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Ph,s. Rev. D68(2003)052004 STUDY OF THE AZIMUTHAL ASYMMETRY OF JETS IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP NELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov, ..., P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Plqs. Lett. B551( 2003)3

OBSERVATION OF THE STRANGE SEA IN THE PROTON VIA INCLUSIVE -MEZON PRODUCTION IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.ChekanoN ...... P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Ph-vs. Lett. B553( 2003)141

MEASUREMENT OF SUBJET MULTIPLICITIES IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA AND DETERMINATION OF ALPHAS S.Chekanov, ..., P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Ph),s. Left. B558(2003)41

SEARCH FOR SINGLE-TOP PRODUCTION INel) COLLISIONS AT HERA S.Chekanov, ..., P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Ph),s. Lett. B559(2003)153

SCALING VIOLATIONS AND DETERMINATION OF ALPHA-S FROM JET PRODUCTION IN GAMMA P INTERACTIONS AT HERA S.Chekanov, ..., P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Phvs. Lett. B560(2003)7 DUET ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS IN PHOTOPRODUCTION OF CHARM AT HERA S.Chekanov, ..., P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Plqs. Lett. B565(2003)187 122 Annual Report 2003

MEASUREMENT OF DEEPLY VIRTUAL COMPTON SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov,..., P.Plucifiski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Phys. Lett. B573(2003)40

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

Oral resentation

ROLAND MAZE PROJECT -COSMIC RAYS REGISTRATIONS IN SCHOOLS K..Jcdrzeiczak 12"' Intern. School Particlesad Cosmology", Baksan 11alle.y. Kahardino-Bal'aria,Russian edei-ation, April 21-26, 2003

ORIGIN OF DELAYED SIGNALS IN EAS J.Szal)elski 12" Intern. School Particlesand Cslnolo-v ", Baksan Vallev, Kabardino-Balkarici,Russian Federcition,April 21-26, 2003

DIRECTIONAL VARIATION OF THE GEV MUON FLUX OBSERVED IN THE UNDERGROUND MUON TELESCO13E rvI.Alania, .,IVdi-zcjcziii,.J.Karczmai-czNk,.J.SiN,.ti-zNfiski, B.Szabelska, J.Sza))elski, T.Wilbig 28"' ICRC. 7sttkuba, Japan, Jdy 31 - litg 7 2003

INVESTIGATION OF THE MUON PSEUDORAPIDITIES IN EAS WITH THE MUON TRACKING DETECTOR OF THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT J.Zabierowski .... A.1-wan, et l. KASCADE Collaboration) 28" CRC. Tsit,itba. apaii. Iid-v 31 - I ug 7 2003

THE ROLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF MUON ARRIVAL ME DISTRIBUTIONS FOR THE MASS DISCRIMINATION OF HIGH ENERGY EAS I.M.BranCLIS,.- A.Iwan, J.Zabierowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28" ICRC, vukitba, Jpan, July 3 - 7. 2003

ENERGY SPECTRUM AND ELEMENTAL CONl POSITION IN THE PeV REGION M.Roth, ..., A.1wan, J.Zal)icrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28"' CIC. Tviikuba, 1apan, Jill.v 31 -A ug 7 2003

COSMIC RAY ANISOTROPY WITH KASCADE G.Maier,.- A.1wanj.Zabierwvvski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28" ICRC, 7sitkitba. Japan. Ad.v 31 -A 7. 2003

MUON DENSITY EASUREMENTS AS PROBE OF TE MUON COMPONENT OF AIR SHOWER SIMULATIONS A.H,11.1111-S, ..., A.1manj.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28" ICRC, Tsitkuba, Japan. Jid)? 31 - 1 7, 2003

TEST OF A HADRONIC INTERACTION MODEL BY A MULTIDIMENTIONAL ANALYSIS OF LONGITUDINAL AR- SHOWER OBSERVABLES AT KASCADE F.Badca, M.Roth-., A.Iwan, J.Zahierowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 2,' ICRC, Tsitkubci. .apan, Jid.v 31 - lug 7 2003

A MEASUREMENT OF THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF UNACCOMPANIED HADRONS M..Muellcr. J.R.Hoei-andel,..., A.1,wan,.12abicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28"' ICRC, Tvitkitba, Japan, Jid.v 31 -Ait,,,,. 7.2003

SEARCH FOR EXTREMELY HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYS WITH THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT G.Schatz,.... A.Iwanj.Za`hierowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 2S"' ICRC. Tvitkitba. Japali. Jid-v 31 - I iq 7 2003

KASCADE-GRANDE: THE GRANDE ARRAY A.Chiavassa, ..., A.Iwan,.T.Zabierowski t al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28"' CRC, Tsitkitba-lapan, Jid.v 31 - 7,2003

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF THE EAS OBSERVABLES MEASURED BY MUON TRACKING DETECTOR AND FELS ARRAY AT KASCADE A.F.Baclea, P.Doll, A.Hamws, C.BtiettiieriiidI.Zal)ierowski or te KASCADE Collaboration DPG Fritel7jalu-stagung. Acichen 2003

UNTERSUCHUNG GEOMETRISCHER STRUKTUREN IN SCHAUERKERNEN A.1man, R.En-el, J.H.1-16randel. J.Milke, N/I.RiSSC Und.J.Zabicrowski ftir die KASCADE-Kollaboration DPG Fritelijahi-stagunq. Aachen 2003

ANALYSE VON MUONPRODUKTIONSTIEFEN C.136ttrier. K.DaLlMiller. P.Doll. K.H.Kampert, DAlartello.R.Oberiland Lind J.Zabierowski ftir die KASCADE-Kollaboration DPG Fritelijalirstagung. ilachen 2003 DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 123

VERGLEICH DER MYONENZAHLEN VON KASCADE-ARRAY UND MYONSPURDETEKTOR T.Gnielka, C.Biittner, K.Daumiller, P.Doll, R.Glasstetter und J.Zabierowski fir die KASCADE Kollaboration DPG Fritelijahrstagung, ilachen 2003

WINKELAUFLOSUNG DS MYONSPURDETEKTORS FOR HOCHENERGETISCHE MYONEN R. Obenland, C.Buettncr, K.Daurniller, P.Doll, D.Marte]10 Lind J.Zabierowski DPG Fritelijahrmagung, Aachen 2003

DISSECTING THE KNEE - AIR SHOWER MEASUREMENTS WITH KASCADE, J.R.Hocrandel, A.Risse, J.Zabierowski et l. (KASCADE Collaboration) TAUP03, Sept 59,2003, Seattle, lashington, USA

TWO PION PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS M.Bashkanov, ..., J.Stepaniali, J.Zabicrowski, Plupranski et al. (Celsius-Wasa and COSY-TOF collaborations) X.Int. Confon Hadron Spectroscopy. HIIDRON03,Aug. 31-Sept.6,2003, Aschat.16iburg, Germany

ENERGY SPECTRUM AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE PeV REGION: RECENT RESULTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT H.Ulrich, ..., A.Risse, J.Zabierowski et al. EPS HEP2003 in Aachen.hme 17- 23. 2003

ASTROPHYSICS OF THE KNEE IN THE COSMIC RAY ENERGY SPECTRUM A.Hauns, ..., A.Rissej.Zabierowski et al. Int. Symp. on Multipart. Dynamics 2003, Cracow, Polanel

TESTS OF HADRONIC INTERACTION MODELS WITH KASCADE J.Milke, A.Risse, J.Zabicrowski et al. Int. Symp. on Multipart. Dynamics 2003, Civcovv, Poland

Posters

NON-EXTENSIVITY PARAMETER IN THERMODYNAMICAL MODEL OF HADRONIC INTERACTIONS I.Kurp and T.Wibig 28" ICRC, 7sukuba-lapan. Jtd.v 31 -A ligust 72003

REGISTRATION OF PARTICLES DELAYED BY 400 - I 00 MICROSEC AFTER EAS ,I.Gawin, K.Jdrzcjczak, J.Karczmarcz),k, N.Kasztelan, S.A.Petrochenk-ov, A.Polafiski, J.Swarzyfiski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski, T.Wibig 28" ICRC, Tsukuba. apcm Jul-v 31 - ligust 7 2003

MUON PRODUCTION HEIGHT FROM THE MUON TRACKING DETECTOR IN KASCADE C. Buettner, Alwan,.T.Zabierowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28"' ICRC, Tsitkiiba, Japan, July 31 -August 7 2003

INVESTIGATION OF GEOMETRICAL STRUCTURES IN THE HADRONIC SHOWER CORE A.1wan, J.R.Hoerandel..I.Zabierowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28"' ICRC, Tsukuba, Japan, Jd.v 31 -August 7 2003

ANALYSIS OF AIR SHOWERS AT THE TRIGGER THRESHOLD OF KASCADE J.Scholtz, A.Haun-s. A.1-wan-1.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28"' ICRC, Tmkitba, Japan..htv 31 -Attqust 72003

THE KASCADE-GRANDE EXPERIMENT A.Haungs, ..., A.1wan, J.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28" ICRC, Tmktiba, Japan July 31 -/ ugit 7 2003

SHOWER RECONSTRUCTION PERFORMANCE OF KASCADE-GRANDE R.Glasstetter, G.Maier, ..., A.Iwan,.J.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) 28" ICRC, Tsttkuba, Japan. July 31 -A tqust 7 2003

COMUNICATIONS PUBLISHED IN CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

DELAYED SIGNALS - NEW METHOD OF HADRON STUDIES K..Jdrzejczak Proc. 13" nt. School qf'Cosmic Ra JvAti-ol)li.i!.vi(:,v.,Rel(itii,,istic Asti-ophysics and Cosmology", Ei-ice, Sicil.y, 2-14.1tille 2002. IV01-1(1 Sciejiffic, ed. A. Zichichi. 279.2003

THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT K.Jdi-zcjczak Proc. 13"' Int.School #'Cosmic Rety A.vti-ol)IiN!.vic.v,,Reltitivistic Astrophysics and Cosmology", Erice, Sicily 214 June 2002. lorld Scientyic, ed. A. Zichichi, 279, 2003 124 Annual Report 2003

REGISTRATION OF PARTICLES ELAYED BY 400 - 1000 MICROSEC AFTER EAS J.Gaivin, K.,IVdi-zcjcziii,.).Kai-czmarez),k, NII.Kasztchan. S.A.Petrocherikov, A.Polafiski, J.Swarzyfiski, B.Szabclska, J.Szabelski, T.Wibig Pi-oc 28" ICRC, Tsitkubti. Japan, Jid.v 31 - 1u,,,,us 7 200.3 45

DIRECTIONAL VARIATION OF THE GEV M UON FLUX OBSERVED IN THE UNDERGROUND MUON TELESCOPE M.Alania, KJVdrzejczak, J.Karurnarczyk, J.Swarzyfiski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski, TAN'ibigg Pi-oc 28"' ICRC, Tsukuba, Japan. Jul.v 31 A uglis 7 2003. 3573

NON-EXTENSIVITY PARAMETER IN THERMODYNAMICAL MODEL OF HADRONIC INTERACTIONS I.Kurpand T.Wibig 1'roc 28"' ICRC, 7sukuba. Japan, Jid.v.? /1it,,,,us 7 2003. 1615

INVESTIGATION OF THE MUON PSEUDORAPIDITIES IN EAS WITH THE MIJON TRACKING DETECTOR OF THE KASCADE EXPERINIENT J.Zabicrowskil .... A.1wan et al. (Kascade Collaboration) Proc 28" ICRC, Tsitkitba. Japan, 2003, Universal Aademv M-ess Inc. p29. and Wissenschaffliche Berichte FZKA 6890 p53

MUON PRODUCTION HEIGHT FROM THE MUON TRACKING DETECTOR IN KASCADE C.Buettner, A.1wan,,J.Zahierowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) Pi-oc 28" ICRC, Tsukitba,.Iapan 2003, Univei-sal Acwleln.v Press Inc. p33. crd Wissenschqffliche Befichte FKA 6890 p45

ENERGY SPECTRUM AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION IN THE PeV REGION M.Rolh. ..., A.1wan, J.Zabierowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) Pi-oc 28" ICRC. 7sukuba. Jtpcm. 200-3. Univei-sal,;Icademy Press hic. 1 129. and VVissenscha ffiche Bei-ichle ZKA 6890 p21

COSMIC RAY ANISOTROPY WITH KASCADE G.Maicr .... A.1wan,.J.Zabicrowski ia). (KASCADE Collaboration) Ilroc 281h ICRC, Tsukuba, Japan, 2003. Unive)-sal Academy Press Inc., 1) 179. nd Wissenschu ffiche Bei-ichle ZKA 6890 p29

INVESTIGATION OF GEOMETRICAL STRUCTURES IN THE HADRONIC SHOWER CORE A.1wan, J.R.Hoerande1j.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) Mm: 28"' ICRC, Tsitkuha. Japan, 2003, Universtil Academv P-ess Inc.. 1 1595, and Wissenschafffiche Berichte FZK11 6890 p41

MIJON ENSITY MEASUREMENTS AS PROBE OF THE MIJON COMPONENT OF AIR SHOWER SIMULATIONS A.Hajqjg, ..., Adwan, J.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) ]'I-oc 28" ICRC, Thikuba, Japan, 2003, Univei-stil Academy Pi-ess hic. p37, find WissenschajilicheBei-ichte FZKA 6890 103

TEST OF A HADRONIC INTERACTION MODEL BY A MULTIDIMENTIONAL ANALYSIS OF LONGITUDINAL AIR- SHOWER OBSERVABLES AT KASCADE F.Badea, M.Roth,..., A.1mran,,j.Zabicro-vski t al. KASCADE Collaboration) Piwc 28"' ICRC, Tsukuba, Japan. 2003, Universal Acadenn, Press hic. p25, and Ili fliche Bei-ichte FZKA 6890 p49

ANALYSIS OF AIR SHOWERS AT THE TRIGGER THRESHOLD OF KASCADE J.Scholtz. A.HAungs, A.Iwan,.J.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) Pi-oc 28"' ICRC, Tsukitha, Japan. 2003. nive)-sal A cadeln.v P-ess hic. p 17, ind VVissenscliq1thche Befichte FZKA 6890 p25

THE ROLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF MUON ARRIVAL TIME DISTRIBUTIONS FOR THE MASS DISCRIMINATION OF HIGH ENERGY EAS I.N/I.Brancus,..., A.Iwan,.I.Zabierowski t al. KASCADE Collaboration) Pi-oc 28"' ICRC, Tsitkub(t-hipcin, 2003. Utivei-scil I(mideni-v Press hic. 141, ind VVissenschqftliche Befichle FZKA 690 p17

A MEASUREMENT OF THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF UNACCOMPANIED HADRONS M.Mueller,.J.R.Hoerandel, A.Iwan,.T.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration). Pmc 28"' ICRC, Tsitkuha, Japan. 2003. Universal Academy Pi-ess Inc., p. 101, and Wissenschqftliche Befichte FZKI 690 p37

SEARCH FOR EXTREMELY HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYS WITH THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT G.Schatz, ..., A.Iwanj.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) Pi-oc 28" ICRC, Tsukuba, Apan, 2003. Unirersal Accideim, 'ress Inc. p2293. and Wissenschiffliche Bei-ichte FZKA 6890 p33

THE KASCADE-GRANDE EXPERIMENT A.Haun!Zs. ..., A.1wan, J.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) Proc 28"' ICRC, vitkuba. Japan. 2003. Uiiiveiwal Academy Press hic.. 1. 985. ind lissenscha ffiche Berichte FKA 6890 1. 1

KASCADE-GRANDE: THE GRANDE ARRAY A.Chiavassa, ..., A.Iwanj.Zabicrowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration) Pi-oc 28" ICRC. Tsukitha, Japan. 2003. nivei-sal Academy Pi-ess Inc. p 989, and Wissenscha fliche Berichte ZK/A 6890 p5

SHOWER RECONSTRUCTION PERFORMANCE OF KASCADE-GRANDE R.Glasstetter, G.Maier. .... A.1wan,.J.Zabicro-sski et al. (KASCADE Collaboration) Pmc 28"' ICRC, 7sukuba, Japan, 2003. Univers(d i1cademy Press hic., 1. 781. and Wissenscha ffiche Befichte FZK11 6890 p9

N/IULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF THE EAS OBSERVABLES MEASURED BY MUON TRACKING DETECTOR AND FIELS ARRAY AT KASCADE A.F.Badea, P.Doll, A.Haun-s,11 C.BLIctmer andJ.Zabicrowski (KASCADE Collaboration) Vei-hancilungen der DPG 212003, 11achen 2003. T501.6. p. 46-47 DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 125

UNTERSUCHUNG GEOMETRISCHER STRUKTUREN IN SCHAUERKERNEN A.IAran, R.En-el. J.H.Hbrandel. J.Milke, M.RiSSC Lind J.Zahierowski (KASCADE-Kollaboration) Vei-handlun,,,en del- DPG 212003 11achen 2003, T604.4,I).56

ANALYSE VON MUONPRODUKTIONSTIEFEN C.130ttrier. K.Datimiller, P.Doll, K.H.Kanipert. D.MartelloR.Obenland ind J.Zal)ierowski (KASCADE-Kollaboration) Verhandlungen el- D1G 212003,11(lChen 2003 7202.71).26

VERGLEICH DER MYONENZAHLEN VON KASCADE-ARRAY UND MYONSPURDETEKTOR T.Gnielka. C.130ttrier, K.Daumiller, P.Doll, R.Glasstetter ind J.Zabierowski (KASCADE-Kollaboration) Verhandhin-en del DPQ 212003, Aachen 2003. T501.3 p.46

WINKELAUFLOSUNG DES MYONSPURDETEKTORS FOR HOCHENERGETISCHE MYONEN R.Obenland, C.Buettner, K.DaLlnliller, P.Doll, D.Martello und J.Zabierowski Vei-handhingen el- DPG212003. Aachen 2003. T 501.4 p46

LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS

EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS AS A HADRONIC INTERACTION LABORATORY;" J.Zabierowski Seminal tlk in te histitute #'Theoretical Physics, tVarsaw University, Oct. 23, 2003

UNTERSUCHUNG VON HADRONISCHENSCHAUERKERNEN BEI KASCADE A.1wan Seminal- talk in the Institutfitei-Ke)-nphysik. Forschungszenti'llm aj-1si-ithe, Gennany, July 3 2003

ORIGIN OF THE HIGHEST ENERGY COSMIC RAYS;') T.Wibig Department of Experimental Physics, Univel-sily qf L6d:7, May 8. 2003

a) in Polish b) in German

INTERNAL SEMINARS

Investi-,ation of Hadronic Cores of EAS wit te Calorimeter of KASCADE Experiment March 2003 A.Iwan

CHAIRING OF CONFERENCE SESSIONS

J.Szabelski -chairim, of a session at te 12"' International School -Particles and Cosmology", Baksan, Kabardino-Balkaria. Russian Federation, 21-26 Aril 2003

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

T.Wilbig -spervision of PhD thesis of Mrs. 1.KLirp IPJ) ,,Thermodynamical description of particle production processes in ultra-high energy collisions"

.1.Zabierowski -supervision of PD thesis of Mrs. A. Iwan University of L6d2) -Studies of hadrons inextensive air showers basing on the data from KASCADE experiment"

PARTICIPATION IN POLISH AND INTERNAL SCIENTIFIC COUNCILS AND SOCIETIES

J.Zabierowski is a: - membei-ofCELSIUS/WASACollaborationBoard - votin- mernber ofKASCADE-Grande Steeriw, Committee.

SCIENCE POPULARIZATION ACTIVITY

COSMIC RAYS NOW AND THEN T.Wibig Lecture durim te 3rd Science Festival. Ld2, 29 April 2003 126 Annual Report 2003

THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT - STUDIES OF THE HIGHEST ENERGY COSMIC RAYS COSMIC EXPLOSIONS - THE PROBLEM OF DINOSAURS EXTINCTION Two lectures in the Olsztyn Planetarium, 28" arch 2003 K.JVdrzejczali, J.Karczmarczyk, I.Kurp, B.Szabelska,.LSzabeIs1ki, T.Wibig Demonstration ofair shower rray ad cosmic ra durin- the 3rl Science Festiva),LM2, April 2003

J.Szabelski, T.Wibig participation in the television prograni abou Csmic ray registrations Kwadrans akadernicki" TVP3 7 and May 2003

T.Wibig Popular talks in the local adio Dobre Radio 106FM" under te common title (UN)NATURAL HISTORY OF THE HUMAN MIND fragments ae available at http://www.Li.lodz.pl/-wibi-:,/Iiieroniin Three sort talks in te local Radio L6d2:

about cosmic rays about details of celestial bodies movements in the Solar Sstem about te Wilkinson Anisotrop Pobe WMAP)

WE LIVE AMONG COSMITS J.Zabierowski "Na Wzniesienlach: gazeta mieszkahc6w gmin), Nowosoina" (SSN 1644 8618).Ian. 11, 2003

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Anna Iwan-Rise 1/2 (since March 15) Tadeusz Wiblg, DSc., 1/3 Barbara Szabelska, Dr. Janusz Zabierowski, DSc. Jacek Szabelski, Dr.

PhD students Izabela Kurp, MSc. Karol Jdrzejczak (since Oct. 15)

Technical and administrative staff Jadwiga Feder Pawel Plucifiski Karol Jqdrzjczak 1/3 (May I -Oct. 14) J6zef Swarzyfiski Jacek Karczmarczyk Przemyslaw Tokarski Ryszard Lewandowski DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 127

8 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY

PLO401733 Head of Department: Pi-of. Grze-orz Wilk phone: (22) 621-60-85 e-mail: wi1kfuw.edu.p1

Overview

The Department of Nuclear Teory consists of 19 pysicists and I PhD student working on dferent aspects of low energy hgh energy, plasma and nonlinear pysics as well as on general problerns of quantizatio of particle dynamics. In addition to this activity, close collaborations with experimental groups: COMPASS, ASACUSA/ACOL and ALICE at CERN, and participation in the EURIDICE (European CHP Program sould also be emphasized. Results of our work in 2003 were presented in 27 regular published papers (plus sonic conference proceedings) and in 15 papers aeady accepted for publication. They we also psented in numerous seminars, both in Poland and abroad. Worthy ofspeclal emphasis are esults ofstudies on: • deformed superheavy nuclei; • stran(Te nuclear matter, • determinations of static nucleus-nucleus potential; • neutrinoless duble electron capture; • nonextensivity in hadronic and nuclear collisions; • numerical modelling of Bose-Einstein correlations; • applications of QCD for elementary reactions; • quantum dynamics of test particle in curved space-time; • complex systems. Other topics covered include studies of parton dstributions in nuclei, effective QCD-la-ranclans te stability of nonlinear waves described by integral - differential equations and properties of solitons. The most important achievements of our Department for tis year are: (a) confirmation of Feynman's hypothesis about the formation of vortices in Bose-Einstein condenstates (this has been also selected as one of the leading achievements of' tile whole Institute); (b a new nterpretation of.'Bose-Einstein correlations in partially coherent ysterns. Collaborations with several universities and institutions have been maintained. These include the Universities of Warsaw, Kielce, Polish Academy of Sciences, Miinchen, Paris, Liege, Helsinki, Sdo Paulo, Berkeley, St. Petersbura, Regensburg, Lpsk, London, Warwick and the Institutes at: CERN, GSI and JINR. 128 Annual Report 2003

8.1 Properties of Heavy and Superheavy Nuclei by I.Muntian, O.Parkhornenko, Z.Patyk ad A.Sobiczewski PLO401734

Studies of the properties of te heaviest nuclei [2] I.Muntian, Z.Patyk, A.Sobiczewski, Yad. FZ. have been continued. Masses and a-decay energies Q, 66(2003)105 1; Phys. At. Nucl. 66(2003)1015 have been alculated for a wide egion ofnLICICI 11,2]. [3] O.Parkhomenko, I.Muntian, Z.Patyk, Much attention has been given to a discussion of te A.Sobiczewski, Acta Phys. Pol. B34(2003)2153 relation between calculated and measured or odd- [4] I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski, Acta A and odd-odd superheavy nuclei [1]. Nutron Phys. Pol. B34(2003)2141 separation energy of superheavy nuclei as also been [5] Z.Patyk, I.Muntian and A.Sobiczewski, APH analysed 3]. Especially, trne has been devoted to te N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 18(2003)361 study of the height of te (static) spontaneOLIS-fission [6] A.Sobiczewski and I.Muntian, "Mechanisrn barriers of heavy and superheavy nle 4]. The behind the relation between shell structure and height is a basic quantit o a calculation of' te stability of heaviest nuclei", Nucl. Phys. A(2004) survival probability of a compound nucleus, wich is in pess an essential fctor in calculations of cross sections fr [71 I.Muntian, O.Parkhomenko and A.Sobiczewski, a synthesis of the heaviest nuclei. Besides calculations "Properties of superheavy nuclei", Proc. Intern. of the barrier height for axially del.'ormed nuclei, an Tours Symp. on Nuclear Physics V, Tours analysis and discussion ofthis quantity lave ben also (France) 2003 (AlP Conf. Series, New York, done i te case of non-axiality 7-81 A large effect f 2004) in pess the non-axiality (up to about 2 MeV) has been found [81 I.Muntian, A.Sobiczewski, "Fission barriers of for some of the nclei. heavy and superheavy nuclei", Proc. NATO Advanced Study Institute: Structure and [1] I.MuntianS.Hofmanti,Z.PitykA.Sobiczewski, Dynamics of Elementary Matter, Kerner Turkey) 2003 (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004) Acta Phys. Pol. B34(2003)2073 in press

8.2 Mass Determination for Neutron-deficient Nuclides by F.Attallahl), K.Beckert'), F.Bosch'), D.Boutin", M.Falch'), B.Franzke'), H.Gelssel'), M.Hausniann'), LO Th.Kerscher 3) O.Kleppei H.-J.Klug e C.Kozhuharovl, Yu.A.Litvinov 1,2) K.E.G.Ubner 3) CY) G.MUnzenberc,'), F.Nolden'), Yu.N.Novikovl 2,Z.Patyk, T.Radon'), C.Scheidenbergei J.Stadth-nann r- M.Steck'), H.Wolinik 4 0 "T 0 _j We continued the determination f mass values [2] T.Radon ...... Z.Patyk et al., Nucl. Phys. A677 [1 2 for neutron-deficient nuclei in the led region. (2000)75 The mass measurement, using te Shottky ethod, has [3] A.H.Wapstra, G.Audi and C.Thibault, Nucl. Phys. been performed at GSI-Darmstadt. For the first tirne, A729(2003)129 the masses or roughly 80 nuclei have been determined with a precision 28 kcV. Results have 1) GSI-Darmstadt Grmany been published by A.H.Wapstra, G.Audl and 2) St. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russia C.Thibault 3]. 3) Scktion Physik, Ludwig-Maxii-nifians- Universitaet Muenchen, Germany [1] Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczcwski, SINS Annual Report 4) Germany11 Physikalisches Institut, Universitact Gessen, 2001, 130

11111III11111 1111hall 1111111111IIIII 1111 IIII 8.3 Selfconsistent Fusion Barriers at Near Barrier Energies PLO401736 by J.Skalski

Adiabatic entrance channel potentials have been in recent experiments in GSI Darmstadt and JIHR calculated for a number o-' eactions within the static Dubna. Potentials obtained, especially in the Hartree-Fock method with the Skyrme force SkM* compound nucleus region, ae markedly different fom [1]. In order to test te pedictive power of' the the frozen density potentials, considered up to now in method, we included well measured reactions tooether the mean field studies of fusion. with reactions leadino, to the heaviest observed nuclei DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 129

The conclusions of our work may be stated as 9 A comparison of the calculated barrier heights to follows: the experimental data for reactions with large ZTZp • Adiabatic fusion barriers calculated with SkM* and deformed fragments supports the idea of fusion hindrance in tip collisions, in spite of.' the force compare with experiment uch better than substantially lower fusion barrier. the reaction Q values for eavy and superheavy compound nuclei. This sue-ests some eror 0 From the point of view of entrance channel efi'ects, cancellation. We suspect that subtraction of a too and considering the same compound nucleus. the large relative kinetic energy makes up for too large 48Ca induced reactions on actinides seem to of1'er a reaction Q values. better chance for fusion in side ollision than 208 • Adiabatic barriers are closer to experiment than the reactions on a Pb taraet. frozen density ones. The rise of te potential with decreasing nternuclear distance, seen in the frozen [4] J.Skalski, Int. J. of Mod. Phys. E, in pess; 11LICl- density or quasi-adiabatic studies 2], disappears in th/0402033 the tuly adiabatic calculation. [5] J.Skalski, Acta. Phys. Pol. B34(2003)1977

V(R) [MeV] V(R) [MeV] X L 48 2 XX X X X X X X 180. + Ca+ % 200 - X

+ 190 - 0 LI 170. + X + X 180 - E + + X X + X X X 170 + + X X X + + 160. X XX X X X 160 +

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. R [h] 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 R [fm]

Fig. I Calculated nucleLls-nUCIeLIS potentials, left panel: adiabatic (crosses) and quasi-diabatic (Pluses) for 2111Pb+"'Ca, right pnel: 4 211 adiabatic for "Zr+"'Zr (pluses), -wPu+ 'Ca tip stars) and side collision (squares), and for Pb+"'zn, shifted by 40 MeV (crosses).

8.4 Interaction of Hyperons with Atomic Nuclei by J.DaLbrowski and J.Ro2ynek PLO401737

The work on the interaction of hyperons with begin the analysis of the nuclear interaction of in te nuclei was continued. Results obtained so far show recently observed Z-,K+) reaction on a scon that this interaction is repulsive inside nuclei and taraet. attractive at the nuclear surface. These results, C, obtained with model F of the N"meaen baryon-baryon interaction, are consistent with the new observations [1] J.Dztbrowski, J.Ro2ynek, in Condensed Matter of the strangeness exchanoe reactions on beryllium Physics, Vol. 18, Eds M.de Llano, C.Fiolhas, L.da taraet and with the measured strona interaction shifts Providencia, Nova Scotia Publishers, Huntinaton. and widths of atomic levels. Tese results are N.Y. 1003, p.347 described in [1], and 2 where it is stressed that, also [2] J.DE[browski, Acta Phys. Pol. B - in pess in the A hypernuclei model, F is dstinguished as [3] J.Ro2ynek, J.D4browski, Phys. Rev. solving the "overbindino poblem 3 Pesently, we C20(19790)1612 130 Annual Report 2003

8.5 Nuclear Matter Approach to the Interaction Potential between Heavy Ions 00 by J.Dqbrowski, H.SX61-iler ad J.Ro2ynek C10 A simple theory of' the interaction potential Coulomb barrier in the calculated potential between havy ions y 1], based o te local density Compared fvorably wth other estimates 3]. 0 -j approximation and the frozen density o Is (L extended to nuclei wth neutron excess. Te energy 1I J.Dqbrowski, H.S.K61-iler, Nucl. Phys. MM density needed r calculating y is expressed dectly A489(1988); Ibid A499(1989)413 through te equilibrium properties o' nuc1car matter [21 J.Dqbrowski, H.S.Kbhler, Acta Phys. Pol.. with utron excess, a phenomenological gradient B34(2003)1987 term ad throuah ucleon density dstributions i te [3] J.Dqbrowski, J.Ro2ynek and H.SX61-iler, Acta two colliding nuclei 2 The theory is applied to a Phys. Pol. B34(2003)4257 number o' pairs of nuclei with neutron excess. The University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, USA

8.6 Application of the Interaction Gluon Model to Pomeron-Pomeron Collisions by F.O.Durdes', F.S.Navarra". G.Wilk 0) I-CO Some time ago, we used te Interacting G11.1011 parameter in diffractive processes dominated by Model developed by LIS for nastic production Porneron exchanges [I]. 0 ;;r processes to dscribe larue ass Mx poduction in te 0 central realon with two rapidity aps wch is [1] F.O.DurdesF.S.Navari-aandG.Wilk;Pliys.Rev. believed to proceed via nteraction two ob'jects D67(2003)074002-1/9 ,ailed "Pornerons". Using (by fittiria other reactions) values o.' established before we obtained Inst-tuto de F's'ca, Univers'dade de Sdo Paulo, the Porneron-Pomeron inelastic cross section (and its Sdo Paulo, Brazil Mx and energy dependence), wich is an 11,171portant

8.7 Description of Single Particle Spectra by Means of the Information Theory Approach in its Extensive and Nonextensive Versions by F.S.Navarral), M.Rybczyfisk i2). O.V.UtYLI/,h, G.Wilk, Z.Wlodarczyk 2

C) Using the nrmation theory approach in its with nonlinearity given by the nonextensive arameter extensive and nonextensive versions, we were able to q describing the underlining Tsallis q statistics. II educe in a model independent way te inelasticity particular, we have demonstrated how this leads to a 0 14- ararneter K o hgh energy multiparticle production Feynman Scaling violation in these collisions. 0 P processes in pp and pp collisions and obtain inelasticity dstributions [1]. We have dmonstrated 11] F.S.Navai-raO.V.UtyuzliG.Wllk.Z.Wlodarczyk; that the nonextensivity parameter cl is connected in Phys. Rev. D67 (2003)114002- /IO this case with the dynamical fluctuations causing the [2] M.Rybczyfiski, Z.Wlodarczyk and G.Wilk; Nucl. mUltiparticle dstributions to tak a Negative Bnomial Phys. (Proc. Suppl.) B 22 2003) 325-328 form rather than a Poissonian one, specifically Instituto de Fsica, Universidade de S5o Paulo, q=1+11k where k is the caracteristic te parameter o' Ne(yative Bnornial dstribution given by its width. In Sdo Paulo, Bazil C, - Institute of Pysics, wiqtokrzyska Academy, [2] we ave shown that one can also escrib te same Kielce, Poland results using the nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY PLO401741 131

8.8 Bose-Einstein Correlations from a Quantum Field Theoretical Point of View by G.A.Kozlovl), .V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk

Using the Quantum Field Theory approach we deduced from the shape of the C2 (Q) function have solved the lon(T standing question f which form corresponds not so much to the true adius of' te of the Bose-Einstein correlation function C2 (Q) emitting source but rather to the distance in phase should be used in the case of.' partial coherence of the space up to which two particles can still be considered hadronizing source: with only two terms (as usually as being identical (sometimes called the homogenity used) or with three trms (as advocated some time ao lenath - in reality it is a composition of both). by using the quantum statistical approach)? It turns out that both forms are riht in their own way. [11 G.A.KozlovO.V.UtyuzhandG.Wilk;Phys.Rev. Namely: when in a hadronizing source one can C68 2003) 024901-5 distinguish quantum (bozonic) and classical particles [2] G.A.Kozlov, .V.Utyuzh and G.Wilk; Ukr J. (which are coherent by definition), the former formula Ph s. 48 2003)1313-1319 is the rht one, whereas when coherence is induced y by some external field (action of which ntroduces, for 1) Boaoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, example, a kind of partial locking o pleases of all Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, particles) the later formula has to be used 12]. In Russia addition we have shown that the "radius" parameter

8.9 Pion Form Factor Phase, 7un Elasticity and New e' e- Data by S.Eidelman l) and L.Lukaszuk PLO401742

The pion form factor and its relation to n7l: In paper 2] new, precise data on the low energy e' 'h'lation into hadrons from Novosibirsk ae sed scattering have been extensively studied for many e anni i years. Although the form factor phase naturally to obtain bounds on the elasticity parameter and the appears in any model of the pion form fctor-, it is well difference between the phase of the pion . rm factor known that only the absolute value of the form factor and that of the g1 scattering can usually be measured while information on the phase can be gained from sophisticated nterference [11 L.LLikaszukPhys.LettB47(1973)51 experiments. However, as shown lon ao, there is an [2] L.Lukaszuk, Phys. Lett. B582(2004)27 interesting possi I I I b unds on the elasticity parameter of the P-wave mg scattering ill 1) Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Acad. and the difference between the phase of the pion form Lavrentyev I , Novosibirsk, Russia factor and that of the m scattering 1 in a model- independent way under very general assumptions [I].

8.10 Impact Representation of Generalized Distribution Amplitudes PLO401743 by B.Pirel, L.Szymanowski

We develop [1] an impact representation for the can be used for understanding some properties of' generalized distribution amplitude which describes the quark hadronization pocess. exclusive hadronization of a quark-antiquark pair to a pair of mesons. Experiments such as y > 7un and [1] B.Pire and L.Szymanowski, Phys.Lett. B556 y N > in N' are shown to probe the transverse size of (2003)129 the hadronization region of the quark antiquark pair that one can interpret as the transverse overlap of the CPhT Lole Polytechnique, France two ernerainc, mesons. An astonishing feature of this description is that a low energy ut phase shift analysis 132 Annual Report 2003

8 11 Diffractive Eectroproduction of Two Mesons Separated by Large Rapidity Gaps by D.Yu.l,%,anovl). L.Szymanowski

0 The pocess of a ight neutral vector meson (NLO) for the production of vector mesons. V = PO, 0 electroproduction is studied I in te framework of _j CL QCD factorization in which the amplitude actorizes in a convolution of the noriperturbative meson [1] Proc.oftheX'hlnternationalWorkshoponHl(,Yli distribution amplitude and the generalized parton Energy Spin Physics, JINR Dubna, Sept. 16-20, densities with the perturbatively calculable hard- 11 2003, in print scattering amplitudes. We derive a complete set of hard-scattering amplitudes at next-to-leading order 1) Institute of Mathematics, Novosibirsk, Russia

8.12 Pomeron Odderon Interference in Diffractive Meson Pairs Production by D.Yu.lvanov". B.Pire 21 , L.Szymanowski, .V.Tei-yaeV3)

LO rl- Electroproduction of two vector mesons with a vector meson PT' selects a chiral-odd GPD in te 0,C- large rapidity C,ap between them provides t first proton. IT feasible selective access to chiral-odd GPI)s [1]. The scattering amplitude of the pocess N -> p PT N' _j C, L . [1] Proc.oftheSPIN-03WorkshopDubna, EL may be epresented as a convolution of an impact September 16-20, in print factor describing', the y pl.0 tansition and an am i + N' tansition, plitude describing the N --- P Institute of Mathematics, Novosibirsk, Russia analogously to deeply exclusive electroproduction of a 2) CPhT Lole Polytechnique, France meson, the virtual photon being replaced by a 3) JINR, Dubna, Russia Pomeron. Te production of a tansversely polarized

8.13 The Hilbert-space Structure of Non-Hermitian Theories with Real Spectra (O by R.Kretschmerl), L.Szymanowski

O We investigate the quantum-mechanical 1q_ interpretation of models with non-Hermitian [I] Talk at the I" International Workshop on Peudo- _j Hamiltonians and real spectra [1]. After describin a Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics, CL CI(Yneral ramework to eformulate such odels in Prague,Z Czech Republic, June 16-17, 2003 to terms of Hermitian Hamiltonians defined on the appear in Czechoslovak Physics Journal 2004) Hilbert space L,(--, -), we discuss the sgnificance of the algebra ofp University of Siegen, Germany

8.14 Nuclear Structure Function in the Deep Inelastic Scattering by J.Ro2ynek

We araue tat results on deep inelastic e-A sea parton distributions are described by additionally show partial deconfinement of nucleons allowing for vrtual pions in a hadron n such a wy as inside the nuclear matter, therefore enhancing the ole to reproduce the nuclear lepton pair production cata 0 played by the partonic degrees of freedom. In and saturate the energy-momenturn sum ule 2]. The 0 particular, we show that the magnitude of the nuclear influence of Fermi motion changes the nucleon mass Fermi motion is sensitive to the residual interactions and consequently the nucleon structure unction inside between partons, influencing both the nucleon the nucleus. Good areement with experimental data structure function and the value of the nucleon mass in has been obtained. the nuclear medium . We present a odel o te parton distribution in nuclei based on the assumption [1] J.Ro2ynekG.Wilk,ActaPhys.Polon.-inpi-ess that nuclear Fermi motion fully accounts fr the [2] J.Ro2ynek G.Wilk, submitted to Phys. Lett. collective motion of partons in a nuclear medium. The DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 33

8.15 Searching for the Majorana Neutrino by Z.S 'kowski and SWycech PLO401748

Double neutr'noless-beta decay offers a ethod to magnetic photon emission in very high Z elements, 2) detect the Majorana neutrino. A number of the capture of a 2P, IS pair with a low energy poton experiments have been pformed, but so far no clear emission. In the latter case, a strong enhancement of 'dence has been obtained Tese experiments look the rate may occur due to resonant radiative tansitions for correlated electron pairs, and such processes are in the final atom. Several targets ae likely to 1.'Li I I' I difficult due to high random and physical these resonant conditions 3 but the promising backarounds A complementary process of no- situations require knowledge of atomic masses up to neutrino two electron capture was studied []. The I KeV accuracy. New, precise measurements re Majorana neutrino would be sgnalled by the emission needed. of a sngle photon of known energy A coincident X- ray would eove the hh background difficulty. [I] Z.S 'kowski and S.Wycech. Acta Phys. Pol. This method offers also ther experimental advantage LIJ C, B33(2002)471 [21 at the expense of educed decay ates. Such rates [2] Z Sujkowski, Acta Phys.Polon. B34(2003)2207 were calculated and two promising situations were [3] Z.Sujkowski and S.Wycech, hep-/ph/0312028 found: (I) the capture of an 2S I electron pair with a

8.16 Antiprotonic Atoms and Studies of the Nuclear Surface IIIIIIIII 11111IIIline line line Hill line IIII ININ PLO401749 by S.Wycech, R.Smolafiezuk

X-ray transitions in antiprotonic atorns, performed reflecting three main effects: dependence on te by the PS209 Collaboration at CERN 1], have been anaular momentum of the nucleons, sensitivity to the analysed. The purpose of this experiment was a study longest nucleon-antinucleon force range and the of the neutron density distributions at large nuclear existence of nucleon-antinucleon resonances. A sep in radii in Cadmium and Tin isotopes [2]. The analysis of this direction is already taken 4]. The next one w II the Xay data in the nuclei nvestigated gives include all the scattering, atomic and formation data. densities consistent with the HFB model wth Skyrrne Proposals for the future GSI antiprotonic facility are interaction 3]. being prepared. The atomic X-ray data collected so fr by the PS209 and other experiments allow us to determine a I ] A.Trzcinska et al., Nucl. Phys. A692(2001)176c new form of the antiproton optical potential. While in [2] R.Schmidt et al., Phys. Rev. C67(2003)044308 general, it is strongly dominated by the annihilation, [3] J.Dobaczewski et al., Nucl. Phys. A422(1984)103 some other nterestin- features ernerae. It is clear that [4] S.Wycech, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B214(2004)164 this potential is nonlinear in the nuclear density

8.17 Meson-nucleus Bound States andq-7c Mixing by S.Wycech and A.M.Green') PLO401750

11 mesons are attracted by nucleons so strongly that I'm, and indicates that the 1-3He state is not a bund some eta-nucleus bound states are likely to be formed. state but a virtual one. It strongly enhances the efect However, these states are expected to be short lived of q meson and co meson mixing which otherwise is and a direct detection in the elastic fl-nucleus channel rather weak. The same analysis 2] extracts te rixing is difficult. Experiments that detect enhancements of angle to be 0.6(3) degree. That value is consistent with cross sections close to the q-nucleus thresholds offer some quark models. no unique interpretation. A recent complementary experiment [1] some [1] Abdel-Baryetal.Phys.Rev.C68,(2003)021603 decays of the eta-3He system into ponic channels. [21 A.M Green, S.Wycech, ibid,(2003)0616011 This allows to determine te sn of the ij-3He 1) scattering lenaths A. A combined analysis of all the Helsinki Institute of Physics, Finland elastic and inelastic experimental data done with a K- matrix technique 2], yields A = 424(29) + 072(81) 134 Annual Report 2003

8.18 Conditions for Existence of Solitons in the Propagation of a Laser Beam

LO Interacting with its Harmonics h2) by V.C.Lonal), P.P.Goldstein and M.TrIppenbac V.0 0 Equations Governing the propagation o a monochromatic laser beam coupled to its third [1] C.L.VanP.P.GoldsteinM.Trippenbach, harmonic in a nonlinear medium a shown to be H.V.Nam, communication at 28th National Conf. partially Integrable in the sense of PaInJev6 for all on Theoretical Physics, Sam Son, Vietnam, 12-14 values of its parameters. Te systern is ound to be Aug. 2003 solvable b y the Hirota bllnear rnethod povided tat [2] V.C.Long,0 P.P.Goldstein and M.TrIppenbach, the complex phase of the third harmonies is equal to Acta Phys. Polon., submitted the tripled phase of the fundamental mode (modulo 7r) [3] C.L.Van, P.P. Goldstein, M.Trippenbach, and also the amplitudes of these modes ae in special N.T.Dung, communication at 28th National proportion. The Hrota scheme is found to work only Conference on Theoretical Physics, Sam Son, for exact esonance, i.e. for the ratio of the dspersion Vietnam, 12-14 Aug. 2003 coefficients equal to the atio of frequencies 1 2 41. [4] P.P.Goldstein, communication at Int. Symposium All these conditions may only be satisfied or sngle "Plasma 2003", Warsaw, 912 September 2003 envelope solitons of the cubic Schr6dinger type 2 4. In similar calculations for the 2nd harmonics aeady Institute of Physics, Univ of Zielona G6ra, Poland 2 the partial Painlev6 ntegrability is mited to the case Institute or Experimental Physics, Optics of exact esonance 3]. Division, Warsaw University, Poland

8.19 Properties and Interesting Solutions of the Complex Sine-Gordon and Related Equations by P.Bracken'), P.P.Goldstein and A.M.Grundland 2)

The connection between the complex Sine and U-) I,- Sinh-Gordon equations associated with a Welerstrass I P.Bracken, P.P.Goldstein and A.M.Grundland, 0 ype system and the possibility o construction of J. Nonlinear Math. Phys. 10(2003)464 114- everal classes of multivortex solutions is discussed in [2] P.P.Goldstein, Cosmic Research 41 2003) 349, 0 I deta Russian translation in Kosm'chesk' PaInlev6 integrability is checked with a positive Issledovanlya 41(2003)373 esult and the possibility of driving the Bkklund transformation from the singularity analysis is 1) Dept. of Mathematics, Colorado University analysed. New classes of multivortex solutions of' a -)) Centre de Recherches Math6matique, UnIversit6 Weierstrass system are obtained I de Montr6al, Montr6al, QC, Canada Results of last year investigations on weak double layers (see 2002 Annual Report) appeared this year in 2].

8.20 Studies on 1+1 -Dimensional DSR-inspired Models by M.Pawlowski co Some puzzling observations of ultra-high energy standard set of fundamental SR assumptions. tere LO osmic rays uave motivation for considering the class exists a natural ambiguity of energy and momentum of theories based on some modified pnciples of' definition in configuration space. The ambiguity leads 0 1;T pecial relativity. The theories, known as Double to a I-parameter class of (conserved!) energies and 0 -J pecial Relativity (DSR) theories, Generally predict momenta which are constrained by modified modification of the standard SR dispersion relation dispersion relations. The so obtained modification of onstraining energy and momentum on the mass shell. the dispersion relation is very similar to the DSR case, The main difficulty of every DSR theory is its where a modification of te dispersion relation is configuration space representation. In our studies we necessary to explain phenomena being in have shown that in the simplified case f 1+ - contradiction with GZK-limit. dimensional space-time and in the framework o. te DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 35

8.21 Light Soliton Propagation in a Stratified Medium by A.A.Skorupski PLO401754

A numerical code was developed for solving te Using this code it was demonstrated how an Nonlinear Schr6dinaer Equation in 2 dimensions, in unstable soliton behaves (for constant value of te which one of the coefficients periodically changes in coefficient in question). In the optical context it means time (by takine two different constant values). a stabilization of the 11,ght soliton when a unit'(1,111 medium is replaced by a stratified one.

8.22 Quantization of Dynamics of a Particle in de Sitter Space IIIIIIIII IIIIIIIIline 1111IIII IIII 1111111111111 1111 by W.Plechocki PLO401755

We have quantized the particle dynarnics in de indicates which local properties of the system should Sitter spacetirnes with different topologies to see what be used in the quantization procedure. Our esults are one can do to aoid problems connected with consistent with the fact that quantum theory is a global removable singularities of spacetirne in quantum theory. We suggest that its consolidation wth classical theory. Our main result is that, taking into account the aravity should take into account both local and global ,lobal properties of spacetime akes the imposition of properties of spacetime [I]. quantum ules into the dynamics of a particle possible. Results show that the topology ofspacetime carries [I] W.Plechocki, Class. Quantum Grav 20 information not only on the symmetry roup but also (2003)2491

8.23 Theoretical Confirmation of Feynman's Hypothesis on the Creation of Circular Vortices in Bose-Einstein Condensates by E.Infeld and A.Senatorski LO The recent creation of pure Bose-Einstein following the transformation numerically. Te circular condensates in alkali metals and also of vortices vortices so obtained satisfy known constrainincy 0 supported by them has increased nterest in these relations between radii and velocities I 0 phenomena. In particular, changes observed in the --- 0- topology of these vortices is a partially unsolved problem. Here we confirm Feynnian's ypothesis on [1] E.Infeld and A.Senatorski, J. Phys-1 Condens. how circular vortices can be ceated frorn oppositely polarized pairs of 1near vortices. This is done by Matter 15(2003)5865

8.24 Useful Models of Four-wave Mixing in Bose-Einstein Condensates by E.Infeld. M.Trippenbach" PLO401757

A recent experiment demonstrated four-wave that are built on the condensate during free expans'ion. mixing of wavepackets in a sodium Bose-Einstein A physical explanation is offered. This compensation condensate Deng et al. 1999 Nature 398 218). This can improve the efficiency of four-wave mxing: C in was followed by a teoretical and numerical treatment some cases even ncreasing it by a factor of 2 We lso of the experiment (TrIppenbach et al. 2000 Phys Rv. deal with the situation where two strong wavepackcts A 6202368). In the experiment a short period of free are accompanied by a weak input bam applied as a. expansion of the condensate, after elease from the seed both with and without a mismatch He the macnetic trap, was oowed by a set of two Brago, influence of the mismatch is less obviously bneficial. C 'IC pulses which created moving wavepackets. These We also comment on recent work by KetterIc's (II-01.11), wavepackets, due to nonlinear interaction and undcr (Voges et al. 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 02040) [1 2. phase-matching conditions, created a new momentum component in a four-wave mxing process. We [1] E.Infeld and M.Trippenbach, J. Phys. B36 propose simple mathematical models for this process. (2003)4327 Next we suggest that, instead of exactly matching the [2] E.Infeld and M.Trippenbach, Phys. Rev. A68 frequencies as in te abovementioned experiments, we (2003)015603 introduce a small ismatch in t encraies, and therefore the requencies Au We show tat suc a Physics Dept., Warsaw University, Warsaw. small mismatch can compensate for te initial phases Poland 136 Annual Report 2003

8.25 Enhancement of Third Harmonic Generation Mismatch by E.Infeld, M.Trippenbach'), M.Matuszcwskil) PLO401758

Recent experimental developments in materials small mismatch and show how it can b tailored to sciences have enerated hope that it will be possible to compensate for the cross phase modulation of th tird devise optical media where the difference in roup harmonic by the fundamental during the generation velocity between the fundamental and third harmonic process. This is very beneficial for the efficiency f may be strongly suppressed. Under these third harmonic generation, even increasing it by a circumstances both pulses would travel together over a factor of two or more [I]. long distance. This would lead to an enhancement of' the aeneration process, and hence strona focusing I M.Matuszewski et a]. Optics Commun. 229 and/or usina ultra-short pulses mght not be crucial. If (2004)391 the perfect phase matching condition is assumed, the only remaining mechanisms to decrease efficiency a Physics Dept., Warsaw University, Warsaw, self and cross phase modulation. Here we suggest tat, Z:11 Poland instead of exactly matching wave vectors, we admit a DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 37

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

STABILITY OF DEEP WATER WAVES GOVERNED BY THE BENJAMIN-ONO EQUATION E.Infeld and G.Rowlands Acta Phys. Polon A 03(2003)365

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT H. Pb ad Po ISOTOPES I.Muntian and Z.Patyk Acta Phys. Polon. B34(2003)1969

NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS POTENTIAL AT NEAR BARRIER ENERGIES FROM SELF CONSISTENT CALCULATIONS J.Skalski Acta Phys. Polon. B34(2003)1977

NUCLEAR MATTER APPROACH TO THE INTERACTION POTENTIAL BETWEEN HEAVY IONS J.Dqbrowski ad H.S.K6h]er Acta Ph.vs. Polon. B34(2003)1987

PROPERTIES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI I.Muntian, S.Hofmann, Z.Patvk and A.Sobiczewski Acta Phys. Polon. B34(2003)2073

FISSION PROPERTIES OF S UPERHEAVY NUCLEI I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski Acia Phys. Polon. B34(2003)2141

NUCLEON SEPARATION ENERGIES FOR HEAVIEST NUCLEI O.Parkhomenko, I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobicze,",ski Acta Phys. Polon. B34(2003)2153

APPLICATION OF THE NUCLEAR MATTER APPROACH TO THE INTERACTION POTENTIAL BETWEEN HEAVY IONS J.Dqbrowski H.S.K6hier and 1110vnck Acta Phys. Polon. B34(2003)4257

QUANTIZATION AND SPACETIME TOPOLOGY W.Piechocki Class Qantum Grav. 20(2003)2491

ON SOLVABLE MODELS OF ELECTROSTATIC DOUBLE LAYERS P.P.Goldstein Cosmic Research 4, No.4, 2003)349

Y ATOMS AND N INTERACTION .J.Dqbrowski, J.Roiynck Condensed Matter Theories, Vol. 8. Eds M.de Llano, C.Fiolhais,J.da Providenciaet al Nva Science Publishers,Huntington. N. Y, 2003,I).347

SYSTEMATICS OF SPONTANEOUS-FISSION BARRIER HEIGHTS Z.Patyk, I.Muntian and A.Sobiczewski A PH N. S., Heavy lon Physics 8(2003)361

CALCULATED MASSES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski Yad. Fiz. 66(2003)1051; Plivs. At. Nuc. 66(2003)1015

ON VORTEX SOLUTIONS AND LINKS BETWEEN THE WEIERSTRASS SYSTEM AND THE COMPLEX SINE-GORDON EQUATION P.Bracken, P.P.Goldstein and A.M.Grundland J. NonlinearMath. Phys. 10 4200-3)464

THEORETICAL CONFIRMATION OF FEYNMAN'S HYPOTHESIS ON CREATION OF CIRCULAR VORTICES IN BOSE- EINSTEIN CONDENSATES E.Infeld and A.Senatorski J.Plivs. Condens. Matter 15(2003)5865

USEFUL MODELS OF FOUR-WAVE MIXING IN BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES E.Infeld, M.Trippenbach J.Plivs. B36(2003)4327

HOW THE NUCLEAR FERMI MOTION PLUS A SIMPLE STATISTICAL MODEL EXPLAINS THE EMC EFFECT J.Roiynek and G.Wilk Nucl. Phvs. A721(2003)388c-391c 138 Annual Report 2003

ELECTROMAGNETIC CORRECTIONS TO THE P-P SCATTERING LENGTHS OBTAINED FROM PIONIC HYDROGEN. T.E.O.Ericson, B.Loiscati, S.Wycecli. Nitcl. Phvs A721(2003)653 RAPIDITY SPECTRA ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF NON-EXTENSIVE STATISTIC APPROACH M.Rybczy6ski, Z.Wiodarczvk ad G.Wilk Nucl. Phys B proc. Sippl.) 122(2003)325 IMPACT REPRESENTATION OF GENERALIZED DISTRIBUTION AMPLITUDES B.Pire. L.Szymanowski Phys. Lett. B556(2003)129

OBSERVATION OF DRAMATIC FALL-OFF OF NUCLEAR DECAY RATES IN ISOMERIC STATES FOR FULLY IONIZED ATOMS Yu.A.Litvinov, Z.Patyk, ..., T.Radon, C.Scheidenbuger, J.Stadtlmann, M.Steck, M.B.Trzhaskovskaya, H.Wollnik, et al. Phys. Lett. B573(2003)80

ENHANCEMENT OF FOUR WAVE COUPLING BY PHASE MISMATCH E.Infeld, M.Trippenbach Phvs. Rev. A68(2003)015603

NUCLEON DENSITY IN THE NUCLEAR PERIPHERY DETERMINED WITH ANTIPROTONIC X RAYS: CADMIUM AND TIN ISOTOPES R.Schmidt, A.Trzcinska, T.Czosnyka. R.Smolanczuk, S.Wycech, et al. Phys. Rev. C67(2003)044308 THE BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATION FUNCTION C(Q) FROM A QUANTUM FIELD THEORY POINT OF VIEW G.A.Kozlov, .V.Ut3,uzh and G.Wilk Ph.iw. Rev. C68(2003)024901

ON ETA-Pi MIXING CLOSE TO ETA-HELIUM THRESHOLD A.M.Green i S.Wycech Ph.ys Rev C68(2003)061601

EXTRACTING THE POMERON-POMERON CROSS SECTION FROM DIFFRACTIVE, MASS SPECTRA F.O.Durdes, F.S.Navarra and G.Wilk Phys. Rev. D67(2003)074002 ESTIMATING THE INELASTICITY WITH THE INFORMATION THEORY APPROACH F.S.Navarra, .V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk and Z.Wiodarczyk Phys. Rev. D67(2003)1143002

THE BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY G.A.Kozlov, .V.Utytizh and G.Wilk Ukr..I.Phys 4(2003)1313

SHORT STORY OF HYPERNUCLEI - A PERSONAL ACCOUNT J.Dqbrowski Acta Phys. Polon. in press) NONEXTENSIVE INFORMATION ENTROPY FOR STOCHASTIC NETWORKS G.Wilk and Z.WJodarczvk Acta Phys. Polon. B inpress)

QUANTUM PARTICLE ON HYPERBOLOID W.Piechocki Classicalcited Quantum Grciviy in pess)

THE HILBERT-SPACE STRUCTURE OF NON-HERMITIAN THEORIES WITH REAL SPECTRA R.Kretschmer and L.Szymanowski Quant-plijs10309118, Czech3ournal of'Physics in press) NEUTRON SEPARATION ENERGY FOR HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI O.Parkhomenko, I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski APH N.S., Heavy lon Physics 7 2003 - in press) PROPERTIES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI WITHIN MACRO-MICRO APPROACH I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski APH N.S., Heavy ln Physics 19 2003 - in press)

PROPERTIES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI WITHIN MACROMICRO APPROACH I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski APH N.S. Heavy lon Ph.ysics 19,000(2003 - in press) DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 139

STUDY OFBASIC PROPERTIES OF HIGHLY-CHARAGED, UNSTABLE NUCLEI A THE SIS-FRS-ESR COMPLEX C.Scheidenberger, Z.Patyk B.Pfeiffer, ..., H.Wollnik and T.Yarnaguchi, et al. APH N.S., Heavv Ion Phisics 17,000 2003 - in press)

SELFCONSISTENT FUSION BARRIERS AT NEAR BARRIER ENERGIES .I.Skalski hit. .1. qf'Modern Phys F i press)

NEUTRON DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS FROM ANTIPROTONIC ATOMS COMPARED WITH HADRON SCATTERING DATA J.Jastrzebski A.Trzcinska, P.LLibinski, B.Klos, F.J.Hartmann, T.von Egidy, and S.Wycech. hiternationalJournal 'Modern Physics E. in press)

STUDIES OF THE NUCLEAR SURFACE WITH ANTIPROTONIC ATOMS S.Wycech Nuct. histr ad Methods i Phys. Res i press)

MECHANISM BEHIND THE RELATION BETWEEN SHELL STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI A.Sobiczewski and I.Muntian Nucl. Phys. A. i press)

ENHANCEMENT OF THIRD HARMONIC GENERATION BY MISMATCH M.Matuszewski, M.Trippenbach, E.Infeld, Cao Long Van, R.S.Tas"ral, Y.B.Band Optics Communications 2003 in press)

PION FORM FACTOR PHASE ZZ ELASTICITY AND NEW e'e-DATA S.Eidelman and L.Lukaszuk Phys. Lett in press)

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

ENCHANCEMENT OF FOUR WAVE MIXING BY PHASE MISMATCH E.Infeld and IVI.Trippenbach, (invited talk) DAMOP, Boulder, Colorado. Mm, 20-24, 2003

FOUR WAVE MIXING IN PHYSICAL MEDIA E.Infeld, invited talk) Plasina 2003, Varsavv, Poland, Sepl 912, 2003

THE MODIFICATHON OF NUCLEON PROPERTIES INSIDE NUCLEAR MEDIUM IN THE EMC EFFECT J.Roiynek, (invited talk) XXV1 International Con 6ence on Particle and Nuclei, Valencia, Spain, 31 Jun -.6 Jl 2003

SHORT STORY OF HYPERNUCLEI - A PERSONAL ACCOUNT J.D:Ibrowski, invited talk) VXVIJJ Mazurian Lakes School ofPhysics, Krzyfe, Poland, August 31 - September 72003

THE PARTIAL DECONFINEMENT OF NUCLEONS INSIDE NUCLEAR MATTER AS SEEN BY DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON-NUCLEUS SCATTERING J.Roiynek, (invited talk) AW1,711 Mazurian Lakes School ofPhysics. Krzyfe, Poland, Agust 31 - September 7 2003

SELFCONSISTENT FUSION BARRIERS AT NEAR BARRIER ENERGIES J.Skalski, (oral) Nuclear Physics Workshol7s, a7iinierz, September 2003

DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI A.Sobiczewski, I.Muntian and O.Parkhomenko, (invited talk) Proc.o theNATOAdvciticedSitidNIii.vtititte:,,Sti-tictre(itidD),nctinicsofElementai-),MatterKentei-(Ttirkey)2003(Kliiiiei- Academic Publishers,2004) - in press

PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI I.Muntian, O.Parkhomenko and A.Sobiczewski, (invited talk) Proc. Intern. Tours Symp O Nuclear Physics V, Tours France)2003, (AIP Conf.' Series, New York, 2004) - in wess

ON EXISTENCE OF SOLITON SOLUTIONS IN PROPAGATION OF HIGHER HARMONICS OF A LASER BEAM P.P.Goldstein, (poster) Presentation at te hit. Conf "Plasinet 2003 Research and Applications qfPlasma, Warsaw, Poland, 912 Selm 2003

ON THE EXISTENCE OF SOLITONS FOR THE 3 RD HARMONIC OF A LIGHT BEAM IN OPTICAL FIBRES Cao Long Van, P.P.Goldstein, M.Trippenbach and Hoang VAn Nam, (invited talk) 28 National Cnfon Theoretical Phjsics, Sain Son, Vietnam, 12-14 Aug. 2003 140 Annual Report 2003

ON EXISTENCE OF SOLITON SOLUTIONS IN SECOND HARMONIC EQUATIONS FOR A LASER BEAM Cao LomZ Van, P.P.Goldstein, M.Trippenbach and Nuyen Tien Dung, (invited talk) 28 National Con on Theoretical PhNwics, Sam Son, Vietnam. 12-14 Ag. 2003

GLOBAL PROPERTIES OF SPACETIMES AND QUANTIZATION W.Piechocki (oral) Lecture. Mathematics ol'Gratitation IF' Ste n Banach Int. Mathematical Center, Iarsaw 6 Sept. 2003 HOW TO MODEL BEC NUMERICALLY? O.Utvuzh, invited talk) Second lVai-savi, Meeting on Pai-ticle Cori-elations ad Resonances in Heav.y Ion Collisions, Warsaw, 15-18 Oct. 2003

SINGLE PARTICLE SPECTRA FROM INFORMATION THEORY POINT OF VIEW G.Wilk (invited talk) Lecture, Ihid Wat-saw illeeting on Particle Correlationsand Resonances in Heavy Ion Collisions, Warsaw, 15-18 Oct. 2003

BEC FOR PHOTONS AND NEUTRAL PIONS G.Wilk, (invited talk) Lecture, IInd Wai-saw, Meeting on ParlicleCorrelations and Resonances in Heavy on Collisions Wirsait,,, 15-18 Oct. 2003

ELECTROMAGNETIC CORRECTIONS TO SCATTERING LENGTHS FROM HYDROGENIC ATOMS APPLIED TO THE Pl-P SYSTEM T.E.O.Ericson, B.Loiseau and SWycech invited talk) Wot-kshop on Exotic Atoms, Ti-ento, September 2003

SUPERCONVERGENCE RELATIONS AND PARITY VIOLATING ANALOGUE OF GDH SUM RULE K.Kurek, (oral) If" 1,Vor-shop on High Enei-gy Spin Physics (SPIN 2003), Dubna, Russia, ept 16-20, 2003

PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI R.Smolafiezuk, (invited talk) 2"" hitei-national Cotifti-ence on te Chemistr-y and Physics qfthe Ti-ansactinade Elements, Napa, USA, 16-20 Not,. 2003

PRECISION EXPERIMENTS WITH TIME-RESOLVED SCHOTTKY MASS SPECTROMETRY Yu.A.Litvinov, ..., F.Nolden, Yu.N.Novikov. Z.Patyk T.Radon, C.Scheidenberg, M.Steck, H.Wollnik, et al., (invited talk) Nucleus-Nucletts Collision, Moscow, Russia, 2003 INFORMATION THEORY IN HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS (EXTENSIVE AND NONEXTENSIVE APPROACH) G.Wilk, (invited talk) Lecture. hite)-national lorkshop on Trends tied Perspeclives on Extensit,e and Non-Extensive Statistical Mechanics, Angi-a dos Reis, Brazil, 19.11.2003

COMUNICATIONS PUBLISHED IN CONFERENCES MATERIALS

NEUTRON SEPARATION ENERGY FOR HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI O.Parkhomenko, I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiezewski Pi-oc. ntem. Synq). On Nucl. Chistet-s: Fi-om Light Exotic to Superheavy Nclei, Raitischholzahausen (Gei-many) 2002, eds. R.J01os and W.Scheid (EP Svstema, Debrecen, Hungao 2003)1).451

SYSTEMATICS OF SPONTANEOUS-FISSION BARRIER HEIGHTS Z.Patyk, I.Muntian, and A.Sobiezewski Pi-oc. hitei-n. Symp. On Nucl. Cluste)-s: From Light Elvolic to Stpei-hecwy Nclei, Rauischholzahausen (Gei-many) 2002, eds. RJolos and W.Scheid (EP Svstema, Debl-ecen, Hungwy 2003 p 235

PROPERTIES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI WITHIN MACROMICRO APPROACH I.Muntian, Z.Patvk and A.Sobiczewski Proc. Intern. Symp. On Nuc[. Custei-s.- From Light Evotic to Superheav.y Nuclei, Rauischholzahausen Germany) 2002, eds. R.Jolos and W.Scheid (EP SyStema, Debrecen, Hungary 2003)p. 445 DIFFRACTIVE ELECTROPRODUCTION OF TWO MESONS SEPARATED BY LARGE RAPIDITY GAPS D.Yu.lvanov, B.Pire, L.Szymanowski and .V.Teryaev Proc. I ph Intei-national Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS 2003), St. Petersburg,Russia, 23-27 Apt 2003, - i pi-ess

POMERON ODDERON INTERFERENCE IN DIFFRACTIVE MESON PAIRS PRODUCTION D.YLI.lvanov, B.Pire, L.Szymanowski and .V.Teryaev Pi-oc. o' I" Intei-national Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattefing (DIS 2003), St. Petersburg,Russia, 23-27 Api 2003, - in press

THE BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY G.A.Kozlov, .V.Utvuzh and G.Wilk hit. C)/?/' New Trends in High-Energy Physics experiment, phenomenology, theory)", Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine, Maj,24-31, 2003 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 141

ARE BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS EMERGING FROM CORRELATIONS OF FLUCTUATIONS? M.Rybczyiiski, .Utyuzh, Z.Wlodarczyk and G.WiIk Proc.(Y'the I yh International orkshop n Midtiparticle Production;Correlations and Fluctuations in CD: Crete, Greece 15 June 2002: edts. NG.Alitonioit, .K.Diakonos and C.N.Ktorides, World Scientific 2003), 11).162-171

TRACES OF NONEXTENSIVITY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS DUE TO FLUCTUATIOINS G.Wilk ad Z.Wlodarczvk Proc. ofthel0th hiternat ional IVorkshop o Mulliparticle Production:Correlations and Fluctuationsin CD; Crete Geece 15 June 2002; edts. N. G.Antoniou, F.K.Diakonos ind C.MKtorides, World Scienti ic (2003),I)I). 344-353

STUDY OFBASIC PROPERTIES OF HIGHLY-CHARAGED, UNSTABLE NUCLEI A THE SIS-FRS-ESR COMPLEX C.Scheidenber-er, ..., Z.Patyk B.Pfeiffer, M.Portillo, ..., H.Weick. M.Winkler, H.Wollnik, T.Yarnaguchl, et al. Proc. #'the "Nitclear Chtsters:.ftoni Light Eotic Nuclei to Silperheavl Nuclei 1471 ed. R.Jalos and W.Scheid, Debrecen, Hungary, 2003

POWER-LIKE ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE UNIVERSE G.Wilk and Z.Wlodarczvk Proc. qfthe XXXII International Symposimn on Multiparticle Dynainics, Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine. September 713, 2002, lVorld Scienlfic 2003), eds. A.Sissakian, G.Kozlov ind E.Kolgallova, pp. 50-53

LEADING PARTICLES AND DIFFRACTIVE SPECTRA IN THE INTERACTING GLUON MODEL F.O.Duracs, F.S.Navarra and G.Wilk Proc.(Lithe NATO Advanced Research 1Vorkshop on InterIn-etation 'the New Df V factive Phenomena in Quantivil Chromod'ynamic and in S-Matrix Theorv, DlFFRACTION2002. Allishta, Criniea (Ukraina), 31 Aug. -4 Sep. 2002; eds. R.Fiore, L.L.Jekovs1-k.v. M.I.Kotsky, VK.Magas and A.Papa, KhoverAcademic Publishers (2003),I)I).293-303

THE ETA-Pi MIXING AND ETA-HE BOUND STATE S.Wycech and A.M. Green 71h11t. Work-sop on Production Propertiesad hit. qI'Mesons p323 Wrld Scientfic 2003, Editor L.Jarczyk

FISSION BARRIERS OF HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI I.Muntian and A.Sobiczewski Proc. NATO Advanced Stitd.v histititte: Structure and Dynaniics q'Eleinentary Matter, Kenier Turkey) 2003 (KIttiverAcademic Publishers,2004) in press

LECTURES, COURSES AND SEMINARS

Synthesis of heaviest elements and seifconsistent projectile - target interaction potentials J.Skalski, Nuclear Theory Seniinar Tarsait,-, 16.1anuary 2003, Nuclear Physics seminar, Instititte oPhysics U, 25 March 2003 Nieperturbacyjne aspekty chromodynamiki kwantowej K.Kurek, Seminar IFT Universiv effBiaystok

Cechowania konturowe L.Lukaszuk, Seminar IFT UW, Warsaw 14 March 2003

Efek-ty famatila parzystoki w procesach coniptona L.Lukaszuk, Seminar Department P8 IPJ, IVarsaw, 29 April 2003 Production and stability of the heaviest elements R.Smolaficzuk, XI Sendnar in 1*qd_-j_-,drqje, University QfS7czecin, ay 2003

Quantum particle in curved spacetime W.Piechocki, Setninar qfthe Theoretical Ph.ysics Institute, Warsaw, May 2003 Barriers for heavy ion-fusion calculated within the neon field method .I.Skalski, Nuclear Physicsseminar, Physics Departinent UV, Warsaw, 26 Nov. 2003

Estimating the inelasticity with the information teory approach G.Wilk, 16.05.2003, selninar w LTP ZIBJ Dtbna

Contour gauges, canonical formalism and flux algebras in y-m theories L.Lukaszuk, Laboraloire e Physique Theorique, Orsaj,, France 411.2003 Sum rules for parity violating compton amplitudes L.Lukaszuk. Centre de Physique Theorique, Ecole Pytechniqite, Palaisealt Fance 611.2003

Parity violating analogue of -dh sum rle L.Lukaszuk, ab. De Phys. Nuct. Et de Haittes Energies, Univ. Paris VI-VII, Paris,Fance, 12.11.2003

Quantization of particle dynamics in de sitter space W.Piechocki, Paris niversit-y V11. France. October 2003 142 Annual Report 2003

Possible si-nal for occurence of the "softest point" of te equation of state G.$Alilk, seminar, histituto de Fisica, Universidade (le Slo Paulo, 131-afil, 24.11.2003

a) in Polish b) in En-fish

CHAIRING OF CONFERENCE SESSION

R.Smolaficzuk Chairman of session 1: "Nuclear Structure Teory and Experiment" 2"" hitern. Coqf6-ence on te ChemistrY and Physics qfthe Transactinade Elements" Npa, USA, 7 Nov. 2003,

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

CAN ONE PENETRATE A WALL? J.Roiynck, M.Pawlwwski Leciiwe and demonstration at Festival qfScience, lVarsavv, September 2003

NOBEL STORIES E.Infeld Talk at Festival (#'Science, Sel)tember 2003

5 RADIO TALKS ON THE NOBEL PRIZE E.Infeld

PERSONNEL

Research scientists

Janusz Dqbrowski, Professor 2/5 Andrzej Senatorski, Dr., 1/2 Plotr Goldstein, Dr. Andrzej' Skorupski, Dr. 1/2 Eryk Infeld, Professor Janusz Skalski, Assoc. Pof. Krzysztof Kurek, Dr. Robert Smolaftczuk, Dr. Leszek Lukaszuk, Professor Adam Sobiczewski, Professor laor Muntian, Dr. Lech Szymanowski, Assoc. Prof. Zygmunt Patyk, Dr. Utyuzh Oleg V., Dr. Marek Pawlowski, Dr. Grzegorz Wilk, Assoc. Prof. Wlodzimierz Piechocki, Dr. Slawomir Wycech, Professor Jacek Ro2ynek, Dr.

PhD students Technical and administrative staff Jaroslaw Kulpa, M.Sc. Janina Sidor 01eksandr Parkhomenko, M.Sc. DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES 143

9 DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES

Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Zbigniew Werner phone: (22) 718-05-45 PLO401759 e-mail: wernerz1pj.gov.p1

Overview

The technology of surface modifying of practical-use materials by means of continuous and pulsed energy and particle beams has been intensely studied for more than 20 years. In some fields it is presently utilized on a ide scale in industry. Continuous or p I 1 I -1 ulsed'on and plasma beams play a significant role arnono, various approaches used in this area. The research carried by Department P-IX is centered around the use of its two ion implantation machines (ion implanters) ot'different kind and several world-wide unique sources of high-intensity plasma pulses, utilized ointly with Department P-V. The Department cooperates with Forschungszentrum Rossendorf (FZR, Dresden, Germany) in the field of ion-beam-based analytical techniques and the use of unique ion implantation facilities. The main ob Jectives of the Department are: • a search for new ways of modifying surface properties of solid materials by means of continuous or pulsed ion and plasma beams and • implementation of ion implantation technique in national industries as a method of mproving the fetime of machine parts and tools utilized in industry. In 2003 these objectives were accomplished in many ways, particularly by esearch on: phase transitions in steels irradiated with intense N and Ar plasma beams, synthesis of superconducting MgB, using Ion implantation and plasma pulses techniques, kinetics of the hgh-tcrnperature corrosion processes in implanted and unimplanted TiN layers, high-current implantation of nitrocen as a method of producing AIN layers, computer simulations of dfferential thermocouples in plasma pulse measurements in MW power rang, brazing of copper with AIN ceramics, surface-modified by ion implantation. The research was conducted in cooperation with Department P-V of IPJ, Institute of Nuclear Cemistry ad Technology (Warsaw), Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Technology of Materials for Electronics (Warsaw), Forschungszentrum Rossendorf FZR (Dresden, Germany), as well as with some industrial companies. 144 Annual Report 2003

0 9.1 Phase Transitions in Steels Irradiated with Intense N and Ar Plasma Beams by B.Sartowska', J.Piekoszewski, L.Wali§", Z.Werner, J.Stanislawski

0 The yN and yc phases in steel ae interstitial solid Most of the results have not yet been analyzed, a 9 solutions of nitrocen/carbon in austenite (the fcc few analyzed are reported in Table 1. Concentration of' 13- structure), in which lattice constants are laFcei- than Cr (column 3 strongly influences concentration of the Z 11 those typical for a normal austenite (expandetl y+-yc austenite phases (column 5) although Cr does ot altstenite or supei-satiti-ated altstem.te). Great interest belong to the roup of eements which stabilize to those phases especially to the yN one) esults y-phase, at least accordin to the present knowledge. pai 01 from te fact that they mprove tribological poperties On the other hand, as shown in column 6, of stainless steels without impairing their corrosion concentration of the yyN phases practically does not properties. For a long time both these poperties have depend on the Cr concentration. Pesently we a not been considered as contradictory ones. yet able to explain those observations. Several authors suo-est tat rspective o the used process, the yN phase in steel may not be Table I produced unless both Cr and Ni are present. Usinc, Gamma please concentration pulsed plasma beams to enerate rapid thermal Concentration pro uced by transients we have shown that ts Is not entirely wt% Melting meltino1-1 + only (Ar) nitridina correct. B such treatment the yN phase may be y C Cr Ni %] -y+,yc) (Y+YN) produced even in pure iron. (±5% en-or bnd)

To verify supposition that the N phase poduced 1 2 3 4 5 6 that way may improve tribological poperties of also 20 038 014 009 9.3 48.5 ...53.5 Z 45 0.52 02 0.19 15.5 1 54.5 ...64.5 carbon steels, the following measurements ave beei. 2H13 0.25 13.5 32 25.3 62 ...72 performed on samples of tool and constructional steels 4H13 0.34 12.8 014 49.0 54 containing ... 0.9wt% of C: • NRA and SIMS (to determine nitrogen surface concentration and depth profile) Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, • GXRD (to measure lattice constant) Warsaw, Poland • M6ssbauer effect (to determine phase composition).

9.2 Synthesis of Superconducting MgB, Using Ion Implantation and Plasma Pulses Techniques by J.Piekoszewski, W.Kernpifiskil), J.Stankowskil), F.Prokert2) , E.Richter 2), J.Stanislawski, ZWerner

(O Discovery of superconductivity in MB, Inter- ranged from 25 to 35K. For the first time we popose 0 metallic compound was eported in January 2001 by to poduce such layers from materials in liquid phase. 'IT Japanese authors Nacrarnutsu et al. Relatively hh Two technologies have been selected: 0 _j cri of T=39K makes feasible to implantation of ions Into metallic M- maintain the state f superconductivity without substrates followed by melting te implanted resortingal to expensive cryogenic liquids (He or H,), sample surface layers with H or Ar plasma pulses compressor coolers being sufficient. These acts. abundance of both elements necessary to synthesize 0 producina11 thin la yers on selected substrates the compound and elatively simple technology (eg.l:, T oi- SI), implantation of Mc,1:1 ions, and necessary to poduce superconducting structures haveC melting of the implanted sample surface layers attracted many researchers expecting a technical with H or Ar plasma pulses. revolution. The published works may be boadly The first of the above technoloales has been tested dealing categorizedC, as papers with: in 2003 2on Mc,11 samples implanted with 5xl0" • bulk materials (most of the authors) B ions/cm and irradiated with 14 H, Iplasma pulses • thin films. depositing energy with density 25 J/cm-. In some samples (particularly in those melted at Our research interests have been concentrated on lower energy densities), the GXRD measurements thin films (thickness 12 Vm). Z' revealed that the McB,(101) eflexes were shif'ted In many published technologies the M0,13, towards hher 20 angles in relation to the eexes superconducting layers have been produced from solid observed from samples implanted but not melted. phase materials. The obtained critical temperatures Similar shifts have been observed by other authors DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES 145 analyzing samples implanted and conventionally has been vified in sorne of te measured samples. annealed in order to poduce te superconducting The highest critical temperature found was T,=3 I K. phase. The shift may be attributed either to a stress However, the obtained esult may not be regarded caused by the atoms ntroduced into te Mc, lattice, as a full success since no macroscopic percolation as or to a lack of stochlornetry in the melted MgB2 been observed. Research aed at obtaining laraer 11 Z compound. This way or another it sucyaests the 11 concentrations of superconducting regions is planned superconducting phase to be pesent. to be continued in 2004. Magnetically modulated microwave absorption MMMA has been measured in 10 most promising 1) 1-1 Institute of Molecular Pysics of PAS, Poznafi, samples in two versions: MMMA=f(B) and Poland MMMA=f(T) Pesence of the superconducting phase 2) Forschunaszentrurn Rossendorf Desden, Germany

9.3 Kinetics of the High-temperature Corrosion Processes in Implanted and Unimplanted TiN Layers by Z.Werner, W.Szyinczyk and J.Piekoszewski (O

0 Study of effects of ion implantation on the implanted samples, whereas in te unimplantcd resistance of protective ceramic coatings to hgh- samples it followed the t 213 law. Te square ot 0 temperature corrosion was continued. Such coatings dependence is expected since it can be explained by are formed eg. on ather expensive moulds used for diffusion of reagents (Ti atoms towards the surface high-pressure light-alloy casting. TN-covered H13 and/or atoms towards the TIN-TIO, boundary). steels (PN WCLV) were implanted wth 2... oxioll _/3 S, I/S 21 i S/CM2 The faster t' kinetics observed in unimplanted I 1 Ion of mean energyC 100 keV (TITAN samples mght be explained by te oxide layer implanter-). Kinetics of te oxidation processes was structure revealed in microscopic observations: analyzed by means of thermogravimetry JG). Mass titanium oxide does not form homogenous, compact uains vs. time of isothermal annealing in ar at 6300C structures but rather some porous structures full of' are compared in oo-log scales in Fig I foi- implanted voids and cracks. The thickness of the oxide layer and unimplanted samples. effective from the diffusion point of view is lower -0.5 than the thickness corresponding to the observed ass

-Non-implanted 213 gain. In other words, the oxide mass ncreases faster -75 kV Si 2E16 t than the effective oxide thickness. -75 kV Si 5E16 On the other hand, the t kinetics observed i te 7 5 kV Si 1E17 implanted samples olives rise to a conclusion tat -1.0 oxides formed on the Si-implanted TIN layers ust grow in homogenous, compact structures Tere ae tV2 some literature data confirming this very Important 0 con clus,ion. The nature of beneficial effects of impl, 1011 Oil L resistance of TiN to the hgh-temperature corrosio is W quite different than that observed in te case of' corrosion in solutions. In the latter case the corrosion products are constantly dissolved in the solution and -2.0 protection works until the implanted layer is not fully 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 consumed (usually it does not take a Ion,a tme)I On Time (logarithmic scale) the other hand, the mplantation-improved compact Fig. Mass ain vs. time ofisothernial annealing of TiN in air at oxide layer is not being consumed during the pocess 630"C. 11::1 of the hic,gh-temperature corrosion and constantly ides protection against subs 'dati Rate of oxidation has diminished in implanted prov I 1-1 equent oxi 1011. samples, which means that implantation of silicon Therefore the corrosion may be slower even for ass improves corrosion resistance like previously P ins corresp 'dation of te entire performed implantation of boron and silicon. Even protective TIN layer althoughZ, the mplantation more nteresting is the oserved chanae in the treatment modifies not more than 1/10 of the layer oxidation process kinetics: mass gain (i.e. oxide thickness. thickness) vs. time t dependence follows t/2 law in the 146 Annual Report 2003

9.4 High-current Implantation of Nitrogen as a Method of Producing AIN Layers by J.Jagielski, A.Piqtkowska P.Aubert2l, C.Le-rand-Buseema 2), C.Le Paven 2) , G.Gawlik'), CO I (D J.Pickoszewski, Z.Werner

0 Research on ntriding of aluminum by means of Carbon (in the form of methane) was another high-current implantation of nitro(Ten was in 2003 element added to the beam. We expected it rillght elp CL oncentrated on reduction of oxidation of te top layer to reduce the size of pecipitates formed oil the during the implantation treatment, and on reduction of' implanted aluminum surface. However, the performed the size of the AIN precipitates on the material observations of the top layer topography after surface. Both problems were treated accordina to an treatment including methane did not show any original concept of supplementing the beam o'N ions significant reduction as compared to te N-Ar alone with some other elements added to perform additional treatment. functions. Purposeful modification of composition of non Araon was added to the beam in order to educe mass-separated ion beams may be used to attain oxidation of aluminum. Heavy Ar ions penetrate the various technological goals within a single taraet much shallower and sputter the material much technological step. To our knowledge this concept has more efficiently than ntrogen 3 ... 4 times). Since been applied for the first time. oxide layers on Al surfaces are usually thin enough to be effectively sputtered out (usually a few manometers), in effect arclon1-1 was expected to educe 1) Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, the surface oxidation. This expectation has been fully Warsaw, Poland Z confirmed by measurements of phase composition of 2) Laboratoire D'Etudes de Millieux Nanom6trique, the implanted layers- no aluminum oxide was found. Universltd Evry-Val d'Essonne, Evry Fance

9.5 Differential Thermocouples in MW Plasma Pulse Measurements - Computer Simulations by W.Szymezyk, Z.Werner, J.Plekoszewski r1o Methods of determining time evolution of hiah Gauss 025 J/cm' 1000 I,- C, power radiation pulses fail in case of high-intensity 0) K 750 -- pth 0. 1 1- V-0 p lasma pulses produced in modern discharge11 100 ns FWHM M01-Pt 0 aenerators. Bolometers are not robust enouch to K withstand such hgh power levels and not ast enough 500 pth 0.5 1- o detect mcrosecond and sub-microsecond chanues ------(Pt-M.2 n the power level. Methods based on detection of 100 nm Mo 25 100 electric current flow are inappropriate, since the T b .W- b.th id.!; f plasma beams are partially electrically compensated. 400 nm Pt 75 th. Pt laye, The objective of this report is to present some numerical data resulting from computer simulation of 100 nm Mo 50 incid-t operation of differential thermocouples radiated by A1203 substrate E 25 er-gyZ sub-microsecond and megawatt power plasma pulses. P.1s. The simulations were performed using the ETLIT 0.0 0 1 0.2 3 CtU (Energy Transfer in Laser Irradiated Targets) one- Till 1-1 Fig. 1 Sketch of the thermocouple stru re used in the simu- dimensional computer code based on the Finite rations and the simulated response to a Gaussian energy pulse. Element Method. A sketch of a Mo-Pt-Mo sample (a)Temperatures at both srfaces of the inner Pt layer (b) thermocouple used in the simulations, temperatures, Temperature difference superimposed on te incident energy sape and the difference of temperatures at both surfaces of (arbitrary nits) the inner Pt layer upon incidence of an energy pulse is The thickness of the inner layer is dictated by two shown in Fg. 1. conflicting equirements. The layer should be tn These results clearly demonstrate that for that kind enough not to distort the masured pulse shape. On the hand, it should be thick enouah to make the of pulses the differential snal eproduces the shape othei I ZI of the stimulating pulse much more closely than any detected temperature difference across the layer of the temperature snals themselves, and that the sufficiently large to be conveniently ecorded. The idea of using it as an indicator ol.' the power transients front and the back Mo layers should be possibly thin, may be useful. but thick enouah to be considered as bulk materials DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES 147 from the viewpoint of the properties of thin-film incident power level, the dstortion of the esponse is thermocouples. higher than 10% for every practical Fe layer thickness. 180% 1 000 Sch 7 On the other hand, the amplitude o esponse to (a) 2 (b) high power levels is always higher than te aceptable - 800 160% -2 level of 100K. Foi- the lower incident power level, 600 distortion will not exceed the 10% level if te Fe layer 140% 4 00 is thinner than about 35 prn, bt t -et response 120% ...... amplitude higher than 100K, the layer should be 200 thicker than about 2 trn. Z 100% The differential detector of a Tven tckness 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 Inner Fe layer thickness [imj operates only in a particular time scale. Longer UlSeS Inner Fe layer thickness urn] C, Fig. 2 (a) Signal width normalized to the icident plse width. cannot be properly detected because the temperature (b) S'(,nal amplitude AT. Solid lnes- ata calculated or pulse wdth difference will obviously vanish for longer times. I [is (power density evel 06 NlW/cni-). Dashed lines: data Therefore, te differential detector should operate in calculated for pulse width I 0 ns 6 MW/cII12). combination with a normal thermocouple that Culd detect such pulses. In further investigations we intend The differential esponse of a Mo-Fe-Mo structure vs. the inner (Fe) layer thickness to Gaussian pulses to manufacture and examine such structures. deposited at two different power density levels is shown in Flg. 2 It can be seen tat 1.'0r the hicher

PLO401765 9.6 Brazing of Copper with Surface-modified AIN Ceramics by J.Piekoszewski, W.Olesi6skal), J.Jaolelski, D.Kalihskil), M.Chmielewskil), ZWerner, M.Barlak, W.Szymczyk

Joints of copper with AIN ceramics ae used in a metallization, solder etc.). Modified substrates were electronic ndustry .c,. in inanufacturin,, f hi(,h characterized by means of SEM surface topography), power laser diodes housing. Te Joints ae produced XRD (phase identification), RBS mplanted element by means of the dect bonding technique, in which a depth profiles) and SIMNRA (analysis of.' te RBS Cu-CuO utectic or near-eutectic alloy is sandwiched spectra). between the copper part and te ceramic one (the alloy AIN-Cu brazing was conducted in a tunnel frnace melting temperature 1065'C is lower than te copper at 1080'C in nitrooen atmosphere. Mechanical melting temperature). Ion implantation technique may strenuth of the obtained 'oints was evaluated in hear- be used to modify the to-be-brazed surface of the stress tests. Microstructure of the broken Joints was ceramics in order to improve the joint parameters. observed in a SEM microscope, phase composition AIN ceramics surfaces were teated with titanium was analyzed in XRD measurements. and iron Ions produced in a MEVVA-type implanter, Preliminary results indicate that implantatio o' and with oxygen ions using a gascous source the ceramic surface may give beneficiary ef-fects. Te implanter. The applied doses were in te rancle treatment micht become an energy saving and so -t- 7 2 I I (1-10)xlO ions/cm and accelerating voltaoes - 15 duration alternative to the technique of' I -mal and 70 kV. Over 50 samples were implanted and oxidation, routinely used in the technology of brazing tested (a few for several combinations of-' parameters: copper with AIN ceramics. element1work'na Yas/dose/accelerating voltage). The aim of the treatment was to produce active Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, nanometric-size centers of the implanted element, which could help to braze AIN with copper without a Warsaw, Poland need to produce continuous boundary phases (layer of 148 Annual Report 2003

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

RESISTANCE TO HIGH-TEMPERATURE OXIDATION IN BSi IMPLANTED TIN COATINGS ON STEEL Z.Werner, J.Piekoszewski, R. Gr6tzschel, E.Richter, NV.Szymcz3,k Vacintin 70(2003)93

HIGH-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOUR OF FISSION-PRODUCT ANALOGS IMPLANTED INTO NUCLEAR CERAMICS A.Gentils, L.Thomd-Ijagielski, S.E.FsesCLI, F.Garrido, M.Bcauvy Vacuum 70(2003)123

EFFECTS OF HIGH DOSE NITROGEN IMPLANTATION INTO ALUMINIUM jjagiclski, A.Piqtkowska, P.AUbert, C.Legrand-Buscerna, C.Le Paven, G.Gawhk, J.Piekoszewski and Z.Werner Vacuum 70(2003)147

ION BEAM MODIFICATION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS A.Turos, J.Jagielski, A.Plqtkowska, D.Biehfiski. L.Sklsarski, N.K.Madi Vacuum 70(2003)201

NEW TYPES OF MULTICOMPONENT HARD COATINGS DEPOSITED BY ARC PVD ON STEEL PRE-TREATED BY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS Z.Wcrncr, J.Stanislaivski, J.Piekoszewski, E.A. Levadhov, W.Szymczyk Vacuum 70(2003)263

PHASE CHANGES IN STEELS IRRADIATED WITH INTENSE PULSED PLASMA BEAMS B.Sartowska, J.Piekoszewski, L.Wah, M.Kopcewicz, AAlerner, J.Stanislawski, J.Kalinowska, F.Prokert Vacuum 70(2003)285

BRAZING OF ALUMINA CERAMICS MODIFIED BY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS COMBINED WITH ARC PVD TREATMENT J.Piekoszewski, A.Krajewski, F.Prokert, J.Senkara-I.Stanislawski, L.Walig, Z.Werner, W.Wfosifiskl Vacition 70(2003)307

EXAFS STUDY OF ION BEAM MIXED Fe/Al MULTILAYERS I.Aron, M.Mozeti. A.Kodre, J.Jagielski and A.Zalar Nucl. histr. andMeth. B199(2003)222

STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN/STEEL ION-BEAM MIXED LAYERS A.Piqtkowska, J.Jagielski, M.Kopeewicz, W.Matz, A.Zalar and M.Mozeti Nucl. Instr. and Meth B206(2003)1052

FRICTION PROPERTIES OF ION PLANTED A,03 CERAMICS J.Jagielski, A.Piqtkowska, Z.Librant, P.AUbert. C.Legrand-BLIscema, S.Coindeau Nucl. Instr, and Meth. B206(2003)1097

DEGRADATION OF THE GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE IN Fe/Cr MULTILAYERS DUE TO Ar-ION BEAM MIXING M.Kopcewicz, F.Stobiecki, J.Jagielski, B.Szyniafiski, M.Schmidt, JKalfinowska 4177eline haractions 1441145(2002)255 (numer dolowany 2002 ukaml siq dopiero it, roku 2003)

RADIATION DAMAGE IN ION-fRRADIATED YTTRIA-STABILIZED CUBIC ZIRCONIA SINGLE CRYSTALS L.Thorn6, J.Fradin, J.Jagiciski, A.Gentils, S.E.Enescu, F.Garfido Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 24(2003)37

INFLUENCE OF THE AR-ION IRRADIATION ON THE GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE IN Fe/Cr MULTILAYERS M.Kopcewicz, F.Stobiecki, J.Jagielski, B.Szymanski, M.Schmidt, J.DUbowik and J.Kalinowska Journ. of'Appl. Phys. 93 9) 2003)5514

STABILITY OF THE PASSIVE STATE OF A-Ta AND Al-Nb AMORPHOUS ALLOYS M.Janik-Czaclior, A.Jagkiewicz, M.Janik-Czaclior, II.Kqdzierzawski, Z.Werner Mater. Sci.Eng, A358(2003)171

STUDY OF MICROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ION-BEAM MIXED TUNGSTEN-ON-STEEL LAYERS A.Plqtkowska., J.Jagielski, G.Gawlik, W.Matz, E.Richter, M.Mozetic and A.Zalar Wear 254(2003)1037

ENHANCED CORROSION RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM FOIL FROM NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM AND PALLADIUM SURFACE ALLOYING BY HIGH INTENSITY PULSED PLASMAS F.A.Boriffla, T.S.Ong, P.Skeldon, G.E.Thompson, J.Piekoszewski, A.G.Chmielewski, B.Sartowska, J.Stanislawski Corrosion Sci.45(2003)403

STUDIES OF INTERACTION OF PLASMA PULSE WITH SOLID SUBSTRATE AS OBSERVED BY OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY J.Stanislawski, J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszewski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner Plasnia Ph),s. Control. Fusion 45(2003)1121

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DIFFERENTIAL THERMOCOUPLE RESPONSE TO MW PLASMA PULSES W.Szymczyk, Z.Werner,.I.Piekoszewski Rev. Sci. Instr. in press)

ION IMPLANTED NANOLAYERS IN AIN FOR DIRECT BONDING WITH COPPER J.Piekoszewski, W.Olesifiska, Jjagielski, D.Kallfiski, M.Chrnielewski, Z.Werner, M.Barlak, W.Szymczyk Solid State Phenomena in press) DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES 149

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

Invited talks

ION IMPLANTED NANOLAYERS IN ALLOYS AND CERAMIC COATINGS FOR IMPROVED RESISTANCE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION Z.Werner, A1.Szyrnczyk, J.Piekosze-wski NanostructuredThin Films nd Ncuiodispersion Streiigthened Coatings NATO Workshop, Moscow, Russia, -10 Dec. 2003

CHANNELING STUDY OF THE DAMAGE INDUCED IN ION-IRRADIATED CERAMIC OXIDES L.Thom6, A.Gentils, F.GarridojJagielski MRS all Meethw. Bostmi. USA, November 2003

Oral pesentations CRYSTALS IRRADIATED WITH HIGH-ENERGY HEAVY IONS .I.Jagielski, A.Gentils, L.Thom6, L.Nowicki, F.Garrido, S.Klaumonzer lon Bewn Analiwis Cn rence Abuquerque, USA, June 2003

OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE DYNAMICS OF PLASMA PULSES GENERATED IN THE ROD PLASMA INJECTOR J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanislawski, J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner, M.Barlak hztei-national Cn rence o Plasma Research and Applications PLASMA 2003, Warsaw, Poland, Sept. 2003

Posters

MMMA EVIDENCE OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN MgB, THIN FLMS J.Piekoszeivski, W.Kenipiilski, J.Stankowski- E.Richter, J.Stanislawski, Z.Wcrner 2(yh Intern. Seminar on Radio- and Microvetwe Spectroscopy o Inhomogeneous Systems RAMIS03, Poznah, Poland April 2003

MICROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOMETER-THICK LAYERS OF MPLANTED ALUMINA J.Jagielski, A. Piqtkowska, Z. Librant. P.AUbert. C.Legrand-Buscerna, J.Piekoszewski , Z.Werner MRS all Meeting, Warsait%Poland. September 2003

ION IMPLANTED NANOLAYERS IN AIN FOR DIRECT BONDING WITH COPPER .T.Piekoszewski, W.Olesifiska. J..Tagielski, D.Kaliiski, M.Climielewski, Z.Werner, M.Barlak, W.Szymczyk MRS Pall Meeting, VVarsaw. Poland, September 2003

BREAKDOWN OF PASSIVITY IN AL-TA AND AL-NB AMORPHOUS ALLOYS A.Ja§kiewicz, M.Janlk-Czachor, P.Kqdzjerzavski, Z.Werner MRS Fall Meeting, IVarsaw, Poland,Seplember 2003

DAMAGE PRODUCTION IN CUBIC ZIRCONIA IRRADIATED WITH SWIFT HEAVY IONS A.Gentils, L.Thorn6. Jjagielski, L.Nowicki, S.Klaumonzer, F.Garrido, M.Beauvy Radiation Ef -s Con16-ence, PortoAllegre, Brasil, Septend5ei 2003

PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OF CARBON STEELS MODIFIED WITH SHORT INTENSE NITROGEN AND ARGON PLASMA PULSES J.BSartowska, J.Piekoszewski, L.Wali§, N/I.Kopcewicz, ZAAlerner, J.Stanislawski, W.Szymczyk, F.Prokert 9" hitei-national Seminar oInternational FederationjbrHeat Treatment and Suface Engineering, Wu-saw, Poland, 2003

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

Z.Werner - promotor of te PhD thesis pepared by R.Naro.iczyk at the Radom Technical University

Klagielski -promotor of the PhD thesis prepared by T.Suszko at te Institute of Electronic Materials Technology in Wrsaw

SCIENCE POPULARIZATION ACTIVITY

M.Barlak - "Pomiai-y, Automatyka, Kontrola" technical magazine, Scientific Editor 150 Annual Report 2003

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Jerzy Pekoszewski, Professor Zbigniew Werner, Assoc. Prof. Jacek Jauielski, Assoc. Pi-of., 1/2 Marck Barlak, Dr. 4/5 Wladyslaw Szyrnczyk, Dr.

Technical and administrative staff Andrzej'Grajda Jerzy Kr6fik 315 Malaorzata Kolodziejczyk Jerzy Zag6rski DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 151

10 DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY

Head of Department: Dr. Eugeniusz Plawski PLO401766 phone: (22) 718-05-40 e-mail: p1awskiipj.oov.p1

Overview

Due to the drastic reduction n pevious years) of scientific and technical staff of the Department, our basic I I I work in 2003 was limited to the following subjects: - the development of radiographic 4 MeV electron accelerator, - computational verification of basic parameters of a simplified version of 6/15 MeV" medical accelerator-, - continuation o the study of photon and electron spectra of narrow photon beams with the use of te BEAMnrc Monte Carlo codes, - a study of accelerating and detecting travelling wave RF structures based on experience already gained. The small 46 MeV electron linac was constructed in the Department as a tool for radiographic svices which may be offered by our Institute. In 2003, the most important sub-units of the accelerator were constructed and completed. Acelerated electron beam intensity up to 80 mA was already obtained and for the followithy year the energy spectrum measurement, energy and intensity optimisation for e-/X-ray conversion and also fst exposures are planned. Because in the realisation of the 6/15MeV Accelerator Pr 'ect, the Department was responsible for calculations of beam guiding and acceleration accelerating section with triode electron gun, beam focusin'), achromatic deviation), last year some vcrifyino, computations were done. This concerned mainly the nfluenc of the variation of aun injection energy and RF frequency shifts on beam dynamics. The computational codes written in the Department are still used and continuously developed for this and similar purposes. The triode gun, originally thought as a part of 615 MeV medical accelerator, is on long term testing, showing very good 11 C, performance a new pulse modulator for that sub-unit was designed. The Monte Carlo calculations of narrow photon beams are continued. Intensity modulated radiation terapy (IMRT) is expected to play a dominant ole in the years to come. Our principal researcher hr after receiving PhD dearee collaborates on IMRT poblems with DKFZ Heidelberg, where she participates in the development so called scanning collimators. As a result of a collaboration with LNF INFN Frascati, apart from two travelling wave RF structures now operated in the CTF3 experiment at CERN, one additional TW structure was made in our Department. It serves as an experimental unit for further study of TW technology. The collaboration with the DESY TESLA-FEL Project during the past years concerned mainly t RF accelerating super-conducting, superstructures. This work ended with ood results; it was eported in a common international oral session held during PAC2003 in Portland, USA. The superstructures have a chance to be ass- produced if the TESLA Superconducting Collider gets nternational financial approval. The work on RF vacuum windows upgrading aainst the multipactor efects in hgh power couplers was continued at DESY till the end of 2003. The oriainal new technolooles of tn TIN coatinc, of ceramic windows were applied using ewly constructed coating set-up. The summary of our 2003 results on coating will be presented in te TESLA Report 2004-02. A prerequisite of practising Accelerator Physics is understanding its importance in the wider context. Looking to professional literature on accelerators applications, one finds that in the developed world rLI(111ly 20000 accelerators exist excluding electron units below 02 MeV) and yearly this number increases by at least 10%. More than half ae used for material modification and rouolhly 30 in radiotherapy. The most advanced technically and technologically are accelerators for subatomic physics and synchrotron radiation sources, where the total number of existing or under construction machines surpasses 200. New solutions, new technologies, cost reductions are still being nvestigated.

So, in spite of difficult financial conditions. there is eal motivation to keep accelerator pysics alive '11Ot' Institute. 152 Annual Report 2003

10.1 Computational Optimisation of the Accelerating Structure of a Variable Energy Medical Accelerator I,-(O by E.Plawski 0 IT 20 - 0 The accelerating section of a 6/15MeV electron 18 - ... VI- .. k VI I

finac is composed of 30 active cells of which 6 on the 16 B- I k.. input s -e of tapered length. Te taper leap was 4 optimised to ensure wide energy variation at a 10 reasonable rf power requirement. For the technolocical reasons a hgh volta(ye diode Yun was W adopted for this section. The series of calculations 2 were performed to verify the influence of' RF ield 0 value, the focusing solenoid field. gun energy and -300 -250 -200 -1 50 -1 00 -50 RF ph... t iput d.g] current on output beam energy and quality. The Fig. 3 Output beam characteristics at 20 MV/in and kGs ill ordered output energy limits wer 6 and 15 MeV at solenoid. intensities auaranteeing dose rates up to 3 Gy/min/m. 30

Here the results are presented for the upper energy lil.d- I g. = ..2 limit as well as for energy 12.5 MeV readily avai'la ble E inj-i.. -- d -k- with the use of standard maunetron RF supply.

20 "6/15M.V" t 24MV/- p..k (3.1MW f 18 lnj..ti.. 4kV/0.2A;Rin=1.1-n,/-47-,.d 25 B..l 1kG. LU 6 A E 4 .E E 2 0 T 0 12.0 5;7 -300 -2 -200 -1 so -1 0 0 -10 8 RF phase at input [deg] Fig. 4 Influence of gun energy variation. - 6 _b- limit

4 R out 1 .0 -- 1 n.,g 2 A Ini-l-, -kVI..2 Ri-.1-I-4-- 0 -300 -250 -200 -1 50 -1 0 0 -so 25 RF phase at input [deg]

Fig I Non optin-lised 15 MV beam in 6/15 WV' A Structure. Solenoid field to ov. 20 The results presented do not include the RF power transmitted to the beam itself. At enercies higher than 12 MeV, the focusing solenoid field has to be i 1.5 substantially ncreased to -et satisfactory tansmission -300 -2 50 -200 -1 so -1 00 RF phase at input [deg] through the structure. Fig. Influence of RF field distribution in cells of the structure.

20 "6/15M.V" t 24MV/- p..k (3.1MW f lnj..Ii.. 4kV/0.2A;Ri.=1.1--/-47-,-.d 30 1 8 B.. 14 kG. oulp., .... gy".1 5..- .1 .. MVI - I G, I., -.... ,.d li-I .. k.V1- A 6 RF -i.d -i.d A- 4 B2.975 GH, E 2 1 0 25 8 B 6 b- ... U". liil 4 R out 2 N 0 20 - -300 -25 -200 _10 -1 00 -50 -3 00 -250RF phase-200 at input-1 so [deg]-1 00 -50 RF phase at input [deg] Fig. 6 Influence of structure RF frequency drift. Fig. 2 Output energy and barn transverse size at 24 Whn ad optimal solenoid field. [1] J.Bigolas, S.Kulifiski, M.Pachan, E.Plawski, PJ

The influence of the injection nergy change, RF Annual Report 2002 frequency drift and field distribution alone, the [21 J.Bigolas, S.Getka, A.Kucharczyk, S.Kulifiski, structure were also calculated and a samples o esults W.Maciszewski, M.Pachan, E.Plawski, 2001 PAC are shown in Figures 4 and 6 Conf., Chicaao, USA DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 53

10.2 Experimental Test-bench for Radiographic Electron Linac; Design and Construction by J.131golas PLO401768 In the Department of' Accelerator Physics, the Water cooling system Pr 0j'ect of' design and construction of' an electron System of accelerating structure tperature accelerator, wth output energy in te rang 56 MV control was reallsed. After completion and testing of operational - High vacuum system operational pessure 10- parameters and measurement of te lection output torr) beam, their optli-nisation will be executed. As a next - Control and potection system step, oeration o t accelerator xperimental stand An accelerator experimental stand picture below) with an output Xray bam will be effeCtLiated. was installed in a shielded oom with satisfactory IN radiation potection and with aood access fr operation with e- and X-ray beams. The main accelerator parameters are (results f measure nents): Accelerating structure Resonance frequency F0 2998.560 MHz Quality factor Q = 2 500 Couplina to waveauide 1.35 Mechanical lemah L 530 mn Pulse modulator Variable hgh-volta-c U'vil 0-5. kV Output pulse voltage Ui,,,,) 0-42 kV Pulse lenath iffl,) 4ts .0 I I f.-e - 300 Hz In the previous year the f oNvin', subunits and Repetition fi-equency 12.5 systems wre constructed and put ill (Peration: - Preliminary e- beam at acceleratilla StrUCtUre's - Mcrowave power tansmission s ystein with output: magnetronZ11 SM-60 (Lamina) of pulse power MW Pulse current intensity le 80 inA - Pulse modulator with H,-h - Voltage power supply Beam diameter at output window D = 2 min - Focallsation system for electron beam These data ae promisiria for further optlinisati(n.

10.3 Autonomous Pulse Modulator for Triode Gun Used in Electron Linacs by K.Kosifiski MM 0)

For the medical accelerator NNith resonant 0 dynamic variation of the beam current. Ts Is C) acceleratina structure usina a triode electron aun as useful in intensity modulation treatment mode. v- Cl (D electron beam source a pulse modulator destined for The desianed modulator enerates appropriate DC output beam parameters' control has been designed and pulse voltages necessary for proper operation of and constructed in the Department. C, the triode aun. Modulation of bias voltage applied to f _ This task was undertaken because application of a the control arid of triode enables bam intensity triode electron aun in medical accelerator has several control in the accelerating structure. important advantages and permits: As the triode with its peripheral Circuits is located • independent control of gun energy and beam on high potential, an important feature of modulator intensity construction is the proper separation of' gun Ccuit • independent control of operational pulse length from remainingZI ysterns. influencinu averaae output current A block dagram of autonomous pulse 1110CILIlatOr possibility ofshifting the bearn Pulse position Nis. is shown in Fig. I (below). RF pulse field in accelerating11 structure 154 Annual Report 2003

LOW VOLTAGE SIDE HIGH VOLTAGE SIDE

AUTOTRANSFORMER G3VAC HEATER > 2MV.1C 230VAC -1, 23ov C 120 DCPOWER

LAMP TRANSFORMER IIISULATIII",TRAIISFPRMER IP SUPPLIES DC POWER 230VAC SUPPLIES 5V CO11TROLL,1110REGIIIATIO14 SST E.

J, GRID 130V CATHODE o CJT-OFF VOLT. R SUPLLIES 8:5 -SW, 20kV 'I 5V GRID f3 ET > CO1r PO .. REGULAT ION SI STE. LSE TRAIISFORIVER

TRIG GENERATOR L_ CLAMPING D(DE REFERENCE U,,-280V HIGH VOLTAGE VOLTAGE DUPLICATOR 28M z VITFIBEROPTIC ISOLOATIOII CONVERTER ID T NSDUCE tv CONVERTER OLTAGE EG.

HIGHVOLTAGE REGULATOR HV F EEDB Al- K

230VAC HIGHVOLTAGE

Fig.1 Blockdia-i-amofpLilseiiiodtilatoi-.

Modulator systems ae divided into fur main Modulation of the control (Trid voltaae Is functional units: effectuated in the diode-transistor crcuit (shown in the - operation initiation and control block block dagram), where proper steering of the tansistor, base chanues the collector voltaae, and in - steerin 9 and regulation1:1 block, comprising: consequenceC, the level of diode conduction. • arid voltaue control circuit When the diode starts to conduct, a clampin of • gun cathode high voltage supply ccuit grid pulses takes place. It enables variation of the (rid • triggering circuits volta-e in a broad range and full control of beam - pulse forming unit for triggering circuits current intensity. In this way the fundamental parameter ot' - control 11arld voltage and 1:1gun power supply block accelerator's operation may be varied. (this block I's located on high voltaue potential)

10.4 Anti-multipactor TiN Coating of RF Power Components at DESY - Continuation rl-0 by J.Lorkiewi ICZ1) J.Evere tt2 ) and K.Jaenk C3)

0 A development project was carried out at DESY and TTF3 couplers are compatible as they contain 0 during 1999-2003 in response to multipactor problerns similar cold and warm coaxial design. TTF2 contains _j connected with the construction ofTesla Test Facility a flat coaxial window installed in the terminal (TTF) couplers. Good results were obtained by using waveguide section whereas TTF3 uses a cylindrical titanium vapour deposition in a eactive ammonia warm window in the half heiaht waveaulde to coax atmosphere. More detailed descriptions of the coating transition. Both couplers work at a resonance apparatus, coating procedure and surface layer frequency of 1.3GHz, at a peak power in pulse of 245 properties are 1:1given in 2]. kW and repetition rate of typically 210 Hz. Apart Roughly 100 cylindrical cold 70 K) and warm from coating the RF components for Tesla Test (300 K) ceramic windows for mostly used TTF 3 RF Facility at DESY, some surface-treated ceramic couplers have been TIN coated in 2003. In addition, windows were destined for other research centres (like 15 planar wavegulde windows for TTF 2 - version DESY Rossendorf, FNAL or Lancaster University). couplers were surface teated in a similar ay. TTF2 TiN anti-multipactor coating of 10 cold windows was DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 155

performed for 10 low-power couplers designed for studying the impact of TIN coating o secondary Fermilab. We also performed TIN deposition on a electron emission initiation and multipactor effects. single stainles-steel disc or the Lancaster University, The RF components which were TIN coated in 2003 Daresbury Laboratory (UK). The latter was used in at DESY a listed in the Table

Table I Ailti-multipactor TiN coating of RF power components at DESY ill 2003.

Coupler type Power component Recipient of the couplers Layer Quantity thickness TTF3 DESY (1.3GHz/245 kW) 300K cylindrical windows (Harnburc, Germany) 6-7 nm 42 TTF3 300K cylindrical windows BESY 6-7 nrn 3 (1.3GHz/245 kW) (Rossendorf, Germany) TTF3 70 K cylindrical windows DESY 6-7 rm 47 (1.3GHz/245 kW) (Hamburg, Get-many) TTF3 70 K cylindrical windows BESY 6-7 nrn 3 (1.3GHz/245 kW) (Rosscridorf, Germany) iow-power coupler 70 K cylindrical windows Fermi National Lab. 6-7 nm M (1.5 GHz/4OkW) (USA) TTF2 Planar wave-ulde window DESY 2- 13 nrn 15 (1.3GHz/245 kW) (300 K) (Harnburg, Germany) Experimental setup for stainless-steel disc Lancaster University l0nm I RF transmission studies (15 crn darn.) (UK)

A complete scheme of a new TIN coating TiN Anti-multipactor Layers Reached by apparatus was completed for the future large-scale Titanium Vapour Deposition on Alumina Coupler and-muldpactor protective coating. Te device Windows", I I thWorkshop on RF enables a complete surface processing of' 20 TTF3 Superconductivity, SRF 2003, 8-12 Spt. 2003. windows per 24 hours. Luebeck/Travernuende, Germany

[11 J.Lorklewicz, A.BrInkmann, B.Dwerstea Since 1998 till 2003 at Deutsches Elektronen D.Kostin, W.D.Moeller. M.Layalan, Proc. 10"' Synchrotron, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D 22-607 Workshop on RF Superconductivity, KEK Proc. Hamburg, Germany 2003-2, June 2003, pp. 448-52 Now at DESY, HomeInstitute: Fermi National [2] J.LorkIew1cz. A.Bilinski, T.Fadina, J.Kula, Lab. Germany 3) S.Pszona, J.Sobczak, Z.Yu, Characteristics of' DESY, Germany

10.5 A New Concept for a Scanning Photon Beam System for Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy; a Preliminary Monte Carlo Study by A.Wysocka, G.H.Hartmann') 0 Intensity-modulatcd adiation therapy (IMRT) is complex. Therefore, it appears useful to nvestiLrate 0IT already a well established technique in radiotherapy. alternative approaches to realise and to offer intensity _j The technique has the capacity to further educe the modulated fields that are not based on an MLC. absorbed dose to orcansC, at risk and to deliver a It has been shown that it is technically easible to conformal dose to Irregularly shaped target volumes. design a scanninc, collimator wth a small aperture in It is expected that this technique of adiotherapy will such a way that the collimator is moving across the 2D play a dominant role in the years to come. Currently, surface of a sphere wth the beam source in the centrc IMRT is almost exclusively realised using a multi-leaf of tis sphere [I]. At the same time, it has been sho,,\/n collimator (MLC). Other methods are using11 that an electron beam such as produced by a linear compensatorsiderably timewhich, consuming however, pocedures. are alwaysMLCs directionsaccelerator within can a becone safely using aforced D system into of arbitrarybendinc, consi 11 originally have not been designed for IMRT. When magnets. In pnciple, tese two features can trying to improve MLC based IMRT large fields and combined to a radiation unit in suc a way, tha a at the same time a better spatial esolution), the bemsstrahlunc, target (the production f Xay is problerns involved in the mchanical nature and in the -, 0 control system of the MLC become ore and more directly located at the entrance side of te scanniffil collimator. For this purpose, owever, it is a 156 Annual Report 2003

prerequisite to exactly correlate the position of the from 0.2 cm up to 06 cm were performed. collimator and position of the electron bearn htting Calculations were done for 108 particles. The the taraet. Nevertheless, this concept appears calculation time for each collimator was 14 hours. For technically feasible. every collimator e calculated enercyy fluence in the For the technical rallsation of tis concept and to ings, every I mm rom the beam axis, on te surface demonstrate its feasibility te challenge is ctainly in 40 c distance from the collimator exit. The quite huac and the sub-steps to nestigate Its distance of 40cm is the medical requirement. Results feasibility ae: of the dose dstribution calculations ae pesented as photon beam profiles with the values of HW (full - to investigate the nluence of arious design w'dth at halt' maximum) and of PM penumbra) for parameters on the final small photon beam using every beam profile. Calculations were performed for Monte Carlo Simulation methods, 0 I cm diameter of electron beam with energy - to define adequate parameters for target-collirnator spectrum of electrons from 6174 MeV up to 7103 system as well as on scanning electron beam based MeV. Calculations referring to the taract influence on on the previous investigation, Z, Z, the dose distribution in the photon beam are being - to investigate technical solutions to realise tills parameters, performed. Energy fluence distribution is calculated - to construct a prototype accelerator-. on the surface after taract and lonisation chamber in the distance 33 cm from the source of electrons, for The first step is currently being worked out. A first 10 7 particles. Poblems concerning the choice draft for a source- taraet-collimator system, based on optimal target are connected with the rnean energy of the existing in DKFZ accelerator PRIMUS 6MV, was proposed and modelled with the BEAMnrc Monte the generated photon beam, with the dose in this bam and with cooling system. All these points should be Carlo code. A photon beam which will be scanned 'dered. should have diameter less than 10 mm and penumbra consl as small as possible. Obtaining such a bearn can be realiscd with a collimator which has entrance aperture [II Intensity-modulated radiation therapy using a less than 06 cm, for the geometry of the source-target- variable-aperture collimator-, S.Webb, collimator system mentioned above. Based on this G.H.Hartmann, G.Echner, W.Schlegel, Phys. approach, the input parameters for te system are used to study the basic influence of the single components Med. Bol. 48(2003)] of system on the beam characteristic, . o the Medizinische Physik. DKFZ, Heidelberg, Irn photon fluence differential in energy and direction. Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberu The calculations of the dose absorbed in water for Germany different collimators with entrance and exit apcrture

10.6 The Technical Realisation of RF Kickers for CLIC Test Facility CTF3 by E.Plawski, S.Kulifiski, A.Kucharczyk

Two kickers for the CLIC Test Facility CTF3 were The components of the deflector arc fabricated produced in 2002 in Institute for Nuclear Studies in from certified OFHC copper delivered by Outukurnpu 'IT0 wierk and are successftilly operated at ull power in Enterprise (Outukumpu Poricopper, Pori, Finland). 0 CTF3 experiment in CERN. In the fabrication of a The measured Cu content was 99.998% and oxygen EL third one, the production procedure was thoroughly content below 1.0 ppm. examined in oder to establish repeatable technology. The kicker [1] is a disk-loaded, travelling wave, backward type wavegulde working in the 2ir/3, EHII hybrid -mode at frequency 2998.55 MHz. It Is equipped wth 2 I/O ports WR 284 of SLAC type flange. Operational RF power in pulse is MW/4ts, averaue less than 5kW. The results of calculations, MAFIA and HFSS simulations and part of measurements, were reported at EPAC 2002 Conference and IPJ Annual Report 2002[2]. Recent results of fabrication pocedure and results on deflectors operating characteristics in CTF3 Compression Rina11 have been eported on PAC2003 Fig. I The series of 4 cells after hydrogen furnace brazing with Conference 3 4. 880')C LV30P filler alloy. DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 157

Cells in the form of cups a poduced with typical advance corresponding to sliding short 'ump from cell tolerance of ± .01mm. Te cups are bazed together to cell. to form a circular waveculde structure Fig. 1) of a The result of measurements for the dflector No.3 deflectors During the manufacturing pocess, te is shown in Fig 3 where in the polar coordinate the procedure of lubrication, chemical cleaning and phase shift per cell is illustrated. vacuum out-assing at elevated temperature was D,11-,,, No 3 1997.5NI 1, 0 SI. Sh,,,. 0--h 1. ,11, chosen such as to reach in ready made deflectors, the 330 vacuum better than 10-9 Torr. The chemical treatment before brazinc, involved the know-how of RF structures industry. The brazinc, was made in several 300 0 steps with three brazing alloys: at 8800C, at 7800C, and at 7000C. Intermediate measurements of frequencies single cells, dispersion curves before and after brazing) were executed in order to have full 270 control of production. After the last brazing operation 4 4.2 44 !6 the whole deflector was pumped and heated in a vacuum chamber to the temperature 1800C and next the vacuum checked using a helium leak detector, after which the deflector has been closed under the hioh vacuum till te RF final measurements.

Last ccil 180 Fig. 3 The measured phase advance per cell i 3-rd deflectim, structure of CM.

The VSWR measured on input port was within 1 I at the working frequency 2.9975GHz in all'.

[1] A.L.Eldredge et al., p. 293 in Liinear Accelerators" edited by P.Lapostolle and A. Septier [2] D.Alesim et al.,"RF Beam Deflectors for CTF3 Combiner Rine,", EPAC 2002 Proc. [3] A.Ghigo et al., "CTF3 prototypes: Design, Tests

Fig. 2 3 GHz deflectin'T structure after fabrication. and Impedance Measurements", PAC 2003, 11 Portland, USA The final measurement was the examination of [41 E.Plawski et al., "The Technical Realisation of deflector RF characteristics. The HP 8753C/85047A RF Kickers for CTF3", PAC 2003, Portland, USA vector network analyser was used to trace the phase 158 Annual Report 2003

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

DOSIMETRY OF XRAY BEAMS IN STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY J.Rostkowska, M.Kania, W.Bulski, A.Wysocka Polish Journal oMedical Physics Engineering S. 32003)143

X-RAY TUBE WITH NEEDLE-LIKE ANODE M.Slapa. W.Stra, M.Traczyk, M.Snopek, W.Drabik Nukleonika 47(3)101

DOSIMETRY STUDY of 6-MV PHOTON BEAMS i STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY with EGSnrc MONTE CARLO CODE A.Wysocka Nukleonika in review)

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

THE TECHNICAL REALISATION OF RF KICKERS FOR CLIC TEST FACILITY CTF3 E.Plawski (poster) ParticleAccelerator Con rence PAC 2003 Portland, Oregon, USA, May 12-16

MONTE CARLO DOSIMETRY FOR XRAY BEAMS IN STEREOTACTIC RADJOSURGERY WITH A LINEAR ACCELERATOR A.Wysocka, (poster) 6"' International Stereotactic RadiosurgerySociel-v Congress, Kyoto, Japan, 22-26 June, 2003

CHARACTERISTICS OF TiN ANTI-MULTIPACTOR LAYERS RACHED BY TITANIUM VAPOR DEPOSITION ON ALUMINA COUPLER WINDOWS J.Lorkiewicz, A.Bilinski, T.Fadina, J.Kula, S.Pszona, J.Sobczak, Z.Yu, (oral) If" International Workshop on R-Sitperconctuctivit.v, SRF 2003 812 Sept., uebeck4D-civemunde

COMMUNICATIONS PUBLISHED IN CONFERENCES'MATERIALS

THE TECHNICAL REALISATION OF RF KICKERS FOR CLIC TEST FACILITY CTF3 E.Plawski, S.Kulifiski, A.Kucharczyk Proceedings ParticleAccelerator Cliftrence PC 2003, Portland, 01-egon, USA, 2-16 Mcq, 2003

CTF3 PROTOTYPES: DESIGN, TESTS and IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS A.Ghi 'o, .... E.Plawski, et al. Proceectings Particle Accelerator Confrence PAC 2003, Pontanct, Oregon, USA, May 12-16,2003

COLD AND BEAM TEST OF FIRST PROTOTYPES OF SUPERSTRUCTURE FOR THE TESLA LINEAR COLLIDER J.Sekutowicz,..., E.Plawski, et al. Proceedings Particle Accelerator Conlrence PAC 2003, Portland, i-egon, USA, May 2-16, 2003

MONTE CARLO DOSIMETRY FOR XRAY BEAMS IN STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY WITH A LINEAR ACCELERATOR A.W3,socka Proceedings 6 International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Sociel.v Congress, Kyoto, Japan,June 22-26, 2003

CHARACTERISTICS OF TiN ANTI-MULTIPACTOR LAYERS REACHED BY TITANIUM VAPOR DEPOSITION ON ALUMINA COUPLER WINDOWS J.Lorkiewicz, A.Bilinski, T.Fadina, J.Kula, S.Pszona, J.Sobczak, Z.YLI Proceedings I" Intermitional lVorkshol o RF-Sitperconductivii.v, SRF 2003 812 Sept., LuebecklTi-avemitende, Germon),

SUPERSTRUCTURES: FIRST COLD TEST AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS J.Sektitowicz, ..., J.Lorkiewicz et al. Proceedings II" International Workshop on RF-Sitperconditctivi(y, SRF 2003 812 Sept., LuebecklTi-avemunde, Germany

LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS

COLLINIATION AND DOSIMETRY OF XRAY BEAMS FOR XRAY IN STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY WITH A LINEAR ACCELERATOR" A.Wysocka Tok.vo Metropolitan Universitly qfHetilth Sciences. Tok.jw. apan, 27June, 2003, (ecture)

RF, 3000 MHZ TRAVELLING WAVE DEFLECTING STRUCTURE MODELLING AND REALISATION E.Plawski INFN Frascati,Italy 7 March. 2003 seminar) DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 159

NEUROSURGERY WITHOUT THE KNIFE"' A.Wysocka Festival of Polish Science, IVarsait%Poland. 20 Sept.. 2003

a) in Polish b) in English

INFORMATION ON EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY CONDUCTED BY DEPARTMENT'S COLLABORATORS

A.Wysocka - Presentation of doctor's thesis "Formation and dosimetry of narrow X-ray photon beams generated in election linear accelerators, for application in stereotactic radiotherapy" /scientific supervision - Prof. S.Kulifiski/

SCIENCE POPULARIZATION ACTIVITY

Participation in informative and educational activity for pupils' and students' groups - presentation of medical accelerators installed in Accelerator Physics Department

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Eu-eniusz Plawski, Dr. Anna Wysocka, MSc.

Technical and administrative staff Jerzy Bgolas 4/5 Jerzy Lorklewicz Krzysztof Bgolas Andrzej Lubian J6zef Bogowicz Jan Nowak Wojc1ech Drabik 3/5 Marek Iiwa Konrad Kosifiski Marcin Wojciechowski 160 Annual Report 2003 DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING 161

11 DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING

Head of Department: Prof. Ludwik Dobrzyfiski phone: (22) 718-06-12 PLO401773 '1: 1udw'kipj.gov.p1

Overview

The department of Training and Consulting is regularly serving secondary schools' pupils and tachers. university students and the public. The year 2003 set up a new record: the Department accepted about 7000 visitors, about 2000 more than during 2002. trul areat event was te opening of t prmanent exhibition dsplaying the model of nuclear power plant originally planned to be built in Zarnowlec near Gdafisk. The opening was combined wth a short syrnposiLI111 Oil the "Nuclear Physics and Technology - Today and Tomorrow's Social Education in European Union". Te opening was visited by many pominent uests frorn Polish Atomic Agency, local overnments, universities and institutes. In addition, the Department participated in the organization of a symposium dedicated to the 100"' Anniversary of the fst Nobel Prize awarded to Marie Curie-Sklodowska. This was also an occasion for a sall exhibition based on photographs and exhibits borrowed from the Maria Curie-Sklodowska Museum in Warsaw, which was co-orcaniser of the symposium. The main organizer and proposer of the symposium was a social Z, Z, orcanization, the Interschool Committee of Promotion of the Educational Undertakings "Europe 2000" wich promotes educational initiatives or the youth from Otwock, a town near to Swierk. It was our pleasure tat our Department was chosen as the place for the organization of this symposium in which the best pupils., local authorities from Otwock, and sponsors of the activity of the aforementioned roup were pesent. On the 15"' of ctober we elebrated the 5t" anniversary of our educational activity that started with tile opening of the exhibition on "Nuclear wastes: problems, solutions". The exhibition is still displayed and attracts attention. It is a eal pleasure to see fow much the nterest in our activity has rown through all those years On the other hand, the educational efforts of the Department turned out to be worth our labor: in the all-Poland conquest for an educational initiative in the field of radioactivity, organized by the University of Toruh, ail) of the main prizes were awarded to teachers who were visitors of our Department and who kept contact with LIS. Since January 2003 the Department participates in an European program called NUPEX that alms at creating an nternet platform of educational material from nuclear physics and its applications. The platform will be prepared in six languages and will be dedicated to pupils from secondary schools and science teachers. It is also worth mentioning that the Department designed a poster on radioactivity. The poster was printed by the Scholar and Peda-oalcal Publishina Company in Warsaw, distributed free of charge during the Polish Physicists Meeting in Gdailsk, and added to an issue of the teacher's 'ournal "Physics at School". Te possibilities of experimentation at our Laboratory of Atomic Physics were also substantially increased. Some of our experiments were filmed by the Scholar and Pedagogical Publishing Company in Warsaw. The films will serve as educational material for teachers and pupils, and will be distributed on CD-ROMs. The year 2003 was also productive for research: we published about 10 papers. 162 Annual Report 2003

11.1 Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Fe3-,,Cr,,Si Alloys by M.Pugaczowa-Michalskal, A.GO2, L.Dobrzyfiski2,3), S.Lipihski') PLO401774

The study of the election tture and rna(metic [11 A.GoM.Pucaczowa-MichalskaL.Dobrzyiski, properties of te Fe3-,Cl-,Sl compoundIC is motivated y S.Lipifiski, LocalCl Magnetic Moments and the M6ssbauei- and neutron spectroscopy Hyperfine Fields in Fe3-,CrAl, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) measurements showing unusual behavior of'Cr in such 236(2003)540 alloys. Te site Preferences of Cr in F3SI and he effect of the local environment on te formation o' 1) Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy local maurietic moments ae examined using the self- of'Science, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznail, consistent spin-polarized TB-LMTO method. The Poland results of calculations essentially confirm the values 2) Institute of Experimental Physics, University of' and orientations of magnetic moments of iron and Bialystok, Lipowa 41, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland chromium atoms [1]. However, they do not explain an 3) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 experimental observation of almost equal occupation Otwock-Swierk, Poland of A, and C sites by chromium.

11.2 Local Magnetic Moments and Hyperfine Fields in Fe3.,,Cr,,Al by A.Gol). M.Pu-aczowa-Michalska 2), L.Dobrzyiski 1,3), S.Lipifisk i2) PLO401775

We present the esults o' self-consistent spin- polarised TB-LMTO band structure calculations o' 1) Institute of Experimental Pysics, University of Fe3AI substituted by chromium. An influence o' the Bialystok, Lipowa 41, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland local environment on the distribution of hyperfiric 2) Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy maanetic fields is discussed. All the nearest neighbour of Science, Smoluchowskieao 17, 60-179 Poznai, atomic configurations corresponding to the observed Poland sextets contributing to the M6ssbauer pectra are 3) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 analysed. Substitution of chromium atorn in the Otwock-wierk, Poland nearest neighbourhood causes a stroncy fll o' the hyperfine field.

11.3 An Influence of the Local Environment on Local Magnetic Moments and Hyperfine Fields in Fe3-,,Cr,,Si by A.Go'), M.Pu(yaczowa-Miclialska 2), L.Dobrzyfiski 1,3)

We present the results of ab-initio calculations of Fe3SI substituted by chromium. An influence o te Institute of Experimental Physics, University of local environment on the distribution f hyperfine Bialystok, Lipowa 41, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland; macnetic fields and spin-denstity distributions are 2) Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy discussed. Results of calculations confirmed that the of Science, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznafi, presence of chrormurn atom in the nearest Poland; neiahbourhood causes a strona decrease f te 3) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 hyperfine field exerted on iron as well as a decrease o Otwock-wierk, Poland magnetic moment of Fe in (AC)- and sites.

11.4 Site Preferences in FeAl and Fe3Si with Chromium Substituted for Iron Using Self-consistent Spin-polarized TB-LMTO and KKR-CPA Methods by A.Gol), M.Pucyaczowa-Michalska 2), L.Dobrzyilski 13)

Ab-initio calculations of Fe3AI and Fe3SI alloys and KKR-CPA methods. The goal is to understand with iron substituted for chromium are performed by better the local environment effects on the macnetic means of the self-consistent spin-polarized TB-LMTO moments of iron and chromium as well as the site DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING 163 preference mechanism. Because first calculations 1) Institute of Experimental Physics, University of' showed the preference of chromium to occupy the so- Bialystok, Lipowa 41, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland; called B-sites, which does not agree with the 2) Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy experimental data, the calculations of the dependence of Science, Smoluchowsklego 17, 60-179 Poznafi, of the preferential occupation mechanism on the Poland; volume are planned. 3) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 Otwock-wierk, Poland

11.5 Calculations of the Charge Density in GaN Using Self-consistent LMTO-ASA Method (BandLab Package) by A.Gol), J.Wallszewskil), L.Dobrzyfiski 1,2)

The charge density distribution found by us for or whether they are rather artefacts which appear .g. GaN (by means of X-ray scattering on powder and a due to the data handling method (maximurn-entropy). single-crystal as well) shows peculiar distribution of charaes alone, the aallium-nitrogen bonds. The Institute of Experimental Physics, University ' calculations are aimed to show wether the observed Bialystok, Lipowa 41, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland-, peculiarities can be explained on teoretical rounds 2) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland

11.6 Angular Distribution of Hyperfine Magnetic Field in Fe3O4 and Fe66Ni34 from Mijssbauer Polarimetry by K.Szymafiskil), D.Satula'), L.Dobrzyftski 1,2)

Experimental determination of' some angular certain distributions of fields ae pesent in te system 0 averages of hyperfine fields is demonstrated. The under study. 0 M j averaues relate to maonetic structure. Exemplary EL results of the measurements for Fe3O4 and Fe66N'34 Institute of Experimental Physics, University of show that it is possible to obtain valuable nformation Bialystok, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland WM about the field magnitudes and orientations even when 2) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland

11.7 Circularly Polarized Beam For Nuclear Resonance Scattering by K.Szymafiskil), D.Satulal), B.Kalska 2) , L.Dobrzyfiski"')

Silicon quarterplate was tested as an insertion synchrotron radiation was performed at BW4 station device for chanaing linear to circular polarization of of DORIS rng at Hasylab, DESY. 0 the beam for Nuclear Resonance Scattering (NRS) IT 0 experiments. The quarterplate working in transmission 1) Institute of Experimental Physics, University of' _j BraggZ-111 11eometry is a well-known device. As a quarter Bialystok, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland CL plate commercial Si single11 cystals (producer: Institute 2) Institute of Chemistry, University of Balystok, of Electronic Materials Technology, ITME, Warsaw) 15-399 Bialystok, Poland with a thickness of 100 Vm was used. The crystal 3 The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 planes (100) were parallel to the surface of the plate Otwock-wierk, Poland and 400) reflection was used. The scattering of

11.8 Toward Circularly Polarized Beam for Nuclear Resonance Scattering of SR by K.Szyrnafiski'), D.Satula", L.Dobrzyhski 12) , B.Kalska" r,_CO

C:) Results of te first experiments with nuclear suitable for nuclear hyperfine studies are eported. S' resonance scattering of synchrotron radiation aiming (400 sngle crystal slab, 100 Lm thick, was used as a 0 at construction of the circularly polarised beam lambda quarter plate. Observed twofold reduction of 164 Annual Report 2003

the intensity in the proposed geometry is de to te Si Institute of Experimental Physics, University of crystal itself. Hyperfine interactions ae used to pobe Bialystok, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland the polarization state of the synchrotron beam . 2) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 Application of the proposed method is restrained by Otwock-wierk, Poland the larae anaular beam divergence, which limits the 3) The Frele Universitdt Berlin, Institut ffir Experimentalphysik, Arnimallee 14 circular polarisation of potons. Further experiments I I are proposed to overcome beam divergence problerns.

11.9 Hyperfine Fields in Fe48AI52 by K.Szyi-nafiski", D.Satula", L.Dobrzyfisk]"2), E.YelsukoV3 E.Voromna 3)

Distributions of' te hyperfine parameters in 1) Institute of Experimental Physics, University of' Fe48AI-52 sample in an external maurietic field o 1 IT Bialystok, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland have been studied. Hyperfine magnetic id (h.m. f.) 2) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 of about 3 T was oriented antiparallel to the average Otwock-wierk, Poland h.m.f. and the fraction of the iron is about 25%. We 3) Physical-Technical Institute, UrB RAS, 132, also see that about 25% of iron ave zero h.rn.f.. Our Kirov Street, 426001, Izhevsk, Russia results indicate presence o' the Mattis phase in the system.

11.10 M,5ssbauer Studies of Single Crystals of Gamma Fe-Mn by K.Szyrnafiskil), W.Olszewskil), J.Jankowska-Kisielifiska 2), D.Satula'), L.Dobrzyfiski 1,3)

T_ Three single crystals of y-Mn60Fe37CU3 ave been o prepared with atomic planes (III), (I 00) and (II 0) B=1-0 T co0 0 parallel to the surface. M6ssbauei- measurements in an _j external maurietic field of I T at oom temperature L .7 0- C, B= have been performed. We hope that detailed analys' .3 T will reveal the type of M6ssbauer spectrum o single crystal 7-Mn60Fe37CU3 measured at different orientat'ion. B=1 : T

1) Institute of Experimental Physics, University of' Bialystok, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland 2) Institute for Atomic Energy, 05-400 Otwock-

3 wierk, Poland .0 Fig. I Spectra obtained with external magnetic field applied The Softan Institute f r Nuclear Studies, 05-400 perpendicular to the surface. Otwock-wierk, Poland

11.11 Wssbauer Investigations of UFe5Sn 1.21 3) PLO401780 by D.Satulal), K.Szyrnafiskil), L.Dobrzyfiski V.H.Tran

UFe5Sn intermetallic alloy was nvestigated11 by Institute of Experimental Physics, University of' means of the Mbssbauer spectroscopy in the Bialystok, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland temperature ranue of 13 K - RT. The rneasui-ernents 2) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 have been carried out with the use of unpolarized as Otwock-Swierk, Poland well as circularly polarized beam. It was evealed that 3 W.Trzebiatowski Institute of Low Temperature the average hyperfine field is 11gradually increasingLI and Structure Research, Polish Academy of with decreasing temperature. The analysis resulted in Sciences, P.O. Box 1410, 50-950 Wroclaw, obtaining a set of hyperfine parameters for various Poland local environments of iron present in the system. DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING 165

11.12 Mijssbauer Spectra Investigations of Nanoparticles Of MO.5Fe2.504 (M=Fe, Co, Mn, Ni) by D.Satula", B.Kalska 2) , K.Szymafiski'), K.Winkler 2) , L.Dobrzyfiskl'-') CC)

The Mbssbauer spectra with ccularly polarized B-positions wile Mn atoms prefer the A-sites. For 0 radiation were measured for nanoparticles of Co atoms no site-preference was detected. 0 magnetite with Co, Mn and Ni substituted for iron. The measurements have been carried out in an Institute of Experimental Physics, University of externali i ma-neticC' field = I T parallel to the Bialystok, 5-424 Bialystok, Poland impinging1:1 11:1garnma beam. Te analysis of the spectra 2) Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok. has shown that the maunetic moments of iron are 15-399 Bialystok, Poland oriented parallel to the external field. In addition it 3) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 was revealed that N atoms locate peferentially at the Otwock-wierk, Poland

11.13 M,5ssbauer Studies of Fe-Ni Alloys with Compositions Range Characteristic for the Invar Behavior by D.Satufal), K.Szyrnafiskil), L.Dobrzyfiski C14 00 Mossbauer studies have been carried out for B=12 T. The analysis of the spectra measured with Fe,-,Nl,, alloys (x = 030 032 034 036 038 040). circularly polarized beam has shown tat the maolletic The experiments have been carried out using both, moments contributing to the two aforementioned 0 unpolarized as well as circularly polarized beams. In maxima have the same angular distributions of' the the composition range of' our interest a structural iron ma(ynetic moments. phase tansition BCC - FCC takes place. This transition has essential impact on te magnetic 1) Institute of Experimental Physics, University of' properties of iron atoms and leads to so-called Invar Bialystok, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland effects. The measured spectra xhibit dstribution of 2) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 the hyperfine magnetic fld characterised by the Otwock - wierk, Poland presence of two maxima: the narrow one in the vicinity of 30 T, and the boad distribution around

11.14 Mi5ssbauer Studies of FeTiSn Heusler Alloy by D.Satula'), K.Szymafiskil), L.DobrzyAski 1,2 , AIebarski') PLO401783

The Heusler alloy, Fe-,TlSn exhibits a number of FeTl phase was also detected even for vry short tme peculiar properties that apparently depend on the of milling sample history. In order to elucidate the nature of maunetic ordering in the alloy the Mbssbauer studies "I Institute of Experimental Pysics, University ' on 57Fe were carried out on a sample that had been Bialystok, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland systematically crushed from bulk to powder. The 2) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 spectra show that this procedure affects the hyperfine Otwock-wierk, Poland field distribution. In particular, prolonged 70 hours) 3) 'Ifincy results in occurrenc 11 Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 40-007 ml I e of a-Fe phase. A trace of Katowice, Poland

11.15 Electron Momentum Density of Hexagonal Cadmium Studied by Compton Scattering IT by H.Reniewi -eiezukl). M.Brancewicz'), E.Zukowski'), L.Dobrzyfiski 1,2) ,S.Kaprzyk 3) 00 0 Directional electron momentum density the I ] and I I 0] directions in the reciprocal space IT 0 distributions (Compton profiles) of cadmium singleI were measured in both -1geometries, whereas only crystal have been measured in transmission and transmiission aeometry was us ed for the measurement a- reflection geometry using high-energy 662 keV) along the [001 dection. The experimental data ave aamma radiation from a 37CS source. Pofiles along been compared with the Corresponding theoretical 166 Annual Report 2003

KKR semi-relativistic calculations. The directional 1) Institute of Experimental Physics, University of difference profiles, both experimental and theoretical, Bialystok, ul. Lipowa 41, 15-424 Bialystok, show, smilarly to other hexagonal systems, a very Poland small anisotropy of the electron momentum density in 2) The Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 hexagonal cadmium, about 03%, i.e. less than half of Otwock-Swierk, Poland that one presented in the literature for cubic systems. 3) Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, Minor discrepancies between the KKR calculations Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, and experiment occur probably due to necessity of AI.Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cacow, Poland introduction an anisotropic electron-electron correlation correction. DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING 167

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND MAGNETISM OF Fe,_xCrxSi ALLOYS M.Pu-aczowa-Michalska, A.Go, L.Dobi-zyfiski, S.Lipifiski J.Magn.Magn.Mat. 256(2003)46

LOCAL MAGNETIC MOMENTS AND HYPERFINE FIELDS IN Fe3.xCrxAl A.Go, N/I.Pu-aczowa-Michalska, L.Dobrzyfiski., S.Lipifiski Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)1236(2003)540

MOSSBAUER STUDY OF THE Fel.xNix INVAR ALLOYS BY MONOCHROMATIC CRCULARLY POLARISED SOURCE D.Satula. K.Szyniafiski.. L.Dobrzyfiski, K.Re6ko,.I.Wa1iszewski Nukleonika 48(2003)S71

TRENDS IN N/IOSSBAUER POLARIMETRY WITH CIURCULARLY POLARIZED RADIATION K.Szymafiski, L.Dobrzyfiski, D.SItUla, 13.Kalska-Szostko in Material Resem-ch in Atonfic Scale b? iiIIii.vsbciziei-Sl7ecti-o.vcoI),", M.Mashlan ei al. (Eds), havei-Academic Publishers (2003) 317

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CrSi DOPED Fe AND Co P.Zaleski, \.Biernacka, L.Dobm7fiski, K.Perzvfiska, K.Re6ko Phys. Stat. Sol. a) 196(2003)260

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ThFexAIj,_x ALLOYS K.Re6ko, L.Dobrzyfiski., K.Szyrnafiski, D.Satula, K.Perzyfiska, M.Biernacka, .Waliszewski, P.Zaleski, W.SLIski, K.Woclio\vski, M.Hofmann, D.Hohlwein Phys. Stat. Sol. a) 196(2003)344

INSTYTUT BADAT -JADRO"IYCFI,.IAK NAUKA SPLATALA Sll Z POLITYKA t,.Dobi-zvfiski Fiz),ka it! Szkole 22003)67

ERROR MAPS IN CHARGE AND MOMENTUM DENSITY STUDIES BY THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHOD L.Dobi-zyfiski, J.Waliszewski J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72(2003)2203

DEFECT CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnBeSe SOLID SOLUTIONS BY MEANS OF POSITRON ANNIHILATION AND PHOTOLUMINESCENCE TECHNIQUES F.Plazaola, J.Flyktrnan, K.Saarinen, L.Dobrzyfiski, F.Firszt, S.Legowski, H.Meczynska, W.Paszkowicz, H.Reniewicz J. A)1)1. Phys. 94(2003)1647

A HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPTON SCATTERING STUDY OF HEXAGONAL ZINC Ch.Bellin, V.Honldrnaki, H.Reniewicz, P.Zaleski, A.Andrejczuk, L.Dobrzyfiski, Elukowski, S.Kaprzyk .1. A lloys nd Compounds 362(2004)314

MAGNETIC INTERACTIONS IN (UThSc)FC4AIg SYSTEM K.Re6ko, L.Dobi-zyfiski in "Neuti-on Scafterinq and Cml)lementai-.ill Methods in In vesligations qf Condensed Phase ", Univei-sity qf Podlasie Publishiii,", House, vol. 1, 2003)59

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Ce-Fe-Mri ALLOYS J.Waliszewski, P.Zaleski, B.C.Hauback, K.Perzyfiska. M.Blernacka, D.SatUla, K.Szyrnafiski, K.Re6ko, L.Dobi-zyfiski in "Neim-on Scattei-ing and Complementai-v Methods in h"eshganons (Condensed Phase", nive7-sitv of Podlasie Publishiiiq House, vol. 1, 2003)78

EFFECT OF THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Fe3_xCr,,CAl AND Fe3_xCr,,Si A.Go, M.Pugaczowa-Michalska, L.Dobrzvfiski Molecula)- Physics Reports 38(2003)86

CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL AND MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR OF Sc(FeAI)12 SAMPLES BY POWDER DFFRACTION AND MOSSBAUER TECHNIQUES K.Re6ko, B.C.HaLiback, L.Dobi-zyfiski, K.Szyniafiski, D.Satula, B.YLI.Kotur, W.Suski Moleculai- Physics Repoi-is 38 2003) 113

PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS

L.Dobrzyfiski, Polish representative in PANS eeting in Bergen, Norway, June 2003

L.Dobrzyfiski, participation in UNSCEAR meeting, Vienna, Astria, May 2003

L.Dobrzvfiski, participation in NUPEX' meetings in Gratz, Austria, February 2003 168 Annual Report 2003

Invited talks

PUBLIC AWARENESS OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE -WHAT IS THIS L.DobrzNrfis1d Janik's Friends kleefinq, 7,akopane. Poland, Jtd.v 13-18,2003

NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN MEDICINE (in Polish) L.Dobrzvfiski VKVT,711/7 eeting Of Polis Pysicists,Galsk, Poland. Sept. 14-18, 2003

Oral pesentations

MAGNETIC INTERACTIONS IN (UJhSc)FeA1g SYSTEM K.Re6ko, .Dobrzyfisld All-Poland Seminaron Neutron Satlering and Complementar),Methods i CoizdetisedMtittei-Reseai-cli,.Iltiie14, 2003, Chlet-piskei, Poland

Posters

AN INFLUENCE OF THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT ON LOCAL MAGNETIC MOMENTS AND HYPERFINE FIELDS IN FC3.xCrxSi A.Go, M.Pmaczowa-Michalska, L.Dobrzyfisld InternationalCon -eii(-eoiiM(iqiietisiiiRoiii(i.lt(i),..Iitli,27-Aitgiistl,2003

LOCAL MAGNETIC OMENTS AND HYPERFINE FIELDS IN Fe3-XCrxAl A.Go, N/I.Pugaczowa-Michalska, L.Dobrzyfiski The European Confrence Physics ofMagnetism'02. July 1-5, 2002 Poznaii, Poland

EFFECT OF THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Fe3-,CrAl AND Fe3-,CrSi A.Go, M.Pmaczowa-Michalska, L.Dobrzyfiski Summer School o New Magnetics, Sept. 15-19, 2003, Bqdlewo, Poland

CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL AND MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR OF SFeAI)12 SAMPLES BY POWDER DIFFRACTION AND MOSSBAUER TECHNIQUES K.Re6ko, B.C.Haub-ick, L.Dobrzyfiski, K.SzN1n1afisk1, D.SaUfla, 13.YLLKOtUr, W.Suski Summer School o NEtIIMAGNETICS. 2003, Sepi. 15 -20. Bqdlewo, PoZnati

ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF HYPERFINE MAGNETIC FIELD IN Fe3O4 AND Fe66Ni34 FROM MOSSBAUER POLARIMETRY K.Szvniafiski, D.Satula, L.Dobuvfiski ICA ME 2003

MODULATED MAGNETIC STRUCTURE OF ScFe4A18 BY XRAY, NEUTRON POWDER DIFFRACTION AND MOSSBAUER EFFECT K.Re6ko, B.C.Hauback, L.Dobrzyfiski, K.Szyniaiski, D.SaUlla, B.YLI.Kotur, W.Suski International Con rence o Magnetism ICM 2003. July 27 -August 1, Rome, Italy

CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL AND AGNETIC BEHAVIOUR OF SC(FEAL)12 SAMPLES BY POWDER DIFFRACTION AND MOSSBAUER TECHNIQUES K.Re&o, B.C.HaLiback, L.Dobrzyfiski, K.Szymafiski, D.Siatila, 13.Yu.KOtUr, W.Suski Summer School on New Magnetics. 2003, Sept. 15 - 19. 2003, Bqdlewo, Poland

LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS

CAN "MAD" PREDICTIONS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS BE MEASURED?;` L.Dobrzyfiski Festival of Science and Culture, Bialystok, Poland, Oct. 26-30, 2003

NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN MEDICINE" L.Dobrzyfiski FestivalofScience ad Culture, Bialystok, Poland Ot. 26-30, 2003

SCIENTISTS'ETHICS;') L.Dobrzyfiski Festival o'Science and Culitire, Bici4wok. Poland, Oct. 26-30, 2003

NEUTRON INTERFEROMETRY") L.Dobrzyfiski Institute ql'Experilnenfal Physics, Bialystok. Poland, Oct. 7 2003

ELEMENTS OF THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHODS IN PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY;') L.Dobrzvfiski Institute o7heoreticalPhvsics, Varsaw Universitv, Poland Nv. 27,2003 DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING 169

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS OF MAGNETICS;') L.Dobrzyfiski 60 hours course (itte Universiii o'BiaNstok. Poland, October 2003 - anuaii 2004)

a) in Polish

PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAM AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES CHAIRMENSHIP

L.Dobrzyfiski, chair of te Organizing Committee ofthe 15"' International Summer School of Condensed Matter Physics "Electronic Properties of Solids", Bialowle2a, Poland, 29 June-6 July, 2003.

DIDACTIC ACTIVITY

L.Dobrzyfiski -supervisor of Ph.D. thesis of Mr. K. Re6ko University of Bialystok) and two diplorna and one inagister theses (University of Bialystok)

L.Dobrzyfiski -academic Curses and seminars on solid state physics (University of Bialystok) W.Tro anowski - conducting seminars and takim, active part in education of radiographers in the Medical Acaderny i Warslaw. J I I

All staff is involved in Popularization otnLIClear physics and its applications (see Overiieiv)

PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATIONS

L.Dobrzyfiski - member of the international group Public Aiiareness q Wcleaj-Science (activity ended in 2003) and Polish Physical Society

L.Dobrzyfiski - adviser of te Polish Delegate to Uited Nation Scientific Committee of te Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). E.Droste -mmber of the Polish Physical Socicty.

PERSONNEL

Research scientists Ludwik Dobrzyfiski, Professor Ewa Droste, MSc., 3/4 Wojciech Trojanowski, MSc. (full tj-ne to October, 315 from October on)

Technical and administrative staff Tadeusz Ostrowski 2/5 since October Teresa Potrowska 170 Annual Report 2003 ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT 171

12 ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT

Head of Department: MR. Jacek Pracz phone: (22) 718-05-00, 718-05-02 PLO401785 e-mail: zdaj zdaj.com

Overview

The year 2003 was full of events i the Establishment for Nuclear Equipment (ZdAJ IPJ). The ost important achievement of the Department 2003 was te 'Implementation of a new quality management ystem based on the EN/PN ISO 9000/2001 standard and medical equipment standard EN/PN ISO 13485 Tis quality management system coveres all the activities of ZdAJ 1PJ from desian, construction, production, to supervision of the use of the manufactured products. The implementation of the new quality control system required much preparation. In particular-, it was essential to: define all the principal and auxiliary pocesses, prepare specific maps of these pocesses, define their measures and coals, implement the systems and introduce any adjustments that proved to be necessary during its practical operation. In addition, in view of the arowing number of contracts for customers abroad, it became desirable to implement an Internal System of Control for exports of strategic equipment. The result of this organizational work was a positive audit of the 3 systerns of quality management done by Polish Centre for Testing ad Certification member of IQnet. Amona the most important activities in the research and development field was the construction of a ew model of the therapeutical table- POLKAM 16. The construction of the prototype has been finished ad the production process has already started.

Another remarkable work concerns a 5 MeV electron accelerator. At present the main effort is being )L1t in experimental test and accelerating system calculations. 172 Annual Report 2003

12.1 Trends Analysis for Radiotherapy Equipments - Based on the Results of Annual co ESTRO Mee'ting Geneva 2003 by J.Kope6, J.Pracz, S.Wronka, R.Kislel M 0 0 _j During the ESTRO (European Society EL Therapeutic Radiology Oncology) mcetirio, new trends in radiotherapy fl wrc presented: The IMRT is sort for intensity modulated radiation in therapy. Te ntensity, ofthe raclIM'(11 can be chan(Iccl dLIl-in(, treatmcrit. This results a much hi-her dose o'rad' ii-nor than to the normal tissue. The IMRT tit']'zcs heanis oi multileaf Pollinators that can be turned oil off durilIC, treatment Tus the radiation interisitv varics across the conformal tarueted held. An inteorated amorphous silicon Imager -wes an immedlat o-line visual confirmation of' te patient Fig. I The pimirc vieW of IGRT ystem. positioningC, The irna,,e and nformation management system -equirc the f) I I wi integrates all steps in the TNIRT process and provides to be implemented i t new design of 5 MeV accurate, up-to-date information. accelerator-:

DICOM RT - mports and exports data and - A ctain ran(Te of th trapeutic nci-ic at images using inclustrv standards. consistently high, stable close ates should he - IGRT (irriage guided radiotherapy) t e\vest provicled, technololly uses a near celerator-, Cquipped wh Li A niultilca[collimator ShOUld be in use. and solid state Xray kilovoltage maujill,11 source Diptal portal irnaging system should be appliect. detector, to provide I'mages of the patient is organs in Z_ the tatment position, at te te of' treatment, The ma(Te and information management system optimizing te accuracy ad pision o' te should be based on te DICOM potocol. radiotherapy,.

12.2 A New System of Quality Management in ZdAj PLO401787 b'v R.Kielsmia, R.Kisiel. J.KopeL, K.Krogulcc, J.Kuczy6sk1, A.Potak, .Pracz

In ZdAJ we ad a t System of' Quality such aministratio aivity in te enterpris wch Assurance, consistent with standards PN-EN ISO should debate a continuous ad fluent )FOCCSS. 9001: 1996, and EN 46001:1996 ctificated hy TUN' Permanent prfection concerns te unctional(, of, [tic Rheinland in 2001 and valid until t ed of' 2003 I whole enterprise and Sould e its important target. 2003 t New System of Quality Manaaen'lent \vas Identification of pncipal ad aLlXiliary activitN elaborated ad implemented in actual Standards PN- processes was executed in ZdAJ. These pocesses EN ISO 9001:2001 Systems of-Quality Management17 'Werc extended to include supporting and - Rquirements", as well as PN-EN ISO 3485: 2002 supplementary procedures. DOCLImentation for he I -nent - Particular d processes %N "Quality Systerns - Medical Equipi systC111 an as elaborated and RequiYernents concerning, application o f EN ISO -niplemented ad contains 7 nw procedures: 900 PS 55.3-1 Iternal cornmunication' The new Standard PN-EN ISO 9001: 2001 applies PS 8.2.1-1 "InvestILation Of Customer eigh pinciples of quality manaoement: a) oientation on customer-, b) leadership, prsonnel engagement. satlsfaction' d) process approach, ) management systern approach, - PS 84-1 "Data analysis", f pmanent perfection, ) CICCISIOTI maklin-(. process - PS UWM- Pedure in case of' edical based on facts, h) initial advantage relations ,vith acci'clcnt" contractors. CL1St01_nCY 0r1Cr1t,1t1011 is C01111ected with Ps UIAIM-2 "SUl- -V'S'll(T the exploitation of' the poducer's dependence ad understandir)IT of' equipn-icnt in postproduction phase, ,nice takill(I current and future needs of' customers, and also . t- appropriate rn e a ns For necessal-N, Correction investicyation of custorner stisfaction cvel. Te process approach to management nicans in practice actions", ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT 173

PS UWM-3 Declaration f Compliance wth audits of seven processes and management inspection Recommendation 93/42 EEC", was executed. Audits and the Inspection confirmed te - PS WSK-I Pnciples of commercial turnover proper operation of new Quality Management Systern. In November 2003, auditors of the Polish Centre ' with stratealc equipment". Examination and Certification conducted an audit SZJ 19 procedures were overelaborated for the ZdAJ and confirmed the compliance of' te System requirements of new standards. five pocedures were with standards PN-EN ISO 9001: 2001 ad PN-EN unchanged. ISO 13485: 2002. The new system and its documentation was implemented. Verification of the system through

12.3 Elaboration of New Design for Electron Beam Deflection System in 15 MeV Accelerator CC) 00 by R.Kisiel, L.Kotulsk], J.Olszewski, W.Wolski, S.Wronka r_ 0 The deflection system applied in the 15 MeV For the purpose of esearch, sorne basic 0 accelerator was designed in the P-X Department of the assumptions were adopted: Institute. Such design -ives no possibility foi- beam a 0 air ap between poles 12.4 mm, position correction at the deflection output and makes impossible any correction of beam symmetry and 0 magnitude of maoneticC, induction in .the 1-1-ap 1. T flatness (electrons and photons) in the socentre plane. (according to literature data saturation value f, Armco iron is about 19 T.

f., ct,.,, b-111 P.Ie pi-I f., QH PI,,,,, If., \ p.",! Takine, these assumptions as boundary conditions, the following investigations were executed: corn r simulation of electron beam trajector' pute ics in the deflection chamber,

2. computer simulation of magnetic field distribution in the clap, poles, ad eectrornaanet yoke,

3. spectral analysis of chemical composition of' the fctr.,, be., .tp,,t Armco-iron specimen existing in ZdAJ analysis was done in Material Examination Laboratoi-y of Atomic Energy Institute),

4. measurements of macneticcl saturation curves for Fig. I Assembly drawing of deflection systern foi- 15 MeV specimen of Armco-iron, and steel type IO: wth accelerator-. and without the annealing process.

Actual obligatory standards relating to flatness and On the basis of the research and computer symmetry require a dynamical control f the electron simulation of the magnetic field distribution in te beam position. Therefore, in autumn of 2003 a new gap, poles and electromagnet yoke - induction in the system of electron beam symmetry correction was gap was adopted at the level 12 T. It shifte te elaborated in a ZdAJ. As a first step, a new ionization electron trajectories in the deflection chamber frorn R chamber with a 4 - sector electrode collecting = 64 mm, to R = 1 mm. Under this assumption, and information of beam position at the output (see taking into account the boundary conditions for Annual Report 2002 p.179-180) was designed. overall dimensions and topography of the deflection Current works are oriented on the design of a new system in the 15 MeV accelerator- t Outline deflecting system, which from the ionization chamber assembly drawing defining configuration of oles, readings performs a dynamic correction of the beam at yoke and coils (main, correction, supplementary) was the output. elaborated.

The design of the new deflecting systern was based On the basis of this assembly drawing, te on the following data: technical documentation was prepared for:

• electron beam energy up to 15 MeV, 6 magnetic yoke with poles,

• control of beam position in horizontal and vertical , main and supplementary coils, planes at the deflector output, 6 correction coils QV and QH,

• control of the beam energy spectrum with "energy * deflection chamber with "enero, sts" y slits". In December 2003 the fabrication of tose components started in the workshop of ZdAJ. 174 Annual Report 2003

12.4 Modifications in Design and Control Software of Accelerator Neptun 2003 - 0') Introduced for Operation Stability Assurance 00 by R.Hornung, E.Jakubowska, E.Jankowski, W.KoLdziolka, J.Kope6, L.Kotulski, J.01szewski, J.Pracz, 0 A.Salaga, W.Wolski, S.Wronka, J.WysokUUi 0 The EEV firm produces the pulse magnetron on accelerator. It gave also additional advantages of a to the basic components of medical accelerator Neptun. control better access pmp maintenance and The producer introduced changes in the enabled the flow, pressure and temperature ofcooling mechanical construction of te anode - cathode block. water. In an earlier version of maunetron te anode asserribly Mechanical construction of the rnaunetron was gued up from several elements. At pesent, the electromagnet produced by ZdAJ was also modified. precision machine too] akes it frorn one copper This improved the precision of magnetron positioning block. In the external part of this element, the threaded between the electromagnet poles. The Automatic hole is located, enablin hh accuracy of' magnetron Frequency Control system (AFC) was also expanded. positioning between poles of electromagnetC dsigned It permitted an optimal tuning of the magnetronZ to specially for this version of microwave tube. T appropriate operation frequency for every selected method of fastening and the material used for accelerator energy. The power supply for the connections of the internal cathode with external magnetron cathode was changed from AC to DC terminals also has chanued. This sulted in a system, what effectuated in an elimination of' te displacement of the cathode of about 6 rnm from its reflected wave Jumping during operation with energies proper position caused by an external mechanical of electrons 6 8, and IO MeV. 'bi 'on wth a frequency of about 52 Hz. If it PreVu I happens durma ma(ynetron operation. its operation frequency is detuned in a andom way and in consequence causes unstable operation of the ...... accelerator-. Information on such a possibility is not Given in the technical data of the tube poducer...... Chanues introduced by the EEV firm in maanetron construction caused serious deterioration of operational parameters of medical accelerator, andin particular badly, influenced the stability of the output ...... radiation dose - rate in dependence from annular gantry position. This instability was mainly pronounced for electron enerales E 06, 8, and MF2-oogs I or 20t-nV IO MeV. . 14 May2003 I 1.00 V 2100p I0 F7 05-0-16 I 1:10: I

4,1 2 % Fig.2 Effectofdoublereflectedwavesignal.

-3,08% X In macnetron technical data, the EEV indicates ME M 3,27% X that, depending on the angular position f te cm magnetron, the allowable output power variation may M - 4,52% X vary within 6 %. Taking this into account, in the am control software of accelerator, the possibility was 0 3,68% X introduced to write-in the correction coefficients or accelerator dose-rate related to aantry angular 3,61 % position. In addition it is also possible to ntroduce a starting position of the maunetron tuner drive - elated to the angularL position of the accelerator ;_gantry, what Fig.1 E6-Nai-lationot'doseiiidependeiiceofaccelei-atoi-",iiiti-y improves the fluency of dose - rate rsing position. All implemented modifications improved the dose rate stability agains a variation of the angular The ZdAJ firm had to execute additional research position of the accelerator. The effect of reflected- and measurements, and in consequence introduce wave signal doubling was eliminated. The precision of necessary modifications in electrical and mechanical Z, magnetron tuning to a proper frequency, and fluency design and software to keep tolerances in a range of, of dose - rate rising were meaningful ameliorated. 3% required in the standard IEC 976, 977. In order to eliminate the main source of The final result is the achievement by accelerator mechanical vibrations, the assembly of water purnp in Neptun of operational parameters in compliance with the internal cooling system was located outside the the standards IEC 976 and 977. ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT 175

12.5 The Structures for 15 MeV Accelerator - Experimental Results and Beam Simulations 0 by R.Hornuna, E.Jankowski, E.Jakubowska, T.Krawicl, J.Pracz, W.Wolski, S.Wronka, J.Wysokifiski IM 0

The model of a new medical accelerator or the In parallel, theoretical work is being done as a 0 energy range from 6 to 15 MeV is currently tested in complementary study to the experimental tests. Beam 0 ZdAJ. Two dfferent accelerating structures were parameters are verified usin a model of a 15 MeV tested n 2003 [I]. Results are presented n Table 1. accelerator based on General Particle Tracer 2 an At pesent. after the beam tests, all tasks are SuperFish programs. This model includes all focused on the pparation of a new machine for components of the machine: electron "Iun, acceleratingC, medical purposes. First simple versions of' flattening structure, solenoid, quadrupoles, 270' deviation. filters are ready and the beam parameters are tuned11 Satisfactory agreement11 between simulations and from therapy point of view (Fig. I - 2. experiments was found.

Table I Results of the beam tests for two structures prepared i ZdAJ for 15 MeV accelerator.

G2 SB Q0 L..,p,-.,. E P.,t- Pi, 11, P.i., ZIT MHz MHz % MeV MW MVV MW 'nA WY111 Structure no 6 0.72 0.97 0.25 42.3 1.35 36.3 7 0.89 1.41 0.52 74.7 1.59 39.9 2998.22 1.5 2.21 10 785 11.4 8 1.20 1.88 0.68 85.1 1.57 38.5 9 1.39 2.36 0.97 107.7 1.70 42.1 10 56, 2.97 1.41 141.1 1. Structure no 2 6 0.60 0.97 0.37 60.9 1.61 42.9 7 0.72 1.35 0.63 90.7 1.89 49.3 2998.08 2.2 1.62 12 440 4.6 8 0.94 1.64 0.71 88.2 1.75 49.1 9 1.21 2.05 0 4 93.0 1.69 48.( 0 1.39 1.43 1.04T10 9 1.74 51.5

where: E - beam energy,Z, f,,/2 - resonant frequency, Pstne, Pst,,.x - Power delivered to the structure for ad SB - stop bend, X beam respectively, structure to wavegulde coupling coefficient, Pb beam power, Q - quality factor, Ib beam current, Lu.spiz - losses in structure to wavecruide coupling ZIT 2 shunt impedance circuit,

------

------, nz 2L ------

------7------

------I------

------I ---

......

Fig. I Depth distribution of' electrons in watcr phantom for Fig. 2 Depth distribution of photons in water pantom for different energies. different energies.

[1] J.BeLbiketal."ResultsofMicrowaveTestofan [2] General Particie Tracer - M.J.de Loos, S.B. van Accelerating Structure 15 MeV Accelerator", der Geer, FOM-Inst. Plasmafysica 'Rijnhulzen', Annual Report 2002 The Netherlands, www.pulsar.nl/cpt 176 Annual Report 2003 OBITUARIES 77

111. OBITUARIES

PROFESSOR JANUSZ RONDIO 1928-2003)

Oil 29 Septemhcr 2003 a ragic event ended the Institute o- yvaskyla University, Finland. It ws a I1f'C of' ur colleague. JaLlsz Rondlo, who was kled VCFY 11,1101111 collaboration. He continued tese tUdics (to(Tether with Ills Hanna i 11CL11, 111ccident. He untill Ills unexpecte dath. was 75 years old. Apart from physics, Janusz Rondlo lad grcat Janusz Rondlo graduated from t Physics a passions - te include and Mountains. He is te author Mathematics Facultv of' Varsav University in 1954. o f' some p la y s published and prcscl1ted f r Soon afterwards lie tarted Ills work as a assistant at competitions organized by thcatres. He od the the Chair of'Experimental Nuclear Pysics ofWarsaw moutains ad awas spent Ils holidays hkill'T University Fst lie took prt in Lhe designing and conStrLiCting O h Vn de Graaff' accelerator. Next lie joined t nuclear reaction L01-11). His cattle, ork concentrated on measurerncrits of' l isorneric ratios in (n.,/) eactions induced b neutrons fon a nuclear reactor "EWA". I 1968 Jusz Rondio carried Is PhD. Te thesis as entitled "Investl-atio of isomeric ratios in (riy) eactions induced by termal neutrons Professor Rondlo was an nspirational teachcr of physics. In 1964 lie udertook- work- t te Military Academy of Technology as a lecturer in physics. His competence ttracted many esearch students H was a vcry warm nd crigari-ing Pei-soil. H could easily establish contact ad interact wth People. He as superviser of many MSc thcscs Smultaneously lie Continued h1S StUdy of neutron olarizatio ' t (dn) reactions. ,W In 973 Jusz Rondio started work i te Department of Nuclear Reactions of' the InstitLILC 0' 0 Nuclear Research, NvIlcre he took te position of' ead dcputy of Departrnent. In te period of' 1978-79 lie worked at te Joint RO, Institute for Nuclear Rsearch in Dubna (USSR), %vhcre lie nvestigatcd so colled "spin-flip" eects in (pp'y) reactions induced by ow energy protons. After his return to Warsakv Prof. Rondlo studied Janusz Rondio was universally respectcd, oth s the excitation of' te Gant Dipole Resonance i te scientist whos knoNvnIcdae and xence %\,Cl'C (np) eaction. extraordinary, and also as an aademic tacher As In 990 he completed Ills habilitation" oil te one such he will be remembered both y Is ends and and multiparticle effects in (np) eactions induced y Ills sudents. the 20 MeV neutrons. The last years f Janusz Rondlo's sntific activity were dominated by the study of" GDR Andrze' Korman excitation in (p, u) reactions. He formed a N4arlan Jaskola collaboration w th physicists frorn the Physics 178 Annual Report 2003 AUTHORINDEX 179

IV. AUTHOR INDEX

Adam us M ...... !...... 95, 99 Everett J ...... 154 Ahm ad I ...... 4 1 Falch M ...... 128 Andr 'czuk A ...... 165 Fijal I ...... 25 Andrzejewski J ...... 43 Flyckt S.0 ...... 58 Attallah F ...... 128 Focelberc B ...... 4 1 Aubert P ...... 146 Franzke B ...... 128 Augustyniak W ...... 24, 25 Garanty K ...... 45 Balcerzyk M ...... 56,57,58,59,60,61,63 Gare U ...... 41 Banaszak A ...... 80,83 Garkusha LE ...... 85 Bana§ D ...... 25 Gast W ...... 42.43 Bantsa A ...... 70 Gawin J ...... 116 Baranowski J ...... 84,85 Gawlik G ...... 146 Barlak M ...... 147 Geissel H ...... 128 Batsch T ...... 63 Ghu-re S.S ...... 41 Beckert K ...... 128 Glowacka, L...... 20 Bekm an-Jokisz B ...... 42 Go A ...... 162,163 Blalkowska H ...... 96 Gokleli R ...... 94,99 B iern acka M ...... 45 Goldstein PT ...... 134 Bigolas J ...... 153 Go§cilo L ...... 99 Bluj M ...... 94,99 G6rny C ...... 65 Blum enthal D ...... 41 G6rski M ...... 99 BlockiJ ...... 36,37 Grajek 0 ...... 101 Boirnska B ...... 96 Green AM ...... 133 Borlsko V .N ...... 85 Grosswendt B ...... 70 Bosch F ...... 128 Grundland A .M ...... 134 Boutin D ...... 128 Guzik Z ...... 64 Bracken P ...... 134 Hartm ann G .H ...... 155 Brancewicz M ...... 165 Hausm ann M ...... 128 Brazlewicz J ...... 25 Heide] K ...... 62 Budzanowsk A ...... 20 Heinrich L ...... 62 Byrka N ...... 84 Hoffm an J ...... 94 Bysiek M ...... 45 Hornuno R ...... 174,175 Carpenter M Y ...... 41 Hutsch J ...... 62 Catani L ...... 86 Infeld E ...... 135,136 Chernlevsky V .K ...... 20 Ivanov D .Yu ...... 132 Chm ielewski M ...... 147 Iwan-Risse A ...... 116 Choifiski J ...... 20 Jacobsson R ...... 64 Ch 'nacki ...... 25 Jaenke K ...... 154 Cianch A ...... 86 Jdaer H ...... 42,43 Crespo P ...... 62 Jauielski J ...... 146,147 Crowell ...... 41 Jakubowska E ...... 174,175 Czarnacki W ...... 56,57,59 Jakubowski L ...... 80 Czaus K ...... 81,84,86 Jankowska-K isielifiska J ...... 164 Czech B ...... 20 Jankowski E...... 174,175 Czerska I ...... 46 Janssens RN ...... 41 Dqbrowski J ...... I...... 129,130 Jask6la M ...... 25,83 Deloff A ...... 97,98 Jqdrzejczak K ...... 116,117,118,119 Dernetriou P ...... 22 Kaczarowsk R ...... 41 Dobrzyfiski L ...... 162,163,164,165 Kalifisk D ...... 147 Droste Ch ...... 42,43 Kalska B...... 163,165 Durdes F.0 ...... 130 Kaprzyk S ...... 165 D worski J ...... 43 Kapusta M ...... 56,57,58,59,60,61,62,65 Dziedzic A ...... 63 Karczmarczyk J ...... 116,119 Eidelm an S ...... 131 Karpio K ...... 97 Enahardt W ...... 62 Kasztelan M ...... 117 180 Annual Report 2003

KqdzIolka W ...... 174 M ach H ...... 41, 58 Kem pifiski W ...... 144 M aci42:ek W .E ...... 45 Kerscher Th ...... 128 M ajewska U ...... 25 Khoo T.L ...... 4 M ajorov M ...... 60 Kielczewska D ...... 102 M alinowski K ...... 84 Kielsznia R ...... 172 M arciniewski P ...... 98 Kisie R ...... 172, 173 M arcinkowski A ...... 22 Kisielihski M ...... 23, 42, 43 M ariafiski B ...... 22 Klamra W ...... 56, 57, 59 M arm onier C ...... 58 Klepper ...... 128 M atul M ...... 45 46 Kliczewski ...... 20 M atuszewski M ...... 136 Kluge H .-J ...... 128 M enychuk D ...... 23 K6hler H .S ...... 130 M ezhevych S.Yu ...... 20 Kolakowski T ...... 45 M qczyfiski W ...... 42 43 Koped J ...... 172, 174 M ielech A ...... 101 Koptev V ...... 40 M ikolajewski ...... 46 Korman A ...... 25, 83 M irowski R ...... 86 Koshchy E.1 ...... 20 M okhnach A .V ...... 20 Kosifisk K ...... 153 M orek T ...... 42 43 Kotulski L ...... 173, 174 M oroz Z ...... 45 Koval N .N ...... 86 M oszyfiski M ...... 56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63 Kowalczyk M ...... 42,43 M r6wczyhski St ...... 98 Kowalik K ...... 101 M untian I ...... 128 Kowalski M ...... 45 M iinzenbere G ...... 128 Kownacki J ...... 42,43 M ykulyak A ...... 22,23 Kozhuharov C ...... 128 M ystek-Laurikainen B ...... 45,46 Kozlov G.A ...... 131 Naguleswaran S ...... 41 Kozlov V ...... 56 Nassalski J ...... 95,101 Kozlowski T ...... 23,102 Navarra F.S ...... 130 Kravarik J ...... 82 Nawrocki K ...... 94,104 Krawiel T ...... 175 Nawrot A ...... 98,99 Kretschm er R ...... 132 Nekipelov M ...... 40 Kretschm er W ...... 25 Nissius D ...... 41 Krogulec K ...... 172 Nolden F ...... 128 Krynick T ...... 46 Novikov Yu.N ...... 128 Kubeg P ...... 82 Nowicki L ...... 26 Kubicki M ...... 46 Olesifiska W ...... 147 Kucharczyk A ...... 156 Olszewski J ...... 173,174 Kuczyhski J ...... 172 Olszewski W ...... 164 Kula J ...... 70,71 Ossm an A .K ...... 26 Kulifiski ...... 156 Paduch M ...... 81 Kup§6 A ...... 98 Pajek M ...... 25 Kurek K ...... 101 Parkhom enko 0 ...... 128 Kurp I ...... 117,118 Pasternak A .A ...... 43 Kyryanchuk V .M ...... 20 Patyk Z ...... 128 LangnerJ ...... 85,86 Pawelke J ...... 62 Lapicki G ...... 25 Pawlowski M ...... 134 Lauritsen T ...... 41 Perkowski J ...... 43 Lavoute P ...... 58 Petrotchenkov S ...... 116 Le Paven C ...... 146 Piqtkowska A ...... 146 Le-rand-Buscem a C ...... 146 Piechocki W ...... 135 Lesniewski K ...... 63,65 Piekoszewski J ...... 85,144,145,146,147 Lieder R ...... 42,43 Pire B ...... 131,132 Lipifiski ...... 162 Pisarczyk T ...... 84 Litvinov Y u.A ...... 128 Plucihski P ...... 118 Lbbner K.E.G ...... 128 Plawski E ...... 152,156 Long V -C...... 134 Plom ifiski M ...... 64,65 Lorencki P...... 64,65 Pl6ciennik W .A ...... 42,43 Lorkiewicz J ...... 154 Polak A ...... 172 Lukaszuk L ...... 131 Polahski A ...... 71,72,73 AUTHORINDEX 181

Pracz J ...... 172,174.175 S 'kowski Z ...... 33 Preibisz Z ...... 46 Sw arzyfiski J ...... 116, 119 Proch D ...... 86 Sworobowicz T ...... 63 Prokert F ...... 144 Syntfeld A ...... 56. 57 60 Przewfocki P ...... 102 Syr'yczyfiski K ...... 99 Pszona S ...... 70 Szabelska B ...... 118, 119 Pucaczowa-M ichalska M ...... 162 Szabelski J ...... 116,117,118,119 Rabifiski M ...... 80 Szaw lowski M ...... 56,57 Radon T ...... 128 Szczekowski M ...... 99 Rakowski P ...... 46 Szczurek A ...... 20 Ratajczak R ...... 26 $zeptycka M ...... 94,102 Reniew icz H ...... 165 Szlachciak J ...... 65 Richter E ...... 144 Szleper M ...... 95 Rondio E ...... 95,101,102 Szydlow ski A ...... 82, 83 Ro2ynek J ...... 129,130,132 Szym anowsk L ...... 131, 31) Ruchowska E ...... 42,43 Szym aska K ...... 45 Rudchik A .A ...... 20 Szym aski K ...... 163,164,165 Rudchik A .T ...... 20 Szym zyk W ...... 145.146,147 Rusek K ...... 20,21 Iebarski A ...... 165 Russo R ...... 86 w iqtecki W ...... 39 Rybczyiski M ...... 130 Tal 'ko M ...... 44 Sadowski M J ...... 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86 Tazzari ...... 86 Sakuta S.B ...... 20 Tazzioll F ...... 86 Safa-a A ...... 174 Tereshin V .I ...... 85 Sandacz A ...... 101,102 Teryaev O N ...... 132 Sartow ska B ...... 144 Tokarski P ...... 119 Satula D ...... 163,164,165 Tom aszewski K ...... 81 Scheldenberaer C ...... 128 Traczyk K ...... 64,65 Scholz M ...... 80,82,83 Traczyk M ...... 44 Schotanus P ...... 56,60 Traczyk P ...... 99 Sernam ak J ...... 25 Tran V .H ...... 164 Senatorsk A ...... 135 Trautm ann D ...... 25 Sernicki J ...... 47 Trippenbach M ...... 134,135,136 Shvedov L ...... 36,37 TrubnIkow W ...... 96 Sierniarczuk T ...... 97 Trzaskowska H ...... 46 Sludak R ...... 20 Trzcifiska A ...... 62 Siwek-W ilczyfiska K ...... 38,39 Trzcifiski A ...... 23, 24 25 Skalski J ...... 128 Tsarenko A N ...... 84,85 Skladnik-Sadowska E ...... 84,85 Turos A ...... 26 Skorupsk A .A ...... 135 U tyuzh O N ...... 130,131 Skw irczyfiska I ...... 20 U zdowski M ...... 6 Slapa M ...... 44 V oronina E ...... 164 Sm olaficzuk R ...... 133 W aliszewski J ...... 163 Snopek M ...... 44 W ali§ L ...... 144 Sobiczewsk A ...... 128 W asilewski A .A ...... 41 Sobiella M ...... 62 W erner Z ...... 85,144,145,146,147 Sokolow ski M ...... 104 W ibig T ...... 116,117,118,119 Sosnow sk R ...... 94 W ilczyfiski J ...... 37,38.39 Sow ifiski M ...... 45 W ilk G ...... 97,130, 131 Srebrny J ...... 42,43 W incel K ...... 73 Stadtlm ann J ...... 128 W inkler K ...... 165 Stanislaw ski J ...... 85,144 W i§licki W ...... 95,101 Stankowski J ...... 144 W itkowski J ...... 86 Steck M ...... 128 W lodarczyk Z ...... 130 Stefafiski M ...... 46 W 'tkowska J ...... 23,45 Stepaniak J ...... 98,102 W olifiska-Cichocka M ...... 42.43 Stolarz A ...... 43 W olnik H ...... 128 Stonert A ...... 26 W oski D ...... 58,59,62.63 Stra§ W ...... 44 W oski W ...... 173,174,175 Styczefi J ...... 43 W olow ski J...... 83 182 Annual Report 2003

W rochna G ...... 99, 04 Zdunek K ...... 80 W ronka S ...... 95,172,173,174,175 Zernlo L...... 20 W ycech S ...... 133 Zw iq-lifiski B ...... 22,23 W ysocka A ...... 155 Zwolska I ...... 45 W ysokifiski J ...... 174,175 Zychorl ...... 40 Yelsukov E ...... 164 Zawrocka I...... 63 Zablerowski J ...... 116,118 Zebrow ski J ...... 81,84 Zalew ski P ...... 94,99 Zukow skiE ...... 165 Zallpska J ...... 102 Zuprafiski P ...... 24,25 Zarba B ...... 73