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INSTYTUT PROBLEMOW J/\DROWYCH im. Andrzeja Sottana The Andrzej Softan INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR STUDIES
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
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PL-05-400 OTWOCK-SWIERK, POLAND tel.: 048 22 718 05 83 fax: 048 22 779 34 81 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ipj.gov.pl Editors: D. Chmielewska E. Infeld Z. Preibisz P. Zuprariski
Secretarial work and layout: A. Odziemczyk K. Traczyk
Cover design G. Karczmarczyk
Printed by Zakted Graficzny UW, zam. 368/2003
ISSN 1232-5309 Annual Report 2002
CONTENTS
I. GENERAL INFORMATION 7
1. MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE 7 2. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL 8 3. DEPARTMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE 9 4. SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE INSTITUTE 10 5. VISITING SCIENTISTS 12 6. GRANTS 14 7. DEGREES 18 8. CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS ORGANIZED BY IPJ 18
II. REPORTS ON RESEARCH BY DEPARTMENT 19
1 NUCLEAR REACTIONS 19 2. NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 39 3. DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 59 4. RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY 71 5. PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 79 6. HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 99 7. COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 123 8. NUCLEAR THEORY 135 9. MATERIAL STUDIES 151 10. ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 161 11. TRAINING AND CONSULTING 169 12. ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT 177
III. AUTHOR INDEX 183 Annual Report 2002 PL0400128 Annual Report 2002
FOREWORD
For Polish science the year 2002 was the year of struggle for survival. The state financing has reached the lowest-ever level. The sudden drop in this financing was like pulling a pillow from under a dying. Many a weaker man dies, many a weaker institution perishes. This Annual Report bears witness that we have managed to survive, though we did not emerge quite unscathed: our personnel had decreased in number by about 15 %, the number of our publications did not increase (about 200), no discovery worth the Nobel prize was announced, etc. We do, however, have some pieces of good work to brag about (see the forewords to various chapters in this Report by the department leaders). As examples, I'll mention two very different award gaining contributions. One is a piece of advanced mathematics applied elegantly to a rather general physical problem (see 8.22), the other is a piece of advanced electronics which has finally matured to commercialization (see 3.9)
We have also started to explore new research territories. Thus e.g. we are now actively engaged in the fast growing international collaboration on the hottest subject in subatomic physics: the neutrino physics (as it happens, the topic of the latest Nobel lecture).
Our belt tightening happens at the time of a natural "change of guards". Several of our senior colleagues retire and leave the institute or continue part time only. One of the presently most essential tasks for our long term survival is to fill the vacancies with "fresh blood". Against the odds, we can claim at least a partial success in this task, though far below the needs. In addition to our Ph. D. studies and to opening a few post-doc positions, we also engage in educational activities at other levels. We took active part in the "Warsaw Science Picnic" in the spring and in the Science Festival in the autumn, we managed to greatly enrich the permanent exhibition of our Training Department (notably with a rather sophisticated, 1:10 scale model of a nuclear power plant, a strong attractor for various visitors, the high school students first of all), etc. A European grant to the Training Department shows that this activity is gaining a wide recognition.
The belt tightening resulted also in a long Christmas leave - two weeks of forced holidays. The traditional end-of-the year solemn session of the Scientific Council was postponed till January. As usual, this was an occasion to listen to a lecture on the latest Nobel prize in physics, to hand out various diplomas, to exchange best wishes with colleagues, etc. We have used the opportunity to also honour four retiring eminent members of the Council, the long time employees of the Tnstituie: professor Wojciech Ratyiiski, the director of the Institute in the years 1987 - 1996, dr Michal Annual Report 2002
Gryzihski, prof. Stanistaw Kuliiiski and MSc. Marian Pachan. Three of them have been awarded the Institute's medal of merit for the outstanding contributions to their respective fields of research (see reproductions of the medals inside this Report).
Let me finish with a few wishes: may our funding authorities appreciate good research regardless whether it fits the rather peculiar priorities of the 6th Framework of UE or not , may their preaching about the "knowledge based society in Poland" come true, may we be successful in finding worthy successors in our trade, may all Colleagues inside and outside our institute enjoy a happy and successful year 2003.
Professor Ziemowid Sujkowski Annual Report 2002
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
The Institute is a state owned laboratory. It carries out pure and applied research on subatomic physics, i.e. elementary particle, low and high energy nuclear physics, plasma physics and related fields. The Institute specializes in accelerator physics and technology, material research with nuclear techniques, the development of spectrometric techniques, nuclear electronics and also in applications of nuclear techniques to environmental research, nuclear medicine etc. Apart from the scientific departments, there is a separate production unit operating within the Institute - ZdAJ (the Establishment for Nuclear Equipment). The unit specializes in medical equipment, notably in the production of linear electron accelerators for oncology. The main site of the Institute is Swierk near Otwock, but some of its departments (P-I, P-VI, P-VIII) are located in Warsaw, PL-00-681 Warsaw, 69 Hoza street, and one (P-VII) in the city of Lodz, PL-90-950 Lodz, 5 Uniwersytecka street.
1. MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE
Director Professor Ziemowid SUIKOWSKI phone:(22) 718-05-83 e-mail: [email protected]
Deputy Director, Research and Development Professor Marek MOSZYNSKI phone:(22)718-05-86 e-mail: [email protected]
Scientific Secretary Dr. Danuta CHMIELEWSKA phone:(22)718-05-85 e-mail: [email protected] Annual Report 2002
2. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL
The Scientific Council was elected on the 7th of May 1999 by the scientific, technical and administrative staff of the Institute. The Council has the right to confer PhD and habilitation degrees in physics (DSc).
Representatives of scientific staff:
Helena Bialkowska, Assoc.Prof. Marian Pachan, MSc. Wiestaw Czarnacki, Dr. Jerzy Piekoszewski, Professor Stanislaw Gebalski, MSc. Stanistaw Pszona, Dr. Michal Gryzinski, Assoc.Prof. Wojciech Ratyriski, Professor Marian Jaskota, Professor Marek Sadowski, Professor, Deputy Chairman Roscistaw Kaczarowski, Assoc.Prof. Adam Sobiczewski, Professor Tadeusz Kozlowski, Dr. Ryszard Sosnowski, Professor, Chairman Stanislaw Kulinski, Professor, Deputy Chairman Joanna Stepaniak, Professor Jerzy Langner, Dr. Ziemowid Sujkowski, Professor Leszek Lukaszuk, Professor, Deputy Chairman Grzegorz Wilk, Assoc.Prof. Marek Moszvhski, Professor Slawomir Wycech, Professor
Representatives of technical personnel:
Genowefa Fajkowska, Eng. Edward Fronczak, technician Bogdan Gas, Eng. Andrzej Hilger, MSc. Jan Kopec, Eng. Jolanta Mozdrzewska, MSc. Jacek Pracz, MSc. Anna Sidor Iwona Zawrocka, MSc. Zbigniew Zero, Eng.
External members:
Andrzej Budzanowski, Professor Institute of Nuclear Physics,(IFJ), Cracow Andrzej Chmielewski, Assoc.Prof. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry (IChTJ), Warsaw Tomasz Czosnyka, Assoc.Prof. Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University Jacek Fijuth. Assoc.Prof. Institute of Oncology, Warsaw Janusz Mika, Professor Institute of Atomic Energy (IEA), Warsaw Zdzislaw Pawlovvski, Professor Warsaw Technical Institute Stanislaw Rohoziiiski, Professor Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University Janusz Zakrzewski, Professor Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University Annual Report 2002
3. DEPARTMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE
- NUCLEAR REACTIONS (P-I) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Krzysztof RUSEK
- NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE (P-II) Head of Department - Dr Tadeusz KOZLOWSKI
- DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS (P-III) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Zbigniew GUZIK
- RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY (P-IV) Head of Department - Dr Stanistaw PSZON A
- PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY (P-V) Head of Department - Professor Marek SADOWSKI
- HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS (P-VI) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Helena B1ALKOWSKA
- COSMIC RAY PHYSICS (P-VH) Head of Department - Dr Jacek SZABELSKI
- NUCLEAR THEORY (P-VIII) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Grzegorz WILK
- MATERIAL STUDIES (P-IX) Head of Department - Assoc. Prof. Zbigniew WERNER
- ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY (P-X) Head of Department - Dr Eugeniusz PLAWSKI
Other units:
DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING Director - Professor Ludwik DOBRZYNSKI tel.718-06-12, 718-05-71
ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT (ZdAJ) Director, MSc. Jacek PRACZ tel.718-05-00, 718-05-02
• TRANSPORT DIVISION (ZTS) Director, Civ.Eng. Bogdan GAS tel.718-06-16, fax 048-22-718-06-15 10 Annual Report 2002
4. SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE INSITUTE
PROFESSORS
BLOCKI Jan Theoretical Nuclear Physics DABROWSKI Janusz (**) Theoretical Nuclear Physics DOBRZYNSK! Ludwik Solid State Physics 4. INFELD Eryk Plasma Physics and Nonlinear Dynamics 5. JASKOLA Marian Low Energy Nuclear Physics 6. KULINSK! Stanislaw Accelerator Techniques and Physics 7. LUKASZUK Leszek Particle Physics 8. MARCINKOWSKI Andrzej Low Energy Nuclear Physics 9. MOSZYNSKI Marek Nuclear Electronics, Technical Physics 10. MROWCZYNSKI Stanislaw (**) Particle Physics 1 1. NASSALSKI Jan Particle Physics 12. PIEKOSZEWSKI Jerzy Solid State Physics 13.RATYNSKI Wojciech Low Energy Nuclear Physics 14. SADOWSKI Marek Plasma Physics 15. SIEMIARCZUK Teodor Particle and High Energy Nuclear Physics 16. SOBICZEWSKI Adam Theoretical Physics, Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences 17. SOSNOWSKIRyszard Particle Physics, Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences 18. STEPANIAK Joanna High Energy Nuclear Physics 19. SUJKOWSKI Ziemowid Low Energy Nuclear Physics 20. SZEPTYCKA Maria Particle Physics 21. TUROS Andrzej (**) Solid State Physics 22. WILCZYNSKI Janusz Low Energy Nuclear Physics 23. WYCECH Sfawomir Nuclear and Particle Physics
CONTRACT PROFESSORS
1. GAWIN Jerzy (**) Cosmic Ray Physics 2. MOROZZbigniew(**) Low Energy Nuclear Physics 3.ZUPRANSK1 Pawel High Energy Nuclear Physics
ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS and DSc
1. BIALKOWSKA Helena High Energy Nuclear Physics 2. DELOFF Andrzej (**) Particle Physics 3. GUZIK Zbigniew Nuclear Electronics 4. JAGELSKIJacekC**) Solid State Physics 5. KACZAROWSKI Roscislaw Low Energy Nuclear Physics 6. KIELCZEWSKA Danuta (•*) Particle Physics 7. RUSEK Krzysztof Low Energy Nuclear Physics 8. RONDIO Ewa Particle Physics 9. SANDACZ Andrze) Particle Physics 10. SKALSKI Janusz Theoretical Nuclear Physics 11. SLAPA Mieczysiavv(**) Solid State Physics 12. SZCZEKOWSKI Marek Particle Physics 13. SZYMANOWSKI Lech Theoretical Nuclear Physics Annual Report 2002
14. WERNER Zbigniew Solid State Physics 15. WJBIGTadeusz(**) Cosmic Ray Physics 16. WILK Grzegorz Particle Physics 17. WISLICKI Wojciech Particle Physics 18. WROCHNA Grzegorz Particle Physics 19. WRZECIONKO Jerzy (**) Theoretical Nuclear Physics 20. ZABIEROWSKI Janusz Cosmic Ray Physics 21. ZWIE^GLINSKI Boguslaw Nuclear Physics
RESEARCH STAFF
1. ADAMUS Marek 33. PATYK Zygmunt 2. AUGUSTYNIAK Witold 34. PIECHOCKl Wlodzimierz 3. BALCERZYK Marcin (*) 35. PIOTROWSKI Antoni (**) 4. BARANOWSKI Jarostaw 36. PLAWSKI Eugeniusz 5. BARLAK Marek (**) 37. PLOCIENNIK Weronika 6. BATSCH Tadeusz 38. POLANSKI Aleksander(*) 7. BIENKOWSKI Andrzej (•*) 39. PREIBISZ Zygmunt (**) 8. BORSUK Stanistaw 40. PSZONA Stanislaw 9. CHARUBA Jacek 41. RABINSKI Marek 10. CHMIELEWSKA Danuta 42. ROZYNEK Jacek 11. CHMIELOWSKI Wladyslaw (*) 43. RUCHOWSKA Ewa 12. CZARNACKI Wiestaw 44. RURARZ Edward (**) 13. CZYZEWSKl Tomasz 45. SENATORSKI Andrzej (**) 14. GAWLIK Grzegorz (**) 46. SERNICKI Jan 15. GOKIELI Ryszard 47. SKLADNIK-SADOWSKA E. (**) 16. GOLDSTEIN Piotr 48. SKORUPSKI Andrzej (**) 17. GORSKI Maciej 49. SMOLANCZUK Robert 18. JAKUBOWSKI Lech (**) 50. SOWINSKI Mieczystaw (*•) 19. JERZYKIEWICZ Andrzej 51. SZABELSKA Barbara 20. KOCIE.CKA-MECHANISZ K. 52. SZABELSKI Jacek 21. KORMAN Andrzej 53. SZLEPERMichaf 22. KOWALSKI Marian (*) 54. SZYDLOWSKI Adam 23. KOZLOWSKI Tadeusz 55. SZYMANSKI Piotr (*) 24. KUPSC Andrzej (*) 56. SZYMCZYK Wtadyslaw 25. KUREK Krzysztof 57. TRZCINSK1 Andrzej 26. LANGNER Jerzy 58. UTYUZH Oleg 27. MACISZEWSKI WiesJaw 59. WINCEL Krzysztof 28. MARIANSKI Bogdan 60. WOJTKOWSKA Jolanta(**) 29. MYSLEK-LAURIKAINEN B. 61. WOLSKI Dariusz 30. NAWROT Adam (**) 62. ZALEWSKI Piotr 31. NOWICKI Lech 63. ZYCHOR Izabella 32. PACHAN Marian (**)
(*) on leave of absence (**) part-time employee 12 Annual Report 2002
5. VISITING SCIENTISTS
1. Cohen F. College de France, Paris, France Jan. 3-10 P-VII 2. Chernievsky V. Inst. for Nucl. Research, Kiev, Ukraine Jan.9-Feb.3 P-I 3. Koshchy E. Kharkiv State University, Kharkiv, Ukraine Jan.9-Feb.3 P-I 4. Fontana G. INFN, Frascati, Italy Jan. 10-11 P-X 5. Gallo A. INFN, Frascati, Italy Jan. 10-11 P-X 6. Alesini D. INFN, Frascati, Italy Jan. 10-11 P-X 7. Westerlund K. MDS Nordion, Sweden Jan. 16 ZdAJ 8. Crespo P. GSI, Darmstadt, Germany Jan.21-Feb.8 P-II1 9. LitvinovJ. GSI, Darmstadt, Germany Feb.3-5 P-VII 10. Jacobsson R. CERN, Geneva, Switzeraland Feb.11-15 P-III 11. Sekutowicz J. DESY, Hamburg, Germany Feb. 14-15 P-X 12. Belogurov S. INFN, Padwa, Italy Feb.l8-March 1 P-III 13. Hennino F. Inst. de Physique Nucleairc, Orsay, France March 5-12 P-I 14. Garrido F. Centre dc Spectrometric de Masse March 18-April 7 P-I at Spectrometrie Nuclcare, Orsay, France 15. Glazunov G. Inst. of Plasma Physics, Ukraine March 20-April 19 P-V 16. KlamraW. Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden April 8-19 P-III 17. Boni R. INFN, Frascati, Italy April 16-17 P-X 18. Alesini D. INFN Frascati, Italy April 16-17 P-X 19. Sekutowicz J. DESY, Hamburg, Germany April 19 P-X 20. GoyonC. May 1-July 31 ZdAJ 21. Demetriou P. Inst. of Nucl. Physics, Athens, Greece May 12-28 P-I 22. Crespo P. GSI, Darmstadt, Germany May 13-17 P-III 23. GurynaW. Brookheven National Lab., USA May 26-June 6 P-VI 24. Marcellini F. INFN, Frascati, Italy May 28-29 P-X 25. Alesini D. INFN Frascati, Italy May 28-29 P-X 26. Rudchik A. Inst. for Nucl. Research, Kiev, Ukraine June 10-July 7 P-I 27. Capdevielle J.N. College de France. Paris, France Aug.25-Scpt.7 P-VII 28. Baronova E. Kurchatov Institute, Russia Sept.2-9 P-V 29. VikhrevV. Kurchatov Institute, Ukraine Sepl.2-9 P-V 30. KrupnikL. NSC KhIPT. Ukraine Sepl.2-9 P-V 31. Voytsenya V. NSC KhIPT, Ukraine Sept.2-9 P-V 32. Swiajecki W. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., USA Sepl.3-11 P-II 33. MorschP. Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Germany Sept. 17-20 P-III 34. Kilian K. Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Germany Sept. 17-20 P-III Annual Report 2002 13
35. CrespoP. GSI, Darmstadt, Germany Sept.9-13 P-IU 36. Rebel H. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany Sept. 19-22 P-Vll 37. Lhermite P. Photonis, Brive, Fiance Oct.3 P-IH 38. Lavoute P. Photonis, Brive, France Ocl.3 P-Ill 39. KlamraW. Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Oct.8-17 P-III 40. Doll P. Forshcungszcntrum Karlsruhe, Germany Oct. 19-22 P-Vll 41. Garrido F. Centre de Spectrometrie de Masse Oct.20-31 P-I at Spcctromctne de Nucleare, Orsay, France 42. Chernievsky V. Inst. tor Nucl. Research, Kiev, Ukraine Nov. 11-30 P-] 43. KoshchyE. Kharkiv State University, Kharkiv, Ukraine Nov. 11-30 P-] 44. Petrotchenkov S.A. JINR, Dubna, Russia Nov.l2-Dec.12 P-Vll 45. Lynen U. GSI, Darmstadt, Germany Nov.20-22 P-I 46. ChomazP. GANIL, France Dec.7-11 P-I 47. GiotL. GANIL, France Dcc.7-15 P-I 48. Zinoview G. Ukraine Dcc.9-1 1 P-VI 14 Annual Report 2002
6. GRANTS
LIST OF RESEARCH PROJECTS (GRANTS) REALIZED IN 2002 Granted by State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN)
1. DYNAMICS OF FUSION AND DEEP INELASTIC REACTIONS Principal Investigator: Prof. J. Blocki No. 2P03B05419
2. STUDIES OF THE GLUON POLARIZATION IN THE NUCLEON Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. A. Sandacz No. 2P03B11319
3. INVESTIGATION OF KL^ n*n Ve , Ks — nVeV DECAYS IN NA48 EXPERIMENT Principal Investigator: Prof. J. Nassalski No. 2P03B11719
4. EXPERIMENT NA48 IN CERN - DATA ELABORATION AND PHYSICAL ANALYSIS Principal Investigator: Dr. M. Szleper No. 5P03B10120
5. INVESTIGATIONS OF LEPTON PAIR PRODUCTION IN INTERACTIONS PROTON-PROTON AND PROTON-DEUTERON IN EXPERIMENT WASA Principal Investigator: Prof. J. Stepaniak No. 5P03B09420
6. SEARCH FOR NEUTRINOS TAU FROM OSCILLATIONS NEUTRINO MI<->NEUTRINO TAU Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. E.Rondio No. 5P03B09520
7. PROJECT AND EXECUTION TECHNOLOGY OF PROTOTYPE MEDICAL UNIT FOR BRACHYTHERAPY OF BRAIN CANCER WITH USE OF PHOTON NEEDLE Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. M. Slapa No. 10T11003 2000C/5092
8. INVESTIGATION OF AVALANCHE DIODS IN THE TEMPERATURE OF LIQUID NITROGEN FOR SCINTILLATION DETECTION. APPLICATION IN SPECTROMETRY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION Principal Investigator: Prof. M. Moszyriski No. 8T1OCOO22O
9. STUDIES OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE PRIMARY ENERGY RANGE 10" - 5xl016 eV ON THE ARRAY KASCADE Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. J. Zabierowski No. 5PO3B13320
10. NUCLEAR STATES OF ETA MESONS Principal Investigator: Prof. S. Wycech No. 5P03B04521
11. ANALYSIS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC IONISING FACTORS IN NEAR GROUND AIR IN POLAND. APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS OF ENVIRONMENT AND MANAGEMENT Principal Investigator: Dr. B. Myslek-Laurikainen No. 6P04G00621 Annual Report 2002
12. FORMATION AND DOSIMETRY OF NARROW BEAMS IN LINEAR ACCELERATORS USED IN STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY Principal Investigator: Prof. S. Kuliriski No7Tl IE0412I
13. FLUCTUATIONS AND CORRELATIONS IN HIGH ENERGY COLLISIONS Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. G. Wilk No. 5P03B0912I
14. INTERACTION OF HIPERONS WITH ATOMIC NUCLEI AND THE HIPERON-NUCLEON INTERACTION Principal Investigator: Prof.. J. Dijbrowski No. 2P03B07522
15. PROPERTIES OF HEAVY AND SUPER-HEAVY NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Prof. A. Sobiczewski No. 2P03B03922
16. DEFORMED SUPER-HEAVY NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Prof. A. Sobiczewski No. IPO3BOO322
17. THEORY OF NUCLEAR SYNTHESIS Principal Investigator: Dr. R. Smolariczuk No. 2P03B04622
18. SEARCH FOR LIGHT NEUTRAL HIGGS BOSONS IN TWO-HIGGSDOUBLET MODEL IN cV COLLISIONS USING DELPHI DETECTOR Principal Investigator: MSc. J. Hoffman No. 2P03B11722
19. DYNAMICS OF RELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR AND HADRONIC COLLISIONS IN THE CERN SPS ENERGY RANGE. EXPERIMENT NA49 Principal Investigator: Prof. H. Bialkowska No. 2P03B13023
20. EXPERIMENTAL AND CALCULATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ABSORBED DOSE DISTRIBUTION IN CORONARY TISSUE OF THE PATIENTS TREATED WITH P-32 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE Principal Investigator: Dr. St. Pszona No. 3P05C06522
In addition to the above, several of our scientists are principal investigators in grants coordinated by other institutions. 16 Annual Report 2002
LIST OF RESEARCH PROJECTS GRANTED BY FOREIGN INSTITUTIONS
1. MACROSCOPIC NUCLEAR DYNAMICS WITH INCLUSION OF FLUCTUATIONS AND SHELL EFFECTS Principal Investigator: Prof. J. Blocki Polish-American agreement nr PAA/DOE-98-343
2. A COMPACT. PORTABLE AND ECONOMICAL HIGH POWER INDUCTIVE ENERGY STORAGE GENERATOR - DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION Principal Investigator: Prof. M. Sadowski Contract No. IC15-CT97-0705
3. INVESTIGATIONS OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS WITH LOOSELY BOUND NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Prof. K. Rusek Agreement with JINR, Dubna
4. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF A PROTOTYPE OF A LINEAR ARC SOURCE FOR COATING OF COPPER CAVITIES WITH NIOBIUM Principal Investigator: Dr. J. Langner Agreement with DESY, Hamburg
5. IONOTRON - PLASMA SYSTEMS FOR MATERIAL TREATMENT Principal Investigator: Dr. J. Langner No JS 10727, Ji Sung Internationa! Corp. Korea
6. TRACK - NANODOSIMETRY AT 1ONM SITE SIZE Principal Investigator: Dr. S. Pszona No HPRI-1999-CT-00083
7. CONSTRUCTIONS AND TESTING OF TWO TRAVELLING WAVESECTIONS OPERATING IN DEFLECTOR MODE Principal Investigator: Dr. E. Plawski No P0/2327, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy
8. COLLABORATION IN THE THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI Principal Investigator: Prof. A. Sobiczewski JINR Dubna, Order 215, 2
9. PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTIVITY OF EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG RTD-D-3 Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. H. Bialkowska Contract No. HPRE-CT-2001-00190
10. ACCOMPLISHMENT OF 6 ANALYZERS TUKAN-8k-PC I Principal Investigator: Eng. St. Borsuk Ordered by Physics Dept. Stockholm, Techn. Univ., Sweden
11. PARTICIPATION IN DESIGNING AND TESTING OF PHOTOMULTIPLIERS Principal Investigator: Prof. M. Moszyriski Contract ofPHOTONIS, Brivc, France
12. CONSULTATION, DESIGN OF ARE SOURCE LINEAR SYSTEM Principal Investigator: Dr. J. Langner Order No. 593/2002, INFN. Italy Annual Report 2002 17
13. DESIGN AND TESTING OF A STRIPE DETECTOR Principal Investigator: Dr. T. Batsch Order No. 122/41515683/251
14. DESIGN AND ACCOMPLISHMENT OF A MODEL OF n x 9 SUPERSTRUCTURE Principal Investigator: Dr. E. Plawski Order DESY, Appendix No. 7
15. DEVELOPMENT OF GRID ENVIRONMENTAL FOR INTERACTIVE APPLICATIONS (CROSS GRID) Principal Investigator: Assoc. Prof. W.WiSlicki No. IST-2001-32243, The Fifth Framework Programme of EC 18 Annual Report 2002
7. DEGREES
PhD theses
1. OLEG V. UTYUZH (The Andrzej Sortan Institute for Nuclear Studies) Fluctuations, correlations and non-extensivity in high-energy collisions
2. ANNA STONERT (The Andrzej Sortan Institute for Nuclear Studies) Thermally activated defect transitions in crystals of semiconductor compound A1" - Bv
8. CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS COORGANIZED BY IPJ
1. German - Polish Conference on Plasma Diagnostics for Fusion and Applications, September 2002, Greifswald, Germany
2. International School on Plasma Diagnostics and Technology, June 2002, Kudowa Zdroj, Poland DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 19
II. REPORTS ON RESEARCH
PL0400129
1 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS Head of Department: Dr Krzysztof Rusek phone: (22)621-38-29 e-mail: [email protected]
Overview
In 2002, the Department has been involved in two new experimental programmes. Our colleagues led by Prof. Pawet Zupranski joined a large international collaboration HERMES and took part in experiments at DES Y devoted to the study of the spin structure of the nucleon. Another group directed by Associate Prof. Bogdan Zwifglihski has worked on a conceptual design of a new generation detector PANDA (Proton-Antiproion Detection) which will be used in future experiments at GSI. Moreover, the experimental programmes covering three major domains of our scientific activities: nuclear physics, materials research and atomic physics were continued. • Nuclear physics Experimental studies of nuclear reactions induced by heavy ions provided by the Warsaw U-200P Cyclotron were performed in collaboration with scientists from the Institute for Nuclear Studies in Kiev, Ukraine. The aim of the experiments was to investigate isolopic effects in the scattering of "B from carbon nuclides. Also, excited states of 6Li predicted theoretically but never seen in experiments were investigated by means of one-neutron transfer reactions. Proton induced reactions were investigated theoretically by means of the multistep-direct model. Good agreement with the experimental data was achieved. The mechanism of fragments production in collisions of l97Au with a gold target in the wide range of energies was studied by ALADIN and INDRA Collaborations. The production of T) mesons from proton - proton collisions was investigated experimentally at the Jiilich Cooler Synchrotron COSY. • Atomic physics The ionisation of Au, Bi, Th and U atoms by Si ions was investigated in collaboration with the Swi^tokrzyska Academy, Kielce, and the University of Erlangen-Nuernberg. • Materials research The sensitivity of the Solid State Nuclear Track PM-355 detectors was tested against intensive gamma and electron radiation. Moreover, using a monoenergetic sulphur ion beam from the Warsaw Cyclotron, the response of the detectors to those ions was investigated. The ion channelling method was applied to investigate the transformation of the structural defects in inGaAs and InGaAsP layers. • Education Lectures on nuclear physics, accelerators, detectors used in nuclear research as well as on nuclear methods used in solid state studies for students from Warsaw High Schools and for students of Warsaw University were given by Dr. Andrzej Korman and Dr. Lech Nowicki. Also, our Department made contributions to the Scientific Picnic and the Science Festival, events organized each year for the general public. PL0400130 20 Annual Report 2002
1.1 Isotopic Effects in the 1JB + 12>13C Elastic Scattering by S.Y.Mezhevych", A.Budzanowski2', V.K.Chernievsky". B.Czech2 , J.Choiriski?) L.GIovvacka41, S.Kliczcwski2', E.I.KoshchyM, V.M.Kyryanchuk", A.V.Mokhnach", A.T.Rudchik"i), K.Rusek, S.B.Sakuta71, R.Siudak2', I.Skvvirczyriska2', A.Szczurek2', L.Zemto3'
Angular distributions of "B + 13C scattering were strongly on the sign of the target quadrupole measured in a full angular range for the transitions deformation. In the analysis the rotational model of leading to the ground and the excited states of B and C was assumed. An example of such dependence is !?C nuclei using 45 MeV "B ion beam provided by shown in Fig. 2 for the inelastic scattering to the the Warsaw Cyclotron U-200P. Experimental data unresolved in the experiment 3.684 MeV (3/2 ) + were analyzed by means of optical model (OM) and 3.854 MeV (5/2+) stales. Incoherent sums of the CRC coupled-reaciion-channels method (CRC). In the latter cross sections for both transitions were obtained lor couplings to the excited states of the projectile and of the positive (solid curve) and negative (dashed curve) the target were included. The results were compared deformations of BC. Better agreement with the with the results obtained previously for the "B + '~C experiment was obtained assuming positive I3 scattering at the nearby energy of E/r,,/"B) = 49 MeV quadrupole deformation of C, with the value 3 [1]. One of the goals was to find a difference between 52(' C) = 0.9 fm deduced from the analysis. the deformation parameters of I2C and nC isotopes. In Fig. 1 the difference between measured n't' differential cross sections for nB + '"C and for "B + nC elastic scattering is plotted by the filled circles. £,.„('!R) = 45 UcV The definition of the difference parameter D is given in the figure inset. The largest values of D were found _ I V\ L'' - 3 UbA MeV' {b/^') in ihe angular range 50 - 130 deg and at very backward scattering anales. ^^M^/ 5, = -0 9 Im
D = ( •in inn Fig. 2 Results of CRC calculations with positive and negative- values of the quadrupole deformation of "C. [1] A.Rudchiket.al., Nucl.Phys. A695 (2001)51 [2] J.Spechtct.al., Nucl.Phys. Al 71 (1971)65 [3] S.Yu.Mezhevych et al., Acta Phys.Pof. B, in press Fig. 1 Angular distribution of the difference parameter D for the Inst. for Nuclear Research, Prospect Nauki 47, l: !I I3 "B + C and B + C elastic scattering at E ("B) = 45 MeV and 03680 Kiev, Ukraine 49 MeV, respectively. H.Niewodniczaiiski Institute of Nuclear Physics, The solid curve in Fig. 1 shows difference Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland parameter D extracted from the full CRC calculations. Heavy Ion Laboratory of Warsaw University, It describes the experimental values in the full angular L.Pasteura 5A, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland range. This suggests that the large differences Military University of Technology, Kaliskicgo 2, observed experimentally are generated by channel 00-908 Warsaw, Poland couplings and in particular by the excitations of the V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, target nuclei [3]. pl.Svobody 4, 61077 Kharkiv, Ukraine Russian Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", The quadrupole deformation of I2C is known to be 1 Kurchatov Sq. 123182 Moscow, Russia negative [2]. From the CRC analysis of the "B + I2C scattering [1J the value of the quadrupole deformation 2 length 52o(' C) = -1.0 I'm was deduced. In the present This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Joint analysis of the "B + I3C data it was found that the Project with Ukraine. results for clastic and inelastic scattering depend PL0400131 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 1.2 Large a-production Cross Section from 6Li+208Pb at Energies Close to the Coulomb Barrier by K.Rusck Large a-produclion cross section in the interaction the shape of the calculated angular distribution is very of f'Li from 208Pb was reported recently al energies in different from the experimental. the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier fl|. Measured spectra of a-particlcs formed a broad peak around an 3 average energy corresponding to the 2/3 energy of the 10 - _ " clastic peak. Moreover, angular distributions of the re- production differential cross section were peaked 10 around grazing angle. This suggested that the most ox probable process responsible for the observed high a 1 W pb 10 - yield is the breakup of 6Li into dcutcron and a particle. However, detailed calculations of the breakup CDCC, ar^-oUr 10°- f cross section underestimated the measured values by a f CDCC. ahr factor of about three. 1 rr - i ' i < F /F Fig. 2 Energy dependence of the ot-produclion cross section compared to the results of CDCC calculations. Experimental data are from Refs.[ 1,3]. The calculated breakup cross section is plotted as a function of center of mass energy (ratio to the estimated Coulomb barrier, 31.13 MeV, for this scattering system) by the solid curve. The calculated values of the 6Li —»oc + d breakup cross section are much lower than the measured a-production cross section. However, when the difference between the Fig. 1 Angular distribution of the differential cross section for ''Li calculated total reaction cross sections and the fusion breakup at 33 MeV. The curve shows results of the present CDCC cross sections is plotted (dashed curve), it reproduces calculations. Experimental data are from Ref. f—1 - See text for the experimental data very well. details. Comparison of the calculations with I he In this report we present results of calculations of experiment suggests that other direct processes the breakup cross section, elastic scattering cross contribute to the observed a yield much stronger than section, total reaction cross section and the fusion the breakup. cross section for the system 6Li + 2(l8Pb at laboratory energies ranging from 29 MeV up to 143.4 MeV. The calculations reproduced very well angular [1] C.Signorinietal.,Eur. Phys. J. A 10(2001)249 distributions of the elastic scattering differential cross [2] M.Maz/.occo el al., Lippari 2001 Conf.Proc.p. 197 section measured by Kceley et al., |7|, and Gcmmeke [3"| R.Oslctal.,Phys. Rev, C 5(1972)1 835 etal. [8J. [41 I.J.Thompson, Comp. Phys. Rep. 7(1988)167 In Fig. 1 the calculated angular distribution of the [51 C.M.Perey, F.G. Percy, Phys. Rev. 132(1963)755 differential cross section for 'Li—xx+cl breakup is [6] G.Goldringetal., Phys. Lett. B 32(1970)465 compared to the measured values of the a-production [7] N.Keeley ct al., Nucl. Phys. A 57 1 (1994)326 cross section at the energy of 33 MeV. Calculated [81 H.Gemmcke el al., Z. Physik A 286(1978)73 values are much smaller than the measured ones and 1.3 Multistep Direct Scattering of Protons PL0400132 by A.Marcinkowski, P.Demeiriou" and B.Mariariski The theory of multistep direct (MSD) reactions of intermediate transitions of the MSD reaction are FKK [II is used to describe ihe cross sections of applied. The theory is modified to include I he inclusive proton scattering on iron. The non-DWBA excitation of collective states as well as of the matrix elements that describe the enhanced incoherent particle-hole states of the shell model |2|. 22 Annual Report 2002 The results show the importance of different The convolution integral of FKK has been sequences of collisions of the leading continuum formulated for well defined bound final stales. On the nucleon that contribute to inelastic proton scattering: other hand, at energies higher than the potential well ISD, Cppj; depth the energies of the final unbound particle-hole states are sufficiently high to give rise to secondary 2SD, (ppS \pp), (pnS":,np); particle emission. This is shown by the lSDun|,l)im(i in 3SD, (ppS"2.ppS"2,pp), (pnS"2,nnS°,np), Fig. 1. The lSDcul.off cross section is a direct result of (ppS"2,pnS"2,np). (pnS"2,npS"\pp). etc. considering only particle-hole states whose energy is Thus in order to obtain the MSD cross sections for lower than the potential well depth. This cross section proton inelastic scattering MFe(p,p'). one has to know observes the energy-weighted sum rules (EWSR)'s the 1SD cross sections in all the remaining reaction limits independent on the incident energy and is used channels, namely in the MCo(n,n'), MCo(p,n) and in the convolution integral of FKK to obtain ihe MSD ^4Co(n.p) ones. So far in calculation of proton cross sections. scattering the latter three reaction channels were not accounted for. In the calculations, for any transfer of multipolarity ). or orbital angular momentum L, a Fe(p,xp) Ein=61.7MeV number of partial waves 1M.,, lM-i contribute to the incoming and outgoing distorted waves (triangle rule), respectively. The incoming waves in the outgoing channel (M-l) are just enhanced by the inverse clastic 2 • Ir^y S55 scattering matrix elements S|M.|. However, in a MSD o reaction the energy is shared amongst the successive LU < steps and is rather low at a single step. At such low CNP4\/ A ^\ ^X \ 1.4 Fragmentation in Peripheral 197 Au+ 197 A, u Collisions in the 40-150 MeV/nucleon Energy Range 2 1 is by J.Lukasik' ', A.Trzcitiski. W.Trauimann' . B.Zwiegliiiski for the ALADIN and INDRA Collaborations The data were obtained with the INDRA The transverse velocities near the projectile multidetccior in experiments performed at GSI for the rapidity in peripheral collisions (left column) are reaction l97Au + l97Au at incident energies from 40 (o dominated by a prominent Coulomb peak thai 150 McV/nuclcon, i.e. over the range of relative indicates emission from the excited primary fragment. velocities from once to twice the Fermi value. Details Coulomb peaks are absent in the emissions at of the experimental and calibration procedures arc midrapidity which exhibit two different scaling contained in Refs. [1, 2]. behaviors for (he central and peripheral impact As a potentially useful observable for identifying parameters. In the central case (Fig. 1, right panel) the the dominant mechanism of fragment production, mean transverse energies grow approximately linearly invariant transverse-velocity spectra for selected but slightly slower than in the proportion of the centrality and rapidity bins are presented in Fig. I [I]. frasment mass. This observation reflects the DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS increasing collectivity of the fragment motion as the peripheral central incident energy rises, a result of higher compression, a 0.4 resulting stronger Coulomb acceleration, and higher temperatures of the composite souices that arc initially 0.2 formed in central collisions. f ° The most striking behavior is observed for the -0.2 midrapidily fragments from peripheral reactions if (middle column of Fig. I). The shapes of the transverse-velocity spectra are virtually the same at all -0.4 incident energies. The mean transverse energies arc invariant with respect to the incident energy and to the fragment Z (bottom panel). This feature is ascribed to E 10 a compensation of several dynamical effects, the initial Fermi motion in the colliding nuclei, the generation of transverse momenta in nuclcon-nucleon collisions and the Coulomb interaction between the fragments and the separating residues. A quantitative model based on these assumptions [3] gives a good account of the above observations. [11 J.Lukasik, ..., W.Trautmann, A.Trzcinski, B.Zwieglinski, ct al., Pliys. Rev. C 66(2002) 064606; GSI Preprint 2002 - 22, July 2002 (unpublished) 100 150 [2] A.Trzcinski, ..., W.Trautmann, B.Zwicglinski, et. al., Nucl. Instr. Mclh. A (in print) [3] J.Lukasik, ..., W.Trautmann. A.Tizcinski, Fig. 1 Top row: invariant cross section distributions lor Z=3 fragments as a function of transverse velocity (A) and rapidity (v) lor B.Zwieglinski. et al., Phys. Lett. B peripheral (left and center) and central (right) collisions of (in preparation) 'i;7Au + '''7Au at £7/1=100 MeV. The vertical dashed lines indicate ihe windows in relative rapidity chosen for the data shown below Middle row: invariant transverse velocity spectra for Z=3 at " GSI - Darmstadt, Germany bombarding energies £7/1=40, 60, 80. 100. and 150 MeV (from "' H.Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, bottom to top).Bottom row: mean transverse energies as a function Cracow, Poland of the incident energy for fragments with odd Zas indicated 1.5 Upgrade of the MUSIC-III Detector for the S254 Experiment at GSI by A.Mykulyak", U.Lynen", J.Luhning", W.F.J.MulIer", C.Sfienti", W.Trautmann", B.Zwieglinski for the ALADiN Collaboration Despite the importance of mass and isospin in anodes in between. They will measure charge (signal o theoretical interpretations of multifragmcnlalion, their amplitude), as well as particle positions in both io roles in this process have still to be explored. The vertical (using charge division technique, [3]) and S254 experiment at GSI Darmstadt is proposed lo horizontal (signal arrival time) planes. The layout of a study the process of multifragmentation in wide range single proportional counter is shown on Fig I. of mass and isospin of the colliding system [11- In total 18 days of beam-time with primary ('"Au, i24Sn) ChargCha e drift direction and secondary (i:wLa, l06Sn) beams have been 30 Ohm Frisch grid scheduled in March and August of 2003. cooooocc Overall detector setup resembles that of the 1993 Anode wires + Resistive nedia experiments [2]. To adapt it to the needs of secondary II||;! 5- Cathode pads I beam experiments, we undertake an upgrade, i 1 consisting of the construction of a new set of •4-I proportional counters and read-out modules for its main tracking detector, the MUSIC-III ionization chamber. Proportional counters will be mounted by four on •*- each side of the chamber, with 8-packs of MUSIC Fiy. 1 The proportional counter 24 Annual Report 2002 It consists of the Frisch-grid plane, anode wire During 2002 we performed several in-beam tests plane with resistive media for charge division, and the with new setup. A beam of Zn at 0.6 GeV/A has been cathode plane, for better position reconstruction used to characterize charge and position resolutions of divided into pads 12 mm wide. In order to reduce the the proportional counters, as well as to verify hit number of read-out channels, pads are connected in finding and tracking algorithms. Results obtained groups by 5 (i.e. lsl pad is connected with 6'1', and 1 I1'1; (charge resolution Z>4, position resolutions nd th l 2 with 7 and 12 \ and so on). Ahoi/=200 u.m, Ave,,=500 |im) allow us to be optimistic, Charge is collected and read out from both ends of that required detector performance will be achieved. anode wires, and from each pad group. Together with signals from MUSIC anodes, it comes lo 14-bit [I] K.Kezzar et al., Proposal for Experiment sampling ADCs, which are able to work at rates up to S254(2000) 40 MHz. The output will be shaped and prcprocessed [2] A.Schiittauf el al., Nucl. Phys. A 607(1996)457 by a system of FPGA (Field Programmable Gate [3] L.Bardelli and V.Canoa, GSIISSP-2000 Reports Array) and DSP chips, installed in each board, and then stored on hard drives. " Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany PL0400135 1.6 Measurement of the r|Production in Proton Proton Collisions with the COSY Time of Flight Spectrometer by P.Zuprariski for the COSY-TOF Collaboration *' The pp—»ppr| reaction was measured al excess of the r| particles show no significant deviation from energies of 15 and 41 McV al an external beam line of isotropy for both excess energies. The invariant mass the Jiilich Cooler Synchrotron COSY with the Time of distributions exhibit strong deviations from the pure Flight Spectrometer. phase space distribution. In a one week measurement, about 25000 events were recorded for the excess energy of 15 MeV and *' The COSY-TOF Collaboration comprises about 8000 for 41 MeV. Both outgoing protons of the University of Bochum, Technical University in pp—»ppT| reaction were detected with an acceptance of Dresden, University of Erlangen, University of nearly 100 % and the T) meson was reconstructed by Tubingen, EZ Rossendorf, Germany; The Andrzej the missing mass technique. The angular distributions Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Poland 2 3 1.7 The H( He,t)2p Reaction at 2 GeV PL0400136 by W.Augustyniak, P.Zupratiski for the SPESIVfl Collaboration* The exclusive ~H('He,l) reaction has been studied polynomial decomposition of the measured angular at 2 GcV for energy transfers up to 500 McV and distributions has been performed. The data obtained triton angles up to 3.4°. The protons were maesured in have ben compared to a model based on a coupled the large acceptance magnetic detector DIOGENE, in channel approach for describing the NN and coincidence with the forward tritons detected in a NAsystems. dedicated magnetic arm. The energy transfer spectra extend well above the pion threshold. However,in the *' The SPESIVn Collaboration at Laboratoire region of A excitation, the yield is less than 10 % of 2 3 National Saturne, Saclay comprised the following the inclusive H( He,t) cross section what indicates the institutions: IPN, Orsay, France; IKP, Jiilich, small contribution of the AN—>NN process. Germany; LNS-Saturne, France; NBI, Copenhagen, The angular distributions of the two protons in Denmark; DAPNIA, Saclay, France; IPh, Lund, their center of mass have been analysed as a function Sweden, The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear of energy transfer and triton angle. A Legendre Studies, Poland DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS PL0400137 25 1.8 The Q Dependence of the Generalised Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Integral for the Deuteron, Proton and Neutron by P.Zupranski for ihe HERMES collaboration*' The Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule which is sensitive to both Q" evolution of the connects the anomalous contribution to the magnetic resonance form factors and contributions of higher moment of the nucleus with an energy weighted twist. The contribution of the nucleon resonance integral of the difference of the helicity dependent region is seen to decrease rapidly with increasing Q2. photoabsorption cross sections. Originally conceived The DIS contribution is sizable over the full measured for real photons, the GDH integral can be generalised range, even down to the lowest measured Q". At to photons of virtuality Q2. For the nucleon it then higher Q2 the data are found to be in agreement with represents the non-pcrturbative limit of the first previous measurements of the first moment of g|. moment V\ of the spin structure function gi(x,Q~) in From data on the deuteron and proton, the GDH deep inelastic scattering (DIS). The data collected by integral for the neutron has been derived and the the HERMES collaboration, together with reanalysed proton - neutron difference evaluated. This difference previous measurements on the proton, provide an is found to satisfy the fundamental Bjorken sum rule unprecedented and complete data for the generalised at Q2=5 GeV2. GDH integral for photon virtuality ranging over 1.2 1.9 The Q2 Dependance of Nuclear Transparency for Exclusive p° Production by W.Augustyniak, A.Trzciriski, P.Zuprahski for the HERMES Collaboration** : CO | Exclusive coherent and incoherent electro- For fixed coherence length, a rise of the nuclear production of the p° meson on 'H and '""N targets has transparency with Q2 is observed for coherent and ! O been studied at the HERMES experiment as a function incoherent p° production, which is in agreement with of coherence length and negative four-momentum theoretical calculations of colour transparency. transfer Q2. The ratio of HN to 'H cross sections per nucleon, known as the nuclear transparency, was *' The HERMES Collaboration comprises 32 found to increase (decrease) with increasing coherence institutions from 11 countries at Deutches Elektronen- length for coherent (incoherent) p°electroproduction. Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany 1.10 Double-spin Asymmetries in the Cross Section of p° and <\> Production at Intermediate Energies by W.Augustyniak, B.Mariaiiski, A.Trzcihski, P.Zupranski for the HERMES Collaboration*' : en ! co Double-spin asymmetries in the cross section for in p° and § meson electroproduction by quasi-real o electroproduction of p° and $ mesons on proton and photons were also found to be consistent with zero; a o deuteron have been maesured at the HERMES theoretical prediction at somewhat lower energy of a o experiment. The photoabsorption asymmetry in large negative asymmetry for ty mesons is not Q_ exclusive p° electroproduction on the proton exhibits a supported. positive tendency. This is consistent with theoretical predictions that the exchange of an object with unnatural parity contributes to exclusive p° *' The HERMES Collaboration comprises 32 electroproduction by transverse photons. The institutions from 11 countries at Deutches Elektronen- photoabsorption asymmetry on the deuteron is found Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany to be consistent with zero. Double-spin asymmetries 26 PL0400140 Annual Report 2002 1.11 L-Subshell Ionisation of Au, Bi, Th, and U by Si Ions with Energy of 0.3-1.3 MeV/amu by I.Fijal, M.Jaskota, A.Korman, D.Banas", J.Braziewicz", U.Majewska", M.Pajek'1, J.Semaniak1 W.Kretschmer'. G.Lapicki ', D.Trautmann4' The present work is a continuation of our approximation within the united-atom limit (SCA- investigations of the L shell ionisation induced by ions UA) [31 and the ECPSSR (Energy-loss Coulomb with Z>8 in selected heavy elements (Z>70). The deflection Perturbation Stationary States Rclativistic- measurements of L-subshell ionisation cross sections effect) [4] theories. for Au, Bi, Th. and U bombarded by 8.4-36.0 McV All the three measured L-subshell cross section silicon ions was performed at the Tandem accelerator versus the relative projectile-electron velocity v,/v2 of the University of Erlangen. The heavy elements are compared with the productions of the SCA-UA [3] L-x-rays excited in the thin (10-30 ug/cm" on thin and the ECPSSR calculation on Fig. 2. carbon backings) targets were measured by a Si(Li) detector placed at 90° to the beam with energy resolution of about 200 eV. The production L-X-ray cross section was normalised to the elastically scattered projectile measured by Si detector kept at an angle of 150°. The average Si-ions current onto targets was between 1-10 nA and beam spot about 2 mm. In order to study the L-subshell ionisation cross sections, the x-ray production cross sections for Lo(| /L3-M45), Ly,(LrN4), LY2(LI-N2) and Lv,(L,-N3) x-ray transitions were obtained. To resolve these peaks the developed method [1] of analysis of x-ray spectra modified by the multiple ionisation effects was used. We were able, to resolve unambiguously complex Ly(L-N,O) transitions (see Fig. 1). The observed x-ray shifting (80-500 eV) and broadening (100-250 cV) of the lines, which both contain the information on the ionisation probabilities [1], could be quite precisely measured and analyse. 1 q + 1 r- \ 6 Si -^Au 'Lv ! 36 0 MeV Lv pt,-O.079 v,/v2 p,,.=0.531 Fig. 2 Measured ionisation cross sections for Li, Li and Li subshells ot Au, Bi, Th, and U bombarded by Si-ions plotted versus > • relative projectile electron velocity V|/v1? compared with the SCA- '<• UA [.?J and 'ECPSSR [4] calculations. I YJ A1 r \ V. It [ 1 The observed disagreement of experimental and [ calculated cross sections, particularly for the L2- I V • _ subshells clearly suggests a necessity to include the V. jyi / V b >' subshell coupling effects in the theoretical treatment of the L-subshell ionisation. It was shown in paper [2| that when subshell coupling effects are introduced in the calculation, the theoretical predictions are in the 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 better agreement with the data. Photon energy [keV] Fig. 1 The Ly x-ray spectrum for Si-ion impact on Au with [11 D.Banace et al. J. Phys. B 33(2000)L793 resolved structure of individual x-ray transitions. X-ray energies of [2] D.Banace c( a). J. Phys. B 35(2002)342) diagram (vertical dashed lines) and shifted (vertical solid lines) lines [3] D.Trautmann, et al., Nucl. Instr. Melh. B42 and ionisation probabilities for M- and N-shells are shown. (1989)449 From the production cross sections the Lr, L2-. [4] W.Brand, G.Lapicki. PR A 23( 1981)1717 Lrionisation cross section have been calculated using the atomic parameters modified for the multiple " Inst. of Phys. Swietokrzyska Academy, Poland ionisation effects [1, 2]. The obtained ionisation "' Inst. of Phys. Univ. Erlangcn-Nurnberg, Germany 31 L-subshells cross sections are compared with the Dep. of Phys. East Carolina University, USA 4) theoretical predictions of the semiclassical Inst. of Phys. University of Basel, Italy DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS PL0400141 27 1.12 Influence of Intensive Gamma and Electron Radiation on Track Formation in the PM-355 Detectors by A.Szydtowski, A.Banaszak, I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, MJ.Sadowski and Z.Zimek'1 During the last decades, Solid State Nuclear Track For the sake of comparison we have used the Detectors (SSNTDs) have found applications in relative mass change Am , which was defined as plasma experiments. The track detectors used in the Am=(m0-m)/moi where m0 is the PM-355 sample mass fusion-oriented experiments encounter severe measured before the samples irradiation, and m is ihe conditions (intense X-ray, gamma and neutron mass value after irradiation and the etching process. radiation, heat impact, shock waves and plasma Fig. 1 presents the Am values for the PM-355 detector fluxes). Therefore, such detectors should be tested samples as a function of the absorbed gamma ray under similar conditions. Jt was commonly believed dose, as measured after 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 hour that the SSNTDs have a very low sensitivity to of etching time. The line market as 0.00 h in the electrons and electromagnetic radiation. To study the diagram determines the relative mass change of the influence of this radiation on track formation in the detector pieces irradiated with gamma rays before ihe modern PM-355 detectors we have exposed some etching procedure. The effect (up to 5%) is a rectangular samples to 1.5 MeV protons and 4He+ ions consequence of the gamma irradiation only. It seems from the Warsaw Van de Graff accelerator and to to be a result of realising of same gaseous fractions 5.5 MeV a particles from a 24lAm source. This was from the PM-355 material. Fig. 2 shows the relative done in three different spots of about 6 mm diameters. mass changes of the PM-355 detectors irradiated with The number of the projectiles was controlled by electron fluxes, which was measured after 1.0 and 1.5 means of a surface barrier Si detector. One part of the hours of etching time. irradiated PM-355 samples were than exposed to 10 MeV electrons from a linear accelerator, at doses 6 electrons covering the range of Ixlff Gy up to 2xl0 Gy. 1.5 h Another part of the samples was irradiated at doses from 3.5x10^ Gy up to 1.3x10° Gy of gamma rays from a 6nCo gamma source. After the irradiation the 1.0 h PM-355 pieces were etched in 15 min steps in a 6.25N water solution of NaOH at 70° C. After each etching step the samples were washed, dried and its mass changes were measured. Track diameters induced by different projectiles were also measured by means of an optical microscope and the etching process was renewed for the next etching run. DU " Gamma Rays it* 1.00h SO 0 iOO 1000 1500 2000 2S0O •"• ABSORBED DOSE (kGy) .' 0.75 h Fig. 2 The relative mass changes of the PM-355 deiectors vs 40 - electron fluxes. 0.50 h 1 "E \ ••' .0-' Li' 0.00 h .•••••••••• • ••••• • ••••• 0 200 400 600 S00 1000 1200 1400 ABSORBED DOSE (kGy) Fig. 1 The relative mass ehanges of the PM-355 detectors as a Fig. 3 Diameter values of the track induced by the 5.5 MeV function of the absorbed y ray dose. particles as a function of energetic electron doses 28 Annual Report 2002 The dependence of the Am values on the absorbed the detector. The tracks are observed in the detector, in doses is similar to the dependence of the data spite of the fact that the thickness of the external presented in Fig. 1 for the gamma radiation. In the layers removed by the bulk etching processes was experiment we have also measured crater diameters larger than the projectiles range in the detector induced in PM-355 detectors by light projectiles. In material. Fig. 3 we presented diameter values of the Hacks induced by the 5.5 MeV a particles versus doses of energetic electrons. The electron and gamma Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, irradiation of the PM-355 detector results in 16 Dorodna str., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland considerably higher values of the bulk ctchinc rates of 1.13 Response of the PM-355 Solid State Nuclear Track Detector to Energetic Sulphur Ions by A.Szydtowski. A.Banaszak. T.Czyzevvski, l.Fijat, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, M.J.Sadowski, J.Choiriski", jo W.Krctschmer' = 0. The responses of modern Solid State Nuclear In the Fig.l one can observe that the track Track Detectors (SSNTDs) to monoenergetic ions diameters increase monoionically as a function of ion provided by accelerators have been investigated at our energy. In Fig. 2 we presented a dependence of the S- Institute for several years. These experiments ion track diameters versus the etching time. Each included: an exposure of selected detector samples to curve in this figure describes the evolution of the monoenergetic ions provided by accelerators, the craters induced by S-ions of the same energy. etching of irradiated samples under controlled ^0 • • 1 • 2h conditions, measurements of the crater dimensions as PM-355 • 4h 24 'SULPHUR IONS ; , - * - Gh a function of ions energy and their atomic number. 22 • 8h: We have so far studied the responses of several ? 20 3; plastic detectors (CR-39. PM-355, PM-500. PM-600) «• 18 * i - "" "- " *" * . - to light ions of energy within the range of : 16 s 0.3-4.5 MeV. The calibration diagrams, which have < 14 Q - • • 12 .« • * been gathered in our laboratory, are very useful in the • S • • • applications of the detectors investigated in various * 1° plasma experiments and provide same information on 8 - the track formation mechanisms and detection 6 - • ---- f properties. 0 10 20 30 40 50 It seems that the recorded ions can be ENERGY [MeV] distinguished and their energies can be roughly Fig. 1 Evolution of the track diameters as a function ol sulphur- determined on the basis of" slope of the track diameter ion energy and etching time. 24 evolution curves [1]. To confirm this statement we PM-355 have decided to study a response of the PM-355 "S - IONS • 5.21 MflV detectors to heavier and more energetic ions. This • S.9 MeV 20 T 14,83 MeV report presents the detection characteristic, which has + 31,38 MeV been determined for the PM-355 detector irradiated with sulphur ions of energy ranging up to 44 McV. To perform the calibration of the PM-355 detector its samples were irradiated with quasi-monocnergetic sulphur ions provided by the tandem accelerator at Erlangen-Nuernberg University and by the U-200P cyclotron at the Warsaw University. The primary ion beam entered a vacuum chamber that contained an Au target foil (about 50|ag/cm2) oriented perpendicularly to the beam direction. Back-scattered S-ions hit the samples at normal incidence. A surface barrier silicon detector was used to monitor the total exposure flux 123456789 and to determine energy of the scattered S-ions. The ETCHING TIME tet [h] experimental procedure used in the experiment was Fig. 2 Evolution of the track diameters as a function of the the same that described earlier [21. etching time. The arrows show the range of ion in the detector, corresponding to the layer removed after the indicated etching time iu. DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 29 The calibration data gathered up lo now show that Systematic investigations of track diameter track diameters expressed as a function of ion energy evolutions in modern SSNTDs, may contribute to the increase very fast in the region of relatively low wider applications of these detectors, especially in energy. When the maximum is attained, the track high-temperature plasma experiments and may diameters decrease monotonically with a further considerably facilitate the scanning of the detectors by increase in ion energy. an automatic systems (CCD camera, microscope. The maxima of the characteristics obtained for computer and appropriate soft wear). heavier ion species arc considerably wider than those in characteristics measured for lighter ions. When the 11] A.SzydJowski et al. Radiat.Meas. 34(2001)325 detection characteristics are presented as a function of L2] A.Szydlowski etal. Radiat. Meas. 31(1999)257 E/u ratio, all the maxima become almost of the same width and their positions are only slightly shifted. The " Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University. calibration diagrams determined for sulphur ions 02-097 Warsaw, Poland confirm this tendency, nevertheless similar "' Physikalischc Institut Erlangcn-Nuernbcrg characteristics for heavier and more energetic ions arc University, D-91058 Erlangen, Germanv desirable. PL0400143 1.14 Ion Channeling Study of Defect Build-up and Structural Recovery in InGaAs and InGaAsP by L.Nowicki, A.Sloncrt, R.Ralajc/.ak, A.Turos, W.Wcsch", E.Wendler" Mullicomponenl II1-V semiconductor compounds cm corresponding to displacements of a few at. %. based on InP arc principal materials for modern high Subsequent doses of bombarding ions led lo an frequency electronic devices, like UMTS mobile increase in the damage peak as well as of the phones and TR lasers. They are usually produced by dechanne\ing level behind it. The saturation level, epitaxial growth on InP or GaAs substrates. Here we corresponding to the amorphisation of the sample was 14 2 report our study of delect properties of two attained with the fluence of 4x10 cm" . Similar dose compounds of this family: InGaAs and InGaAsP. Both dependence of damage build-up was observed for the ++ materials have the ZnS-type structure like GaAs, heavier bombarding ions, i.e. As . However, the however, with Ga atoms partially substituted by In. In amorphisation fluence appeared to be 10 limes the case of InGaAsP, similar substitution of As by P smaller. The process of structural recovery was takes place. The band-gap and carrier mobility of such studied by a method of isochronous annealing in the semiconductors can be controlled by adjustment of temperature range between 15 and 300 K. After N-ion 2 Ga/In and P/As ratios. Ion-channeling studies bombardment to the dose 5x10" cm" , i.e. well below performed at IPJ in collaboration with the Institute oi the amorphisation threshold, 10 min annealing stages Solid State Physics" of University of Jena (Germany) at stepwise increased temperature with alternate aimed lo investigate ihe process oi' dcl'ccl formation channeling measurements al 15 K were applied. and annealing in the temperature range 15 K-300 K. Changes of the channeling spectra appeared to be very small up to 200 K, indicating that up to this Epitaxial layers of InGaAs and InGaAsP on InP temperature the defect structure remains stable. substrates were grown using the MOCVD technique at the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw. The VdG accelerator "Lech" at IPJ was used for preliminary measurements of crystalline perfection of the materials, while basic ion channeling experiments were carried out using the Romeo and Julia facility at Jena. The 150 keV N+ and 300 keV As2+ beams delivered by ion implanter Romeo were used to create delects, while the tandem accelerator Julia equipped with a 2-axis cryogenic goniometer was applied for in situ ion channeling measurements. In the case of InGaAsP the role of the collision cascade density on the process of damage build-up upon ion bombardment was studied with two different kind of ion beams. These were: light ion beam of Fig. 1 RBS-channeling spectra of 1400 keV He for a InGaAsI' + ++ epitaxial layer subjected to N-ion bombardment at 15 K Numbers 150 keV N and heavy ion beam of 800 keV As . For denote the cumulated fluence of the bombarding N+ ions in I ()' Vni'. + an N beam, a small damage peak in channeling Solid lines show the spectra simulated with the Monte Carlo spectra was noticed after bombardment with 5x10 " method. 30 Annual Report 2002 Further increase of the temperature leads to the About 35% of the initially produced defects remain partial recovery of the crystalline structure, apparently after warming up to 270 K. due to the recombination of simple defects. About half The channeling data collected during the of the inlroduced defects wa.s eliminated upon experimental part of the study enables us (o determine warming up to 270 K. the concentration of interstitial atoms at various stages Both procedures, investigation of damage of the processes of defect formation and of structural production and that of structural recovery, were also recovery. The Monte Carlo computer code McChasy applied for InGaAs epitaxial layers. The was used for this purpose. Fig. 1 shows the variation amorphisation fluence of N+ ions was 1.5x10u cm"2, of channeling spectra for InGaAsP upon ion being significantly smaller than that for InGaAsP. The bombardment at 15 K. warming up of the partially damaged material showed that structure recovery starts at 120 K, i.e. at much " Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany lower temperature than in the of case of InGaAsP. DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 31 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FUSION CALCULATIONS FOR THE "Li + lhO SYSTEMS N.Kccley. K.W.Kcmper. K.Rusck I'livs. Rev. €65(2002)014601 'Li + '"C: COMPLETE SETS OF ANALYZING POWERS FOR INELASTIC SCATTERING AND S1NGLE-NUCLEON STRIPPING N.Keeley, E.E.Bartosz, P.D.Caihers. M.W.Cooper, K.W.Kcmper, F.Marcchal, E.G.Myers, B.G.Schmidt, K.Rusck Pins. Rev. €65(2002)0-14613 BARRIER DISTRIBUTIONS IN "'0 + """"Sn QUASIELASTIC SCATTERING E.I'iasecki, M.Kowalczyk. K.Piasccki. L.Swiderski, J.Srcbrny, M.Witecki, F.Carstoiu, W.Czarnacki, K.Rusck, T Krogulski, N.Rowley Pins. Rev. €65(2002)054611 7Be VERSUS 7Li: THE INFLUENCE OF BREAKUP THRESHOLD ON THE DYNAMIC POLARIZATION POTENTIAL N.Keeley, K.W.Kcmper, K.Rusck rhys. Rev. C66( 2002 )044605 TRANSVERSE VELOCITY SCALING IN ")7Au + 197Au FRAGMENTATION J.Lukasik, A.Trzciiiski,..., U.Zivipgliriski, ct al. Phys. Rev. €66(2002)064606 STRUCTURE OF THE *"Zr VIA THE HIGH-RESOLUTION '"Zr(p,t)mZr REACTION AND SHELL-MODEL CALCULATIONS P.Guazzoni. L.Zetta, J.N.Gu. A.Villiiri, Y.Eiserinann. G.Graw, R.Herlcnbergcr, M.Jaskola Nucl. Pins. A697(2002)6ll MULTISTEP PROCESSES IN CHARGE-EXCHANGE REACTIONS P.Dcmetriou. A.Marcinkovvski, li.Mariariski Nucl. Phys. A697(2()O2)I7I DIRECT VERSUS EXCHANGE PROCESSES IN THE REACTIONS 7Li(l4N. m5N) at I 10 MeV A.T.Rudchik L.GIUWHCUSI R.Smdak. l.Skwirczyiiska. .l.Turkicwicz, V.A.Ziman, et al. Nucl. Phys. A700(2002)25 MULTISTEP PROTON SCATTERING - TOWARDS HIGHER ENERGIES P.Demelriou. A.Marcinkowski, li.Mariahski Nucl. Ph\s. A707(2002).154 P1XE AND XRF ANALYSIS OF HONEY SAMPLES I.Braziewicz, l.Fijal, T.Czy/.cvvski, M.Jaskola, A.KoriTian, D.Banas, A.Kubala-Kukus, U.Majcwska, L.Zcmlo Nucl. lnslr. aiulMelh. B187(2002)231 STRAIN AND COMPOSITIONAL PROFILE DETERMINATION IN ION BOMBARDED HETEROSTRUCTURES BY THE COMPLEMENTARY USE OF RBS/CHANNELING AND HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY DIFFRACTION A.Turos. J.Gaca, M.Wojcik, A.Stoncrt, and R.Groelzschel Nucl. luslr. mid Melh. BI90I2002I565 ION BEAM STUDIES IN STRAINED SUPERLATTICES A.P.Pathak, A.Z.Siddiqui, G.B.Lakshrni, S.V.S.Nageswara Rao, A.Turos Nucl. lnstr. uiidMelli. B 193(2002)324 MULTIPLE IONIZATION EFFECTS IN LOW-RESOLUTION X-RAY SPECTRA INDUCED BY ENERGETIC HEAVY IONS D.Banas, .... A.Kubala-Kukus, U.Majcwska. T.Czyzcwski, M.Jaskola, W.Kretschmcr, ..., D.Trautmann, et al. Nucl. Inslr. Melh., 8195(2002)233 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND X-RAY DIFFRACTATION STUDY OF AIN LAYERS A.Kowalczyk, AAJagoda. A.Muccklich. W.Malz, MPawlowska, R.Uatajc/.ak, A.Tiiros Ada Phvs. Pol. A 102(2002)221 THE NUCLEAR LIQUID-GAS PHASE TRANSITION IN THE LIGHT OF SYNERGETICS B.Zwifglihski Tor the ALADIN Collaboration ACHI Phys. Pol. B33(2G02)14l AN X-RAY METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OFTHE ATOMIC NUMBER OFTHE ACCELERATED HEAVY ION BEAMS l.Fijal, M.Jaskoia, A.Rorman, T.C'zyzewski, D.Banas, .I.Braziewicz, U.Majcwska, W Kretschmer, S.Chqjnacki Ada Phys. Pal. B33(2002)343 HIGH RESOLUTION MEASUREMENT OFTHE l"1Sn(p,l)luSn REACTION AT 26 MeV iVl.Jaskola. P.Guazzoni, L.Zetla, A.Covello, A.Gargano. Y.Eiscrmann, G.Graw, R.Hertenberger Acra Phys. Pol. B33(2002)363 32 Annual Report 2002 MULTISTEP DIRECT REACTIONS AT LOW ENERGIES A.Marcinkowski, P.Demetriou and U.Mariariski Ada Pins. Huii};. M.S. Heavy Ian Phxsics 16/1 -4(2002)35 DEFECT TRANSFORMATIONS AT LOW TEMPERATURES IN AI,Ga,.,As COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS A.Stoncrt, ATuros, L.Nowicki. B.Brecgcr, E.Wendler, W.Wesch Modern Physics Letters 815(2001)1437 CONFIGURATIONS OF HIGHLY IONIZED FAST SULPHUR PROJECTILES PASSING THROUGH A CARBON FOIL EVALUATED FROM LOW-RESOLUTION K X-RAY SPECTRA U.Majewska, K.SIabkouska. M.Polasik. .1 Braziewicz. D.Banas, T.Czyzewski, I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, S.Chojnacki Journal of Phys. B35(2OO2)J94I THE ROLE OF MULTIPLE IONISATION AND SUBSHELL COUPLING EFFECTS IN L-SHELL IONISATION OF Au BY OXYGEN IONS D.Banas. .1.Braziewicz, M.Pajek, .I.Scmaniak. T.Czyzcwski, I.Fijal, M.Jaskola,, W.Kretschmer, T.Mukoyama, D.Trautmann Journal of Physics B35(2002)3421 CROSS SECTIONS FOR MULTISTEP DIRECT REACTIONS P Demeiriou. A.Marcinkowski, B.Mariariski Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. Suppl. 2 (2002)726 NEW OXIDE CRYSTAL (La,Sr)( A1.TA)O, AS SUBSTRATE FOR GaN EPITAXY T.Lukasiewicz. M.Suicrkowicz. H.Sakowska. A.Turos, M.l.eszczyriski, K.Ratajczak Journal of Crystal Growth 237(2002)11 IK RESPONSE OF THE PM-355 SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR TO ENERGETIC 4He-, AND 5:S-IONS A Szydlowski. A.Banaszak, T.Czyzewski, I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman. M.Sadowski Czechoslovak Journal of Physics. 52(2002)921 '"Sr STATES HOMOLOGOUS TO THE LOW-LYING STATES OF s5Rb P.Guazzoni, L.Zetta, J.N.Gu, A.Vitturi, Y.Eisermann. G.Graw. R.Henenberger, M.Jaskola. V.Y.Ponomarev Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 52(2002) Suppl. C62I NUCLEAR MULTIFR AGMENTATION AND THE ONSET OF RADIAL FLOW: A STUDY OF Au + Au COLLISIONS BETWEEN 40 AND 100 MeV/A F.Lavaud A.Trzciiiski B.Zwiegliriski American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings. 610(2002)716 TRANSVERSE VELOCITY SCALING IN Au + Au MIDRAPIDITY EMISSIONS J.Lukasik. ..., A.Trzcihski, .... B.Zwivglinski and A S Botvina American Institute of Phvsics Conference Proceedings. 610(2002)711 STUDY OF "4Sn VIA ""Sn(p,t) REACTION AND REALISTIC SHELL MODEL CALCULATIONS A.Covcllo, A.Gargano. P.Guazzoni, L.Zetta., Y.Eisermann, G.Graw, R.Hertenberger, M.Jaskola Proceedings of the 7'' International Spring Seminar on Nuclear Physics. 27-31.052001, Maiori. Wtoehy World Scientific, edited by Alda Vovello. 2002. 327 SCATTERING OF POLARIZED 7Li FROM 4He K.Rusek. P.D.Cathers, E.E.Banosz, N.Keelcy, K.W.Kemper. F.Mare'chal Phys. Rev. C. (in press) THE Q- -DEPENDENCE OF NUCLEAR TRANSPARENCY FOR EXCLUSIVE p" PRODUCTION A Airapelian, .... W.Augustyniak. . . A.Trzciriski I'.Zuprariski. et al. Phxs. Rev. Lett., (in press) MECHANISM OF LARGE ANGLE ENHANCEMENT OF THE ''Be + "B SCATTERING A.T.Rudchik L.GIowacka, .... S.Yu.Mczhcvych. A.V.Mokhnach, K.Rusck, ..., A.Szczurek, L.Zemlo, et al. Nucl. Phxs. A. (in press) VECTOR-MESON PRODUCTION IN PROTON-DEUTERON FUSION K-T.Brinkman P.Zupraiiski, et al Ada Phxsicu Polonica. (in press) MEASUREMENT OF THE r\ PRODUCTION PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS WITH THE COSY TIME OF FLIGHT SPECTROMETER M.Abdel-Bary, R.Bilger.... P.Zupranski, ct al. European Journal of Phxstcs. ( in press) THE Q: -DEPENDENCE OF THE GENERALISED GERASIMOV-DRELL-HEARN INTEGRAL FOR THE DEUTERON, PROTON AND NEUTRON A.Airapelian, .... P.Zuprariski, et al. European Journal of Phxsics. (in press) DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 33 DOUBLE SPIN ASYMMETRIES IN THE CROSS SECTION OF p" AND (p PRODUCTION AT INTERMEDIATE ENERGIES A.Airapetian W.Augustyniak. A.Trzciriski, I'./.uprariski, el al. European Journal of Physics, (in press) MEASUREMENT OF SINGLE-SPIN AZIMUTHAL ASYMMETRIES IN SEMI-INCLUSIVE ELECTROPRODUCTION OF P1ONS AND KAONS ON A LONGITUDINALLY POLARISED DEUTERON TARGET A.Airapctian, .... W.Augustyniak, A.Trzcihski, I'.Zupianski. el al. Physics Letters B. (in press) 2H('He,t)2p REACTION AT 2 GcV B.Ramstein, C.Mosbacher, .... W.Augustyniak, .... P.Zuprariski, et al. European Journal of Physics, (in press) IN SITU TOPOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF ION IMPLANTED AmBv SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOUNDS DURING THERMAL ANNEALING W.Wierzchowski, K.Wileska. S.Grigull, J.Hartwig, W.Graeff, G.Gawlik, A.Turos, R.Grotzschel Journal of Physics D. (in press) URAL INVESTIGATION OF HIGH-DOSE IMPLANTED AND ANNEALED A"'BV SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOUNDS DURING THERMAL ANNEALING W.Wiechowski, K.Witeska, W.Graeli, A.Kowalczyk, G.Gawlik, A.Miicklich, R.Grbetzschel and A.Turos Physica Status Solidi A. (in press) MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF GAMMA-RAY IRRADIATED POLYETHYLENE BLENDS Mariam Al-Ali, N.K.Madi, Nora J. Al. Thani, M. El-Muraikhi, A.Turos Vacuum, (in press) DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN IN GaMnN AND GaMnMgN BY NUCLEAR REACTION ANALYSIS A.Turos, R.Katajczak, A.Kowalczyk, S.Podsiadlo. T.Szyszko, G.Warso, W.G?bicki, I.Strzalkowski, D.Grambole, V.Hermann Vacuum, (in press) ION BEAM MODIFICATION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE A.Turos, JJagielski, A.Pia.tkowska, D.Bicliiiski, L.SIusarski, N.K.Madi Vacuum, (in press) X-RAY STUDIES OF AI,GaMAs IMPLANTED WITH 1.5 MeV As IONS W.Wierzchowski, K.Wileska, W.Graeff, A.Turos, R.Grotzschel Vacuum, (in press) MULTIPLE IONIZATION AND COUPLING EFFECTS IN L-SUBSHELL IONIZATION OF HEAVY ATOMS BY OXYGEN IONS M.Pajek, .... T.Czyzewski, l.Fijal, IW.Jaskola, A.GIombik, W.Kretschmer, D.Trautmann, G.Lapicki, T.Mukoyama, el al. Phys. Rev. A. (in press) ENERGY CALIBRATION FOR THE 1NDRA MULT1DETECTOR USING RECOIL PROTONS FROM l;C + 'H SCATTERING A.Trzciriski, .... B.Zwiegliriski, et al. Nucl. Instr. and Melh. A. (in press) OTHER PAPERS TRANSVERSE VELOCITY SCALING IN '"7Au + '"7Au FRAGMENTATION J.Lukasik,.... A.Trzcihski B.Zwicgliiiski.cl al. Report GS1 2002 - 22 (July 2002) COMPARISON OFTHEXRF AND PIXE TECHNIQUES IN APPLICATION TO THE ORGANIC MATERIALS ANALYZES M.Boruchowska, M.Lankosz, J.Ostachowicz, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, D.Adamck Report 1CHTJ A. T2 2(2002)3-41 ION CHANNELING STUDY OF DEFECTS IN MULTICOMPONENT SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOUNDS IN DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATIONN OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS BY ION BEAMS A.Turos, L.Nowicki, A.Stoncrt IAEA-TECDOC-1292. June 2002 PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM CENTRAL COLLISIONS AROUND THE FERMI ENERGY O.Lopez, .... A.Trzcinski, B.Zwifgliriski Proc. of the 40th Int. Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics Bormio, Italy. Jan. 21-26. 2002. Ricerca Scienlifica eel Eihicarione Permunente. Suppl. #119. 2002. p. 188; Ed. by I. lori and A.Moroni 34 Annual Report 2002 FRAGMENT PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS: RECONCILING THE DOMINANCE OF DYNAMICS WITH OBSERVED PHASE TRANSITION SIGNALS THROUGH UNIVERSAL FLUCTUATIONS J D.Frankland VTrzcinski, .... IJ.Zwi^cliriski Pnic of the 40th Im. Winter Meeting on Niulear Phvsic.s litirmio. llalv. Jan. 21-26. 2002. Ricercu Scientific!! ed liducazione Permanente. Suppl. #119. 2002. p. 175: Ed..by I Ion and A. Moroni READOUT OF PLASTIC SCINTILLATORS WITH COOLED LARGE-AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES A.Mykulyak A.Trzciriski, UAVolski and B.Zuiyuliiiski Compressed Banonic Matter Workshop. GSl. Germain. Mux 13-16. 2002. hltp://www gsi.de/cbm2002/lrainparencies/ RESPONSE OF THE PM-355 SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR TO ENERGETIC JHe-. AND "S-IONS A Szydlowski. A.Banaszak. T.Czyzcwski, I.Fijal. M.Jaskola, A.Korman. M Sadowski. J.Choinski. W.Kretschmer European Network on Inn Track Technology. 24-26 02 2002. Caen. France. 20''' Symposium on Plasma Physics anil Technology. June 10-13. 2002. Prague, Czech Republic COMPARISON OFTHEXRF AND PIXE TECHNIQUES IN APPLICATION TO THE ORGANIC MATERIALS ANALYZES M.Boruchowska. M.Lankos/.. J.Ostachowicz. M.Jaskola, A.Korman, D.Adamek Symp.on Nucl. Tech. in Medicine lnilusm- ami Agriculture, Warszawski Don] Techniki NOT. Warsaw. Poland. April 17-19. 2002 iOS BEAM MODIFICATION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE A.Turos, J Jagielski. A Piatkouska. D.Biclmski. L.SIusarski. N.K Madi International Conference ION2002. Kazimicrz. Dolnx. Poland. June 2002 MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF GAMMA-RAY IRRADIATED POLYETHYLENE BLENDS Manam Al-Ali. N.K.Madi. Nora J Al Thani, M. El-Muraikhi, A.Turos Inernaiional. Conference ION2002. Kazimicrz Dolnx. Poland. June 2002 DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN IN GaMnN AND GaMnMgN BY NUCLEAR REACTION ANALYSIS A.Turos. R.Ratajczak, A.Ko\valcz\k. S.Podsiadlo. T.S/.ys/.ko. G.W'arso. W.Gcbicki. l.Strzalkowski. D Grambole, V.Hermann International Conference ION2002. Kuzimierz Dolnx. Poland. June 2002 X-RAY STUDIES OF AKGa,.,As IMPLANTED WITH 1.5 MeV As IONS W.Wierzchowski, K.Witeska. W.Gracff. A.Tnros. R Groi/.schcl Inernulional Conference ION2002. Kiiziinierz Dolnx. Poland. June 2002 THE RECIPROCAL SPACE MAPPING OF IMPLANTED AM1BV SEMICONDUCTOR COMPOUNDS K.Witeska. W.Wierzchowski. W.Graeff. G.Kun. A Misiuk. A.Turos. G.Gawlik VI Int. S( hool and Symposium on Synchrotron Radiation ISSRXS 2002. IJslroii-.laszowiec, Poland. June 2002 X-RAY INVESTIGATION OF A'"BV SEMICONDUCTORS W Wierzchowski. K.Wiicska. W.Gracfl. A.Turos, G Gawlik, R.Grotzschel XIX Congress and General Assembly of the International Union of Crystallography. Geneva, Switzerland. August 2002 CLOSING OFCOSTER-KRONING TRANSITIONS IN MULTIPLY IONIZED ATOMS D.Banas. J.Brazieuicz. I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, M.Czarnota. M.Pajek / /'' International Conference on the I'hxsics oj Highlx Charged Ions. Caen. France, Sept. 1-6, 2002 ELECTRON POPULATION OF K. L AND M-SHELL IN THE HIGHLY IONISED SULPHUR PROJECTILES INSIDE A CARBON FOIL L'.Maieuska. J Braziewicz. M.Pofasif,. K.Sfabkouska. T.Czyzewski, /.Fijal, ,Vf.Jaskola, A.Korman, S.Chojnackr. W.Kretschmer //" International Conference on the Phxsics of Highlx Charged Ions. Caen. France. Sept. 1-6, 2002 THE LIFETIME OF HIGHLY EXCITED 4p STATE OF SULPHUR IONS PASSING THROUGH CARBON TARGET U.Majeuska. J.Brazieuicz. K.SIabkowska. M Polasik. T.C'zyzewski. I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, S.Chojnacki. W.Kretschmer //'' International Conference on the Phxsics of Highly Charged Ions. Caen. France, Sept. 1-6. 2002 SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF THE PM-355 SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR A.Szydlowski. A Banaszak. I.Fijal. M.Jaskolu, A.Korman, M.J.Sadowski German-Polish Conference on Plasma Diagnostics for Fusion anil Applications. Greifswuld, Gennanx, Sept. 4-6, 2002 i: ni l2 SPECTROSCOPY OF "Sn HOMOLOGOUS LEVELS VIA THE .Sb(p:u) "Sn REACTIONS P.Guazzoni. L.Zetta, A.Covello. A.Gargano, Y.Eisermann, R.Hertcnbcrger. H.-F.Wirlh, M.Jaskola, B.Bayman, W.E.Ormand The 15" International Spin Phxsics Symposium. Long Island. New York USA.. Sept. 9-14, 2002 IN SITU TOPOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF ION IMPLANTED A'"BV SEMrCONDl/CTOR COMPOUNDS DURING THERMAL ANNEALING W.Wicrzchowski. K.Witeska, S.Grigull. J.Hanwig. W.GraelT, G.Gawlik, A.Turos. R.Grotzschel 6'' Biennial Conference on High Resolution X-Rax Diffraction and bulging XTOP 2002, Grenoble-Aussois, Sept. 2002 QUADRUPOLE DEFORMATION OF "BO/2". 5.02 Mev) EXCITED STATE FROM "B + 1:C SCATTERING S.Yu.Mczhevych, K.Rusck XXXV Zakopane School of Physics, '/jikopane. Poland. Sept. 3-10. 2002 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 35 INFLUENCE OF INTENSIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC AND ELECTRON RADIATION ON TRACKS FORMATION IN THE PM-355 DETECTORS A.Szydlowski, A 13anaszak. I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, M.Sadowski, Z.Zimek 21" International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solid's. New Delhi. India, Oct. 21-25. 2002 Au + Au COLLISIONS AT 40 - ISO MeV/NUCLEON: FROM PERIPHERAL TO CENTRAL J.Lukasik A.Trzciriski R.Zwicgliriski. and A.S.Botvina Proc.ofthe Int. Workshop on Multifragmentation and Related Topics (IWM200I). Catania. Italy, Nov.29- Dec. I 2001, INFN - Catania. Italy. 2002: p. 75 SYSTEMATICS OFTHERMODYNAMIC OBSERVABLES AND NUCLEAR CALORIC CURVE Gimme, ..., A.Trzciriski, .... G.Verde, B.Zwicgliriski I'roc. of the International Workshop on Multifragmentalion and Related Topics (IWM2001), Catania. Italy. Nov.29-Dec.l. 2001. INFN - Catania. Italy. . 2002: p. 27 EXPERIMENTS AT GSI WITH ALADIN AND INDRA W.Trautmann for (he ALADIN and INDRA-ALADIN collaborations Proc. of the International Workshop on Multifrugmentation and Related Topics (IWM200I), Catania. Italy. Nov 29-Dec. I. 2001. INFN - Catania. Italy. 2002: p. 63 LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS The Warsaw electrostatic Van de Graaff "Lech" - history and example of applications*' M.Jaskola, Nuclear Reaction Department SINS - IFD Warsaw University, Seminar devoted to "40"' anniversary oj the working of the accelerator "Ijzch ". Jan. 4, 2002 The mechanism of nuclear reactions induced by nucleons1'1 A.Marcinkowski, Nuclear Reaction Department SINS - IFD Warsaw University, Seminar devoted to "40th anniversary of the working of the accelerator "Lech ", Jan. 4. 2002 Clusters in light nuclei"1 K.Rusck, Nuclear Reaction Department SINS - IFD Warsaw University, Seminar devoted to "40"' anniversary of the working of the accelerator "Lech ", Jan. 4. 2002 Spectroscopic properties of the PM-355 Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors'" A.Korman, Heavy Ion Laboratory. Warsaw University, March 5, 2002 Applications of the Van de Graaff accelerator in basic and applied studies'" M.Jaskola, Institute of Physics Swietokrzyska Academy. Kielce, April 16, 2002 Ion Beam Modification of Tribological Properties of Polymers'1' A.Turos, University of Qatar, Doha. April 27. 2002 ionisation cross sections measurements induced by heavy ions in heavy elements1" M.Jaskola, Institute of Physics. Milano University, May 25, 2002 The progress in PIXE applications'" M.jRskola, Institute of Physics. Milano University. May 27, 2002 Nuclear reactions in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier" K.Rusck, Heavy Ion Laboratory. Warsaw University, Sept. 24. 2002 Lessons for the electromagnetic calorimeter of PANDA from the BC-408 + LAAPD experiments at SINS'" B.Zwiegliriski, //. Physikalisches Inslitul. Universitat Giessen. Sept. 30, 2002 Study of the detection characteristics of the PM-355 solid state nuclear track detectors'" A.Korman, Heavy Ion Laboratory. Warsaw University, Sept. 24. 2002 ''He - what is inside?'" K.Rusck, A.Soltan Institute fur Nuclear Structure. Oct. R, 2002 Halo physics" K.Rusck, Department of Physics. Warsaw University. Oct. 24. 2002 INTERNAL SEMINARS Puzzle of the amplitude defect in semiconductor detectors'" W.Trzaska, IPJ Warsaw. February 26. 2002 Thermally activated defects transformations in AMIBV semiconductors crystals'" A.Stoncrt, IPJ Warsaw, April 30. 2002 36 Annual Report 2002 Baryon Resonances ai Saturne (Saclay) and COSY (Forschungszenlrum Juelich)'" H.P.Morsch, IPJ Warsaw. September 20. 2002 SPIRAL: the facility and the physics" P.Chomaz. IPJ Warsaw. December 111. 2002 a) in Polish b) in English PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAM AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES A.Turos - member of the Internationa! Committee of [lie Conference "ION2002 " A.Turos - member of the International Committee of the Conference "Ion Beam Analysis " A.Marcinkowski - member of the Intern. Advisory Committee of the Intern. Conf. on Nuclear Reaction Mechanisms. Varenna. Italy P.Zupranski - member of the Collaboration Board of the HERMES Collaboration and coordinator of the polish xroup DIDACTIC ACTIVITY PHYSICS LABORATORY. Warsaw Agricultural University K.Rusek INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS, Military University of"Technology. Warsaw A.Korman MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS, Warsaw School of Economy and Informatics B.Mariariski M.Jaskola - Supervisor of Ph.D. studies of Mrs. 1 Fijal (IPJ) IV year of Ph.D. courses K.Rusck - Supervisor of Ph.D. studies of Mr. S. Mezhevych (IPJ) II year of Ph.D. courses A.Turos - Supervisor of Ph.D. studies of Mrs. A.Stonert (IPJ) B.Zwifglihski - Supervisor of Ph.D. studies of Mr. A.Mykulyak (IPJ) III year of Ph.D. courses A.Turos - Thesis adviser of A.Stonert VI Science Festival L.Nowicki, A.Korman, R.Ratajczak IX Scientific Picnic L.Nowicki, A.Korman, R.Ratajczak, W.Miclczarek DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS PERSONNEL Research scientists Witold Augustyniak, Dr. Renata Ratajczak, MSc. Andrzej Bienkowski, Dr., 3/5 Krzysztof Rusck, Assoc. prof. Tomasz Czyzewski, Dr., Vi till January 30 Anna Stonerl, MSc. Marian Jaskota, Professor Andrzej Turos, Professor, % Andrzej Korman, Dr. Andrzej Trzcihski, Dr Andrzej Marcinkowski, Professor Boguslaw Zwi^glinski, Assoc. prof. Bohdan Mariariski, Dr. Pawel Zuprariski, Professor Lech Nowicki, Dr. PhD student Izabela Fijal, MSc. Andryi Mykulyak, MSc. Scrgiy Mezhevych, MSc. Technical and administrative staff Dorota Dobrowolska 3/4 Wiadyslaw Mielczarek Ryszard Kacprzak Wiestaw Pietrzak, 1/5 from Oct. Edward Kamiriski, Eng., 1/5 from Sept. I Zbigniew Szczepaniak Grazyna K^sik, Eng. 38 Annual Report 2002 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE PL0400144 39 2 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE Head of Department: Dr. Tadeusz Kozlowski phone: (22)718-05-54 e-mail: [email protected] Overview During the lasl year, our Department has been divided into three groups: basic research, ecology and medical physics. The basic research group was concentrated on the intermediate energy physics (production and properties of EV) meson and heavy strange hyperons, rare pion decays and neutrino physics) in close collaboration with KFA Julich (Germany), PSI Villigcn (Switzerland) and ICARUS project (Italy), theoretical and experimental (in LNS Italy) studies of heavy ion interactions, nuclear spectroscopy (in collaboration with CERN Switzerland, NFL Sweden, YFL Finland, GANIL France and SLCJ in Warsaw) and atomic physics (in collaboration with PSI Switzerland). The ecology group continued measurements of the radioactive contamination of our environment, and in particular the ground level air pollution in Poland, Russia, Ukraine and Spitzbergcn where a new, constructed in our Department air collection station is working now. The group is concentrated also on the preparation o! the "Intelligent Air Monitoring System for Environmental Control and Management'' project for the FP6 of the European Union. Our medical physics group continued development of the so called photon needle for the applications in the brachytherapy of brain tumors. Financial support of the State Committee for Scientific Research and Maria Sklodovvska-Curic Polish- American Foundation is acknowledged. 40 Annual Report 2002 PL0400145 2.1 Hyperon Production at ANKE by V.Koptev", I.Zychor, P.Kravchenko" and M.Nekipelov" for the ANKE-Jiilich Collaboration The production and properties of hyperons have 1(1192), Z*(1385), A*(1405), I*(1480)) and been studied for more than 50 years, mostly in pion hyperons with additional pions (An, T.n, l,nn) can be and kaon induced reactions. Hyperon production in pp identified in this spectrum. From phase space collisions close to the threshold has been studied at simulations and after fitting to experimental spectra SATURNE (Saclay, France) and COSY-Julich. At the following relations of cross sections of the COSY beam energies only six hyperons can be indicated processes were obtained: 1:0.16: 0.03: 0.025: produced: A( 1116), 1(1192), 1(1385), A(1405), 0.005: 0.12: 0.002: 0.002. A shaded area in Fig. la 1(1480) and A(1520). Reasonably complete corresponds to the sum of processes with production information on A(11I6), 1(1192), 1(1385) and of the additional pion. A(1520) hyperon-production cross sections and their a) characteristics, found in the literature, are used for the JA(1116) O normalisation of our data. .u, 800 1(1385) £(1460) z" A(1405) For the A(I4O5), in spite of rather high statistics h 600 A achieved (the total world statistics is several thousand I | £(1192) events), there are still open questions concerning the 400 nature of this resonance: is it a singlet qqq state in the 200 frame of SU(3) or a quark-gluon (ucls-q) hybrid, or a h1100 1200 1300i 1400 1500 ?200 1300 1400 1500 1600 NK bound state? Thus more detailed studies of pp->K'pm., 1[MeV] pp->K*p(iTv>ir\..), [MeV] different decay modes of the A (1405) are needed for a better understanding of its nature. Fig. 1 Missing mass spectra obtained for the reaction 2.83 GeV pp—>K*pM< The Z(1480) hyperon is not well established yet. In the 2002 Review of Particle Physics it is described as The 3-fold K+p7i+ coincidences were selected to a 'bump' with unknown quantum numbers. The study heavier hyperons Y* (I*(1385), A*(1405). branching ratios for possible decay modes are known I*(1480)). A missing mass spectrum in the reaction with errors between 60 and 70%. pp—*K+p7C++Mx consists of a flat plateau with a peak The total world statistics for this 'bump' is less than at approximately 1195MeV. The peak corresponds to two hundred events. Both the A(1405) and the the decay Y*—»7t+£~. If only events with Z(l480) were produced mainly from decays of heavier Mx=(/f95±20) MeV are selected, then the mx + + hyperons in kaon and pion induced reactions. At spectrum in the reaction pp—>K p (mx=Jt + Mx) shows COSY they are produced directly in pp—»K+pY* two peaks with a width of 45 MeV each (see Fig. Ib). reactions. It is essential that the ANKE spectrometer One of them corresponds to the contribution of permits the simultaneous observation of different 1(1385) and A(1405) hyperons with a ratio of 1:3 decay modes: Y* -^7i+l", Y*—7tT+ and Y*-> K"p. To under the peak taking into account the relation of the realize this project it is necessary to analyse triple cross sections indicated above. The second peak can coincidences: positively and negatively charged be ascribed to the production of the £(1480). In order particles detected by the three different parts of the to prove this a similar analysis of 3-fold K+p' ANKE detector system (side, forward and negative). coincidences is necessary as well as the selection of + The first measurement of pp interactions using a the events corresponding to the decay Y*—>TTZ . cluster-jet hydrogen target, carried out in spring 2002, During a subsequent beam time in spring 2002 a demonstrated the feasibility of these studies at ANKE. detector for negatively charged particles was operating + + A missing mass spectrum in the reaction pp—>K pMx, and the analysis of K pn~ events is in progress. resulting from detection of the 2-fold K p coincidences 11 at proton beam energy Tp = 2.83 GeV, is shown Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina. in Fig. la. Different hyperons (A(1I16), Russia 2.2 A Precise Measurement of the Pion Beta Decay Rate PL0400146 bv T.Koziowski for PIBETA Collaboration As a pure vector transition, the pion beta decay of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Masakawa (CKM) mixing 7t+—>K°e+v , provides direct information on the weak matrix. Absence of uncertainties due to nuclear coupling between the u and d quarks, i.e., the element structure favors this decay theoretically over the DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 41 superallowed nuclear decays. However, its low is leading to V,,d = 0.976510.0056, in good agreement branching ratio has impeded a precise measurement of with the current Particle Data Group value of this decay. The PIBETA experiment performed at PSI O.9743±O.OOO8[l]. Switzerland aims to bring the pion beta decay Radiative decays offer potentially interesting branching ratio precision to the level of the nuclear insights into admixtures of non-(V A) terms in the and neutron decays. weak Lagrangian, as well as into nonperturbativc QCD We finished taking data in the current, first phase (e.g., pion polarizabilities). To date the PIBETA of the experiment at the end of 2001, having recorded experiment has increased the world data set of RPD well in excess of 50,000 clean pion beta decays, or and RMD by about two orders of magnitude. more than 30 times the existing world data set. Our For the above reasons we have concentrated on a data analysis during 2002 has been focused on careful comprehensive analysis of our RPD and RMD reducing the systematic uncertainties, improving the data sets. We can account for the measured RPD and analysis of radiative pion (RPD) and muon (RMD) RMD data in all important kinematic aspects, such as decays, as well as expanding our analysis to include the reconstructed pion (or muon) mass, angular and the 2001 data set. Systematic uncertainties have been energy distributions, etc, with one important and reduced significantly in several ways. Most important, unexpected exception. While we find no discrepancies we have extracted a more accurate beam pion stopping from the Standard Model (SM) predictions in our distribution through the improved target tomography RMD measured distributions, we note a marked in data replay and in Monte Carlo simulations. An shortfall in the RPD yield. Such a result was hinted at example of the agreement of our data and GEANT by the ISTRA collaboration at IHEP, Protvino |2], simulations is presented in Fig. I which shows the though based on much lower event statistics than our energy spectrum in pion beta events for a 1999/2000 work. There was no way to accommodate the ISTRA data subset. The plot also demonstrates the low level result within the SM; it was noted that a small negative of background contamination in our data. tensor term in the Lagrangian could give rise to destructive interference producing the observed shortfall in the RPD yield. In a subsequent analysis Herczeg [3] could not rule out a small tensor form factor FT on the basis of the entire world data set on beta decays. Our preliminary analysis indicates FT=-0,0017±0.0001, about one third the size of that indicated in the ISTRA work. We are not accepting this result at face value and are searching vigorously for possible errors in data analysis routines and theoretical amplitudes used in the analysis. However, 300 in view of the remarkable precision demonstrated in the other analyzed decay channels, any such error must Fig. 1 Energy spectrum of 7t"s emitted in ;i+—>7r"e*v decays (dots) and the GEANT simulation (curve). be a subtle one. Our preliminary working result for the pion beta [1] The Particle Data Group, Phys. Rev. D 66(2002) decay branching ratio: [2] V.N.Bolotov, et al, Phys. Lett. B 243(1990)308 [ 1.044±0.007(stat)±0.009(syst)]x 10"8 [3] P.Herczcg, Phys. Rev. D 49( 1994)247 2.3 Nuclear Structure Effects in Macroscopic Description of Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions by L.Shvedov, J.Btocki, J.Wilczyiiski ! O : _l In order to study dynamical properties of nuclear representing the distance between two fragments, the iQ_ matter in the transition from low to intermediate neck degree of freedom, and the mass asymmetry. The energies, we have developed a macroscopic model of total potential energy of a di-nuclear system is taken as nucleus-nucleus collisions in which we solve classical the sum of the Coulomb energy (calculated for a equations of motion of the Lagrange-Rayleigh type realistic diffused charge distribution), and the nuclear with inclusion of dissipative forces. In this model, energy taken as the "Yukawa-plus-exponcntial" conservative forces are calculated in a 3-dimentional potential [1]. potential energy space of collective variables 42 Annual Report 2002 In our earlier work [2], we demonstrated that our Since the shell-correction energy and the ground- theoretical description of the potential energy in the state structure effects of two separated nuclei undergo mononuclear regime can be verified by calculating the a quick change in the transition region from the di- fission barriers and comparing them with the barrier nuclear to mononudcar regime, they are expected to heights deduced from experimental data. These significantly influence height of the entrance-channel comparisons have revealed essential role of shell fusion barrier. In the present study we compared the effects that have to be fully accounted for at the potential energy barriers predicted by our model with equilibrium configuration and attenuated with experimental values of the mean fusion barrier increasing deformation as proposed by Myers and deduced from precisely measured fusion excitation Swiatecki [3J. functions by using the method proposed by Rowley ct Recently we investigated the role of the shell- al. |4]. Results of this comparison show that our correction energy of two colliding nuclei when they theoretical model predicts the fusion barriers with merge together and form a di-nuclear system, or when good accuracy. It is interesting to note that the fusion the di-nuclear system rescparates into two fragments. barriers calculated with the proximity potential |5], in We observed also that considering those "merging" or which shell effects and other nuclear structural "scission" configurations, there is a question how to corrections are not accounted for, are higher by account for other than the shell-correction structural several MeV (see Fig. 1). effects (not present in our macroscopic description of the potential energy). By adjustment of the model- 130 calculated potential energy of the fused system to the 120 • experiment o this work ;MeV ) 1 exactly known ground-stale energy of the compound o 110 -"- "proxlmit/ potentia nucleus, and simultaneously, by adjustment of the >_ 100 model-calculated potential energy of two separated 90 ra nuclei at the infinite distance to the sum of the exactly ffl c 60 o known ground-state energies, we have introduced the A • nuclear structure correction term, 70 60 AQ - <2fUS,cm(our model) - 0,usion(exact), where Qfu5io,, is given by the difference of calculated (or exactly known) masses of the compound nucleus Mcn and two separated nuclei M\ and Mi, Fig. 1 Experimental values of the mean fusion barrier Bn 2 compared with predictions of this work (open circles) and QiUimn = (Mi +M2-Mal)c . theoretical barriers calculated with the proximity potential [51 The correction term AQ has to be added to the (triangles). calculated potential energy of the di-nuclear system [1] H.Krappe, J.R.Nix, A.J.Sierk, Phys. Rev. C 20 £(shape) and scaled by a factor/(shape), (1979)992 £cxac,(shape) = £(shape) + AQ /(shape), [21 L.Shvedov, J.BIocki, J.Wilczyiiski, Acta Phys. where /(shape) must be I for the I'uscd compound Pol. B33(2002)439 nucleus and 0 for two separated nuclei. In bclwcen, it [3] W.D.Myers, W.J.Swiatecki, Ark. Fys. 36 should smoothly change in the transition from the (1966)343 mononuclear to di-nuclear regime. We assumed that [4] N.Rowley, G.R.Satchler, P.H.Stelson, Phys. Lett. the formfactor / is scaled by the radius of the neck B254( 1991)25 between the two nuclei. [5] W.D.Myers, W.J.Swiatecki, Phys. Rev. C 62 (2000)044610 2.4 The TDM Method for Analysis of Measurements of Nuclear Levels Lifetimes by R.Kaczarowski !o Usually only first moment of time distribution complex system of several levels was developed and io obtained in delayed coincidence measurement is used incorporated into a computer program. The new in analysis of nuclear level lifetimes (centroid-shift method allows to avoid several obstacles characteristic is method). Less often the higher-order distribution for commonly used standard procedures. In particular, moments are used in the analysis and only for the no fitting procedure, which may introduce additional simplest case of one level decay [11. New application uncertainties, is required. of the Time Distribution Moments (TDM) method of Moments of a distribution p(x) relative to the analysis utilizing the higher-order moments of time origin of the .v-axis (x-0) are defined as distribution of the lowest y-transition deexciting a DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 43 k where new variable z=t-x has been defined. vt = jx p(x)dx/ jp(x)dx Noting, that the integral and so called central moments of distribution, x)tP{z)dz=v\"{x) calculated relative to the centroid position, are related to the moments defined earlier by formula is the k"' moment of a prompt distribution shifted to a point x and using the known dependence The respective formulae for calculations of p{x)dxl standard moments as well as central moments of time the general formula for the k'h moment of the distributions of the y-transilion deexciting the lowest convoluted distribution relative to the point x=() can level of the cascade of several nuclear levels have be obtained been derived. The cascade levels may have independent P-decay feeding intensities and different V,. = {x)R{x)dxl ''v" mean lifetimes. In the simplest case of only one excited level, the first three central moments for with Now the first three moments of the convoluted mean lifetime T^ are equal: distribution can be easily calculated as U|=0, U2=Tf and |I = 2TI" 3 c_ C C V| =V, V2 = V3 = | while the centroid of time distribution is given by and, consequently, the first three central moments well-known formula v, = t0 + T| , where t0 is position of the convoluted distribution are simply sums of the point /=0 on x-axis. c c p R c P R u, = 0, u2 = u2 + u2 and u3 = u3 4 u., However, due to the limited resolution of the used The TDM method allows for several useful detector and electronic equipment, the time applications. For example, the mean lifetime of the distribution C(x) measured in a real experiment is a nuclear level can be evaluated only on the basis of the convolution of time distribution R(t) of an original third central moment of the experimental distribution, decay and time distribution of prompt coincidences, if only prompt curve is symmetrical (odd-order P(x), and is given by moments are equal to zero), from the equation u c=u R = 2x,3 C(t) = P*T= jP(t-x)R(x)dx=jP(x)R(t-x)dx 3 3 without any prior knowledge of the prompt curve position and width [1]. Moreover, the unknown Moments of such convoluted distribution can be quantities (prompt position V|P and prompt width ap) calculated as can be now calculated from equations c k p c P C 2 I/2 v1 = v, -xl and O = (U2 -T, ) , vk = jt C(t)dt/ jC(t)dt = C c where V| and u.2 are, respectively, the centroid position and the second central moment of the = JV jP{t-x)R(x)dxdt/ JR(t)dt = experimental distribution C(x) and T| is the determined earlier mean lifetime of the level. JR(r)dt [1] "The electromagnetic interaction in nuclear spectroscopy", Ed. W.D.Hamilton, North-Holland Pub. Co., New York, 1975 2.5 The CQPC and TRS Model Calculations for 131La Nucleus by A.A.Wasilewski, W.A.PIociennik, Ch.Droste", E.Grodner", T.Morek0, J.Srebrny", R.Kaczarowski. M.Kisieliriski, A.Kordyasz , M.Kowalczyk.1.2), J.Kownacki2', A.A.Pasternak1', E.Ruchowska, and M.Wolihska-Cichocka21 |9 O Lifetimes of high-spin states in l3lLa were studied coupled either to the (A-1) even-even core (particle o at the Warsaw U200P cyclotron using the DSA states) or the (A+l) core (hole states). The quadrupole 3 method [1]. The E2 transition probabilities in the - quadrupole (q-Q) interaction between quasi-particle Q_ decoupled band of l3lLa have been determined. and core as well as the pairing interaction are included i;n into the model. To simplify the CQPC calculations the The properties of the negative-parity states in La l30 nucleus were interpreted in the framework of the Core single Ba core was used instead of two (A-1) and (A+l) cores. Two versions of calculations were Quasi-Particle Coupling model (CQPC) [2] where the IM odd-A nucleus is considered as a quasi-particle performed: a) all properties of the Ba core were 44 Annual Report 2002 calculated within Davydov-Filippov model and b) the curve B). It leads to conclusion that electromagnetic experimental values of the level energies and the properties of the ground state band in IMBa determine 6 - : 1 I---"" :_———^~C m 0.2 - 0.0 3 - 15/2" 19/2" 23/2" 27/2' 31/2" 35/2" 39/2" \[ti] 2 - Fig. 2 B(E2) values for the decoupled band in LllLa: full circles - data from our experiment [I], open circles - data from Rcl. |4| and calculated curves: (A) and (B) - see caption to Fig. I. (C) - results of the TRS calculations. 0 - Fig. 1 Comparison of the experimental decoupled band in '''La with the results of the CQPC model calculation. (A) - all properties [ I ] E.Grodner et al., SINS Ann.Rep. 2001, p.47 of the '"'Ba core were calculated within the Davydov-Filippov [2] F.D6naueffl/.,Z. Phys. A293(l979)3l model; (B) - experimental data for L'°Ba core together with some theoretical ones were used in the calculations as the inpul data (see [3] A.Davydov and G.Filippov, Nucl. Phys. 8 text). (1958)237 [4J N.V.Zamfir et al., Z. Phys. A 344(1002)21 The CQPC model calculations with the parameter values derived from the experimental noBa core give '' Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw much better agreement with experimental results (see University, Warsaw, Poland calculation results marked "B" in Figs. 1 and 2) than 21 Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University, with purely theoretical parameters (see results marked Warsaw, Poland "A" in Figs. 1 and 2). In particular, the dependence of 11 A.F.Joffe Physical Technical Institute RAS, the B(E2) values on spin / is quite well reproduced St. Petersburg, Russia although the theoretical values are systematically slightly lower than the experimental ones (Fig. 2, PL0400150 2.6 Lifetime Measurements of High-spin States in La using the DSA Method by E.Grodner", A.A.Pasternak21. Ch.Drostc'1, T.Morck'1, J.Srebrny11, M.Kisieliriski, M.Kowalczyk1"1', J.Kownacki3', R.Kaczarowski, J.Pcrkowskf, W.A.Ptociennik, E.Ruchowska, A.A.Wasilcwski, M.Wolihska-CichockaJ) Recent theoretical [1,2] and experimental 13,4] in the intrinsic frame of nucleus. In the laboratory works have attracted attention to the problem of frame it manifests itself as the presence of two chirality in atomic nuclei with odd numbers of protons rotational bands with nearly degenerated level energies and neutrons. In this case the total nuclear spin is and with the same parities. The study of the chiral twin composed of the valence proton and valence neutron bands is in its early stage. For example, no data on the momenta and angular momentum of the even-even lifetimes of members the chiral rotational bands are core. These three vectors can be mutually available despite the fact that such data carry perpendicular and coupled in two manners forming significant information on nuclear wave functions. systems (left- and right-handed) with opposite chirality DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE High-spin excited stales in n2La were populated in [2] V.I.Dimilriv ct al., Phys. Rev. Letter 84 (2000) the '~Sn(l4N,4n)l12La reaction al a beam energy of 70 5732 MeV. The beam was provided by the Warsaw U200P [31 K.Starosta cl al. Phys. Rev. Letters 86(2001 )97 I cyclotron. The l22Sn target was 10 ing/cm" thick. [4] K.Starosta ct al. Phys. Rev. C 65(2002)044328 Data were sorted off-line into several y-y matrices containing events from a specified detector on one " Nuclear Physics Division, IEP, Warsaw axis, and events from all remaining detectors on the University, Warsaw, Poland second. The matrices were used for lifetime "' Cyclotron Laboratory. A.F. loffe Physical evaluation. Lifetimes of four levels were determined Technical Institute, St. Petersburg. Russia from the preliminary y-linc shape analysis taking into '' Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw University, account reaction kinematics, the dccxcilation process Poland 41 of compound nuclei, the slowing-down process of Nuclear Spectroscopy Department, TEP, Warsaw recoils and geometry of the experimental setup. University, Warsaw, Poland M Department of Physics, University of Lodz, Poland 11 ] S.Frauendorf and J.Mcng, Nucl. Phys. A 617 (1997)131 PL0400151 2.7 Measurement of Lifetimes in the Sub-nanosecond Range of the Excited States in 147Pr by W.A.Plociennik, E.Ruchowska. H.Mach^and B.Fogclberg" The neutron-rich N7Pr nucleus lies in the region of extracted from fission products using the OSIRIS mass heavy Ba-Sm, which attracts a strong scientific interest separator. since it is one of two regions in the chart of nuclidcs The experiment consisted of two parts. In the first where one expects the presence of stable octupole pan, lifetime measurements of the excited slates in deformation. Theoretical calculations performed in the I4/Pr have been performed using the Advanced Time frame of the shell-correction method with axially Delayed (3yy(t) method [1,21. The experimental setup deformed Woods-Saxon potential, predict for l47Pr a included a plastic NE1 11A P detector and BaF2 and considerable octupole deformation (p, =0.10) already HPGe y-detectors. About 7.5x10(l triple coincident in its ground state (sec Fig I). Crucial for the nuclear event have been gathered during 5 days of shape determination is information on the lifetimes of measurements. nuclear levels. As a consequence measurements of lifetimes in the ps region of the low-lying states in Despite poor energy resolution of the BaF2 spectra, l47Pr, including states of parity opposite to that of the the observed coincidences raised questions about the ground slate (e.g. level at 362 kcV), have been carried previously determined level scheme of Pr [3.4]. out for the first lime. Thus we have performed a second experiment, where the Multi-Spectra Singles (MSS) and yy coincidences 'Pr have been measured using an experimental setup, which included one LEP detector and two HPGe detectors with efficiencies of about 80% and 30'/r. Data analysis of both experiments is still in progress. MO MO 7-10 3 ft 0 - Level 93.2 keV 2 T,,2= I 85(8)ps io : JO -4.25 -0 20 -fl IS -0 10 -4 04 -400 OOi 0 10 0 1* 020 Q2S 0 30 P, u O1: ll ^ \Nli Fig. 1 Potential energy surface calculated for the K=5/2 bandhead /l\/ \i rX ! A 1 J I i ji| configuration. i l47 11 The excited stales in Pr were populated in the p~ 0°.' ['1 \ l47 l47 -1000 0 1000 2000 300U decay of Ce. The P~ decay chain leading to Ce Time (ps) started from i47Cs nuclei, which were produced in the 3 Fig. 2 Time-delayed fiyyO) spectrum for the 93.2 keV level Gales l'ission reaction of ~ U induced by the thermal were set on ihc 269 keV transition in Ge detector and the 90 4 keV neutrons from the R2-0 reactor at Sludsvik and were plus 93.2 kcV transitions in BaFi detector. 46 Annual Report 2002 In the fast timing experiment, more than 50 time- [2] M.Moszyiiski et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 277 delayed spectra were sorted in the off-line analysis. (1989)407 The preliminary half-life of Ti =185 ± 8 ps (see [3] P.F.Mantica et al. Phys. Rev C48(1993)1579 /; lh Fig. 2) has been established for 93.17 keV state. This [4] R.B.Firestone, Table of Isotopes, 8 Edition: value is almost two orders of magnitude lower than update 1999 T./,= 12 ns previously reported [4]. 1' Department of Radiation Science, Uppsala University, 611 82 Nykoping, Sweden [1] H.Mach et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A280( 1989)49 2.8 Lifetime Measurements of the Excited States in 147.Nd by E.Ruchowska, W.A.Ptociennik, H.Mach1' and B.Fogelberg" PL0400152 The l47Nd nucleus lies close to the center of the and HPGe y-detectors. Fast timing information was octupole collective region in heavy lanthanides. obtained from the coincidences between the P and the Octupole deformation (3i=0.10 is predicted already in BaF2 detectors while an additional coincidence with the ground state of this nucleus (see Fig. I). We have the Ge detector was used to select the desired y-ray studied selected properties of the excited states in cascade. About 2.3x106 triple coincident events were 147Nd in order to determine the nature of quadrupole collected during the measurement. and octupole correlations in this nucleus, via In the off-line analysis nearly 80 time-delayed measurements of its quadrupole moments Qo and spectra have been extracted from the LIST mode data. dipole moments Do, and to verify theoretical Preliminary results include half-lives of 8I4±II3 ps predictions concerning the shape of this nucleus. and of 389+20 ps (see Fig. 2) for the two lowest excited states in 147Nd with energies of 50 keV and 128 keV, respectively. The first value should be compared with half-lives of 2.5±0.5 ns [5] and 1.0±0.3 ns [2] reported earlier for the 50 keV level. For the 128 keV level half-lives of =0.8 ns [5] and 0.4±0.1 ns [2] have been reported earlier. The data analysis is in progress. Level 128 keV 641 keV - 78 keV 2 -0J0 -0.25 -OJ0 4.15 -0.ID -0.05 -0.00 0.05 0.1(1 0.15 OJO 0.25 0JO 10 -. 389(20) ps Fig. 1 Potential energy surface calculated for the K =1/2 ground state configuration in l47Nd using the Strutinski macroscopic- microscoprc method with the ax/a//y deformed Woods-Saxon 10 -. potential. Excited states in l47Nd were populated in the P- 147 10 decay of Pr, which was obtained via the chain of P- -1000 1000 2000 3000 decays starting from M7Cs. The l47Cs nuclei were Time (ps) produced in the fission reaction of "'U induced by the Fig. 2 Time-delayed (3yy(t) spectrum for the 128 keV level thermal neutrons from the R2-0 reactor at Studsvik obtained with gates set on the 641 keV transition in Ge detector and on the 78 keV transition in BaF: detector. and were extracted from the fission products with the OSIRIS mass separator. [I] R.B.Firestone, Table of Isotopes, Eighth Edition: 147 Two experiments have been performed for Nd. Update 1999, Wiley Interscience CDROM In the first of them y-ray singles, MSS and yy Edition, 1999 coincidences measurements have been carried out. [2] M.Shibata et al., J.Phys.Soc.Jap. 62( 1993)87 Experimental setup consisted of two HPGe detectors [31 H.Mach et al., NucI.Instr.Meth. A280( 1989)49 with efficiencies of 30% and 807c and of one LEP [4] M.Moszyiiski et al., NucI.Instr.Meth. A277 detector. The aim of these measurements was to clarify (1989)407 l47 ambiguities in the published Nd level schemes [1,2]. [5] E.Hammaren et al, Nucl.Phys. A339( 1980)465 In the second experiment lifetime measurements using the Advanced Time Delayed pyy(t) method [3,4] 11 Department of Radiation Sciences, Uppsala have been performed. The ex-pcrimental setup University, 611 82 Nykoping, Sweden consisted of the NE111A p detector and of the BaF2 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE PL0400153 47 2.9 The B(M1) Transition Probabilities in J49H?r¥ a by A.A.Wasilewski, R.Kaczarowski. H.Mach", B.Fogelberg", L.M.Frailc21, H.Gausemcl1', K.Gulda"1 W.Kurcewicz 4' A.Lindrolh'1, W.A.Plociennik, E.Ruchowska and M.Sanchez-Vega" Lifetimes of the excited levels in the l49Pm nucleus framework of the Nilsson model for the B(MI) values obtained from the l49Nd—»M9Pm P-dccay have been deduced for transition deexciting the l/2+, 388.7 keV + studied using the OSIRIS on-line fission-product mass level to the 188.6 keV level assuming the 3/2 [422]g7/2 separator at the R2-0 reactor in Studsvik, Sweden. The configuration of the final state. Only in this case an + preliminary half-life values and limits obtained for the assumption of the 3/2 [4l I \di/2 final stale excited levels in l49Pm have been already reported [ I]. configuration gives better agreement with ihe The half-lives obtained for the levels 9/2+ at experimental value of the B(M1). 288.2 keV, 7/2+ at 360.0 keV and 5/2+ at 396.8 kcV allowed to deduce the experimental B(M1) values Table 1 The selected B(M1) values in l49Pm which arc in agreement with those calculated for the respective intraband Ml transitions, thus confirming Ey B(MI),xp B(M1),,,,, Transition these levels as members of the rotational bands buill (keV) l^2| + + + on the 7/2 [404], 5/2 [402| and 3/2 [422J 9/2,7/2+[404]^ configurations, respectively. Preliminary value of Tj/2 7/2.7/2+[404] 288.2 0.024(9) 0.04 r" obtained for the 7/2+, 425.3 keV level and the resulting 7/2..V2+[402]— B(MI) value also suggest that this level is the first + 245.7 0.352"' 5/2,5/2 f402] >0.l0(5) member of the rotational band buih on the + 5/2 |413]gv/2 bandhcad state at the excitation energy of 5/2,3/2+[422]^ + 208.1 0.049(12) 0.07(V" 21 1.3 keV. 3/2.3/2 [422| For the two intraband Ml transitions, the 5/2,5/2+[4O2J-> + + + + 114.3 0.0056(2) 0.0040 245.7 keV, 7/2 ^5/2 in the 5/2 [4O21d5/2 rotational 7/2.7/2 [404| band and the 208.1 keV, 5/2+^3/2+, in the + 3/2,3/2+[422J-* 3/2 [422]g7/2 rotational band, a considerably better 5/2,5/2+[4()2] 74.3 0.0022(6) 0.0073 agreement between calculated and deduced B(MI) values is obtained for the values derived in the ,V2,3/2+|422|-» 0.0021 framework of the pseudo-Nilsson model involving the 5/2.5/2*"[402J 282.5 0.0034(8) concept of the pseudospin [2]. In the latter case very 5/2..V2+[4l31-> good agreement with theoretical calculations within 97.0 0.025(3) 0.0187 5/2.5/2+[4021 pseudo-Nilsson model (see Table I) leads to the new + + configuration assignment 3/2 [422]g7/2 (equivalent of 7/2..V2 [4I3]^ + 310.9 0.021(16) 0.0056 the 3/2+[3~2~l~], f in the pseudospin picture) for the S/2,S/2 [4()2] + 188.6 keV level instead the old 3/2 [4 I I ld,/2 5/2,5/2+[4l31-» assignment suggested by syslematics of s.p. levels in 7/2.7/2+1404] 211.3 0.037(4) 0.083 1 this region of nuclei. This new assignment is also supported by the measured B(M1) limit and value for 1/2,1/2+141 !]-> 198.9 0.009(3) 0.1806 two intcrband transitions deexciting the 396.8 kcV 3/2.3/2+[4221 level with newly found T|/2=53(I5) ps, namely the + + + + 1 36.7 keV, 5/2 ,3/2 [4221 g7/2 -* 7/2 ,5/2 [402] d5/2 values calculated using pseudonilsson model + + and the 282.5 keV, 5/2\3/2 [422]g7/2 -> 5/2 |402|ds/2 transitions and by the B(M1) value deduced for the + + 74.3 keV, 3/2 L422Jg7/2 -> 5/2 [402|dv, intcrband [1] A.Wasilewski et al., SINS Ann. Rep. 2001, p.43 transition deexciling the 188.6 keV level. [2] A.E.Stuchbery, Nucl.Phys. A 700(2002)83 It is worth to note that in the Nilsson model the values of g factors for the 3/2+[422] and 3/2+[41 1] K '' Department of Radiation Sciences, Uppsala configurations, equal to 0.56 and 1.73, respectively, University, S61 1-82 Nykoping, Sweden are quite different while in the pseudonilsson model 2) Dept. of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box these values for the respective pseudo-spin 1033, Blindcrn, N-0315 Oslo, Norway configurations, 3/2+[J~2~/~J and 3/2+[3~F2~], become 3) Instituto de Estructura de la Matcria, CSIC, quite similar, namely 1.10 and 1.32, respectively, Serrano 113bis, E-28006 Madrid, Spain suggesting that properties of these levels become 41 Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw similar in the pseudonilsson model. University, 00-68 I Warsaw, Poland Poor agreement between the calculated and experimental B(MI) values is obtained in the 48 PL0400154 Annual Report 2002 2.10 Structure of Th via the Lifetime Measurements of the Low-lying States by E.Ruchowska, W.A.Pfociennik, J.Zylicz", H.Mach21, A.Agora31, N.Amzal4', T.Back51, R.Boutami6'. P.A.Butler41, J.Cederkall7', B.Cederwall3', B.Fogclberg2', L.M.Fraile7', H.Fynbo7),E.Hagebo8', P.HoffS). H.GausemelK), A.Jungclaus'", R.Kaczarowski, A.Kerek51, W.Kurcewicz",K.Lagergren'), E.Nacher31, B.Rubio3', A.Syntfeld", O.Tengblad61, A.A.Wasilewski, L.Weisman71 and the ISOLDE Collaboration Lifetime measurements of the excited states in Several sets of the triple coincident Pyy(t) time- 229Th have been performed using the Advanced Time delayed spectra from gates set on the beta, Ge and 229 Delayed Pyy(t) method [1,2] in which the fast timing BaF2 detectors have been sorted for Th in the off- information is derived from the coincidences between line analysis. An example of a time-delayed spectrum a thin NE111A P and small BaF2 y detectors, while an for the 5/2" level at 146 keV is shown in Fig. 1. The additional coincidence with the Ge detector is used to half-life of 331 ±22 ps obtained for this level agrees select the desired y cascade. very well with the half-life value of 336±1O ps The excited states in 229Th were populated in the p- reported earlier in Ref. [3]. decay of 229Ac, which was obtained via the chain of p- The half-life of the 146 keV level yields B(E1) decays starting from the 229Fr isotope. The 229Fr nuclei value of 2.01 xlO4 e2fm2 for the 146 keV AK=0 were produced in the spallation reaction of 2'SU transition and values of 3.25x10"4 and 1.81x10"4 e~im~ induced by the 1.4 GeV protons from the PS booster at for the 74 keV and 117 keV AK=1 transitions, 229 CERN. The Fr activity, extracted from the respectively. These rather fast El transitions suggest spallation reaction products by the High Resolution octupole softness of the 229Th nucleus in the 5/2" state. Mass Separator (HRS) at ISOLDE, was implanted This is supported by theory, which predicts octupole onto an aluminium foil. After about 40 min of softness for the lowest 5/2" single particle irradiation and 30 min of cooling time, the almost pure configuration with the 5/2[752] and 5/2[732] main 29 activity of ~ Ac deposited on the foil was placed in components (see Fig. 2) justifying placement of the the center of an experimental setup which consisted of 229Th nucleus at the border of the collective oclupole a 3 mm thick NEJ 11A p detector, two BaF2 detectors region in actinides. (in the shape of truncated cones with the height of 2.5 cm each) and two HPGe detectors (with efficiencies of about 40% and 70%, respectively). Triple coincident p-Ge-Ge and p-Ge-BaF2(t) events have been collected. Two sets of experiments have been performed for 229Th in which similar sets of BaF: and Ge detectors have been used. In first one, ten 229Ac sources were used and nearly 3.7x106 coincident events have been 229 collected. In the second experiment, fifteen Ac O.IK sources have been used and nearly 8.4x106 coincident events have been collected. Time response calibrations of the BaFi detectors were performed on-line using -0.30 -0.23 -0.20 -0.1! -0.10 -0.05 -0J>0 0.05 0.10 0.15 Oil) 025 DM l38Cs and off-line with a mixed 140Ba plus l40La source. Fig. 2 Potential energy surface calculated for the K"=5/2" configuration in "9Th using the Strutinski macroscopic- Level 146 keV BaF2 microscopic method with the axially deformed Woods-Saxon 423 keV-117/146 keV potential. [1] H.Mach et al., Nucl.Instr.Meth. A28O( 1989)49 T.,,= 331(22) ps [2] M.Moszynski et al., Nucl.Instr.Meth. A277 (1989)407 [3] K.Gulda et al., Nucl.Phys. A703(2002)45 IEP, Warsaw University, Poland ISV, Uppsala University, Studsvik, Sweden -1000 1000 2000 3000 IFIC, Valencia, Spain Time (ps) 4) University of Liverpool, United Kingdom S) KTH, Stockholm, Sweden 6) Fig. 1 Time-delayed PyyU) spectrum for the 146 keV level CSIC, Madrid, Spain obtained with gates set on the 423 keV y transition in Ge detector 7) CERN, Geneva, Switzerland and on the 117 and 146 keV y transitions in the BaFi detector. 8) University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE PL0400155 49 2.11 High-resolution Study of Kp X-ray Spectra of Mid-Z Atoms Bombarded with 20 MeV/amu 12C Ions by J.Rzadkiewicz, D.Chmielewska, Z.Sujkowski, M.Berset1*, J.-Cl.Dousse1* Y.P.Maillard0, O.Mauron", P.A.Raboud", J.Hoszowska2', M.Polasik", M.Pajek4' The KP spectra of J0Zr, 4iNb, 42Mo and 4f)Pd targets bombarded by 20.8 MeV / amu carbon ions 900 - were measured with a transmission-type bent crystal spectrometer operated in the modified DuMond slit geometry [1]. The M-shell satellites of the KP: transition could be well resolved, whereas for the K(3| 3 transitions only a broadening and shift of the line ccntroid was observed (see fig. 1.). The satellite lines 19920 19950 19980 200 10 20040 consist of many unresolved components that vary in Energy [e V] energy and strength. They were analyzed using Fig. 2 Fit of the KP2M' satellite line based on separate 3s,p theoretical energies and relative intensities obtained (dashed line) and 3d (dotted line) subshell ionization probabilities. from multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations [2]. The solid represents the sum of the two subshell contributions. From this second stage of the analysis, the average 1B000 900 M|,n in (table 2) and Mrv.v (table 3) subshell ioni/.aiion probabilities were determined. The SCA-DHF 12000 600 £ theoretical predictions of the M-subshell ionization probabilities are in good agreement with the 6000 300 experimental values in contrast to the SCA-HYD ones. All the calculations were done for the impact parameter b=500 fm. 19600 19700 19800 19960 20000 20040 Energy (eV) Energy (eV) Fig. 1 The (a) K(3i,i and (b) K[i2 spectra ol _i:Mo. The doited line Table 2 Experimental and calculated M,n Nrsubshell corresponds to the experimental points and the solid one ionization probabilities. corresponds to the fit. Element Experiment SCA-HYD SCA-DHF The average M1 satellite yields relative to the KP2 4oZr 0.052(12) 0.010 0.036 diagram line have been determined. The average M- 4|Nb 0.039(16) 0.010 0.035 shell ionization probabilities were extracted. The 42M0 0.042(14) 0.011 0.034 experimental values are compared in table I with the 4 ,Pd 0.033(17) 0.011 0.034 theoretical predictions based on the scmiclassical f approximation model with the hydrogenlike wave functions (SCA-HYD) and Dirac-Hartree-Fock wave Table 3 E xperimental and calculated M|V.v-subshcll functions (SCA-DHF). ionization probabilities. Element Experiment SCA-HYD SCA-DHF Table 1 Experimental and calculated average M-shell 4oZr 0.048(9) 0.010 0.045 ionization probabilities. 4,Nb 0.052(14) 0.010 0.043 Element Experiment SCA- SCA - DHF 42Mo 0.048(11) 0.011 0.042 HYD 0.047(10) 0.011 0.045 4oZr 0.054(11) 0.010 0.041 4*Pd 4|Nb 0.052(14) 0.010 0.039 42Mo 0.050(9) 0.011 0.039 [ 1 ] B.Perny et al., NIM A 267( 1988) 120 0.047(7) 0.011 0.040 [2] M.Polasik, Phys. Rev. A 52(1995)227 [3] J.Rzadkiewicz et al., NIM A, in press Moreover, thanks to the clear separation between :) 1 Physics Department, University of Fribourg, the Kp2M° and KP2M lines, the experimental shape of CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland the satellite transition could be well reproduced with 2) European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, the sum of two MCDF profiles corresponding 0 F-38043, Grenoble Cedex, France respectively to the KpNM'uun and Kp2L M'iv,v 3> Faculty of chemistry, Nicholas Copernicus satellites [3]. The MCDF profiles of the two subshell University, 87-IOOTorun, Poland satellites are represented in Fig. 2 (dashed and dotted 41 Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, lines). 25-509, Kielce, Poland 50 PL0400156 Annual Report 2002 2.12 Analysis of Air Pollution in Gdansk Region by J.Wojtkowska, M.Kowalski, Z.Moroz", B.Myslek-Laurikainen, M.Sowiriski, K.Szymanska" The analysis of air pollution in the Gdansk region The results of the measurements from 1999 up to including towns Gdansk. Sopot, Gdynia was carried September of 2002 were used to obtain average values out using data from 9 monitoring stations belonging to for different time intervals: (hours, days, weeks, company ARMAAG located in the region. The data weekend, months, seasons) of the impurities sources of the concentration in the air of SO2. NO, concentrations as well as some dependence between NO2. NG\, CO, CO2 and dust were used for the them and other measured parameters. They were analysis. processed with the program SEZAM which can Monitoring stations measure the impurities every average the measured data over arbitrary chosen half hour all the year. Simultaneously such parameters periods. Seasonal dependence of pollution was as wind velocity and direction, pressure, temperature analyzed and shown at Fig. 1. and humiditv are recorded. 234567B9 10 11 12 13 0 1C Gdansk, Summer 2001 Gdansk, Winter 2001 -HC Gdansk. Summer 2001 Gdansk. Winter 2001 Fig. 1 The examples of summer and winter average distribution of SOi, NO2 lor Gdansk region for year 2001 in pg/m . The numbers indicate the monitoring stations location. " The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, ARMAAG - Agency of Regional Monitoring of Swierk and Technical Univ. of Biatvstok, Poland Gdansk, Poland 2.13 Monitoring of Ground-level Air Pollution in the Vicinity of Swierk in 2002 r 10 by B.Myslek-Laurikainen, M.Matul, S.Mikorajewski, H.Trzaskowska, Z.Preibisz o o Since 1991 the monitoring of ground-level S. Kalinowski Geophysical Observatory of the !S radioactive air pollution has been carried out using the Institute of Geophysies of Polish Academy of Science, aerosol sampling station ASS-500 situated at the DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 51 This station belongs to national network of ASS- decreasing character (Fig. 2) but at the end of 500 stations supervised by Central Laboratory for December 2002 the dust concentration of 191 .(.ig/m radiological Protection. The sampling and was registered caused most probably by severe winter measurement procedures were described in SINS and dramatic increase of use of the domestic stoves for Annual Reports 1992-93. house heating. Some increase of i37Cs concentration 10000, up to 20,69uB/m3 (Fig. 1) was due to the peatland fires of large territories in Ukraine, Byelorussia and eastern Poland and to the steady East Wind during lew weeks. 1UUUT 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 Nr week Fig. 1 The concentration of 7Be, 3"'Pb, 4I1K and "7Cs radionuclides in ground-level air at the Svvidcr sampling station in 2002. 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002 The weekly concentrations of radionuclides of years natural and antropogenic origin are presented at Fig. 1. The weekly dust concentration shows in general some Fig. 2 The weekly dustiness in air in 1991 -2002. 2.14 The Aerosol Sampling Station AZA-1000 at Polish Polar Station at Horsund in Svalbord I co by S.Mikolajewski, M.Matul, H.Trzaskowska, B.Mystek-Laurikainen, P.Rakowski1* In June 2002 an aerosol sampling station in (c.g for Poland), one can expect totally different IS Horsund was installed for measurements of distribution of radionuclides of cosmic origin like Be. iS radionuclidcs concentration in arctic air. The preliminary results of dust and radionuclide concentrations are shown at Fig. 1 a., b. 7 "X77* The comparison of Be concentration measured by AZA 2000 station (closest to the North Pale) with available older results for 3 other stations placed at Greenland and Alaska is illustrated at Fig. 2. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Fig. la Comparison of dust concentration measurement in Swider and in Hornsund. • 7Be *~*-~jr 210Pb • 40K "•—137a • '• Fig. 2 Monthly 7Be concentrations for different sampling stations 21 J» 30 31 3! 33 34 35 » ]7 31 39 41 42 « 44 4! 46 47 placed in Alaska, Greenland and Hornsund (the latter one is closest Nr. weeks to the North Pole). Fig. lb Radionuclide concentration in Hornsund. Due to the Earth magnetic field distribution and because of polar climate condition dramatically Polish Polar Station, Hornsund different to those in medium geographical latitudes 52 Annual Report 2002 2.15 Photon Needle (PhN) Brachytherapy of Brain Tumors by M.Stapa. W.Stras, M.Snopck, M.Talejko. M.Traczyk. J.Kucharski PL0400159 In 2001 the targeted R&D project entitled "Set-up Within the reported year: for brachytherapy of brain tumors based on the photon • quality of the PhN test tubes has been needle X-ray generator" was started. Development significantly improved works were continued through 2002. At present the • two PhN test generators have been manufactured set-up consists of a minimum gear necessary for • spectrometric circuits of the biachythciapy brachytherapy of brain tumors by means of PhN- treatment monitoring detector have been designed produced X-rays. The set-up makes possible to: and manufactured • receive spatial distributions of X-ray dose-rates • components of the dosemcter suitable for (such distributions are indispensable for comprehensive characterization o1 PhN generators brachytherapy treatment planning) have been assembled, a calibration method has • define geometry of the treatment with high been developed, preliminary irradiations of the accuracy Gafchromic foils have been done, work on • control the treatment procedure in real-time software for determining the spatial distributions • develop proper technology of conducting the of X-ray dose-rates has been advanced treatment procedure. • developmental works on the final design of the Eight tasks are currently under way within the PhN tube and on the holder fixing the tube to the project framework: steicotactic frame have been started 1. Adjusting the PhN tube design and • measurements of the X-ray beam spatial manufacturing technology to the requirements of distributions, X-ray doses, and screening medical applications. coefficients of the magnetic shields used in the 2. Adjusting the PhN power supply design and PhN have been started. manufacturing technology to the requirements of The targeted R&D project is accomplished in medical applications. cooperation with physicians of Neurosurgcry Clinics lh 3. Designing and manufacturing a brachytherapy of the 10 Military Clinic Hospital in Bydgoszcz treatment monitoring detector. (Poland). In 2002 the results have been published in: 4. Designing a dosemeter suitable for [1] M.SIapa, W.Stras, M.Traczyk, M.Snopek, comprehensive characterization of PhN W.Drabik, ct al., Nukleonika 47, 3(2002)101 generators. [2] M.Stapa, J.Kucharski, M.Snopek, W.Stras, 5. Assembling materials and sub-assemblies M.Talejko, M.Traczyk, et al., Proceedings of the necessary to manufacture PhN generators. Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, 6. Furnishing the PhN brachytherapy set-up with a Agriculture and Environmental Protection, suitable stereotactic frame. Warsaw, April 17,2002 7. Designing and manufacturing a PhN tube holder [3] M.Stapa, W.Stras, M.Traczyk, et al., Proceedings fixing it to the stereotactic frame. of the Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine, 8. Developing the technology of conducting the Agriculture and Environmental Protection, treatment procedure. Warsaw, April 17,2002 2.16 Effect of the Fine Energy Structure in Recorded Spectrum on Properties of Parallel-plate Avalanche Counters at Moderate Specific Ionization by J.Sernicki The limits of energy resolution of the avalanche It should be noted that the investigation of counter are determined by the fluctuations of the proportional counters proved unambiguous influence Is charge generated in the ionization process.. However, of the complex structure of radiation energy on the ia. additional factors including also the fine energy parameters of this detector [1,2]. It has been shown structure of the radiation emitted by the source can that the coordinate of the recorded spectrum peak (Em) demonstrate a crucial effect on the resolution of differs appreciably from the actual mean energy (Eo) conventional counter. lost in the detector. While, just the energy Eo is usually Limited resolution of avalanche counter causes accepted as the coordinate of the spectral line peak some spectral lines to be recorded as a single spectral The analysis of complex spectral distributions line. Thus, the quantity FWHMC determined in this including six most probable values of a-particlc wav characterizes a widened distribution. energy emitted by 24lAm was the aim of this DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 53 investigation. It was performed lo estimate the effect that (he fine energy structure of the detected particle of such fine energy structure of the recorded spectrum spectrum is not a decisive factor with respect to the on the properties of parallel-plate avalanche counter spectrometric properties of the PPAC under test in an (PPAC) [3]. The analysis was related lo the varieties environment of moderate specific ionization. of plateau of energy resolution of PPAC with 10000 d = 0.2 cm [4] under conditions of defined specific 5 Torr 10 Torr ionization in n-heptanc [5|. i" 15 Torr •— 8000 20 Torr 1,0010 b 25 Torr 30 Torr • 5 Torr • 10 Torr FWHNI=2.35c E OJ Oi5Torr A20Torr roodsJ- A25Torr >C30Torr 4000 3000 1,0000 4001 8001 12001 16001 20001 24D01 FWHMC [eV] 0,9995 1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 (jx10 [eV] Fig. 2 Dependence between the hall-width of a complex spectral line (FWHM ) and the standard deviation ot a single spectral line. Fig. 1 Ralio of (he energy corresponding to spectrum maximum to the mean energy vs. standard deviation (o) of a single spectral line. —<^— d=0.2 cm — -• — d=0.2 cm corrected It could be seen that the normalized energy distributions in the spectral lines under investigation are functions whose mean values are practically equal to the respective values of energy Em (fig. 1); the m UJ maximum value for the difference in the investigated > range of changes of a was 0.01%. This means that the xa 40 energy Em - for the PPAC under investigation - can be approximated by means of the known energy E in the LU o 20 n-heptane pressure range under test without restraint. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 The curves presented in fig. 2 provide means for P [TorrJ correcting the spectrum due lo the complex structure of the radiation emitted by the source. The width Fig. 3 Mean value of the PPAC energy resolution in plaleau range FWHMC of the spectral distribution was determined vs. n-heptane vapour pressure. with an error not greater than 1 cV. The energy Em was determined with a similar accuracy loo. The presented [ I ] Z.Pawlowski. J.Walentek, Nukleonika XV, curves are linear functions lying just below the 56(1970)463 FWHM line corresponding to the Gauss distribution. 12] J.Sernicki, Post. Fiz. Med. XIII, 3( 1978) 149 This means that if the Gauss distribution of energy is [31 J.Sernicki, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 212(1983)195 assumed for the complex spectral lines of a perfect [4] J.Sernicki, Annual Report 2001 SINS, p.49 PPAC detector, the error would be negligible. The [5] J.Sernicki, Annual Report 2000 SINS, p.49 corrected values of averaged energy resolution within the plateau width differ from the experimental data by not more than 0.3% (fig. 3). Thus, we can conclude 54 Annual Reporl 2002 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS EFFECT OF L- AND M-SUBSHELL IONIZAT1ON ON THE K X-RAY DIAGRAM AND HYPERSATELITE LINES OF CADMIUM J.Kzadkiewicz, D.Chmielewska, Z.Sujkowski et al. Ada Phys. Pol. B3S(2002)415 ON THE EXISTENCE OF NEUTRINO-LESS DOUBLE ELECTRON CAPTURE TRANSITIONS Z.Sujkowski and S.Wycech Ada Pins. Pol. B33(2002H71 CALCULATIONS OF FISSION BARRIERS WITH DEFORMATION-DEPENDENT ATTENUATION OF SHELL CORRECTIONS L.Shvcdov, J.BIocki, .I.Wilczynski Ada Pin*. Pol. B33{2002)439 CAN WE PREDICT CAPTURE- AND FUSION EXCITATION FUNCTIONS? K.Siwek-Wilczyriska, E.Siemaszko, J.Wilczyriski Ada Phys. PoLB33(2002)45l MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS FOR ANKE EXPERIMENTS I.Zychor Ada Pins. Pol. B33(2OO2)52I THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS FACTORS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN SOME ASTERCEAE AND APIACEAE PLANTS K.Wierzchowska- Renke, B.Myslek-Laurikainen. k Glowniak. M.MatuI Herba Polonica XLVIII(2OO2)2 PARTICLE IDENTIFICATION METHOD IN THE CsI(Tl) SCINTILLATOR USED FOR THE CHIMERA An DETECTOR M.AIderishi J.Wilczynski et al. (REVERSE1 Collaboration) Nucl. Insir. Melh. A4H9(2002)257 MASS AND CHARGE IDENTIFICATION OF FRAGMENTS DETECTED WITH THE CHIMERA SILlCON-CsI(TI) TELESCOPES N.Lc Neindre,..., J.Wilczyriski et al. ('REVERSE' Collaboration) Nud. Insir. Melh. A490(2002)251 IDENTIFICATION OF K* - MESONS FROM SUBTHRESHOLD pA COLLISIONS WITH ANKE AT COSY - JULICH M.Bueschcr,..., I.Zychor Nucl. Insir. Melh. A4fiI(2002)378 STUDY OF u'Ce LEVELS POPULATED IN THE P DECAY OF N''La AND SIGNATURE SPLITTING OF THE NEUTRON A.Synfeld, H.Mach. R.Kaczarowski, W.Kurcewicz, W.PIociennikel al. Nucl. Pliys. A7IO(2OO2)22I X-RAY TUBE WITH NEEDLE-LIKE ANODE M.SIapa. W.Stras. M.Traczyk, J.Dora, M.Snupck, R.Gutowski. W.Drabik Nitklennika 47(2002)101 ENERGY DEPENDENT KL DOUBLE PHOTO1ONIZATION OF ARGON P.A.Raboud J.Rzadkiewicz Phys.Rev.A65(2OO2)625O3 FUSION BY DIFFUSION W.J Swialecki, K.Siwck-Wilczyhska. J.Wilczynski Ada PIIY.I. Pol. B (in prey:) POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACE IN NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS CORRECTED FOR EXACT NUCLEAR MASSES L.Shvedov, J.BIocki, .I.Wilczynski. Ada Pins. Pol. B (in /tress) BARRIER DISTRIBUTIONS AND SYSTEMATICS OF FUSION- AND CAPTURE CROSS SECTIONS K.Siwek-Wilczyiiska. I.Skwira. J.Wilczynski. Ada Pins. Pol. B (in press) OBSERVATION OF L X-RAY (HYPER)-SATELLITE EXCITED IN COLLISIONS OF O AND NE IONS WITH M1D-Z ATOMS M.Czarnoia,.... D.Chmiclewska, J.Kzadkicwicz,..., Z.Sujkowski Nucl. Inslrum. Methods B (in press i DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 55 PROBABILITIES FOR M-SUBSHELL IONIZATION IN NEAR-CENTRAL COLLISIONS OF 20 MEV/AMU CARBON IONS WITH Mo ATOMS J.Rzadkiewicz, D.Chniielcwska, Z.Sujkowski cl al. Nucl. lustrum. Methods B (in press) PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS NEUTRINO-LESS DOUBLE ELECTRON CAPTURE: A TOOL TO DETERMINE THE NEUTRINO MAJORANA MASS Z.Sujknwski (invited talk) Proc. Of the XL International Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics, Universila Degli Studi tli Milano, Riceica Scienlifita eil Fxhtcauonc Pcrnianente. Suppleiuenio. p.347 RADIATIVE NEUTRINO-LESS DOUBLE ELECTRON CAPTURE- A TOOL OF THE MAJORANA NEUTRINO DETERMINATION Z.Sujkowski (invited talk) XVI International Baldin Seminar on High Energy Physics Problems. Rclalivislic Nuclear Physics Quantum Chroinodvnanut \. Dubna, Russia. June 2002 NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY - EXPERIMENTUM CRUCIS OF NEUTRINO PHYSICS Z.Sujkowski (invited talk) Trends in Nuclear Physics, Zakopane. September 2002. Proceedings of the Conference (in press) HIGH ENERGY ATOMIC PHYSICS OF ASTROPHYS1CAL RELEVANCE Z.Sujkowski (invited talk) 17'" Intern. Physics Divisional Conference of the EPS: ..Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics". Debrecen. October 2002. Proceedings of Conference, (in press) M-SUBSHELL IONIZATION IN NEAR-CENTRAL COLLISIONS OF 20 MEV/AMU CARBON IONS WITH MOLYBDENUM ATOMS .I.Rzadkicwicz, D.Chniielcwska, Z.Sujkowski et al. (poster) / /'' International Conference of the Physics of Highly Charged Ions (HCI-2002). Caen. France. August 2002 OBSERVATION OF L X-RAY (HYPER)-SATELITE EXCITED IN COLLISIONS OF O AND NE IONS WITH MID-Z ATOMS M.Czarnota.. ., D.Chmiclcwska,..., .I.Rzadkicwicz,..., Z.Sujkowski el al., (poster) / /' International Conference of the Ph\si< s of Highly Charged Ions (HCI-2002), Caen. France, A\i;ust 2002 RADIATIVE ELECTRON CAPTURE BY LIGHT RELATIVISTIC PROJECTILES - AN OBSERVABLE OF ASTROPHYSICAL RELEVANCE D.Chmielcwska, J.Rzadkicwicz, Z.Sujkowski (poster) 17" International Physics Divisional Conference of the EPS: ,, Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics". Debrecen. October 2002 INFLUENCE OF PROTONS ON OPTICAL CHARACTERISTIC OFLiNbO5:Cu WAFERS S.Kaczmarek, L.Bajor, J.Wojtkowska, Z.Moroz, M K.Kuasny Int. Conf. On Solid Stale Crystals. 14-18 Oct 2002. Zakopane LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS OF HYPERNUCLEI AT COSY I.Zychor et al Proc. of hit Svmpsium On Nuclear Electro-Weak Speclroscopv edit, by H.Toki et al. World Scientific Publ. Co.2002 ISBN 9,S7- 125-2. p.207 ISOSPIN PHYSICS WITH THE REVERSE EXPERIMENT S.Pirrone,..., .I.Wilczyriski et al. ('REVERSE1 Collaboration) Nuclear Physics at Border Lines, (Eds. G. Fa:io et al). World Scientific. Singapore 2002. p.267. BACKTRACED NEUTRON MULTIPLICITIES AND CAPTURE DYNAMICS IN THE SUPERHEAVY REGION L.Stutlge, I.Wilczynski et al Nuclear Physics at Border Lines (Eds. C. l-'azio el al). World Scientific. Singapore 2002. p.326. PRE-FUSION CAPTURE CROSS SECTIONS FOR HEAVY NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS SYSTEMS J.Wilczyriski. K.Siwek-Wilczyiiska. Nuclear Physics at Border Lines (Eds. G. Fazio el al.). World Scientific. Singapore 2002, p.354. FIRST RESULTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDIES IN MULTIFRAGMENTATION OBTAINED WITH THE 4JI CHIMERA MULTIDETECTOR N.Lx Ncindre I.Wilczyriski et al. ('REVERSE1 Collaboration) Proc. Intl. Workshop on Muliifragmenlaiion and Related Lopics. Catania 2001, Tipolitografia Bonanno. Catania 2002. p. 91 GLOBAL RESULTS OF THE REVERSE EXPERIMENT E.De Filippo I.Wilczyriski et al. ('REVERSE1 Collaboration) Proc. Intl. Workshop on Miillifragineiiiation and Related Topics, Catania 2001, Tipolilografia Bonaimo. Catania 2002. p. 165 56 Annual Reporl 2002 DYNAMICAL FISSION OBSERVED IN ": i:4Sn + ™MNi REVERSE EXPERIMENT E.Piasccki J.Wilczyiiskietal. ('REVERSE'Collaboration) Pnic. Intl. Workshop on Mullifragmentalion and Related Topics. Catania 2001. Tipolitoyrafia Bonanno, Catania 2002. p. IS7. FUSION BY DIFFUSION WJ.Swia.tecki. K.Siuek-Wilczyriska. .l.Wilczynski, XXIII Zakopane School of Physics. September 2002 (invited talk presented by W.J. Swiqtecki) POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACE IN NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS CORRECTED FOR EXACT NUCLEAR MASSES L.Shvedov, J.BIocki, J.Wilczvnski. XXVII Zakopane School of Phxsics. September 2002 (seminar presented by L Shvedov). THE FAST TIMING MEASUREMENTS ON THE EXOTIC '""CC A.Syntfeld. H.Mach, W.Kurcewicz, B.Fogclbcrg, W.PIocicnnik. E.Ruchowska XXVII Zakopane School oj Physics. September 2002 {poster) MEDICAL SET-UP FOR RADIOSURGERY BY MEANS OF "PHOTON NEEDLE" M.SIapa, W.Czarnacki, .... J.Kucharski. M Moszyiiski, M.Snopck, YV.Stras, M.Traczyk, D.Wolski et al. Svmp.: Nuclear Techniques in Industry, Medicine. Agriculture and Environmental Protection. Warsaw. April 17-19. 2002 X-RAY TUBE WITH Ati FLUX M.SIapa. W.Czarnacki, W.Stras, M.Traczyk. K.Wince) Symp .Nuclear Techniques in Industry. Medicine. Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Warsaw, April 17-19. 2002 ANALIZA RAD1OAKTYWNOSCI ATMOSFERYCZNEJ 7Be PRZY POMOCY SIECI NEURONOWYCH Z.Moroz. C.Kownacki. B.Myslck-Laurikainen, M.MatuI, S.Mikolajewski, Z.Prcibisz, H.Trzaskowska Krajowe Sympozjum Technika Jadrowa w Przemysle. Medycynie, Rolnictvvie i Ochronie Srodowiska: Warsaw, April 17-19,2002 LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS Signatures of the onset of two-body dissipation in nucleus-nucleus collisions J.W'ilczyriski, Universita di Catania. Dipartimento di Fisica. Catania, Italy. October JO, 2002 Double beta decay and neutrino massesJ' T.Kozlowski, Institute of Nuclear Physics Seminar. Cracow. Poland. March 21. 2002 Double beta decays al T.Kozlonski, Warsaw University Seminar. Warsaw. Poland. Oct. 22. 2002 Parameter Vul] of the CKM matrix and the precision measurement of the pion beta decay T.Kozlowski, Warsaw University Seminar, Warsaw. Poland, Nov. 13, 2002 Fission barrier calculations1"' L.Shvedov, Warsaw University. Postgraduate Student Seminar. Warsaw. Poland. 15 Jan. 2002 Fission barrier calculations with shell effects included11' L.Shvedov, Jagiellonian University Seminar. Cracow. Poland. March 13. 2002 Bezneutrinowy radiacyjny podwojny wychwyt clektronu Jl Z.Sujkowski. Warsaw University. April 2002 Bezneutrinowy podwojny rozpad p - metoda wyznaczania masy ncutrinaJl Z.Sujkowski, Warsaw University. 24 May, 2002 a) in Polish b) in English PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC COUNCILS AND ORGANISING COMMITIES OF CONFERENCES Z.Sujkowski - Member of the Nuclear Physics Board of the European Physics Society Z.Sujkowski - Member of the Advisory Committee of the Moriond Workshop on Radioactive Beams for Nuclear Physics and Neutrino Physics, Les Ares, France DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY AND TECHNIQUE 57 PERSONNEL Research scientists Jan Blocki, Professor Ewa Ruchowska, Dr Danuta Chmielcwska, Dr. Edward Rurarz, Dr. 1/2 - Scientific Secretary of the Institute Jan Sernicki, Dr. Roscistaw Kaczarowski, Assoc. Professor Mieczystaw SJapa, Assoc. Professor 4/5 Tadeusz Koztowski, Dr. Mieczystaw Sowiriski, Assoc. Professor 4/5 Bogumita Mystek-Laurikainen, Dr. Ziemowid Sujkowski, Professor Zbigniew Moroz, Contract Professor 3/5 Director of the Institute Antoni Piotrowski, Assoc. Professor 3/5 Janusz Wilczyiiski, Professor Weronika Piociennik, Dr. Jolanta Wojtkowska, Dr. 4/5 Zygmunt Preibisz, Dr. 1/2 Izabela Zychor, Dr. Wojciech Ratyiiski, Professor PhD students Aneta Gqjska, MSc. Leonid Shvedov, MSc. Jacek Rzadkiewicz, MSc. Adam Wasilewski, MSc Technical and administrative staff Maciej Kisieliiiski, Eng. 1/5 Mirostaw Snopek Marek Kowalski, MSc. Wtodzimierz Stras Marian Laskus 1/5 Marcin Talejko Maria Matul, MSc. 3/5 Marek Traczyk, MSc Stefan MikoJajewski Halina Trzaskowska Tomasz Plawski, Eng. (on leave) 58 Annual Report 2002 DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 59 3 DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS Head of Department: Dr. Zbigniew Guzik phone: (22)718-05-49 PL0400161 e-mail: [email protected] Overview The basic activities of the Department of Nuclear Electronics were concentrated on the following areas: • studies of new scintillation techniques, • contribution to the big European projects, • electronics for experiments in High Energy Physics, • development, investigation and production of silicon detectors, • development of y-ray spectrometry apparatus, • development of new generation state of the art PCI based multi-channel analysers, • technical support for the Institute as the whole with special emphasis on networking, • normalisation activities. Most of the scientific achievements concerning the Department were summarized in 20 publications (released or being in press). The papers were published mainly in IEEE Trans, on Nucl. Sci. and Nucl. Instr. and Methods. Besides that, our scientists presented 6 contributions at international conferences (such as IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium 2002 in Norfolk, USA). The Department was involved in scientific collaborations with a number of international centers, such as CERN, Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, FZR Rossendorf, IKF Jiilich, GSI Darmstadt and companies as Advanced Photonix, Inc in California, Scionix in Holland and Photonis in France. The collaboration with High Energy Physics Department of our Institute was focused on LHCb experiment in CERN. In the studies of new scintillation techniques large area avalanche photodiodes were used successfully to tests numerous scintillators at liquid nitrogen temperature. The study of pure (undoped) Nal showed some intriguing effects dealing with non-proportionality of the light yield versus energy of y-quanta and intrinsic energy resolution of the crystals, which may provide a deeper insight into origin of intrinsic resolution. A very high- energy resolution of 3.8% was measured for 662 keV y-rays from a IV7Cs source. Moreover, very promising properties of pure Nal at room temperature were shown for the first time. The study of Hamamatsu avalanche photodiode array allows building the LSO-APD detector for tests in the PET arrangement for hadron therapy in medicine. The Department undersigned two important scientific contracts. The first one with the IKF Jiilich is aimed to assemble and characterize a large quirl microstrip detector for COSY accelerator. The other one with Phoionis, France is addressed to contribute in developing of new fast photomultipliers. During 2002 preparation for new HEP LHCb experiment in CERN was continued. Contribution of our department to LHCb is designing, fabricating and testing of three kinds of hardware modules - TFC Switch (THOR), Throttle Switch (MUNIN) and Readout Supervisor (ODIN). These modules are basic elements of Data Acquisition System of the experiment. In 2002 the final version of THOR module was designed, the second prototype of MUNIN was prepared and full simulation model of the most complicated module (ODIN) was provided. Also the works for LHCb Outertracker detector were conducted. The work concerning semiconductor detectors concentrated on improvements of silicon devices parameters - in particular of those cooled by liquid nitrogen. The investigations of method for surface stabilization of roentgen radiation detectors were started. The technical support for the Institute covers a lot of different types of activities, as supervising the institute computer network, maintaining internal data base and so on. 60 PL0400162 Annual Report 2002 3.1 Study of Pure Nal at Room and Liquid Nitrogen Temperatures by M.Moszyriski. M.Balcerzyk, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusla, W.KIamra", P.Schotanus2', A.SyntfcId"' M.Szawlowski41 Three pure Nal crystals grown in different batches measured for the best one of the tested crystals. The by Scionix (Holland) were studied at room and liquid energy resolutions of the 662 kcV photopeak of the nitrogen temperatures. The room temperature studies three crystals differ a lot, varying from an excellent performed with photomultiplier readout covered value of 3.8 % to 6.2 %, see Fig. 2. measurements of emission spectra, photoelectrons yield and energy resolution. Moreover, the scintillation light pulses were measured by single photon method. Two crystals showed the photoelectron yield of about 1000 phe/MeV measured at room temperature with an XP2020Q photomultiplier. The energy resolution of the 662 keV 662 kcV photopeak was measured to be about 16% and was limited mainly by a low number of photocleclrons and a large non-proportionality of the light yield. The fast light pulse had the main decay time components of 1 ns and 5 ns. The high initial photon intensity of the tested Nal crystals revealed a good timing resolution of about 140 ps obtained for6 Co y-rays, see Fig. 1. 1000 2000 4000 iOOO Channel number E >1 MeV Fig. 2 Energy spectrum of y-rays from a n7Cs source, as 1000- A ] 67 |>s : measured with the Nal (B) at LN: temperature. ;/; This suggests that the measured energy resolutions C £ 100 - depend on the purity of the scintillator samples reflected in the emission spectra. The studies that were Hh=11.2ps 1 : : performed demonstrate the attractive properties of pure Nal at both room and LN2 temperatures. 10- 11 Royal Institute of Technology, SCFAB, S-106 91 .. _ Stockholm, Sweden 2) SCIONIX Holland B.V., P.O. Box No. 143. 3980 1- CC Bunnik, The Netherlands 31 Channel number Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Hoza 69, PL 00-681 Warsaw, Poland Fig. 1 Time spectrum of coincidences of Nal and BaF; crystals 4) Advanced Photonix, Inc., 1240 Avenida Acaso, coupled to the XP2020Q PMTs, as measured with N'Co y-rays and energy threshold set at I MeV. Camarillo, CA 93012, USA At liquid nitrogen temperatures the measurements Presented at IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. And Medical of light yield and energy resolution were performed Imaging Conf., Norfolk, USA, November 2002, using Advanced Photonix, Inc. avalanche photodiode submitted to IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. readout. A high light output above 80000 ph/MeV was 3.2 Characterization of Yb:YAG and Yb:YAP Scintillators by Means of LAAPD at Temperature Around 100 K : 00 : CD by S.Belogurov , G.Bressi , G.Carugno , M.Moszyhski, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, M.Szawlowski Is A new class of scintillators based on charge temperature 100 K < T < 150 K. In this range Large i O transfer luminescence of Yb + ion has been Area Avalanche Photodiodes (LAAPD) belong to the investigated for the last few years. The main prospect best photodetectors. In this work Yb(25%):YAG and for these scintillators is in neutrino physics. The Yb(5%):YAP scintillators were characterized by crystals manifest maximum of light output at means of 16 mm diameter API LAAPD at temperature DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS around 100 K. Light yield and energy resolution were Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, determined. Light yield non-proportionality was B.Chcrcmushkinskaya 25, R 117259 Moscow, detected for all the crystals comparing light output at Russia, 661.6 keV and 59.6 keV peaks. INFN, Scz. di Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 1 27 100 Pavia. Italy, Advanced Photonix, Inc. 1240 Avenida Acaso. INFN, Sez. di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I 35131 Camarillo, CA 93012, USA., Nucl. Instr. Meth. Padova, Italy in press 3.3 Application of Large Area Avalanche Photodiodes to Study Scintillators at Liquid Nitrogen Temperatures by M.Moszyiiski, W.Czarnacki, W.KIamra", M.Szawlowski2', P.Scholanus31, M.Kapusta CD O The results of a study of numerous scintillators, Area Avalanche Photodiodes (LAAPDs) are i O such as pure Nal, Csl, BGO, YAP, LSO and BaF, at presented, liquid nitrogen (LN2) temperatures coupled to Large ;3 IQ- Table 1 Result of tests of different scintillators at LN2 temperatures. Number of e-h pairs Number oi' photons AE/E Ralio of light Scinlil lator [c-h/McV] [ph/McV] \%] output of Am/Cs Nal 29200+1000 84000±9000 4.3±0.2 1.02 - 1.07 Csl 38500+2000 107000±10000 4.9+0.2 1.12 BGO 15000+1000 31000±3000 5.8±0.2 0.9 LSO:Ce 6200+300 14000+1400 15.9+0.8 0.8 YAP:Ce 3200+160 8200±800 9.6±0.4 0.8 BaF2 2100+100 5800±600 I2.8±0.5 0.88 Fig. 1 shows the energy spectra of 662 keV y-iays j 59 keV X-rays BGO l37 J in LAAPD from a Cs source measured with BGO and pure Csl 662 keV crystals. The Nal, Csl and BGO crystals exhibited 1500- excellent performance at LN2 temperatures reflected by a high light output and very good energy 5.8 % resolution, see Table 1. A low light output of other scintillators limits their performances in y-ray specirometry. The last column presents the ratio of the light output measured for 59.6 KeV and 662 keV y- rays from 24lAm and n7Cs sources. The study showed Csl se that the LAAPD operating at LN2 temperatures is an excellent light read-out device lor testing different scintillators at low temperatures. " Royal Institute of Technology, , SCAFAB, S-lOd 91 Stockholm, Sweden 21 Advanced Photonix, Inc. 1240 Avenida Acaso, I lion 2(11)0 loon Camarillo, CA 93012, USA 3) Channel number SCIONIX Holland B.V. P.O. Box No. 143. 3980 CC Bunnik, The Netherlands Fig. 1 Energy spectra of 662 keV g-rays measured with pure Csl Partially presented at New Photodeleciors and Applications and BGO crystals. Conf. Beaune, France, June 2002. Nucl. Instr. Melh.. submilied. 62 PL0400165 Annual Report 2002 3.4 Hamamatsu S8550 APD Arrays for High-Resolution Scintillator Matrices Readout by M.Kapusta, P.Crespo", D.Wolski, M.Moszyriski, W.Enghardt" The performance of Hamarnatsu S855O avalanche Fig. 2 shows the coincidence time spectrum photodiodc (APD) arrays for scintillator matrices measured with precise selection of the energy readout has been evaluated. The S8550 device is a windows around the full energy peak. The measured monolithic 8x4 pixels structure with an active area of time resolution of 3.0 ± 0.2 ns FWHM obtained 2.56 mm" for each pixel. The device allows stable against BaFi coupled do XP2020Q corresponds to operation in AC mode at gains up to 74, with a 4.2 ±0.3 ns FWHM for two APD-LSO detectors detection efficiency of about 60 % for photons of operating in coincidence. 420 nm wavelength. Fe 4.67 keV (effective energy) a o ^ 6o 3 z Pulser 4.72 kcV A / i 581 eV -. jfti -->— i \ fime |ns] (I 2OO 4OO 600 HOO 1OOO 12OO 11OO Channel number Fig. 2 The time spectrum measured with the annihilation quanta from a ::Na source. Fig. 1 Pulse height spectra from 5.9 keV X-rays, a light pulser and a test pulscr, measured tor one pixel of the S855O Hamamatsu APD array at a gain of 60. The position of the 5.9 keV X-ray peak The Hamamatsu APD array shows good is shifted to lower energy values, since the APD gain is lower for performance, but the investigations done in this work X-rays than for light. by means of the same experimental conditions and the same methods as in our previous work [3] clearly Fig. 1 presents energy spectra obtained for one reveal that a layout based on the beveled structure pixel of S855O using 5.9 keV X-rays as well as a results in superior parameters. The main disadvantage 420 nm light pulser and test pulser peaks. Note that of the S8550 is its low internal gain and, the gain of 5.9 keV X-rays is reduced because of a consequently, its low signal-to-noise ratio. lower APD gain for X-rays than for light. This effect Additionally, surface effects reduce its quantum is evidently associated with the internal structure of efficiency for LSO light. These drawbacks are similar the APD [1,2, 3]. The measured test pulser resolution to those existing with single devices produced by of 232 eV corresponds to an equivalent noise charge Hamamatsu [1]. The great advantage of the (ENC) of 27 electrons. The pixel-to-pixel gain non- Hamamatsu layout is its high reliability. uniformity measured by comparing the positions of the 5.9 keV photopeak in the spectra of individual rd pixels was found to be less than 3.6 % at a gain of 60. Presented at 3 Beaune Conference "New Crosstalk measurements were performed in pulse development in Photodetection", June 17-21, 2002, mode operation by illuminating the centre of a pixel NIM A, submitted. with a light spot and recording the amplitude spectra from the neighbouring pixels protected against light. [ 1J M.Moszyiiski, et. al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48 The highest crosstalk between adjacent pixels was (2001)1205 found to be 4 % at a device gain of 60. [2] B.J.Pichler, et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48 The energy resolution of 14.6 %, for the 51 I keV (2001)1391 peak from a ~~Na source has been recorded with a 2 x [3] M.Kapusta, et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 49 2 x 10 mm' LSO crystal coupled to one pixel. The (2002) number of electron-hole pairs produced by the 1 511 keV photopeak absorbed in LSO is equal to ' FZ Rossendorf, 01314 Dresden, Germany 4830 ± 240 e-h/MeV. DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS PL0400166 3.5 First Results on a Sealed Gas Photomultiplier for the Visible Light Range by M.Balcciv.yk, D.Mormann". A.Breskin", B.K.Singh2), E.D.C.Freitas^ R.Chechik", M.Klin1 M.Rappaport Vacuum pholomultiplicrs have found widespread shown that such multi-GEM devices can yield application in science and technology. However, for resolutions in the 100 |am range with a very simple mechanical reasons, they cannot be constructed in flat delay-line readout system. and large area geometries, desirable in many Though the results reached so far arc very applications in particle physics, medicine, and general promising, the long-term operation of visible-light fast imaging. GPMTs has still to be demonstrated. Important Gas photomultipliers (GPMT) [11, operating at parameters yet to be measured arc the behavior at high atmospheric pressure, can be made with very large counting rates and photocathode and GEM aging. areas; they are sensitive to single photons and, unlike While in the short term, bialkali photocalhodes vacuum PMTs, can operate in intense magnetic fields. operated with Kapton GEMs seem to be stable, GEM Large area UV-scnsitive imaging phoiomukipViers production from UHV-compatible insulators such as combining Csl photocathodes and wire chambers, glass, ceramic and silicon is being investigated. sensitive to single photons, have already become a standard part of Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors. More recent works [2] suggested the use of cascades of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs), introduced by Sauli [3]. GPMTs made with GEMs [21 arc only a few millimeters thick, have high gain, small photon feedback, fast timing and good localization properties [4]. GPMTs with Csl pholocathodes are currently operating in gas flow mode. However, bialkali photocathodes for the visible spectral range are extremely chemically reactive, in practice necessitating operation in a baked, sealed, and gettered device. The feasibility of preparation of a sealed Fig. 1 An Ar/CH4 (95:5)-fil!ed. sealed GPMT. GPMT with Csl and a 3-GEM multiplier was recently demonstrated [5]. Presented at IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium We have built a system and developed techniques and Medical Imaging Conference, Norfolk, VA, USA, for bialkali photocathode production and their sealing 10-16.11.2002, IEEE Trans. Nucl. 5c/., submitted. in gas in an electron multiplier package. We have Full text of the paper is available at prepared a series of sealed bialkali gas http://www.ipi. gov.pl/~balccrzm/dow/jccia/NSS20n2 photomultipliers with two Kapton GEMs. In the best 4 GPMT.pdf case, the GPMT had a gain of 2xlO with Ar/CH4 (95:5) at a pressure close to one atmosphere, with no [I] A.Breskin, T.Boutbovil, A.Bu/Ailulskov, ion-induced feedback (Fig. 1). A photocathodc sealed in a photodiode mode, with Ar and no GEM, is now R.Chechik, G.Garty, E.SIiefer and B.K.Singh, stable for more than 12 months. Gas sealed GPMTs Nucl. Instr. Meth. vol.A 442, Mar. 2000 were stable for up to 15 weeks. The highest QE [2] A.Buzulutskov, A.Breskin, R.Chechik, G.Gaily, obtained for a sealed device is 13%. It is consistent F.Sauli, and L.Shekhtman Nucl. fnstr. Meth.. with expected QE loss due to backscattcring of vol.A. 442, pp. 68-73, March 2000. electrons from the gas and to the high temperature of [3] F.Sauli, Nucl. Instr. Meth., vol.A.386. no.2-3. the sealing, which damages the photocathodc. We pp.531-4, Feb. 1997. developed a way to suppress ion feedback by a factor [4] A.Breskin, M.Balcerzyk, R.Chechik, G.P.Guedes, of at least 104 with a gating electrode, albeit at the cost J.Maia and D.Mormann, "Recent advances in of introducing some dead time on a (js scale. gaseous imaging photomultipliers," submitted to However, the sealing process should slill be improved. Nucl. Instr. Mcth. Vol. A. We have examined In/Bi as a lower temperature [5] A.Breskin, A.Buzulutskov, R.Chechik, E.Shcl'cv, substitute to In/Sn. We have employed OYCu-plated and B.K.Singh, IEEE Trans. Nucl. ScL vol. 48. windows that appear to be superior to the currently no. 3, pp. 417-420, June 2001. used Cr/Ni/Au-plaled ones. We are currently preparing 3-GEM GPMT devices in an improved '' Wcizmann Institute of Science, 76-100 Rehovoi. package, which should have gains sufficient to detect Israel single photons. If necessary, (hey will incorporate ion- "' INFN sez. di Bari, c/o Dipartimcnio di Fisica. via gating electrodes. The new devices will incorporate Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy 2D readout electrodes; recent investigations having 1 Physics Department, University of Coimbra. P-3004-5 16 Coimbra, Portugal 64 Annual Report 2002 3.6 The Instrument for Measuring Dark Current Characteristics of Straw Chambers r Modules : CO '• O by A.Chlopik, T.Batsch, M.Szczekowski, A.Nawrot, K.Lesniewski, Z.Guzik ! O IS Large scale production of the straw drift chambers In the right upper comer of the main screen in the LHCb experiment requires efficient and fast (shown in fig. 2) we can see the measurement methods of testing the quality of produced modules. specification which consists of the tested module About 800 modules with 128 straws each will be name, set measure parameters, a tester name and a produced resulting in total production of more than date of the measurement. 100000 straws. A common and powerful test of the quality of the I7XV S[>enifir:ntinn. produced straws is the measurement of the dark Module* f"AB-16/02 currents as a function of applied high voltage. The described below instrument, whose block diagram is presented in fig. 1, will rise the high voltage (from the --'^-( f co range of 0-3 kV) applied to the wires of 128 straws in STRAWI 107 defined steps for a given range and will automatically jlZ Way 02 H06 HV - 1B44JVI - 1G.5^J measure dark currents consecutively in each straw. In this way all the problems related to improper wire mounting can be localized and corrected in the early Jft. %$. JS, J»J J?! JSJ JHi Ml JSi .ffij J»J _SSl i»- .Sfi^ JEB. ?« stage of the production process. In particular, it is >S< J^L _'R i"J S68j _'61J 570J JTlJ S72J J^Tj J_7±J 5^J S76^ '_r S79 V3 sao: sai sgi sffi! SB4J SKI S86J sari stel SMI swj sail S92; vn\ SM; 5*.: possible to detect quickly the shorts on the wires. Oarfc nurrniiT limits. HV 1 —: MODULE : J. A ^ . •. y. i!*«iJ JI^LJ :..:«L , I ~~ . / 0 1i"blt ...... 1 ^ Fig. 2 Program main screen. 4 "!?''»...- 128 buttons (named SO, SI, ..., SI27) which correspond to the numbers of the straw chambers of the module are located in the middle of the screen. Clicking on any of the buttons we start the action depending on what kind of measurement was done. Mc - WARNING ALARM There are two sliders below the buttons. Using them we can set the current limits of our interest: Fig.l Block diagram of the instrument for measuring dark acceptable - the value below which the current is not current characteristics of straw drift chambers modules. very low but acceptable and above it is too large; very good - the value below which the dark current is very The measurement cycle setup and control is done low. When we click on a slider with the mouse and by a computer. The instrument is equipped with move it in any direction we can see the current value RS-232 data transmission protocol. Thus it can be in nA displayed above the slider. This method allows connected to almost any computer because usually to set precisely the proper current limits before or after they are provided with it as a standard starting the measurements. After performing the measurements it is possible The command buttons are located at the bottom of to store the data on a hard disk and use them later for the screen. Clicking on them we can set the any purpose. This feature allows to take the measurement parameters and open, save and print the characteristics of the built straw chambers modules data. and use them for calibrating LHCb Outer Tracker The data are saved in text format. They have the detector at CERN. following structure: The typical measured current for a straw chamber • header (date, tester name, set parameters, module is about few nA. Using this instrument we can number), measure the current with 128 pA resolution in the • data (voltage and 128 current values), range up to 250 uA. • data (voltage and 128 current values), The software is intended for installation on a PC type computer. Using it we can set the measurement • data (voltage and 128 current values), parameters and view collected or saved data. • end of file. DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 65 3.7 Silicon Detectors for Heavy Ion Spectrometry by E.Belcarz, W.Czarnacki, A.Kotlarski PL0400168 Charge multiplication occurring in silicon surface ambient atmosphere. The annealing temperature was barrier detectors irradiated by Cf-252 fission another varied technology parameter. fragments is responsible for a dependence of the I-V characteristics and fission fragment spectra vs. fission fragment spectra on the detector bias voltage bias voltage were measured for each of the 15 test i.e. on the electric field inside the detector active detectors. Spectra were analyzed in terms of ihc volume. Research on dependence of that phenomenon Schmitt (LS-L)/(L-H) parameter. Dependence of that on detector manufacturing technology was continued. parameter on the detector surface aging time is shown in Figures 1 and 2 below. Data were measured for • BF25. Uniin. detectors annealed during 50 minutes at 94.5°C and • BF24, 22 mill. • BF2J, 5(1 mill. 83°C, respectively. • BF22. 0,9 • BF27. 7,5 mill * BF28. 15 min V BF2'J, .t<> mill 0,8 • BFJO, (lOinin 30,7 Fig. 1 Schmill parameter vs detector bias voltage for various surface aging times. Detectors annealed at 94.5°C during 50 minutes. Specifically, the charge multiplication was studied 0,5 vs. length of the time gap between the end of chemical treatment of the being-processed silicon sample and 0,4 50 151) the start of the next technology step i.e. annealing. During that "surface aging lime" (duration varied from Fig. 2 Schmitt parameter vs detector bias voltage for various 7 to 92 minutes) samples were kept in room surface aging times. Detectors annealed at 83°C during 50 minutes. 3.8 Charge - Sensitive Preamplifier with Fast Timing Output by D.Wolski, M.Moszynski, M.Kapusta, A.Dziedzic, C.Gorny PL0400169 The charge-sensitive preamplifier has been Design of preamplifier makes possible to take out specifically designed for detectors based on S855O a fast signal and slow charge signal for liming and Hamamatsu APD array and LSO crystal. energy measurements. The pulse on the timing oulpul T is formed by amplifying fast "loop error signal. Widmo Cnp15 22OO- Technical Data Ener»v Output Linear range +/- 10 V Integral non-linearity +/- 0.5% Signal polarity non-inverting Feedback resistor 100 Mohm Feedback capacitor lpF Fast Output Rise time >14nsforCd=0pF 1OO0 1900 Numerkanalu >16nsforCd=100pF Linear range - 1 V +0.2 V Fig. 1 Source Fe-55 , FWHM = 6.54 % 66 Annual Report 2002 Conversion factor 0.6 V/ McV Si for Cd=0pF 0.37 V/MeVSi forCd=100pF Output impedance requires external 50 Ohm f':1 i Kll1 Polarity inverting 1.: Noise Typically equivalent noise charge ( ENC ) = 420 electrons RMS for Cd=0pF = 1020 electrons RMS for Cd= 1 OOpF 3IB in.osn M 40 0ns A Hi ! "V - 1 2ainV Seventy pieces of preamplifiers have been ordered by 17 Apr 2002 O4.:35>. 1 2 Forschungszentrum Rossendorf. Fig. 2 Fast signal on the T output Source Fe - 55, Amplitude = 150 mV, Rise time = 14 ns. PL0400170 3.9 New Enhanced PCI Based Multichannel Analyzer and Multichannel Sealer Card (TUKAN-8K PCI) by Z.Guzik, S.Borsuk, A.Chtopik and K.Lesniewski The new compact d36x80mm~ size) PCI bus functions. The operation of the board logic is under based card was designed, tested and fabricated. The full supervision of the host computer. card is oriented for a wide range of spectromctric The analog stretcher of the module is a tracking measurements (MCA mode) as well as for timing circuitry with a very small pedestal, an exceptionally measurements (MCS mode). The full commercial low drop rate and good thermal characteristics. Due to module version (together with supporting software) the fact that the circuitry is working as a was prepared - we started to sell first samples of the transconductance device it can track very sharp rising device. The view of the card is presented below. edges of an analog signal. Positive edges with rise times of down to 100 ns and covering the full dynamic range may be accepted. The analog input amplitude level is monitored, via DC restorer, by so called Zero Level Discriminator circuitry and threshold discriminators forming user selectable full range data acquisition window. The pulse amplitude is measured, with help of sophisticated Sliding Scale Linearization technique by 16-bit audio ADC. The effective number of measured channels is 8K which may be reduced on user demand. The TUKAN-8K-PCI module provides medium ass. speed MSC resolution (12.5 MHz) with selectable dwell time, sweep length and sweep repetition. The timing measurements may be triggered also by analog channel with selected amplitude window what allows for efficient events filtering. Fig. 2 Tukan-8k-PCI card. The module also provides several useful options as: automatic stop on exhausted real or live lime, The TUKAN-8K-PCI module is split into two measurements in Region of Interest (ROI) and so on. distinct parts, which operate independently. These The basic parameters of the module are: differential parts are a Multi-Channel Analyzer (MCA) and a nonlinearity less than 1% and integral nonlinearity Multi-Channel Sealer (MCS). The two basic modes of less than 0.05%. running, pulse height analysis or timing measurements, are selected by the user. A single Altera PLD chip handles all control of the digital DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 67 3.10 Development of Pulse Height Analyzer Supervising Software by M.Ptomiiiski, K.Traczyk PL0400171 Development of pulse height analyzer supervising software was continued. Main effort was concentrated Analyzer - acquurtion configtaalion on adaptation of existing software to cooperate with MCS I the newest version of the analyzer - Tukan8k PCI Threshold Signal input card. From programmer's point of view, the main Lower lev. threshold PL0400172 3.11 Sixth Framework Programme of European Community (2002-2006) by J.Charuba Our Institute intends to take active part in the Sixth the European Commission's call in March, 2003. Framework Programme of the European Community Eight of Institute proposals of Integrated Projects and for research, technological development and Networks of Excellence were accepted and inserted at demonstrations. In 2002 Institute Contact Point was CORDIS data base. It helped us to stimulate established to organise programme presentations and partnership-building in view of the first calls for to help in preparations of proposals for the calls. We proposals. were active in preparing Expressions of Interest for 68 Annual Report 2002 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ENERGY RESOLUTION AND NONPROPORT1ONALITY OFZnSc.Te SCINTILLATOR STUDIED BY LARGE AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES AND PHOTOMULTIPLIERS M.Balcerzyk. W.Klamra, M.Moszynski, M.Kapusta, M.Szawlowski Nucl. lnslr. Melh., A4fi2<2002)720 INTRINSIC RESOLUTION OFNal(TI) M.Vloszyiiski, J.Zalipska, M.Balcerzyk. M.Kapusta Nucl. Inslr. and Melh.,A484(2002)259 STUDIES OF SCINTILLATION LIGHT NON-PROPORTIONALITY OF ZnSe(Te), Csl(Tl) AND YAP(Ce) CRYSTALS USING HEAVY IONS W.Klamra. M.Balcerzyk. M.Kapusta. A.Kcrck. M.Moszyriski, L.-O.Norlin. D.Novak Nucl. Instr. Melh.. A484(2002)327 LARGE AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES IN SCINTILLATION AND X-RAY DETECTION M.Moszynski. M.Szawlowski, M.Kapusta. M.Balcerzyk Nucl. Inslr. and Melh.. A485(2002)504 ENERGY RESOLUTION AND LIGHT YIELD NON-PROPORTIONALITY OF PURE Nal SCINTILLATOR STUDIED BY LARGE AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURE M.Moszynski, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, M.Szawlowski, W.Klamra, P.Schotanus Nucl. Inslr. and Melh.. A486(2002)I3 SCINTILLATION PROPERTIES AND MECHANISM IN Lun.xY,,2AIO.,:Ce C.Kuntner. H.Aiginger, E.Auffray, J.GIodo, M.Kapusta, P.Lecoq, M.Moszyriski, M.Schneegans, P.Szupryczynski, A.J.Wojtowicz Nud. Inslr. andMelh.A4H6(2002)l76 PERFORMANCES OF LARGE AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURE M.Moszynski, W.Czarnacki, M.Szawlowski, B.L.Zhou, M.Kapusta, D.Wolski, P.Schotanus IEEE Trims. Nucl. Sci., 49. No. 3(2002)971 EVALUATION OF LAAPD ARRAYS FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION SCINTILLATION MATRICES READOUT M.Kapusta, P.Crespo, M.Moszyhski, W.Enghardi, M.Szawlowski, B.L.Zhou, D.Wolski IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci..49. No.4(2002)l693 NEUTRON EXCITATIONS ACROSS THE N=50 SHELL GAP IN "12IN D.Sohler, M.Palacz, .... M.Moszynski Nuclear Physics A. vol. A7078, no. 3-4. 7 Oct. 2002. pp. 181-9 BARRIER DISTRIBUTIONS IN 160+116,1 l9Sn QUASIELASTIK SCATTERING E.Piasecki W.Czarnacki, K.Rusck, .... M.Kisiehnski, A.Kodyasz, A.Stolarz. J.Tys, T.Krogulski, N.Rowley, et al. Physical Review C. Volume 65.054611 THE INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING DARK CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAW CHAMBERS MODULES A.Chlopik. T.Batch. M.Szczekowski. A.Nawrot. K.Lesniewski, Z.Guzik Proc of the 8lh Workshop on Electroim s for LHC Experiments - Colmar, CERN 2002-03, 11 October 2002. pp.368-370 THE FINAL LHCB READOUT SUPERVISOR - ODIN R.Jacobsson. P.Konig. A.Chlopik. Z.Guzik Proc of the 8lh Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiinenls-Colnuir. CERN 2002-03, II October 2002, pp.371-374 AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES IN SCINTILLATION DETECTION M.Moszynski, M.Szawlowski, M.Kapusta. M.Balcerzyk Niicl. Inslr. and Melh. (in press) INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS IN y-RAY SPECTROSCOPY M.Moszyhski Nucl. Inslr Melh. (in press) INTRINSIC ENERGY RESOLUTION OF PURE Nal STUDIED WITH LARGE AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURES M.Moszynski. W.Czarnacki. W.Klamra, M.Szawlowski, P.Schotanus, M.Kapusta Nucl. In sir. Melh. (in press) CHARACTERIZATION OF Yb:YAG AND YB:YAP SCINTILLATORS BY MEANS OF LAAPD AT TEMPERATURE AROUND 100 K S.Belogurov. G.Bressi, G.Carugno, M.Moszyiiski. W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, M.Szawlowski Nucl. Inslr Melh (in press) HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAY EMISSION STUDIES WITH JANOSIK SET-UP IN 20Nc+l2C AT 5.2 MeV/u E.Wojcik, M.Kicinska-Habior, O.Kijcwska, M. Kowalczyk, M. Kisiclinski, J.Choinski, A.Kordyasz, W.Czarnacki, Ada Pins. Pol. (in press) DEPARTMENT OF DETECTORS AND NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS 69 OTHER PAPERS POLISH STANDARDS PN-EN 62014! - ELECTRONIC DESIGN AUTOMATION LIBRARIES, PART I: INPUT/OUTPUT BUFFER INFORMATION SPECIFICATIONS -IBIS VERSION 3.2. (1EC 62014-12001) Z.Guzik PN-EN 61523-1- DELAY AND POWER CALCULATION STANDARDS, PART I: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS DELAY AND POWER CALCULATION Z.Guzik PN-EN 50065-1 - SIGNALLING ON LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE 3 KHZ TO 148,5 KHZ, PART 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, FREQUENCY BANDS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES J.Charuba PN-EN 50065-4-1 - SIGNALLING ON LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE 3 KHZ TO 148,5 KHZ, PART 4-1: LOW VOLTAGE DECOUPLING FILTERS - GENERIC SPECIFICATION .J.Charuba PN-EN 50065-4-21 - SIGNALLING ON LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE 3 KHZ TO 148,5 KHZ, PART 4-2: LOW VOLTAGE DECOUPLING FILTERS - SAFETY REQUIREMENTS .I.Charuha PN-EN 50065-71 - SIGNALLING ON LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE 3 KHZ TO 148,5 KHZ, PART 7: EQUIPMENT IMPEDANCE J.Charuba PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS IN y-RAY SPECTROSCOPY M.Moszyhski Invited talk at Radiation Detection and Application Symposium. Ann Arbor, USA, May 2002 INTRINSIC ENERGY RESOLUTION OF PURE Nal STUDIED WITH LARGE AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURES M.Moszynski, W.Czarnacki, W.Klamra, M.SzawIowski. P.Schotanus, M.Kapusta poster at Radiation Detection and Application Symposium, Ann Arbor, USA, Mav 2002 APPLICATION OF LARGE AREA AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES TO STUDY SCINTILLATORS AT LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURE M.Moszyhski, W.Czarnacki, W.Klamra, M.SzawIowski, P.Schotanus. M.Kapusta poster ai /Veu1 Pholodlectors and Their Applications. Beaune, France. June 2002 EVALUATION OF THE HAM AMATSU S855O FOR SCINTILLATION MATRIX READOUT M.Kapusta, P.Crespo, D.Wolski, M.Moszyhski, W.Enghardt oral at New Plwlodetcuirs and Their Applications, Beaune, France. June 2002 STUDY OF PURE NAI AT ROOM AND LIQUID NITROGEN TEMPERATURES M.Moszynski, M.Balcerzyk, W.Czarnacki, M.Kapusta, W.Klamra, P.Schotanus, A.Syntfeld, M.SzawIowski oral at IEEE Nucl. Sri. Sim/;.. Norfolk, USA. 11-16.11.2002 METHODS OF PREPARATION AND RESULTS OF SEALED GAS PHOTOMULTIPLIERS FOR VISIBLE LIGHT M.Balccrzyk, D.Morman, A.Breskin, B.K.Singh, D.C.Freitas, R.Chechlik, M.Klin, M.Rappaport oral at IEEE Nucl. Sri. Symp.. Norfolk. USA. 11-16.11.2002 THE INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING DARK CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAW CHAMBERS MODULES A.Chlopik. T.Batch, M.Szczekowski. A.Nawrot. K.Lesniewski, Z.Guzik poster at Hth Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments, Cobnar. France, 9-13 September 2002 THE FINAL LHCB READOUT SUPERVISOR - ODIN R.Jacobsson, P.Kontg, A.Chlopik, Z.Guzik poster at Hill Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments. Colmar, France, 9-13 September 2002 PARTICIPATION IN ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARDS, STANDARIZATION ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES M.Moszynski - Member of Advisory Editorial Board of Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A M.Moszyhski - Member of International Committee of IEEE/NPSS M.Moszyhski - Member of Radiation Instrumentation Steering Committee of IEEE/NPSS 70 Annual Report 2002 Z.Guzik - Member of Working Group No 173 for Microprocessor Systems of Polish Standard Committee Z.Guzik - Member of Polish CAMAC Committee J.Charuba - Member of Working Group No 266 for Nuclear Apparatus for Polish Standard Commitlee J.Charuba - Member of Polish CAMAC Committee J.Charuba - Member of Technical Coordination Committee of ESONE (European Studies on Norms for Electronics) J.Charuba - Representative of Polish Standard Committee in ISO/IEC JTC1/SC25, Interconnection of Information Technology Equipment Working Group 4 PERSONNEL Research scientists Marcin Balcerzyk, Dr Zbigniew Guzik, Assoc. Prof. Tadeusz Batsch, Dr Marek Moszyriski, Professor, Stanistaw Borsuk, Eng. - Deputy Director of the Institute Jacek Charuba, Eng. Jacek Szlachciak, Eng, on leave, till 31 March. 2003 Arkadiusz Chlopik, Eng. Dariusz Wolski, Eng Wiesiaw Czarnacki, Dr Technical and administrative staff Eugeniusz Belcarz, Eng. Krzysztof Lesniewski Andrzej Dziedzic Piotr Lorencki Urszula Firlaj 1/2 Michat Ptomiriski, Eng. Cezary Gorny Tadeusz Sworobowicz Maciej Kapusta, MSc. Krystyna Traczyk, MSc. Krzysztof Kostrzewa Marek Uzdowski, Eng. Andrzej Kotlarski, Eng. Iwona Zawrocka, MSc. Jerzy Kucharski, Eng., till 31 July 2002 DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY 71 DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY Head of Department: Dr. Stanislaw Pszona PI 0400173 phone: (22)718-05-65 e-mail: [email protected] Overview The research activities of the Department in 2002, similarly to previous year were concentrated on the following tasks: Dosimetry for medical purposes; Ionization cluster formation at the nanometre level; Numerical modelling of interaction of radiation with matter. The following activities could be underlined: Dosimetry for medical purposes: The applicability of an ionization chamber, called Ring Ioni/.ation Chamber, RIC, for standardizing of absorbed doses from beta-radioactive wires used for endovascular brachytherapy has been more investigated. The influence of different sizes of air cavity in PMMA and polistyren on the effective depth of measurements have been analyzed by Monte Carlo method. Also the dose scaling factors for these materials were determined. The results are presented at IAEA Conference on International Codes of Practice in Medical Dosimetry. The shielding effect of a guide wire on dose distribution around a P-32 source has been studied using a Guidant system for intravascular brachytherapy. Ionization cluster formation at nanometre level: The experimental data on the ionization cluster formation at nanometre level in nitrogen were analyzed and several papers have been written. The work has been continued in collaboration under TMR program with LNL Legnaro as well as with MRC Harwell (British Council). The experimental set up called Jet Counter was modified by adding a new electron gun and a new arrangement of the ion collecting system. The performances of the electron gun type EQ22 was analyzed in view of the composition of number of electrons in a single pulse. A separate setup was assembled for measuring the efficiency to single ions of nitrogen and propane of the electron multipliers. Numerical modeling: The dose rate profile along ~P brachythcrapy source to the artery wall was calculated using MCNP4C Monte Carlo transport code. The changes in dose distribution in an artery when plaque of different thickness is present was investigated. The numerical calculations for the project of an experimental setup for the study of clectronuclear method of energy generation based on the use of a subcritical fast plutonium reactor and 650 MeV proton accelerator have been continued. 72 Annual Report 2002 4.1 Further Studies on the Implementation of a Ring Ionization Chamber for Standardization of Absorbed Dose from the Radioactive Sources for Intravascular ! o Brachytherapy !§ by K.Wincel, B.Zareba, S.Pszona Two parameters, namely, depth scaling factor and Effective depth of measurements an effective depth of the RIC models made of PMMA The sensitive air gap of the RIC model presently and polistyrcne for P-32 line source (as used in being investigated is not infinitesimal; therefore it Guidant system) have been investigated. These perturbs the depth dose distribution. Additionally, parameters are of great importance for an adequate because of large dose rate gradient across this gap the derivation of absorbed dose to water at 2 mm depth effective depth of measurements at PMMA has to be from centre of a source. estimated. The Monte Carlo code MCNP4C, was used Depth scaling factor to investigate these effects, particularly for air gaps of 0.1mm to 0.4 mm at 2 mm depth in PMMA. A model The depth scaling factor, DSF, (for depth dose) of 12 PMMA to water, was calculated using the Monte of a P source wire, as described for the Guidant Carlo code MNCP4C. The results are shown in Fig. 1. system has been applied in these calculations. The The following relation: results are shown in Figure 2. Five curves are seen, namely without air gap and for 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 r 1.1 192*r MA-0,004 (1) w = PM mm air gaps. The effective depth (cylindrical surface), holds as the best fit in the range of, TPMMA , up to r,.r of dose measurements can be derived based on this 3 mm. figure. ! i It 1 1 i1 i i 0 3S u 0.3 E 0 25 O 0.2 0 15 I i o 0.O5 rPMMA' Depth in PMMA [mm] Fig. 1 Graph showing the depths in water and PMMA tor the same values of absorbed dose for a 1:P brachytherapy source - filled diamonds. Solid line presents the best fit expressed by relation (I). Fig. 2 Depth dose in PMMA for 0.1 (filled circle), 0.2 (cross). 0.3 (x) and 0.4 (full triangle) mm air gaps as well as without air gap (open square). 4.2 The Shielding Effect of the Guide Wire During Coronary Brachytherapy with P-32 Source by S.Pszona, C.K?pka", W.Bulski2', A.Witkowski" in Intracoronary beta radiation is an effective method in reducing neointimal proliferation after successful angioplasty and stent implantation. However, long- term results may be influenced by absolute dose and Catheter by the homogeneity in dose distribution. In our study we investigated dose perturbation due to the presence Fig. 1 Expanded view of measuring set up for studying the of conventional guide wire during irradiation. shielding effect of a guide wire. DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY 73 Methods: The Galileo III centering catheter and P- 32 beta source (Guidant Radiotherapy System) were used. 55 MD GAF chromic foil was positioned within 315 45 a phantom made of PMMA. An expanded view of measuring set up is seen in Figure 1. The dose distribution at cylindrical surfaces has been assessed using GAF Chromic dosimetric foil MD55 (Nuclear Associates®). 270-1 tf 90 Results: The polar plots of dose attenuation effects 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8>:l1 of the 0.36 mm Hi-Torque guide wire is seen in Figure 2. Our study demonstrated the significant dose reduction of 46% in the most "shaded" area. The dose reduction to 80% or less occupies the 60-degrec 225 135 sector. This phenomenon can cause progression of lale restenosis. 180 Conclusion: Results suggest that technical Fig. 2 Polar plots of dose attenuation effects of guide wire. Full improvements in centering catheter construction dots - with guide wire; open triangles - without guide wire. should be made to eliminate the "shielding" effect of the guide wire. I) Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland 2) Centre of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland 4.3 Set Up for Measuring the Counting Efficiency of the Ion Detectors PL0400176 byJ.Kula A special ion source I.S which generates the ions of nitrogen or propane has been developed. An idea of I.S., schematically shown in Fig. I, is based on use of an alpha source to ionize of stream of flowing gas. An yield of such I.S. in form of intensity of ions as measured by a Faraday cup and counting rate measured by the electron multipliers (AF 180H), is seen in Fig. 2. to the counter 1.E+06 i 1> 1.E+05 •a \ 1.E+04 - \ i; y 11 ,E+03 - I • / 2 1.E+02 • i / I o 1.E+01 • 4 I 1.E+00 Fig. 1 Set up for measuring the counting efficiency of the ion 10 100 1000 detectors. P, preassure, Torr The set up, Fig. 1, has been assembled for Fig. 2 Counting rate versus pressure of nitrogen in ion source lor • ' 6 Fig. 2 Counting rate versus pressure of nitrogen in ion source lor measuring an absolute efficiency of the electron AF180Hnr.2840O electron multiplier (»)and nitrogen ion yield as multipliers used as the detectors of the positive ions of measured by a Faraday cup (•). nitrogen and propane. 74 Annual Report 2002 4.4 Jet Counter - Adjusting of the EQ22 Electron Gun for the Experiments with Low Energy Electrons by A.Bantsar The electron gun, EQ22/35 (SPECS), is an and multiple electrons arc counted by Electron essential part of the Jet Counter set up and was Multiplier, EM, BL914. The signals amplified by a installed for studying of gas flow (timing and instant VTI20A preamplifier and counted by TurboMCS91 1 density) as well as for investigating of the ionization multiscalcr. The registered counts by multiscaler arc cluster formation at nanometre levels. The analyzed for single and multiple electron contained in experiments with low energy electrons need to have a a single beam pulse. source of monoenergetic electrons with single electron intensity. Therefore the electron beam from the Wehnelt 13V EQ22/35 gun has been examined for disclosing of a Wehnell 13.5V structure of electron beam i.e. for probabilities of Wehnelt 14V having only single electron in each electron gun pulse. X Wehnell 14.5V The Jet counter configuration for such studies is -G- Wehnelt 15 V, cnerav c 500c V shown in Figure 1. 4 5 6 7 electron cluster size Fig. 1 Schematic view of Jet counter configuration for EQ22/35gun investigation. Fig. 2 Electron cluster size spectra (including zero events) versus voltage of Wehnelt electrode. The Power Unit PU-EQ22 supplies all voltages necessary for operation of Electron Source EQ22/35. The electron clusters spectra, for different voltage The Beam Chopper generates 800ns voltage impulse on Wehnelt electrode is seen in Figure 2. It is clearly on Wehnelt electrode, W. of Electron Source to seen that if only single electron is needed for one release electrons of low intensity. The duration of this electron gun pulse, then a lot of zero events is impulse and voltage on W was studied to elucidate the senerated. conditions that only single electron is emitted. Single 4.5 Influence of a Plaque on Longitudinal and Radial Dose Distribution - Monte Carlo Modelling by K.Wincel, B.Zanjba Radial and longitudinal absorbed dose rate MCNP energy deposition output given as a (MeV per distributions in soft tissue for a UP intravascular cell per one electron) was converted to (cGy/s) unit for brachythcrapy source were calculated using MCNP 7 GBq source activity. [1] (version 4C) Monte Carlo transport code and MCNPDATA [2] cross-section library. The 32P source was modeled according to the details included in paper prepared by ENEA Instituto di Radioprotezione (Bologna-Italy) and titled "Intercomparison on the Usage of Computational Codes in Radiation Dosimetry". The source spectrum was taken from ICRU 56. Dose profiles were calculated for the source symmetrically placed in the lumen. Calculations were performed for the system with and without plaque of thickness 0.5 mm. Detectors were assumed to be surrounding the source cylindrical annuluses. Size off substeps and dimensions off cell 0,35 0.55 0,75 0,95 detectors were tested. Number of histories were varied Radial distance from the centre [cm] from 800 000 to 1 200 000. Statistical error of less Fig. 1 The radial dose rate profile along a perpendicular bisector then 27c was found for the most of the detectors. of the source axis with and wilhoul plaque (source length 2.7 cm. source activity 7GBq). DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY 1,00E»02 the source axis. Point (R=0, Z=0) is placed on the source axis between NiTi wire and active part of the source. "Z" increases towards the tungsten marker. Calculated radial and longitudinal dose rate u distributions are shown in Fig.l and Fig.2, 1.00E+01 respectively. Presented transport problem, related to medical physics and dosimetry, has been prepared by o M the Concerted Action QUADOS (Quality Assurance 2 of Computational Tools for Dosimetry). 1.00E+00 [1] J.F.Briemeister, MCNP - A General Monte Carlo -0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 N-Particle Transport Code, Version 4C, Los Z[cmJ Alamos National Laboratory, CCC-700, 2000 Fig. 2 The dose rate along the source longitudinal axis, at a depth [2] MCNPDATA- Standard Neutron, Photon and of I mm into the artery wall with and without plaque (source length 2.7 cm, source activity 7 GBq). Electron Data Libraries for MCNP4C, Los Alamos National Laboratory, DLC-200, 2000 The results are presented in R-Z coordinate system (cylindrical geometry). "Z" coordinates are placed on PL0400179 4.6 Monte-Carlo Simulation of Hadron-Nucleus Interactions within the QMD by A.Polahski, V.V.Uzhinsky11 Data on nuclear reactions at the energies of needed to take into account anisotropic N-N hundred MeV and GeV are required for multiple scattering. Modified QMD model can be useful for purposes such as long-lived radioactive waste calculations of neutron and proton spectra and the transmutation, material analysis and nuclear medicine. residual nuclei mass distribution at low and Experiments on measuring the data are costly and intermediate energy hadrons-nucleus interactions. there are a limited number of facilities to make them. Therefore, reliable computer models for a simulation o Ex p. data of the reactions are created to provide the necessary QMD with evaporation QMD without evaporation data. Most are using the ideas of the cascade- evaporation model. At low energies (less than 250 p+Fe=>n+X113MeV MeV) the particle production is not a dominant mechanism and potential interaction becomes more important. It is assumed by many authors that the Quantum Molecular Dynamic Model (QMD model) [1] can be used for calculations of hadrons and ions interactions with nuclei. These are the Quantum Molecular Dynamics model [I] and the Quasi-Particle Dynamics (QPD) model [2]. These models simulate the reactions on an event by event basis and in consequence preserve the N-body correlations and fluctuations. The 1E-5 QMD model for description of the nucleon spectra and 1E-6 the residual nuclei mass distribution at low and 10 En,MeV intermediate energy hadrons-nucleus interactions was Fig.l Comparison of the experimental data on cross sections for development [3, 4]. We included evaporation model neutron production with calculations using QMD model with and for calculations of the second stage of nuclear without evaporation. interaction. The results for fast stage of nuclear interactions (QMD model without evaporation) and [ I ] J.Aichelin, Phys. Rep. 202 233 (1991) with second stage of reaction (QMD with evaporation) [2] D.H.Boal, J.N.GIosli, Phys. Rev. C38( 1988) 1870 are presented on Fig. 1. [3] Monte Carlo Simulation of Hadron-Nucleus Interactions within the QMD. Proc. of the 6lh As we can see from Fig.l reaction cross sections World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics calculated in QMD + evaporation model agree quite and Informatics, July 14-18, 2002, Orlando, with experimental data. Floryda, USA, p.79, A.PoIariski, V.V.Uzhinsky QMD model + evaporation model allows to describe p+A reactions at energy about 250 MeV and " Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 quite agree with cascade model. At high energies it is Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia 76 Annual Report 2002 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ION1ZASTION CLUSTERS AT DNA LEVEL - EXPERIMENTAL MODELING S.Pszona and J.Kula Radiation Protection Dosimelry 991 2002 )387 FORMATION OF ION CLUSTERS BY ALPHA- PARTICLES IN .. NANOMETRIC VOLUMES OF NITROGEN: EXPERIMENT AND CALCULATION B.Grosswendl and S.Pszona Radiation Protection Dosimetry 99(2002)331 THE TRACK STRUCTURE OF ALPHA-PARTICLES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ION IZATION-CLUSTER FORMATION IN 'NANOMETR1C VOLUMES OF NITROGEN B.Grosswendt and S.Pszona Radialiim Environ. Biophxs.. 4I( 2002)91 MONTE CARLO MODELING OF BIREACTOR ELECTRONUCLEAR SYSTEMS S.A.Bznuni. A.H.Khudaverdyan. V.M Zhamkochyan. V.S.Barashenkov, A.Polariski, A.N.Sosnin Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engeneering, 2002, v.2, N 1 -2, p. 21 KAREKTIRISTIK1 DWUKHREAKTORNYKH ELEKTROJADERNYKH SYSTEM S.A.Bznuni. A.H.Khudaverdyan, V.M.Zhamkochyan, V.S.Barashenkov, A.N.Sosnin. A.Polanski Atommiju Energui. 7 92. 5(2002)144 DOSIMETRY ASPECTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY W.Bulski . S.Pszona, M.Kawczynska Acta Medicu Luuamca Suppl.9(2002194 IVUS DOSIMETRY FOR INTRACORONARY BETA BRACHYTHERAPY AFTER STENT1NG- WHAT SHOULD BE THE TARGET A.Witkowski, M.Kawczynska, Z.Chmielak, P.Szmaus. J.Lyczck. W.Bulski, S.Pszona W.Ruzyllo European Heart Journal Vol.4( 2002)688 COBPEMEHHblE METOAbI OBPABOTKM 3KCnEPMMEHTAJlbHblX AAHHblX B CDH3HKE BblCOKHX SHEPrHH I .A.OCOCKOB. A.no.iaiiCKHfl. MB riy'jbiHiui Journal Pan.Phys. andNucl. Pins.in.33.8.3(2002)676 THE SHIELDING EFFECT OF GUIDE WIRE ON SURFACE DOSE IN AN ARTERIAL TISSUE LAYER DURING CATHTER BASED BRACHYTHERAPY WITH P-32 SOURCE. C.Kepka. S.Pszona Cardiovascular Radiation Medicine SEY STUDIES ON TiN COATED CERAMIC SAMPLES J.Lorkiewicz, J.Kula and S.Pszona NIM B (in press) MONTE CARLO CALCULATION OF THE DOSE DISTRIBUTION FOR P-32 BRACHYTHERAPY W[RE SOURCE KAVinccI and B.Zar^ba Polish Journal of Medical Physics (in press) PERSPEKTYVNYIE ELECTROJADERNYIE SISTEMY S.A.Bznuni. A.H.Khudaverdyan, V.M Zhamkochyan, V.S.Barashenkov, A.N.Sosnin, A.Polanski Physics of Elein. Panicles and Atomic Nuclei. 2003.N4.(in press) KASKADNYIE ELEKTROJADERNYIE SISTEMY ZZHYDKO-KADM1EMIM WENTILIEM S.A.Bznuni. A.H.Khudaverdyan, V.M.Zhamkochyan, V.S.Barashenkov, A.N.Sosnin, A.Polanski Aionmaja Energia T. 93. 2002 (in press) PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS PROGRESS IN APPLICATION OFTHE RING lONIZATION CHAMBERS FOR IVB DOSIMETRY S.Pszona 10 DGXtP Meeting,on Physical Asppects in Vascular and Otcutar Brachyrlierapy Essen June 13-14, 2002 INTRAVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY- DOSIMETRY ASPECTS W.Bulski. S.Pszona, M.Kawczynska 3"' Baltic Congress of Oncology, Vilno May 2-4 . 2002 A NEW APPROACH FOR STANDARDISING ABSORBED DOSE FROM BETA RADIOACTIVE WIRES USED FOR INTRAVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY S.Pszona, K.Wincel, B.Zarfba, B.Kocik International Symposium on standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimeiry, Vienna 25-28 Nov. 2002 DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION SHIELDING AND DOSIMETRY 77 THE FORMATION OF CLUSTERS OF 1ONISATION BY ELECTRONS AND ALP A PARTICLES IRRADIATION; EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES. S.Pszona, K.Wincel, H.Nikjoo. D.T.Goodhead Meeting of the Association of Radiation Rescuch, 15-17 July. 2002. University of Leicester UK MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF HADRON-NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS WITHIN THE QMD A.Polanski, V.V.Uzhinsky Proc. of Tlie 6"' World Mulliconference on S\-slemics. Cybernetics and Informatics, July H-IR.2OO2. Orlando,Florvda, USA MONTE CARLO MODELING OF PROCESSES IN ELECTRONUCLEAR SYSTEMS A.Polariski V International Congress on Mathematical Modeling. Dubna, Sept. 30 - Oct. 6. 2002 SIMULATION OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF QMD MODEL A.Polariski. I.Amirkhanov, T.Puzynina, V.Uzhinskii. E.Zemlyanaya International Congress on Mathematical Modeling, Dubna. Sept. 30-Oct. 6. 2002 MONTE-CARLO MODELING OF PARTICLE BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA V.S.Barashenkov, A. Polahski, I.V.Puzynin V International Congress on Mathematical Modeling. Dubna, Sept. 30 - Oct. 6. 2002 MEASUREMENTS OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE SPALATION TARGETS. W.Pohorecki. J.Janczyszyn, S.Taczanovvski. A.Polanski Physor-2002.South Korea. Nov. 2002 PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES A.Polahski Session III chairman Mathematical models and software support in computational physics, V Int. Congress on Mathematical Modeling. Dubna. Russia Sept.30-Ocl. 6, 2002 PERSONNEL Research scientists Jacek Kula, MSc. Krzysztof Wincel, MSc. Aleksander Polariski, Dr, on leave until Dec. 2002 Barbara Zariba, MSc. Stanisfaw Pszona, Dr. PhD students Aleksander Bantsar. MSc. Technical and administrative staff Adam Dudziriski Bogdan Kocik 6/10 Elzbieta Jaworska Jan Pie.tka 1/3 78 Annual Repoil 2002 DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 79 DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY Head of Department: Prof. Marek J. Sadowski phone: (22)718-05-36 PL0400180 e-mail: [email protected] Overview In 2002 research activities in Depl. P-V were concentrated upon the continuation of high-temperature plasma investigations. Some new studies were initialed, particularly in the field of plasma technology. The main topics were as follows: 1. Selected problems of plasma theory; 2. Investigation of plasma phenomena in pulse discharges of the Plasma-Focus (PF) and Z-Pinch; 3. Development of the selected methods of plasma diagnostics; 4. Research on experimental facilities lor basic studies and industrial applications; 5. Modification of material surfaces by means of pulse plasma-ion streams. Within theoretical studies we continued the numerical modeling of discharges in a coaxial plasma accelerator of the IPD type. An analysis of results, as obtained during several small IPD experiments, was also performed. The second theoretical task was the modeling of ion motion within a pinch column formed during PF-lypc discharges. As for experimental studies, some phenomena occurring in high-current discharges of the PF and Z-Pinch type were investigated. In particular, the correlation of X-rays with pulsed electron- and ion-beams, emitted from micro-regions (hot spots) formed inside a PF pinch column, was studied. It was shown that the polarization of important X-ray lines depends considerably on the observation direction, also in the case when a single hot-spot is observed. It confirmed a thesis that there appear groups of fast electrons moving in the radial direction. It was also shown that X-ray pulses are strongly con-elated with fast electron beams, which arc emitted mostly in the upstream direction. Some electron beams were also detected at different angles to the z-axis. Experimental studies of high-temperature plasma were also carried out within a large PF-IOOO facility operated at IFPiLM in Warsaw. Some new experiments with wire-type liners were performed within the collaboration with IFPiLM and CVUT in Prague (Czech Republic). Other experimental investigations were carried out in the PF-360 facility equipped with nuclear targets made of D2O-ice. The use of a high-speed framing camera enabled legible VR pictures and X-ray images to be obtained. These demonstrated some details of filamentary and spiral microstructures. Particular attention was paid to temporal changes in anisotropy of the fusion neutron emission. Another experimental aim concerned the development of plasma diagnostics. In the collaboration with Dept. P-I at IPJ and the Laboratory of Heavy Ions at Warsaw University, the calibration of selected solid-state nuclear track detectors (PM-355) was performed for energetic sulphur- and argon-ions. Also investigated was the influence of intense X-rays and electron beams on responses of the PM-355 detectors. Another task was an analysis of optical spectra recorded within the wavelength range from 200 nm to 1100 nm. Detailed optical measurements within the RPI-IBIS facility made it possible to investigate a dependence of intensities ol the selected spectral lines and their FWHM values on the initial gas conditions. Particular attention was also paid to spcctroscopic studies of early stages of a decay of pulsed plasma streams within the RPI-type devices. As for technological studies, there was continued research on plasma technology of different materials. In particular the erosion of some reversible getters was investigated in collaboration with the IPP KIPT in Kharkov (Ukraine). The use of vacuum arc discharges to the deposition of super-conductor (Nb) layers upon surfaces of RF accelerator cavities was investigated within the collaboration with the Tor-Vergata University in Rome (Italy) and DESY in Hamburg (Germany). A new UHV set-up with two planar arc sources was investigated in Rome, and a new UHV experimental stand was designed and constructed in Swierk. Other studies of plasma-ion techniques for the material engineering were carried out in collaboration with Dept. P-IX (another chapter of this report). The most important achievements of the Dept. P-V in 2002 were as follows: 1. The demonstration that X-ray lines from a PF-type pinch column differ strongly in polarization, even if they are emitted from a single hot-spot, and that the X-ray emission is strongly correlated with fast electron beams; 2. The calibration of the selected solid-slate nuclear track detectors and their wide-spread use in different plasma experiments; 3. The assembling of a new UHV set-up with two planar arc sources and a magnetic filter (in collaboration with a group in Rome) as well as the design and assembling of two new UHV systems with a linear arc (one in Rome and another one in Swierk, in the collaboration with DESY). The results obtained by Dept. P-V have been described in 59 papers presented at different international conferences and in 42 papers published or accepted for publication, as well as in I I papers submitted for publication in different scientific journals. 80 PL0400181 Annual Report 2002 5.1 Computational Studies of Plasma Dynamics in the IPD Coaxial Accelerator by M.Rabiriski and K.Zdunek'1 In surface engineering, a plasma can be used as an observed upon the current sheet surface, has been efficient source of mass and energy for the synthesis analyzed computationally in the snow plow and deposition of layers of various materials. During approximation [2]. The plasma column inclination the IPD (Impulse Plasma Deposition) process [1] a also has been simulated [3], as shown in Fig. 1. An nitrogen plasma is generated in the working gas due to observed shift is the result of the current sheet a high-voltage high-current pulse discharge, ignited acceleration caused by a plasma outflow through within an inter-electrode region of a coaxial observation windows made in the outer electrode. accelerator. The influence of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability on C=100(JF, U=6kV, p=60Pa (nitrogen) the morphology of TiN coatings has been investigated experimentally [3]. Rayleigh-Taytor instability The described experimental studies were supported by the KBN Research Grant No. 7 T08C 04517. [ 1 ] M.Sokolowski, A.Sokotowska, J Cryst Growth 57 (1982)185 [2] M.Rabihski, K.Zdunek, Vacuum 48 (1997) 715 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 [3] M.Rabinski, K.Zdunek, Proc. 8th Int.Conf. on Plasma Surface Engin., Garmisch-Partenkirchcn, Fig. 1 Time evolution of the current sheet in the IPD accelerator Germany, Sept. 2002; submitted to Surf.&Coal. with windows cut in upper part of the outer electrode. Radial and Technology axial distances in cm, the sheet position plotted with I LJS intervals. 1' Warsaw Univ.of Technology (PW), Poland In the present study, the influence of accelerator parameters on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, PL0400182 5.2 Modeling of Ion Trajectories Inside and Nearby a Pinch Column of a Discharge of the Plasma-Focus Type by A.A.Pasternak", M.J.Sadowski, A.Galkowski2' In 2002, studies of the ion emission from PF-typc 0.02 -i discharges were continued, since they have been of importance not only for the understanding of plasma 0.01 - r phenomena and ion acceleration mechanisms, but also Y, m for technological applications of pulsed ion beams o.oo generated by such devices. During recent years to understand the ion emission characteristics, and in -0.01- particular to explain an angular distribution of the emitted ions, some theoretical models were developed. -0.02 Calculations of ion trajectories, which were performed 0.00 0.03 0.01 X, m 0.02 for a homogenous cylindrical pinch, did not explain all 0.03 -I features of the ion angular distribution, and in particular they did not demonstrate a local minimum observed at the symmetry axis of the pinch. More 0.02- detailed computations, which assumed a spindle- R, m cusped form of the collapsing current sheath, gave better results, but it appeared necessary to take into 0.01- consideration a filamentary structure of the current sheath and pinch column. Preliminary computations, Z, m which were carried out on the basis of a 3-D model, 0.00 confirmed an influence of an electrical field induced 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02 by motion of the current filaments on the final angular Fig. 1 Y-X and R-Z projections of the of ion irajeclories for the static configuration (1) and for the dynamic configuration of 6 distribution of fast ions, as shown in Fia. I. filaments (2). The framed part presents ExB drift influence on the ion trajectory. DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 81 1.5- as well as for different starting points and velocities (energies) of ions (mainly protons and deutcrons). 1.0- Electrical fields induced during the radial compression 0.5 - and expansion of a filamentary current sheath were also taken into account, as shown in Fig.2. jz o.o A The results obtained explain more accurately some peculiarities of the ion distributions observed in -0.5 - different PF experiments. -1 0- [1] M.J.Sadowski, Proc. Czech Symp. on Plasma -1.5 - Phys. & Technology, Prague, Czech Rep., June 2002, P.I I; Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D (2002) -2.0 D161. -1.5 -1 0 -0 5 0 0 0 5 1.0 1.5 [2] A.Pastcrnak, M.J.Sadowski, A.Galkowski, Proc. X Axis Title Czech Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology. Fig. 2 Tracks of ions upon (he X-Y plane (the ion angular Prague, Czech Rep., June 2002, p.50; Czech. J. distribution), as computed with and without the induced electrical Phys. 52, Suppl. D (2002) D177 fields. [3] A.Pasternak, M.J.Sadowski, A.Galkowski; Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, In 2002 particular attention was paid to studies of Greifswald, Germany, September 2002, P-B06; ion kinetics in more details. The 3-D model of ion submitted to Plasma Phys. and Contr. Fusion motion, assuming the spindle-cusped (funnel-like) configuration of the collapsing current sheath layer, 11 IPP Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, which contains current filaments, was developed and Greifswald, Germany used for modeling of ion trajectories. The 2) Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion computations were carried out for various numbers (IFPiLM), Warsaw, Poland and different spatial distributions of current filaments, 5.3 Study of the Nature of Micro-pinches (Hot Spots) on the Basis of Measurements of the X-ray and Corpuscular Radiation CO by L.Jakubowski, M.J.Sadowski, E.O.Baronova " oo l§ In high current pulse discharges of the Plasma When numerous hot spots are produced, it is Focus (PF) type, inside the collapsing pinch column, impossible to determine local plasma parameters Is local micro-regions of high-density and high- exactly, and to interpret the polarization effects. To la. temperature plasma (hot spots) are formed. Individual eliminate this problem special efforts were undertaken hot spots are separated in space and time. Each hot to realize PF-type discharges with single hot spot only. spot is characterized by its specific electron It has been achieved by a choice of the special concentration and temperature, as well as by the electrode configuration, which facilitated the emission of X-ray lines with different polarization. An formation of a single hot spot emitting intense X-ray appropriate method to analyze polarization of the lines, as shown in Fig. 1. X-ray emission from irreproducible sources is to use a scheme with two crystals. Dispersive planes of the crystals should be mutually perpendicular. To analyze polarization, both crystals should detect the radiation simultaneously. This scheme works for point X-ray sources with an assumption that a) X-ray source radiates isotropically, b) crystals are quite identical, c) investigated radiation is reflected at a Brag angle 45°, and d) both crystals receive radiation from the same plasma region. Requirements a) and b) need a time- consuming experimental study to be checked or proved, the requirement d) is the most problematic even for the point source, because dispersion planes of the devices are mutually perpendicular, and appropriate space-resolved measurements should be performed so as to estimate a size of the plasma region Fig. 1 X-ray pinhole picture taken for a PF discharge with a for both directions. single hot-spot. 82 Annual Report 2002 At chosen experimental conditions it was possible [I] L.Jakubowski, MJ.Sadowski, Brazil. Journ. of to determine local plasma parameters and to Phys. 32, 1(2002)187 demonstrate evident differences in the polarization of [2] Dong E.Kim, E.O.Baronova, L.Jakubowski, Jap. the observed X-ray lines, as shown in Fig. 2. J. Plasma Fusion Res. 78, 8(2002)745 [3] E.O.Baronova, M.M.Stepanenko, L.Jakubowski, H.Tsunemi, Jap. J. Plasma Fusion Res. 78, 160- ArXVII-1p/\ 8(2002)759 120- A [4] E.O.Baronova, G.V.Sholin, L.Jakubowski, Proc. 3 80- ArXVII- P German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagostics, \ 40- Greifswald, Germany, Sept. 4-6, 2002, P-A04; submitted to Plasma Phys. Contr. Fusion (2002) n- 3,90 3,92 3,94 3,96 3,98 4,00 4,02 4,04 4,06 [5] E.O.Baronova, L.Jakubowski, Proc. German- 160- Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, Greifswald, 120- ArXVII-'PA B Germany, Sept. 4-6, 2002, P-A23; submitted to ArXVII- P Plasma Phys. Contr. Fusion (2002) 80- A [6] E.O.Baronova, L.Jakubowski, Proc. German- 40- Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, Greifswald, 'V. r n- Germany, Sept. 4-6, 2002, P-B28; submitted to 3,90 3,92 3,94 3,96 3,98 4,00 4,02 4,04 4.06 Plasma Phys. Contr. Fusion (2002) Wavelength [A] [7] L.Jakubowski, M.J.Sadowski, E.O.Baronova, Proc. 19"' IAEA Fusion Energy Con!'., Lyon, France, Oct. 14-19, 2002, Pl-21; submitted to Fig. 2 Spectra of the X-ray radiation emitted from the single hot- spot (Fig. I), as recorded by means of the two crystal spectrometers Nucl. Fusion (2002) with mutually perpendicular dispersion planes. " RRC ,,Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia 5.4 Investigations of Plasma Dynamics and the Emission of X-rays, Electron Beams and Fast Neutrons within PF -1000 Facility 12 by L.Jakubowski, M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz" and A.Banaszak is Within the frame work of the collaboration Results of the recent PF-1000 experiments were ;o between IPJ in Swierk and IFPiLM in Warsaw we presented at the international conference in Prague CL performed joint experiments with the PF-1000 facility. [3-4]. New results of experiments carried out with the Results of previous experiments were analyzed and compression of metal wires were described in other summarized in joint publications [1-2]. papers [5-6] and presented at the conference in In the frame work of the same task, to identify Albuquerque [7-8]. mechanisms of the generation of particle beams in :SKHIiTfl Single Sea l.OOCS/s discharges of the Plasma-Focus (PF) type, special N research on correlations of the emission of electron IE Chl Zooni:" YSVve pulses, soft X-rays (Xs) and hard X-rays (X|,) as well X as neutrons (N) was undertaken. An appropriate s selection of filters and scintillators made it possible to perform simultaneous measurements recording of the X,, Xs (3-8 keV) and XH (8-30 keV) pulses. The energy ranges were chosen for Xs - to make possible the El recording X-rays emitted from a plasma pinch column, and for XM - to observe the Brcmsstrahlung radiation emitted mainly from electrodes and vacuum- chamber walls. The electron beams (El) were recorded by means of Cerenkov-type detectors made of rutile crystals and by means of magnetic spectrometers. The "3GB—i.oo v4xlO10). L.Karpinski, et al., Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D The observed electron beams arc emitted mostly in the (2002)DI00 upstream direction (i.e. at 180° angle to the z-axis) [5] P.Kubes, J.Kravarik, D.KIir, M.Scholz, et al., through the axial channel in the anode. It should, Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl.D (2002)DI 17 however, be noted that we recorded some electron [6] L.Karpinski, J.Kravarik, P.Kubes, M.Padueh. et beams at angles ranging from 68° lo 78°, and weak al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 44(2002) 1609 electron signals at the angle of 90° to the /.-axis. The [71 M.Scholz, B.Bienkowska, I.Ivanova-Slanik, correlation of these electron beams with the emission L.Karpinski, et al., Proc. 14th Int. Conf. on High- of X-ray pulses was also observed, but it requires Power Particle Beams & Dense Z-Pinchcs, more detailed measurements and analysis. Albuquerque, USA, June 23-28, 2002, P.67 [8] P.Kubes, J.Kravarik, D.KIir, M.Scholz, et al.. [ 1 ] M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz, Nuklconika 47(2002)3 I Proc. 14th Int. Conf. on High-Power Particle [2] M.Scholz, R.Miklaszewski, M.J.Sadowski, et al., Beams & Dense Z-Pinches, Albuquerque, USA, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 30, 2(2002)476 June 2002, P.65 [3] M.Scholz, A.Szydlowski, M.J.Sadowski, et al., " Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D(2002)D93 (IFPiLM), Warsaw, Poland 5.5 Research on Interaction of Plasma-ion Streams with an Additional Target and Studies of Neutron Emission Anisotropy in PF-360 Facility by J.Zebrowski, M.J.Sadowski, K.Czaus, M.Paduch0 and K.Tomaszewski" m oo In 2002, particular attention was paid to studies of Peculiarities of the neutron emission from soft X-ray emission from the PF-360 facility. Such discharges performed within the PF-360 facility 1 measurements were performed by means of two soft- without the additional target, and in particular so- X-ray framing modules (SXFM), which constituted a called double pinch phenomena, were also studied. i Q_ part of the high-speed multi-frame imaging system. Particular attention was also paid lo the neutron The time of X-ray exposition was equal to 15 ns, as emission anisotropy. The results obtained were shown in Fig.l. presented at the plasma diagnostic conference in Greifswald [2j. The dynamics of current sheath and plasma pinch were also studied for PF discharges without a target. In two X-ray SXFM channels the use have been made of a thin polystyrene filter, which made it possible to observe an X-ray microstructure of the pinch column in more details, e.g. to record microstructures of the 125 ns 1 | 3(1 ns 1 spiral type. The results of this primary research on microstructures were presented at the international Fig. 1 Soft X-ray images obtained from the SXFM module with conferences in Greifswald [3] and Alushta [4]. Some 15-ns exposition during different PF-360 shots. The experiment was results have also been published in a review paper |5J. carried out at Un = 30 kV, E,, = 113 kJ, p,, = 6.0 hPa with 4% argon admixture, and Y,, = 0.33 x 10'". [11 M.J.Sadowski, K.Czaus, J.Zebrowski, Czech. J. Detailed measurements of temporal- and spatial- Phys. 52, Suppl. D(2002)D172 characteristics of the neutron emission from the PF- [2] M.J.Sadowski, K.Czaus, J.Zebrowski, Proc. 360 facility, which was operated mostly with a German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. cryogenic planar target (placed about 300 mm from Greifswald, Germany, Sept. 4-6, 2002 electrodes outlets), were also performed. The main [31 J.Zebrowski, M.J.Sadowski, K.Czaus, et al., Proc. results of this research were presented at the German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, international conference in Prague [1]. On the basis of Greifswald, Germany, Sept. 2002, P-"A21 the obtained data, we concluded that for the first [41 M.J.Sadowski, Proc. Int. Conf. and School on (relatively small) neutron peak, which is a unique Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Alushta, feature for the PF-360 facility, the anisotropy Ukraine, Sept. 2002,1-22 coefficient grows with an increase in the neutron [5] M.J.Sadowski, Probl. Atom. Sci. & Techn. 4, yield, both for discharges performed without and with Series: Plasma Phys. 7(2002)123 the additional cryogenic target. It has been assumed " Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microl'usion that this peak is produced by the beam-target (IFPiLM), Warsaw, Poland mechanism mainly. Annual Report 2002 5.6 Determination of Calibration Characteristics for Sulphur Ions and Investigation of CD CO an X-ray and Fast-electron Radiation Influence on the Track Formation Processes is in PM-355 Detectors by A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, l.Fijat", M.Jaskola", A.Korman", M.J.Sadowski, J.Choiriski21, A.Zimck3' 13 The calibration of selected nuclear track detectors study this problem, the detector samples were first (particularly plastics of the CR-39 and PM-355 type), irradiated with 1.5 McV protons as well as with which was undertaken at IPJ several years ago. has 1.5 MeV and 5.5 MeV a-particles. After that, the been continued in 2002. In the frame of these irradiated samples were additionally exposed to fast investigations, detailed measurements were carried out (10 McV) electrons (from an accelerator) or to to determine parameters of tracks induced in the PM- y-radiation (from a ' Co source). The exposition was 355 detector by sulphur ions of energy ranging up to performed in such a way that sample absorbed 44 MeV. The detector samples were first irradiated different doses of electrons (ranging from 1 -10^ Gy up with quasi-monoenergetic sulphur ions, which were to 2106 Gy) or different doses of y-radiation (ranging provided by the U-200P cyclotron operated at the LCJ, from 3.5 -|05 up to 1.3 I06 Gy). The irradiated Warsaw University. The irradiated samples were samples were etched under typical conditions. The etched under typical conditions (in a 6.25-N water results obtained for the analysis, i.e. track diameters as solution of NaOH, at 70° C). The determined a function of the absorbed dose [4], showed that fast calibration characteristics (track diameters versus ion electrons and/or y-radiation affect the track diameters energy and etching time) confirm some general considerably (Fig. 1). Such an influence cannot be tendency of track diameter evolution, which follows neglected, especially when the detectors in question from our earlier observations. arc used in high-temperature plasma experiments. • He+ E = 1.5 MeV i • a E = 5.5 MoV [1] A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, T.Czyzewski, l.Fijal, proton E - 1.5 MeV M.Jaskota, A.Korman, M.J.Sadowski, Proc. Europea Network on Ion Track Technology 1 (EuNITT) Workshop, CIRIL-GANIL Caen, j France, February 2002, P.5 •XL [2] A.Szydtowski, A.Banaszak, T.Czyzewski, l.Fijal, UJ \ M.Jaskota, A.Korman, M.J.Sadowski, et al., i # Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D (2002)D921 [3] A.Szydlowki, A.Banaszak, I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, M.J.Sadowski, Proc. German-Polish rRAC K DIAME l Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, Greifswald, Germany, September 2002, P-B08 • [4] A.Szydlowski, M.J.Sadowski, A.Banaszak, l I J ' M.Jaskoia, A.Korman, I.Fijai, A.Zimek, Proc. 2T Intern. Conf. on Nucl. Tracks in Solids, Delhi, India, October 2002, C17/P ABSORBED DOSE (kGy) Fig. 1 Diameters of the tracks induced by 1.5-MeV protons, 1.5-MeV He* ions, and 5.5-MeV a-panides, as measured in the Department P-I Institute for Nuclear Studies, PM-355 detectors versus the absorbed doses of energetic electrons. Warsaw, Poland 2) Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw Univ., Poland In 2002 we also investigated the influence of last 3) Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology. electrons and y-radiation on the track formation Warsaw, Poland processes in the PM - 355 detectors [4]. In order to 5.7 Application of New Types of Solid-state Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) for Corpuscular Diagnostics in High-temperature Plasma Experiments bv A.Szvdlowski. A.Banaszak, M.J.Sadowski, M.Scholz", J.Wolowski", K.Jungwirth2' G.Bonheure31 oo j| Solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs), due found application for corpuscular diagnostics in high- to their specific properties, have found widespread temperature plasma experiments. The main goal of the 13 applications in various domains of science and calibration investigations, which were undertaken a ! Q_ technology. Detectors of this type, and especially new few years ago at IPJ in Swierk, has been to determine and up-graded versions of the CR-39 plastic detector, such characteristics of SSNTDs which are decisive for such as PM-355. PM-500 and PM-600, have also a particle registration, e.g. an energy detection DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY S5 threshold and detection efficiency for different ion laser beams, which were generated by the high-power species as a function of ion energy. Another important iodine laser (of energy up to 1.2 kJ at the wavelength aim of the calibration experiments was to find some of 1.315 urn, run in ~ 400 ps pulses) [3-61. In that relationships between ion parameters and produced experiment the detector samples were located at track dimensions, which would make possible the ion different distances (from 22 cm up to 270 cm) from identification, i.e. the determination of ion energy, its the target surface, and each sample was partially mass and atomic number. masked with Al-foil filters of different thickness (ranging from 0.75 um up to 30 u.m). Track densities In 2002 the SSNTDs were used in studies 7 2 performed within PF-1000 and the PALS experiments: of the order of 10 tracks/cm were observed on the uncovered detectors as well as on the detectors 1) In the PF-1000 plasma-focus facility, as masked with 0.75-u.m and 1.5-um thick Al-1'oils. In operated at the IFPiLM in Warsaw, the SSNTDs were those experiments protons of energy above 0.5 McV applied to measure fast ion angular distributions and and Ta-ions of energy above 22 MeV were recorded. to determine the space location of fast ion beam sources [1-2]. These experimental arrangements enabled to measure an angular distribution of different energy ions during a single PF-shoi (as shown in 11] M.Scholz, B.Bicnkowska, L.Karpinski. ct al., Fig. 1) and to observe the ion bean sources from Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D(2()02)D100 several different directions. [2J A.Szydiowski, A.Banaszak, M.J.Sadowski, Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, 1.2x10 —•—no filter —•—AI-lilteM.S^m Greifswald, Germany, September 2002. P-B07 level of saturatloi --•' AI-fllter4,0|im [31 A.Szydiowski, J.Badziak, P.Parys, J.Wolowski, et 1,0x10 al., Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D (2002)D299 8,0x10 [4] J.Wotowski, F.P.Boody, S.Gammino, et al.. Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, •a S 6,0x106 Greifswald, Germany, September 2002. P-B02; submitted to Plasma Phys. Conlr. Fusion «= 4,0x10° [5] A.Szydiowski, J.Wolowski, et al., Proc. German- Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, Greifswald. 2,0x10 Germany, September 2002, P-B09 [6] A.Szydiowski, Proc. 21sl Intern. Conf. on Nucl. 0,0 Tracks in Solids, Delhi, India, October 2002, PL5 -40 •30 -20 -10 0 angle to the electrode axis (deegres) 11 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion Fig. 1 Angular distributions of fast deuterons emitted from PF-1000 facility. (IFPiLM), Warsaw, Poland "' IPP, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague. Czech 2) In the PALS (Prague Asterix Laser System), as Republic operated at the IPP in Prague, the SSNTDs were used 3) Ecole Royal Militaire, Brusells, Belgium to evaluate streams and maximal energies of fast ions emitted from solid targets illuminated with intensive 5.8 Investigation of Plasma Optical Spectra in RPI-IBIS Facility and Study of the Ion Emission in Prague Capillary-Pinch Device by E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, K.Czaus, M.J.Sadowski, T.Pisarczyk0, B.Sartowska"'. K.Kolacck"1' ig Within the research program detailed spectral In order to study ions emitted from RPI facilities measurements of the optical emission from deuterium- different diagnostic methods were applied. For time- plasma streams, as generated in the RPI - IBIS facility, integrated measurements the use was made of nuclear were performed. The MECHELLE(li'9OO optical track detectors (NTDs) covered with absorption filters, spectrometer made possible to record spectra in the ion pinholc cameras and Thomson-type analyzers. For range 200 -1 100 nm, with the exposition varied from time-resolved ion measurements different single- and 100 ns to 99 ms. Particular attention was paid to double-collectors of the Faraday type were applied. In Balmcr-series spectral lines, i.e. Da, Dp and DY from the collaboration with IChTJ in Warsaw a detailed (he working gas, and to lines of molibdenum analysis of ion tracks was performed by means ol an (electrode material). An analysis of the experimental electron microscope. The results were presented at data enabled a dependence of intcnsiiies and FWHM international conference in Alushta [31 and Greifswald values of the studied lines on the initial gas conditions [4]. In the frame of the same task there was performed to be determined (Figs. I - 2). the final editing of a paper on dosimctry of low-energy ions [5]. 86 Annual Report 2002 Shots 020128/0.1.0.2,0.5,0.6,0.9 RPI-IBIS 60 V Fig. 1 Intensity of spectral lines vs. a time delay, as measured for the chosen spectrum part (near Dp line) al exposition equal to 5 us. In the cooperation with the IPP in Prague the final [I] E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, K.Czaus, editing of two papers: on the ion emission from a ct al., Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D(2002)D 182 Capillary-Pinch [6-7] and on the calibration of a [2] E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, K.Czaus, McPersons spectrometer [8], were finished. et al., Probl.Atom.Sci.Techn. 4, 7(2002)123 [3] E.Skladnik-Sadowskai Proc. Int. School on Plasma Diagn.&Techn., Kudowa Zdroj, June'02 [4] E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, K.Czaus, R PI-IBIS 60 3,0 - ct al., Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma 2.5 - D -ga m m a Diagn., Greifswald, Germany, September 2002, 2,0 - O-Th5 1 ,5 - [5] E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, D -alpha 1.0 - M.Sadowski, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 101,1(2002)585 0,5 - [6] E.Skladnik-Sadowska,J.Baranowski, M.J.Sadowski, et al., Nukleonika 47, 1 (2002) 27 0.0 180 200 220 [7] E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, K.Kolacck, Dalay tim e i [\is] et al., Proc. 21st Int. Conf. on Nucl. Tracks in hoii 0201 2B/0B 04.03 07 3.5 Solids, Delhi, India, October2002, C18/P RPI-IBIS 60 3,0 - [8] K.Kolacek, et al., Proc. German-Polish Conf. on t = 1 0 0 |i s 2.5 - Plasma Diagn., Greifswald, Germany, Sept. 2002 2.0 - 1.5 - D -ga m m a " Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser 1.0 - D -a Ipti a Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland 2) 0,5 - Inst.of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 0.0 Warsaw, Poland 180 200 220 240 260 D 9 la y vm e r [jisj "" Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Fig. 2 FWHM values vs. the time delay, as measured for the described experiment with the spcclrometer exposition equal to 5 u.s and 100 (js. DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 87 5.9 Spectral Investigations of Hot Hydrogen Plasma During Early Stages of Its Decay in RPI-type Plasma Accelerators by J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, K.Czaus and M.J.Sadowski IS Within the frame of this task, hydrogen pulsed- and a time delay (determining the operational mode) 15 plasma streams during early stages of their decay were T = 190 (is. Some examples of the recorded spectra arc i O investigated within the RPI-IBISEK device. An presented in Fig. 1. optical spectrum of the plasma, which was produced by pulsed high-current discharges in this experimental The hydrogen plasma, which is created at the facility, was measured by means of a Mechelle'900 described experimental conditions, can achieve a spectrometer, which could operate within the relatively high temperature. On the basis of an wavelength range from 200 nm to MOO nm. analysis of time behaviour of Hp lines and spectral lines of some admixtures, i.e. NIII - 464.604 nm and 375.711 nm as well as NV - 494.456 nm, it was 1600 _ RPI-IBISEK possible to estimate the duration of a high-lempcraiuic T =1 90(is, t =10JJS 1400 1 tt| fi hydrogen plasma in the RPI-systcm. The results were gas:hyd rogen • 1200 - | presented at an international conference in Prague [ I |. 1000 1 Investigations of an influence of gas conditions on >> 800 - thermal characteristics of a pulsed plasma stream have in 600 J demonstrated that the observed plasma region can c N 0> 400 - achieve the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) state with Mo,"' "I ,' a high temperature, but the duration of such a state is 200 - f , V 0 _ very short (about 100 ns) [2], -100 _ 1 1 1800 _ Spectral investigations, which were performed for a time delay T > 190 (is, showed the appearance of a 1600 _ RPI-IBISEK c pure hydrogen plasma at the ends of the RPI u> 1400 J gasthyd rogen electrodes, which contains rather small amount of E 1200 - admixtures (from electrode materials). The results 1000 J were presented at an international conference in 800 - Montreux [3, 4], 600 J N 400 _ 200 - N V [I] J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, 0 _ M.J.Sadowski, Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D (2002) D194 [2] J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, K.Czaus, wavelength [nm] Fig. 1 Comparison of optical spectra of a hydrogen plasma, as M.J.Sadowski, submitted to J.High Temp. Mat. obtained from different single discharges in the RPI-IBISEK device, [3] J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, which was operated at the initial charging voltage Uu=28 kV, the M.J.Sadowski, K.Czaus, Proc. 29th EPS Con I", on time delay 1=190 us. and the exposition time equal to 10 us (upper Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Montreux, spectrum) or 3 (.is (lower spectrum). June 2002; ECA Vol. 26B (2002) P-2.118 [4] J.Baranowski, Proc. German-Polish Conf. on The registration of the optical spectrum was Plasma Diagnostics GPPD-2002, Greifswald, performed at exposition times equal to 3 (is and 10 |J.s, Germany, September 2002,1-Th9 5.10 Erosion and Outgassing of Rod Plasma Injector (RPI) Electrodes by J.Stanisfawski, J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, G.P.GIazunov", J.Piekoszewski2', Z.Werner As a result of low-pressure high-current discharges analyzed by mean of an optical spectrometer. Based between electrodes in RPI devices, high intensity on the timc-of-flight method, Ti-atom and ion energies pulsed plasma beams are generated. In some cases, were estimated to be on the level of 200-500 eV. It called the deposition by pulsed erosion mode (DPE), a was also deduced that most likely, the electrode 8 pulse of vapor and low-energy ions of electrode erosion occurs via the vacuum arc mechanism. !3 materials are generated apart from the pulse of the Next we intended to shine some light on the working gas plasma. Spectral measurements of the mechanism of the Ti (electrodes erosion material) titanium electrodes erosion products were performed coating formation upon alumina (AI2O;) substrate [I], Photons emitted by titanium atoms and ions were through the DPE process. The dynamics of plasma- Annual Report 2002 alumina interaction was observed with the use of lime- eroded Ti-elcctrodes were earlier exposed to hydrogen resolved optical spectroscopy technique [2]. On the [4]. The hydrogen release by electrode material can basis of an analysis of Al III lines, originated from even lead to the leaving DPE mode, and (as a result) A12O3 surface, it was possible to conclude that the to disturb the coating deposition process. gaseous plasma pulse of energy density of 5 J/cm2 and time duration of about lu.s causes the A12O3 surface ablation, and it forms an Al-Ti plasma plum with a 4 [1] J.StanisJawski, J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszewski, temperature of about (2-3)-10 K. When the E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner, Czech. J. Phys. recombination within the plasma plum is over, the Al 52, Suppl. D (2002) D556 and Ti vapors settle upon the substrate surface, leading [2] J.Stanislawski, J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszewski, to formation of the coating. E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner, Proc. German- Experimental investigations by means of the Polish Conference on Plasma Diagnostics for thermal-desorption and mass-spectrometry methods Fusion and Applications, Greifswald, Germany, were carried out in order to determine an outgassing September 2002, p. A08 behavior of the molybdenum- and titanium-electrodes [3] G.P.Glazunov, J.Baranowski, M.J.Sadowski, used in the RPI device [3]. For a comparison, we also E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Stanislawski, et al., investigated virgin Mo- and Ti-electrodes. It was Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D(2002)D836 found that for electrodes which were used previously, [4] G.P.Glazunov, J.Baranowski, M.J.Sadowski, the outgassing rate was about one order of magnitude E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Stanislawski, et al., higher than that for the virgin electrodes. The reasons Probl. Atom. Sci. & Techn. 4, Series: Plasma of such outgassing behavior could be an enhancing of Phys. 7(2002)126 the electrodes sorbing capability after the plasma irradiation, and their strong erosion caused by high " Institute of Plasma Physics, Kharkov, Ukraine power discharges. We found that the discharge "' Department P-IX Institute for Nuclear Studies, evolution in RPI devices has differed strongly when Swierk, Poland 5.11 Deposition of Superconducting Films for RF Accelerating Cavities by J.Langncr. L.Catani", M.Cirillo2', N.N.Koval" D.Proch41, R.Russo", M.J.Sadowski, S.Tazzari", F.Tazziolf jen io The deposition of a thin niobium film upon magnetic filter in order to compare the deposition by iO internal surfaces of copper RF cavities is a very means of not-filtered and filtered Nb plasma [3-4]. !S interesting alternative to the production of bulk-Nb cavities. The technology based on the magnetron sputtering was used for the production of 350-MHz LEP accelerating cavities. Unfortunately, the observed degradation of the quality factor restricts the use of such accelerating cavities in future large accelerators, e.g. TESLA. In 2000 a new approach to the coaling of cooper cavities was proposed - the vacuum arc deposition. In order to study capabilities of the vacuum arc technique to form high-quality thin superconducting films inside RF cooper cavities efforts have been undertaken within the framework of the collaboration between the "Tor Vergata" University in Rome and the Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies in Swierk. Under the INFN grant (called the ARCO project) a prototype Fig. 1 The UHV set-up equipped with two planar arc sources, as set-up with a planar arc source was constructed and operated in Rome. put into the operation. Preliminary results of tests In the end of 2001 a new experimenlal device with appeared to be very promising [1-2]. In 2002 a new the linear arc source was constructed and put inlo the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) set-up was completed and operation in Swierk. It was designed and built within a put into the operation at Rome University, as shown in frame of the cooperation between the "Tor Vergata" Fig. 1. University in Rome, IPJ in Swierk, DESY in Hamburg The new experimental apparatus consists of two and the Institute of High Current Electronics (IHCE) vacuum chambers (10 dem) and two identical planar- in Tomsk. Optimization of the operation of this device arc sources. One of them is equipped with a 90 has been performed at oil-free high vacuum conditions (I06 Torr). Stable arc discharges have been obtained DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY with the arc current as low as 50-60 A [3]. Various Czech Rep., June 2002, P.30; Czech. J. Phys. 52, version of the cathode-anode system have been tested. Suppl. D(2002)D829 The version with a tubular anode is presented in [2] J.Langner, L.Catani, R.Russo, S.Tazzari, D.Proch, Fi». 2. N.N.Koval, I.V.Lopatin, Proc. Int. Conf. and School on Plasma Phys. & Controlled Fusion. Alushta, Ukraine, Sept. 16-21, 2002, 1-24; Probl. Atom. Sci. & Techn. 4, Series: Plasma Phys. 7(2002)161 [3] J.Langner, L.Catani, R.Russo, S.Tazzari, F.Tazzioli, D.Proch, N.N.Koval, I.V.Lopatin. Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. on Modification of Materials with Particle Beams and Plasma Flows, Tomsk, Russia, September 2002, p. 519 [4] R.Russo, L.Catani, A.Cianchi, J.Langner, S.Tazzari, Proc. 6lh Intern. Conf. On Modification of Materials with Particle Beams and Plasma Flows, Tomsk, Russia, September 2002, p. 526 " Universita di Roma "Tor Vergata" and INFN- Fig. 2 The linear are source with the lubular anode, as operated Roma 2, Roma, Italy in Swicrk. •' Universita di Roma "Tor Vergata" and INFM- Roma 2, Roma, Italy 11 [I] J.Langner, L.Catani, R.Russo, S.Tazzari, IHCE, Tomsk, Russia 4) M.Cirillo, V.Merlo, F.Tazzioli, Proc. Czech DESY, Hamburg, Germany 5) Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology, Prague, INFN-LNF, Roma, Italy 90 Annual Report 2002 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS PHYSICAL PHENOMENA IN Z-PINCH PLASMA OF IMPULSE PLASMA DEPOSITION PROCESS M.Rabinski, K.Zdunek Acia Pins. Pol. 102. 2(2002)193 DOSIMETRY OF LOW-ENERGY IONS BY MEANS OF SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, and M.Sadowski Rudial Protect. Dosimeliy 101, 1-4(2002)585 INVESTIGATION OF CORPUSCULAR EMISSION FROM THE PRAGUE CAPILLARY PINCH E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, M.J.Sadowski. K.Kolacck, M.Ripa, P.Ctibor, A.Kishiners, and A.A.Rupasov Nukleontka47. 1(2002)27 RESULTS OF LARGE-SCALE PLASMA-FOCUS EXPERIMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR NEUTRON YIELD OPTIMIZATION M.J.Sadowski, and M.Scholz Nukleonika47. 1(2002)31 ELECTRODE EROSION MECHANISM IN THE ROD PLASMA INJECTOR TYPE OF GENERATOR AS DEDUCED FROM THE STRUCTURE OF IRRADIATED SUBSTRATES J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanislawski, R.Grotzschcl, W.Matz, J.Jagielski, W.Szymczyk Nukleonika 47. 3(2002)113 AN APPARATUS FOR SEQUENTIAL PULSED PLASMA BEAM TREATMENT IN COMBINATION WITH ARC PVD DEPOSITION J.Stanislawski, J.Piekoszewski, E.Richler, Z.Werner Nukleonika47, 3(2002)119 ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IN A PLASMA FOCUS DISCHARGE WITH WIRE AND LINEAR AS A LOAD P.Kubes, J.Kravarik. D.KIir, M.Scholz, M.Paduch, K.Tomaszewski, L.Karpiriski, L.Ryc, L.Juha, A.Szydlowski, V.Romanova Nukleoniku 47. 4(2002)151 INFLUENCE OF POWERFUL PULSES OF HYDROGEN PLASMA UPON MATERIALS IN PF-1000 DEVICE V.N.Pimenov, ..., S.Maslyaev, R.Miklaszewski, M.Borowiccki, P.De Chiara, L.Pizzo, A.Szydlowski, I.Volovuev, et al. Nukleoniku 47, 4(2002)155 HOT-SPOTS IN PLASMA-FOCUS DISCHARGES AS INTENSE SOURCES OF DIFFERENT RADIATION PULSES LJakubowski, and M.J.Sadowski Brazil. Journ. ofPhys. 32. l(2002)IH7 STUDIES OF PULSED ION- AND ELECTRON-BEAMS EMITTED FROM PLASMA DISCHARGES M.Sadowski, and J.Zcbrowski Hi nil Temp. Mai. Proc. 6(2002)1 X-RAY AND CORPUSCULAR EMISSION FROM DIFFERNET PLASMA DISCHARGES OF AXIAL SYMMETRY E.SkJadnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, M.Sadowski, and J.Zebrowski Hi ah Temp. Mat. Proc. 6(2002)23 MODELLING OF PLASMA DYNAMICS IN COAXIAL IPD ACCELERATOR M.Rabinski. K.Zdunck Hifih Temp. Mai. Proc. 6(2002)55 PRELIMINARY NEUTRON EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PF-1000 PLASMA-FOCUS FACILITY M.Scholz, R.Miklaszewski, M.Paduch, M.J.Sadowski, A.Szydlowski, and K.Tomaszewski IEEE Trans, on Plasma Sci. 30. 2(2002)476 RECENT STUDIES OF FUSION NEUTRONS WITHIN PF-1000 FACILITY M.Scholz, T.Pisarczyk. A.Szydlowski, M.J.Sadowski Czech. J. Phys. 52. Suppl. D(2002)D93 EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PF-1000 PLASMA FOCUS FACILITY AT 750 KJ ENERGY LEVEL M.Scholz J.Kravarik, P.Kubes, A.Banaszak, L.Jakubowski, M.J.Sadowski, A.Szydlowski, H.Schmidt, S.Vitulli, et al. Czech. J Pins. 52. Suppl. D( 2002 )D 100 X-RAY EMISSION AT COMPRESSION OF DEUTERIUM CURRENT-SHEATH WITH LINER AND WIRE IN PLASMA FOCUS DISCHARGE P.Kubes M.J.Sadowski, LJakubowski, A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, H.Schmidt, V.Romanova, et al. Czech. J. Pins. 52. Suppl. D(2002)DII7 NEW APPROACH TO SOME UNSOLVED PROBLEMS OF PLASMA-FOCUS RESEARCH M.J.Sadowski Czech. J. Pins. 52. Suppl. D(2002)D16l DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 91 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUSION NEUTRON EMISSION FROM PF-360 FACILITY RUN WITHOUT AND WITH A D:O-ICE TARGET M.J.Sadowski, K.Czaus, J.Zcbrowski Czech. J. Phys. 52. Suppl. D(2OO2)DI72 PROGRESS IN MODELING OF ION KINETICS IN PLASMA-=FOCUS DISCHARGES A.Pasternak, M.J.Sadowski, A.Galkowski Czech. J. Phys. 52. Suppl. D(2002)DI77 INFLUENCE OF GAS CONDITIONS ON SPECTRAL LINES EMISSION FROM DEUTERIUM DISCHARGES IN RPI-IBI.S FACILITY E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, K.Czaus, MJ.Sadowski, T.Pisarczyk Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl. D(2002)OIX2 STUDIES OF SIMULTANEOUS X-RAY EMISSION AND ION BEAMS IN THE IPD PLASMA ACCELERATOR J.Baranowski, L.Jakuhowski, M.Raninski, K.Zdunck Czech. J. Phys. 52. Suppl. D(2002)DI88 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN PLASMA IN RPI-TYPE DEVICES DURING EARLY STAGES OF ITS DECAY J.Baranowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, M.J.Sadowski Czech. J. Phys. 52. Suppl. D( 2002)DI94 SOLID STATE TRACK DETECTORS APPLIED IN MEASUREMENTS OF ION STREAMS PRODUCED BY THE HIGH ENERGY LASER PULSES A.Szydlowski, J.Badziak, ..., K.Rohlena, J.Skala, J.Ullschmied, F.P.Boody, S.Gammino, L.Torisi, et al. Czech. J. Phys. 52. Suppl. D(2OO2)D299 SPECTRAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE ELECTRODE EROSION PROCESS IN ROD PLASMA INJECTOR TYPE GENERATORS J.Stanislawski, J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszewski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska Czech. J. Phys. 52, Suppl.D(2002)D556 FORMATION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS BY MEANS OF AN ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM ARC J.Langncr, L.Catani, R.Russo, S.Tazzari, M.Cirillo, V.Merlo, F.Tazzioli Czech. J. Phys. 52. Suppl. D(2002)DH29 OUTGASSING BEHAVIOR OF MOLYBDENUM ELECTRODES USED IN ROD PLASMA INJECTORS G.P.Glazunov, V.l.Tereshin. E.D.Volkov, J.Baranowski, MJ.Sadowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Stanislawski, A.Wiraszkn Czech. J. Phys. 52. Suppl. D(2002)D836 RESPONSE OF THE PM-355 SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR TO ENERGETIC 4He- AND "S-IONS A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, T.Czyzewski, I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, M.J.Sadowski, J.Choinski, W.Kretschmer Czech. J. Phys. 52. Suppl. D(2002)D92l SOFT X-RAY SPECTRAL INVESTIGATION IN WIRE-IN-PLASMA FOCUS EXPERIMENTS L.Karpinski, J.Kravarik, P.Kubes, M.Paduch, S.Pikuz, V.Romanova, M.Scholz, A.Szydlowski, and K.Tomaszewski Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 44(2002)1609 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE DEUTERIUM PLASMA IN RPI-TYPE DEVICES E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, K.Czaus, M.J.Sadowski, T.Pisarczyk Probl. Atom. Sci. & Teclm. 4. Series: Plasma Phys. 7(2002)123 LOCAL HYDROGEN RECYCLING IMPACT ON OPERATION OF ROD PLASMA INJECTORS G.P.Glazunov, ..., J.Baranowski, M.J.Sadowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Stanislawski, A.Wiraszka, et al. Probl. Atom. Sci. & Techn. 4. Series: Plasma Phys. 7(2002)126 APPLICATION OF ARC PLASMA FOR DEPOSITION OF SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS J.Langner, R.Russo, L.Catani, S.Tazzari, M.Cirillo, K.Czaus, V.Merlo, F.Tazzioli, D.Proch, N.N.Koval, l.V.Lopatin Probl. Atom. Sci. & Techn. 4, Series: Plasma Phys. 7(2002)161 APPLICATION OF PULSED PLASMA STREAMS FOR MATERIALS ALLOYING AND COATING MODIFICATION O.V.Byrka, A.N.Bandura, V.V.Chebotarev, l.E.Garkusha, J.Langner, M.J.Sadowski, V.l.Tereshin Probl. Atom. Sci. & Techn. 4. Series: Plasma Phys. 7(2002)173 PALLADIUM PROFILES IN TITANIUM TREATED BY HIGH-INTENSITY PLASMA PULSES Z.Werner, J.Piekoszewski, W.Szymczyk , S.Zielinski, A.Chmielewski, R.Grotzschel, J.Stanislawski, et al. Surf. Coat. Technol. 158(2002)21 MODIFICATION OF TITANIUM SURFACE BY ITS ALLOYING WITH SILICON USING INTENSE PULSED PLASMA BEAMS E.Richter, J.Piekoszewski, E.Wieser, F.Prokerl, J.Stanislawski, L.Walis, H.Rcuther Surf. Coat. Technol. 158(2002)324 92 Annual Report 2002 POLARIZATION SPECTROSCOPY ON LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS AND Z-P1NCH PLASMAS Dong E.Kim. E.O.Baronova, L.Jakubowski J. Plasma Fusion Res. 78. 8(2002)745 INSTRUMENTATION IN X-RAY PLASMA POLARIZATION SPECTROSCOPY; CRYSTAL SPECTROMETER, POLARIMETER AND DETECTORS FOR ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS E.O.Baronova, M.M.Stepanenko. L.Jakubowski, and H.Tsunemi J. Plasma Fusion Res. 78. 8(2002)759 ANALYSIS OF THE HEAT LOAD OF THIN METAL FOIL DURING ELECTRON BEAM SCANNING A.Drahik, W.Drabik, and M.Rabiriski International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics I4(200172002)209-213 SYSTEMOWE PODEJSC1E DO RO1.I ATOMISTYK! W ROZWOJU ZROWNOWAZONYM M.Rabihski Poslepy Techmki Jqdrowej -15. 1(2002)2 STAN I PERSPEKTYWY FIZYKI PLAZMYORAZ BADAN NAD KONTROLOWANYMI REAKCJAMI SYNTEZY JADROWEJ M.J.Sadowski Poslepy Fizyki 53, 2(2002)57 REVIEW OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS WITH THE MEGAJOULE PF-1000 PLASMA FOCUS DEVICE H.Schmidt. A.Kasperczuk, M.Paduch. T.Pisarczyk, M.Scholz, K.Tomaszewski, and A.Szydlowski Physica Scripla 66(2002)168 RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS OF PLASMA RESEARCH AT IPJ, SWIERK, POLAND M.J.Sadowski Probl. Atom. Sci. & Techn. 4, Series: Plasma Pins. 7(2002)118 INFLUENCE OF HIG-POWER PLASMA STREAMS IRRADIATION ON SURFACE EROSION BEHAVIOR OF REVERSIBLE HYDROGEN GETTERS V.N.Borisko. I.E.Carkusha. V.V.Chcbotarev, M.V.Lotovsky, J.Langncr, M.J.Sadowski, V.l.Tereshin, Yu.F.Shmal'ko J. Nucl. Miner. 2002. (in press) SNOW-PLOW MODEL OF IPD DISCHARGE M.Rabiiiski. K.Zdunek, Vacuum 2002. (in press) RESULTS OF LARGE-SCALE PLASMA-FOCUS EXPERIMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR NEUTRON YIELD OPTIMIZATION M.J.Sadowski, and M.Scholz Current Trends in Int. Fusion Research - Proc. of the Fourth Symposium, Washington 2001, (Edit. Ch.D. Orlh, E. Punarella. and R.Post. NRC Research Press. Ottawa 2002) - (in press) ENERGIA Z REAKCJI SYNTEZY JADROWEJ M.J.Sadowski Encyklopedia Fizyki Wspolczesnej (PWN. Warszawa 2002) - in press. PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS RESPONSE OFTHE PM-355 SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR TO ENERGETIC "He- AND 1:S-IONS A.Szvdlowski. A.Banaszak, T.Czyzewski, I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, and M.J.Sadowski - poster Proc. European Network on Ion Track Technology (EuNITT) Workshop. CIR1L-GANIL Caen, France, Feb. 24-26, 2002, P.5 INFLUENCE OF HIGH-POWER PLASMA STREAMS IRRADIATION ON SURFACE EROSION BEHAVIOR OF REVERSIBLE HYDROGEN GETTERS V.N.Borisko. l.E.Garkusha, V.V.Chebotarcv, M.V.Lototsky, J.Langner, M.J.Sadowski, V.l.Tereshin, and Yu.F.Shmal'ko - poster Proc. 15"' Conf. on Plasma Surface Interaction (PSl-15), Gifu. Japan,May 27-31. 2002, P3-77 SPECYFICZNE WYMAGANIA NORM W ZAKRESIE BADAN EMC DLA URZADZEN ELEKTROENERGETYCZNYCII A.Jcr/vkiewicz. K.Koci^cka, E.Rudalski - oral Mai. V/l Ogohu/polskiego Sympozjum lniymena IVysokich Sapiec-IW2002, Poznan-Kiekrz. Maj 20-22, 2002; Przeglqd Elektroieclmicmy R.LXXVIII. Nr 10s (2002) 127 GENERATOR HYBRYDOWY DO BADAN KOMPATYBILNOSCI ELEKTROMAGNETYCZNE.I I OGRANICZNIKOW PRZEPIEC K.Kociccka. A.Jerzykiewicz, J.Witkowski - oral Mat. 17 Ogolnopolskiego Sympozjum Inzymerta Wysokich Napiqc-lW2002. Poznan-Kiekr?., Maj 20-22, 2002: Przeglqd E!ektroiechnic:m R.LXXVIII. Nr 10s (2002) 163 DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 93 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUSION NEUTRON EMISSION FROM PF-360 FACILITY RUN WITHOUT AND WITH A 0,0 ICE TARGET M.J.Sadow.ski. K.Czaus, J.Zebrowski - oral Proc. Cz.ech Svmp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology. Prague, Czech Rep.. June 10-13. 2002. p.16 FORMATION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS BY MEANS OF ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM ARC J.Langncr. L.Calani, R.Russo, S.Tazzari. M.Cirillo, V.Mcrlo, F.Tazzioli - oral Proc. Czech Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology. Prague. Czech Rep.. June 10-13, 2002. p.30 RECENT STUDIES OF FUSION NEUTRONS WITHIN PF-1000 FACILITY M.Scholz, T.Pisarczyk, A.Szvdlowski, M.J.Sadovvski - poster Proc. Czech Symp. on Plasma Plivs. & Technology. Prague. Czech Rep.. June 1013. 2002. p.44 X-RAY EMISSION AT COMPRESSION OF DEUTERIUM CURRENT-SHEATH WITH LINER AND WIRE IN PLASMA FOCUS DISCHARGE P.Kubes. M.Sadowski, L.Jakubowski, A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, et al., - poslcr Proc. Czech Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology. Plague. Czech Rep.. June 10-13, 2002. p.47 PROGRESS IN MODELING OF ION KINETICS IN PLASMA-FOCUS DISCHARGES A.Pasternak, M.J.Sadowski, A.Galkowski - poster Proc. Czech Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology. Prague. Czech Rep., June 10-13, 2002. p.50 INFLUENCE OF GAS CONDITIONS ON SPECTRAL LINES EMISSION FROM DEUTERIUM DISCHARGES IN RPI-IBIS FACILITY E.Skladnik-Sadowska. .T.Baranowski, K.Czaus, M.J.Sadowski, T.Pisarczyk - poster Proc. Czech Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology. Prague. Czech Rep.. June 10-13, 2002, p.51 STUDIES OF SIMULTANEOUS X-RAY EMISSION AND ION BEAMS IN THE IPD PLASMA ACCELERATOR .T.Baranowski, L.Jakiihowski. M.Rabinski, K.Zdunek - poster Proc. Czech Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology, Prague. Czech Rep., June 10-13, 2002, p.51 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN PLASMA IN RP1-TYPE DEVICES DURING EARLY STAGES OF ITS DECAY .T.Baranowski. E.Skladnik-Sadowska, M.J.Sadowski - poslcr Proc. Czech Svmp. on Plasma Phvs. & Technology. Prague. Czech Rep.. June 10-13, 2002, p.52 DETECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPER-GRADE CR-39 (PM-355) NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR FOR ENERGETIC ALPHA-PARTICLES AND "S-1ONS A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak. T.Czyzewski, I.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, M.J.Sadowski, J.Choinski - poster Proc. Czech Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology. Prague, Czech Rep., June 10-13. 2002, p.53 SOLID STATE TRACK DETECTORS APPLIED IN MEASUREMENTS OF ION STREAMS PRODUCED BY THE HIGH ENERGY LASER PULSES A.Szvdlowski. ..., K.Rohlena. J.Skala, J.UIlschmied. F.P.Boody. S.Gammino, L.Torisi, et al. - poster Proc. Cz.ech Symp. on Plasma Phys. <4 Technology. Prague, Czech Rep.. June 10-13, 2002, p.65 SPECTRAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE ELECTRODE EROSION PROCESS IN THE ROD PLASMA INJECTOR TYPE GENERATORS .[.Stanislawski. .J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszcwski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska - poster Proc. Cz.ech Svinp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology. Prague, Cz.ech Rep., June 10-/3, 2002, p.87 OUTGASSING BEHAVIOR OF MOLYBDENUM ELECTRODES USED IN ROD PLASMA INJECTORS G.P.GIazunov, J.Baranowski, M.J.Sadowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, .T.Stanislawski. A.Wiraszka, et al., - poster Proc. Cz.ech Symp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology, Prague, Cz.ech Rep.. June 10-13. 2002, p. 122 BRAZING OF ALUMINA CERAMICS MODIFIED BY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS COMBINED WITH ARC PVD TREATMENT J.Piekoszcwski. A.Krajewski, F.Prokert, .T.Stanislawski. L.Walis. Z.Werner, W.WIosinski - invited talk Proc. IV'1 Int. Symp. on Ion Implantation aiul Other Applications of Ions and Electrons. Kazimierz. Dolny, Poland. June 10. 2002 PHASE CHANGES IN STEELSD IRRADIATED WITH INTENSE PULSED PLASMA BEAMS B.Sartowska. j.Piekoszewski. L.Walis, M.Kopccwicz, Z.Werner, J.Stanislawski, J.Kalinowska - poster Proc. TV"' Int. Symp. on Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons, Kazinuerz. Dolny. Poland. June 10 .2002 COMPOSITE HARD COATINGS ON STEEL DEPOSITED BY DPE+ARC PVD METHOD J.Stanislawski, Z.Werner. J.Pickoszcwski, E.Lcvashov - poster Proc. IV"1 Int. Symp. on Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons, Kazimierz. Dolny. Poland. June 10. 2002 SNOW-PLOW MODEL OF IPD DISCHARGE M.Ksibiriski, K.Zdunek - poster Proc. IV1' Int. Svmp. on Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons. Kazimierz Dolny. Poland. June 10. 2002 INFLUENCE OF HIGH-POWER PLASMA STREAMS IRRADIATION ON PROPERTIES OF REVERSIBLE HYDROGEN GETTERS V.N.Borisko, J.Langncr, V.I.Lapshin. N.S.Poltavtsev, M.J.Sadowski, V.l.Tereshin, I.Ytii.Zavalij, et al., - poster Proc. 29"' EPS Conf. on Plasma Phvsics and Controlled Fusion. Monlreaux. France, June 17-21, 2002 94 Annual Report 2002 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PULSED HYDROGEN PLASMA IN RPI-TYPE DEVICE .T.Baranowski. E.Skladnik-Sadowska, M.Sadowski. and K.Czaus - poster Proc. 29'' EPS Conf. on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Monlreaux. France, June 17-21. 2002 EMISSION PRODUCED COMPRESSION OF DEUTERIUM CURRENT-SHEATH WITH WJRE IN PLASMA FOCUS DISCHARGE P.Kubes. L.Karpinski. M.J.Sadowski. L..]akubowski, A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, S.Vitulli, et al. - poster Proc. 14'" Int. Conf on High-Power Panicle Beams & 5'" Int. Con) on Dense Z-Pinches. Albuquerque. USA. June 23-2S, 2002. P.65 X-RAY AND NEUTRON EMISSION FROM PF-1000 FACILITY M.Scholz. L.Karpinski, M.J.Sadowski. L.Jakubowski, A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, S.Vitulli, ct al. - poster Proc. 14"' Int. Confon High-Power Particle Beams & 5'" Inl. Conj on Dense Z-Pinches. Albuquerque, USA, June 23-28, 2002. P.67 ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IN Z-PINCH AND PF DISCHARGES WITH THE WIRE AND WIRE-IN-LINER LOADS P.Kubes. A.Szydlowski, L.Jucha. J.Krasa, V.Romanova, A.V.Chcsnokov. M.I.lvanov, ct al. - poster Proc. 14"' Int. Con/on High-Power Particle Beams & 5'1' Int. Confon Dense Z-Pinches, Albuquerque. USA, June 23-2H, 2002 McPHERSON'S GRAZING INCIDENCE SPECTROGRAPH FOR PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS AND ITS CALIBRATION K.Kolacek. J.Schmidt, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, M..I.Sadowski, and J.Baranowski, et al. - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald, Germany, September 4-6. 2002, P-A02 STUDY OF PLASMA ANISOTROPY BY X-RAY POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS E.O.Baronova. G.V.Sholin and L.Jakubowski - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald, Germany. September 4-6, 2002, P-A04 INTERACTION OF PULSED PLASMA BEAMS IN MW/CM2 RANGE WITH SOLID SUBSTRATE AS OBSERVED BY OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY J.Stanislawski. J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszewski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, Greifswald, Germany, Se\nember4-6. 2002, P-A0H STUDIES OF RADIAL COLLAPSE AND PINCH PHASE DYNAMICS WITHIN PF-360 PLASMA-FOCUS FACILITY J.Zehrowski. M.J.Sadowski, K.Czaus, M.Paduch, K.Tomaszewski - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald, Germany. September4-6, 2002, P-A21 MEASUREMENT OF DEUTERON BEAMS IN THE PLASMA-FOCUS BY MEANS OFTARGET ACTIVATION METHOD S.Jednorog M.Scholz. B.Bierikowska. l.lvanova-Stanik, A.Szydlowski - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald. Germany. September 4-6, 2002. P-A22 ON POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS IN PLASMA FOCUS MACHINES E.O.Baronova. LJakubowski - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, Greifswald, Germany, September4-6, 2002, P-A23 AZIMUTHAL MOTION OF PINCH IN IPD ACCELERATOR M.Paduch, M.Rahinski, K.Tomaszewski, K.Zdunek - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald, Germany. September4-6, 2002, P-A25 STUDIES OF PINCH STRUCTURE IN IPD PLASMA ACCELERATOR M.Paduch, M.Rahinski. K.Tomaszewski, K.Zdunek - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald. Germany, September4-6, 2002, P-A26 DIAGNOSTICS OF PECULIARITIES OF FUSION NEUTRON EMISSION FROM PF-360 PLASMA-FOCUS FACILITY M.J.Sadowski. K.Czaus, J.Zcbrowski - oral Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, Greifswald. Germany. September4-6, 2002. O-Th4 DIAGNOSTICS OF FAST IONS EMITTED FROM PULSE HIGH-TEMPERATURE PLASMA STREAMS E.Skladnik-Sadowska. .T.Baranowski, K.Czaus, M.J.Sadowski, B.Sartowska - oral Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald, Germany, September 4-6. 2002. O-Th5 OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE PLASMA IN PULSED DISCHARGES WITH AXIAL SYMMETRY J.Baranowski - invited talk Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald. Germany. September 4-6, 2002, 1-Th9 DIAGNOSIS OF IONS EMITTED FROM PLASMA PRODUCED BY THE PALS LASER SYSTEM AT A WAVELENGTH OF 438 nm .f.Wofowsld. J.Krasa, L.Laska, P.Parys, M.Pfeifer, fC.Rolena, A.Szydlowski. L.Torrisi, J.Ullschmied, E.Woryna, et al. - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald. Germany, September 4-6, 2002, P-B02 THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE MEASURED ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS OF FAST IONS EMITTED FROM PF DISCHARGES A.Pasiemnk. MJ.Sadowski. A.Galkowski • poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald, Germany, September4-6, 2002, P-B06 RECENT NEUTRON AND FAST ION MEASUREMENTS WITHIN PF-1000 FACILITY A.Szvdlowski. A.Banaszak, M.Scholz, M.J.Sadowski - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald, Germany, September4-6, 2002, P-B07 DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 95 SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF THE PM-355 SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR A.Szvdlowki. A.Banaszak, l.Fijal, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, M.J.Sadowski - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswuld, Germany, September 4-6. 2002, P-B08 APPLICATION OFPM-35S SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTOR FOR MEASUREMENT OF ENERGETIC IONS PRODUCED BY HIGH-ENERGY LASER PULSES A.Szvdlowski, K.Rohlena, J.Skala. J.UIIschmicd, F.P.Boody, S.Gammino, L.Torrisi, et al. - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics, Greifswahl. Germany, September 4-6, 2002. P-B09 THE PROBLEMS OF POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS IN MATHER TYPE PLASMA FOCUS MACHINES E.O.Baronova. L.Jakubowski - poster Proc. German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics. Greifswald. Germany. September 4-6, 2002. P-B2S RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR INSTABILITY IN PLASMA JET FROM IPD ACCELERATOR IM.Rabinski. K.Zdunek - poster Proc. 8lh Int. Conf. Plasma Surface Engineer.. Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. September 9- 13, 2002 RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS OF PLASMA RESEARCH AT IPJ, SWIERK, POLAND M..T.Sadowski - invited lecture Proc. Intern. Conf. and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. Ahisliln (Crimea), Ukraine. September 16-21. 2002. 1-22 APPLICATION OF ARC PLASMA FOR DEPOSITION OF SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS •I.Langner, L.Catani, R.Russo, S.Tazzari. D.Proch. N.N.Koval, I.V.Lopatin - invited lecture Proc. Intern. Conf. and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. Alushta (Crimea), Ukraine, September 16-21. 2002. 1-24 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE DEUTERIUM PLASMA IN RPI-TYPE DEVICES K.Skladnik-Sadowska, .J.Baranowski, K.Czaus, and M.J.Sadowski - oral Proc. Intern. Conf. and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Alushla (Crimea), Ukraine, Sept.16-21. 2002. 05-3 HYDROGEN RECYCLING IMPACT ON OPERATION OF ROD PLASMA INJECTORS G.P.GIazunov, J.Baranowski, M.J.Sadowski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Stanislawski, A.Wiraszka, ct al. - poster Proc. Intern. Conf. and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Alushla (Crimea), Ukraine, Sept. 16-21, 2002. P5-I2 ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM ARC APPARATUS FOR DEPOSITION OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS J.Langner, L.Catani, R.Russo. S.Tazzari, F.Tazzioli, D.Proch, N.N.Koval. I.V.Lopatin - invited talk Proc. 6l!l Int.. Conf. on Modification of Materials with Particle Beams and Plasma Flows. Tomsk. Russia, Sept.23-28. 2002. p. 519 DEPOSITION OF SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS FOR RF ACCELERATOR CAVITIES R.Russo. L.Catani, A.Cianchi, .I.Langner. S.Tazzari - invited talk Proc. 6'1' Int. Conf on Modification of Materials with Particle Beams and Plasma Flows, Tomsk. Russia. Sept. 23-28. 2002. p. 526 POLARIZATION OF X-RAY LINES EMITTED FROM PLASMA-FOCUS DISCHARGES; PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION L.Jakuhowski, M.J.Sadowski, E.O.Baronova - poster Proc 19'" IAEA Fusion Energy Conf. Lyon. Fiance. October 14-19. 2002, PF21 APPLICATION OFCR-39 DETECTORS FOR CORPUSCULAR DIAGNOSTICS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE PLASMAS A.Szvdlowski - invited lecture Proc. 21" Intern. Conf. on Nucl. Tracks m Solids. Delhi. India. October 21-25. 2002, PL5 INFLUENCE OF INTENSE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON TRACKS FORMATION IN PM355 DETECTORS A.Szvdlowski, M.J.Sadowski, A.Banaszak, M.Jaskola, A.Korman, l.Fijal, A.Zimck - poster Proc. 21" Intern. Conf on Nucl. Tracks in Solids. Delhi. India. October21-25. 2002. CI7/P APPLICATION OFCR-39 DETECTORS FOR STUDY OF CORPUSCULAR EMISSION FROM PRAGUE CAPILLARY PINCH E.Skladnik-Sadowska, J.Baranowski, M.J.Sadowski, B.Sarlowska, A.Szvdlowski. ci al. - poster Proc. 21" Intern. Conf on Nucl. Tracks in Solids, Delhi, India. October 21-25, 2002. C18/P SOME APPROACHES TO THE MOST IMPORTANT UNSOLVED PROBLEMS OF PF STUDIES M.J.Sadowski - invited talk Proc. Intern. Workshop on Dense Magnetised Plasmas - Expert Meeting, Warsaw. Poland, November 28-29, 2002. 1-3 CORELATION BETWEEN NETRON AND X-RAY EMISSION FROM MEGAJOULE PLASMA FOCUS M.Scholz, A.Banaszak, L.Jakubowski, M.Sadowski, A.Szydlowski, H.Schmidt, S.Vittulli, et al. - invited talk Proc. Intern. Workshop on Dense Magnetised Plasmas - Expert Meeting, Warsaw. Poland, November 28-29. 2002. 1-3 96 Annual Report 2002 LECTURES, COURSES, AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS Chernobyl today " M.Rabiriski - lectures // Festival of Science. Technology and Art. Lodz. Poland. April 24, 2002 Diagnostic methods used for investigation of ions emitted from high-temperature plasmas w F.Skladnik-Sadowska - invited lecture Intern. School on Plasma Diagnostics & Technology. Kudowa Ztlroj, Poland. June 4-8, 2002, PS-8A. Diagnostic techniques for studies of fast electrons emitted from high temperature plasmas hl M.J.Sadowski - invited lecture Intern. School on Plasma Diagnostics & Technology. Kudowa Ztlroj, Poland, June 4-8. 2002. PS-SB Application of plasma techniques for coating of solid surfaces hl J.Langncr - invited lecture Intern. School on Plasma Diagnostics & Technology. Kudowa Zdroj. Poland. June 4-8. 2002, PS-15 New approach to some unsolved problems of plasma-focus research1" M.J.Sadowski - invited lecture Czech Svmp. on Plasma Phys. & Technology. Prague. Czech Rep.. June 10-13. 2002. P.I I Experiments with the PF-1000 plasma-focus facility at 750-kJ energy levelhl M.Scholz. M.Sadowski, L.Jakubnwski, A.Szydlowski, A.Banaszak, H.Schmidt, V.Romanova, S.Vitulli, et al. - invited lecture Czech Symp. cm Plasma Phys. & Technology. Prague. Czech Rep., June 10-13, 2002. P. 13 Chernobyl today "' M.Rabihski - lectures VI Festival of Science. Warsaw, Poland. September 25, 2002 Large thermonuclear experiments - towards new sources of energy " .f.Baranowski, M.Rabinski - lectures VI Festival of Science. Warsaw, Poland. September 28. 2002 Correlation between neutron and x-ray emission from megajoule plasma focus hl M.Scholz. A.Banaszak, L.Jakubowski, M.Sadowski, A.Szydlowski, H.Schmidt, S.Vittulli, et al. - invited lecture Plasma Seminar on High Current Pulsed Discharge Plasma. Czech Techn. University, Prague, Czech Rep., November 4. 2002 Diagnostics of ionshl J.Baranowski - invited lecture Plasma seminar for scientific visitors al 1CDMP, Warsaw. Poland. November 22, 2002 a) in Polish b) in English PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAM AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES M.Sadowski - Member of the International Scientific Program Committee Intern. School on Plasma Diagnostics & Technology. Kudowa Zdroj, Poland. June 4-8, 2002 M.Sadowski - Member of the International Advisory Committee International Congress on Plasma Physics (ICPP-2002). Sydney. Australia, July 15-19, 2002 M.Sadowski - Chairman of the International Scientific Program Committee German-Polish Conf. on Plasma Diagnostics lor Fusion and Applications (CPPD-2002). Creifswald, Germany. Sept. 4-6. 2002 M.Sadowski - Member of the International Scientific Committee Intern. Conf. and School on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Alushta (Crimea). Ukraine, September 16-21, 2002 J.Langner - Member of the International Scientific Committee 6"' Intern. Conf. on Modification of Materials with Particle Beams and Plasma Flows. Tomsk, Russia, September 23-28, 2002 DEPARTMENT OF PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 97 PERSONNEL Research scientists Jaroslaw Baranowski, Dr. Marek Sadowski, Professor Lech Jakubowski, Dr. (3/5) Elzbieta Skiadnik-Sadowska, Dr. (3/5) Krystyna Kociecka, Dr. (till May 2002) Adam Szydtowski, Dr. Jerzy Langner, Dr. Jaroslaw Zebrowski, MSc. Marek Rabiriski, Dr. PhD students Ancla Banaszak, MSc. Andrzej Pasternak, MSc. (on leave of absence) Technical and administrative staff Krzysztof Czaus, B.Sc.E.E. (3/5) Jozef Kloch EwaCwiek, B.Sc.E.E. (till May 2002) Miroslaw Kuk Krzysztof Gaterczyk Krzysztof Michalik Alicja Gawroriska Robert Mirowski, M.Sc.E.E. Krzysztof Gniadek Wojciech Pijanowski Andrzej Jerzykiewicz, Dr. (3/5 till May 2002)) Ryszard Rybicki (till Sept. 2002) Marek Jedrzejczyk Jacek Stanislawski, M.Sc.E.E. Pawel Karpiiiski Andrzej Trembicki Krzysztof Kasperski Andrzej Wiraszka Bernard Kotakowski Jan Witkowski, B.Sc.E.E. 98 Annual Report 2002 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 99 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS PL0400192 Head of Department: Assoc. Professor Helena Bialkowska phone: (22)621-28-04 e-mail: [email protected] Overview The activities of the Department of High Energy Physics are centered around experiments performed at accelerators in the following laboratories: • At CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Geneva, Switzerland: - DELPHI at LEP eV storage ring - the tests of the Standard Model, b-quark physics, gamma-gamma interactions and search for Higgs boson and supcrsymmetric particles - NA48 - - the CP-violation and rare Kn decays - COMPASS (Compact Muon and Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy) - studies the gluon polarization in the nucleon - NA49 and WA98 - heavy ion physics, looking for possible effects of the phase transition to the quark-gluon plasma state • At CELSIUS Storage Ring in Uppsala, Sweden: - WASA - a precise study of near threshold resonance production. • At DESY in Hamburg, Germany: - ZEUS - deep inelastic scattering of electrons and protons, proton structure functions, diffractive photon- proton interactions. • Super-Kamiokande and Icarus - neutrino mass and oscillation studies The groups of our Department participated in the construction phase of the experiments, both in hardware and in the development of the software used in data analysis. Presently they take part in data collection, detector performance supervision and data analysis. The Department is also involved in the preparation of new experiments: - CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) at the LHC, - LHCb (b-quark production and CP-violation) at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN, - ALICE - experiment to study the heavy ion interactions at the LHC, - ICARUS - tests of a liquid argon TPC, in preparation, for neutrino beam (CERN to Gran Sasso), and to be used for cosmic neutrino detection, - the study of charge exchange processes in d-p collisions at Nuclotron in Dubna. A mechanical workshop attached to our Department participated in the construction of the prototypes for the alignment monitoring system for the Outer Tracker detector in the LHCb experiment. Now a large scale preparations for the straw tube modules assembling is under way. Two of our colleagues work on the phenomenology of the quark-gluon plasma formation and of low energy hadron-hadron reactions. Several physicists from our Department are involved in science popularization by contributing articles to newspapers and preparing www pages about our activities. We collaborate with the Institute of Experimental Physics of Warsaw University in most of our experiments as well as taking part in teaching and supervising diplomas. There is also a group of 13 PhD students. 100 Annual Report 2002 6.1 Search for 2HDM Neutral Higgs Bosons at the DELPHI Detector by M.Bluj, R.Gokieli, J.Hoffman, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.S/.eptycka, P.Zalewski ig It has been verified experimentally that the UA1 f Standard Model of electroweak interactions describes 4b !S • ODA —7 the physical reality with a very high accuracy. In spite o bbti0-^tb of its success one important ingredient of the model, 00 » :-,M: -• .'.bl. the Higgs boson, has not yet been observed. The A bbh°^ 2b2t }i - searches performed so far assumed usually the ;( simplest version of the Higgs field, in which only one so i neutral scalar Higgs boson exists. There are many other possible Higgs fields, which preserve the current 60 / level of agreement between theoretical predictions and measurements. The simplest extension of the Standard Mode] is the Two-Hisss DoubJef Mode) (2HDM). In 40 - - one version of the model the neutral Higgs bosons h° / and A0 decay predominantly into r lepton or b quark / pairs. The searches performed in 2002 were focused 20 on this version of the model. i The data used in Higgs searches were collected by n + t 5 6 7 B 9 10 2> 30 JO 30 the DELPHI Collaboration at LEP1 collider at e - e z collision energy equal or close to Z° mass. The most Higgs bason mass (Ge\fc ) promising reactions in which neutral Higgs boson can be observed was so called Yukawa processes where Fig. 1 The excluded region on the R - Higgs mass plane. R stands for tanP for A" bosons and sincx/cosP for h° bosons. Excluded arc the boson is radiated by a b quark or a T lepton emitted values of R above the plotted curves. in Z° decay. The process leads to the final states composed of r lepton and b quark pairs. The intensity The performed analysis allowed to exclude large of the Higgs boson production depends on the internal values of tan[3 for X boson and sin(a-p) for Y boson parameters of the model, tan(3 and sin(a-p). No production. The result is shown in fig. 1. excess of events that could be attributed to h° or to A0 production was found. 6.2 ZEUS Experiment in 2002 PL0400194 by M.Adamus Fig. I Time histogram of the background as seen by the VETO Fig. 2 Rates of various kind of background detected by the VETO WALL. WALL. DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 101 Due to background problems effective data taking - repair of front-end electronics with upgraded luminosity was very difficult during - development of software to archive on-line 2002 year. VETO WALL background detector of information about background timing and rates ZEUS experiment was extensively used lo optimise optics of both HERA beams. Importance of timing - installation of new discs in VETO slow control (Fig. 1) and rate (Fig. 2) information delivered by computer VETO WALL induced permanent activities lo keep - fixing and debugging noise problems detector in good shape. The main works concerned: - data quality monitoring - tuning photomultiplier's HV values Experience from 2002 data taking period will - repair of HV system enable to re-optimise maintenance of detector after 2003 shutdown. PL0400195 6.3 Study of Direct CP Violation, Rare K° Decays and Properties of Kaons in N A48 Experiment at CERN by J.Nassalski, E.Rondio, M.Szlcper, W.Wislicki and S.Wronka Following results were published by NA48 kaon decays. Overall accuracy of this measurement is Collaboration in 2002: the same as foreseen in the proposal. This result is 1. New measurements of the r| and K° masses consistent with findings of the KTeV experiment at FNAL. have been performed using decays to 3TT° [1]. Using symmetric decays to reduce systematic effects, the 5. The branching ratio was measured [5] 2 6 results Mn = 547.843 + 0.051 MeV/c (accuracy BR(Ks-> YY) = (2-78 + 0.08) x 10" , significantly 2.5 times better than world average) and higher than the O(p4) prediction of chiral 2 MK°=497.625±0.031 MeV/c (accuracy comparable to perturbation theory. Also the ratio 3 world average) were obtained. T(KL -> yy)/r(KL -> 3n°) = (2.8 I ± 0.03) x 10" was measured. 2. The lifetime of Ks was derived [2] from the 0 ratio of decay time distributions in KL and Ks beams, 6. A search for the decay KS7t YY was made and giving result independent of detector acceptance and the upper limit for the branching ratio 7 with reduced systematic errors. The result is xs = BR(Ks->7t°YY) < 3.3 x IO~ was obtained at confidence (0.89598+0.00048(stat.)±0.0005 I (system.)) x 10"8s. level of 90% [6]. o 3. Sample of 2558 KL —> 7r yy was observed with background 3.2% [3]. The branching fraction is [1] NA48 Collaboration (A.Lai et al.), Phys. Lett. B determined to be (1.36 ± 0.04) x 106 and the vector 533(2002)196 [2] NA48 Collaboration (A.Lai et al.), Phys. Lett. B coupling constant al)=-0.46±0.04(slat.)±0.03(system.), suggesting that CP violating effects dominate the 537(2002)28 + [3] NA48 Collaboration (A.Lai et al.). Phys. Leu. B KL —> 7t°e e' decays. 536(2002)229 4. The direct CP violation parameter Re(e/e) [4] NA48 Collaboration (J.R.Batley et al.), Phys. has been measured [41 from the decay rates of neutral Lett. B 544(2002)97 + kaons into two pions, KLS —> n n, TTV, based on [5] NA48 Collaboration (A.Lai et al.), CERN-EP- 6 65x10 accepted and reconstructed events from four 2002-074 decay channels. The final result, combining data taken [6] NA48 Collaboration (J.R.Batley et al.), CERN- 4 in years 1997-2001, is Re(e/e) = (14.7 + 2.2) x 10' EP-2002-101 (combined statistical and systematic errors), definitely confirming the existence of direct CP violation in 6.4 Results on Hadron Production from NA49 Experiment PL0400196 by H.Bialkowska, B.Boimska In NA49 experiment studies were carried on gluon plasma (QGP) takes place. After a first hadron production in elementary and nuclear exploratory phase mainly concentrating on central collisions, using a wide acceptance spectrometer with Pb+Pb collisions at 160 AGcV, the NA49 extended its particle identification, in search of (he onset research programme into energy and system size phenomena appearing if predicted transition to quark- dependence of the studied hadronic observables. The 102 Annual Report 2002 results published in 2002 concern the two above importance of system size dependence studies, mentioned items: evidence that is further enhanced by similar analyses 1. A systematic energy scan in Pb+Pb collisions of h+A collisions with controlled centrality [4,5,6]. covering the complete range available at the SPS has M (b) been successfully completed in 2002 by taking dala ut PI NM9, nUnniuiy 0.19 L ! ! L 20 and 30 AGeV. Results concerning part of its range t- " ' 0.1 :• * - : *• have been published in [1,2]. Many theoretical works O.W - suggested that a transition to a deconfined state of matter may cause anomalies in the energy dependence #: ' : of pion and strangeness production. Indeed the change 0.05 L •• •• from pion suppression with respect to p+p 1,, . .,, ,1 , , , ,.,,,,,,,,,,, -. , . i , , , i, , , I , , 1 interactions, as observed at low collision energies, to , : : 0.01 I- • ••• + pion enhancement at high energies occurs at about 40 • 0.005 E. - AGeV. Also, a non-monotonic energy dependence of i,,, + + n K /n ratio is seen, with a maximum close to 40 0 100 200 300 0 0.23 0.5 0.75 0 AGeV. Models without explicitly invoking a transient &acdca nuji,,rijip. [ 1 ] S.V.Afanasiev et al. (NA49 Collaboration), £* ' Energy Dependence of Pion and Kaon Production '/ - ! in Central Pb+Pb Collisions, Phys. Rev. C 66 (2002)054902 [2] A.Mischke et al. (NA49 Collaboration), Energy i Dependence of Lambda and Anti-Lambda Production at CERN SPS Energies, Quark Matter -- l-'i .)MI) 2002, nucl-ex/0209002, submitted to Nucl.Phys.A I <( >MD -•-11 itlmn ( ia*. [3] C.Hohne et al. (NA49 Collaboration), System , . , • i Size Dependence of Strangeness Production at ]U 158 AGeV, Quark Matter 2002, nucl-ex/0209018, submitted to Nucl. Phys. A [4] H.G.Fischer et al. (NA49 Collaboration), Fig. 1 Energy dependence of the full phase space (K*)/(K*) ralio Elementary Hadronic Interactions at the CERN in central A+A collisions. The experimental results are compared to SPS, Quark Matter 2002, hep-cx/0209043, model predictions. submitted to Nucl. Phys. A 2. As the only experiment at the SPS, NA49 has [5] M.Kreps et al. (NA49 Collaboration), Baryon and obtained data on small size nuclear reactions (C+C Anti-Baryon Production in Hadron-Hadron and and Si+Si) which enable system size dependence Hadron-Nucleus Interactions, Quark Matter 2002, studies to be carried out in quest of the onset of nucl-ex/0209003, submitted to Nucl. Phys. A deconfinement and scaling variables. First results [3] [6] H.Bialkowska, Baryon and Antibaryon concerning the strangeness enhancement (Fig. 2) Production in Hadron-Hadron and Hadron- showed that the number of wounded nuclcons is not a Nucleus Collisions, presented at ICHEP'02, proper parameter; scaling is rather observed in Amsterdam, 24-31 July 2002 variables connected with collision and energy densities. The obtained results underline the PL0400197 6.5 Interferometry of Direct Photons in Pb+Pb Collisions at SpS Energy by K.Karpio and T.Siemiarczuk for WA98 Collaboration Two-particle correlation function of direct photons interfcromelric radius is studied. The yield of direct have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at the SPS photons for soft Pt is measured. energy [I]. Invariant interferomctric radius of direct photons is extracted and compared to pion [1] M.M.Aggarwal et al., to appear in Phys. Rev. C interferometric radii. KT - dependence of direct photon DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 103 6.6 Transverse Mass Distributions of Neutral Pions from 20SPb-induced Reactions at 158 A GeV by K.Karpio and T.Sicmiarc/uk for WA98 Collaboration CO io Results on transverse mass spectra of neutral pions increasing with transverse mass similar to the well o measured at central rapidity are presented lor impact known Cronin effect, while for very central collisions parameter selected in 158 A x GeV Pb + Pb, and Pb + this enhancement appears to be weaker than expected. Nb collisions [I], The distributions cover the range 2 : 0.5 GeV/c < (mT - m0) < 4 GeV/c . The change of the [ 1 ] M.M.Aggarwal et al., Eur. Phys. L C 23 spectral shape and the multiplicity with cenlralily is (2002)225 studied in detail. In going from p+p to semi-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions there is a nuclear enhancement 6.7 Centrality Dependence of Charged-Neutral Particle Fluctuations in 158 A GeV 208pb + 208p by K.Karpio and T.Siemiarczuk for WA98 Collaboration Results on the study of localized fluctuations in the charged particle and photon multiplicities in limited is multiplicity of charged particles and photons produced azimuthal regions. However, no correlated charged- in 158 A x GeV/c Pb + Pb collisions are presented for neutral fluctuations, a possible signature of formation is varying centrality [1]. The charged versus neutral of disoriented chiral condensates, arc observed. An i!°3- particle multiplicity correlations in common phase upper limit on the production of disoriented chiral id. space regions of varying azimuthal size arc analysed condensates is set. by two different methods. Various types of mixed events are constructed to probe fluctuations arising from different sources. The comparison indicates the [1] M.M.Aggarwal et al., to appear in Phys. Rev. C presence of non-statistical fluctuations in both the 6.8 Event-by-Event Fluctuations in Particle Multiplicities and Transverse Energy Produced in 158 A GeV Pb+Pb Collisions by K.Karpio and T.Siemiarczuk for WA98 Collaboration io Evcnt-by-cvent fluctuations in the multiplicities of agree reasonably well with those obtained from a charged particles and photons, and the total transverse participant model. However, for photons the energy in 158 A x GeV Pb+Pb collisions arc studied multiplicity fluctuations have been found to be lower as° for a wide range of centralities [1], For narrow compared to those obtained from a participant model. ccntrality bins the multiplicity and transverse energy The multiplicity and transverse energy fluctuations distributions are found to be near perfect Gaussians. have also been compared to those obtained from the The effect of detector acceptance on the multiplicity VENUS event generator. fluctuations has been studied and demonstrated to follow statistical considerations. The centrality 11J M.M.Aggarwal et al., Phys. Rev. C 65 dependence of the charged particle multiplicity (2002)054912 fluctuations in the measured data has been found to 6.9 One-, Two- and Three-Particle Distributions from 158 A GeV/c Central Pb+Pb Collisions by K.Karpio and T.Siemiarczuk for WA98 Collaboration Several hadronic observables have been studied in dynamical model has been fitted to the pion spectrum, central 158 A x GeV Pb+Pb collisions using data giving an estimate of the temperature and transverse ! o measured by the WA98 experiment at CERN; single flow velocity. Bose-Einstein correlations between two : _l K and K production, as well as two- and ihree-pion identified n have been analysed as a function of kT, interferometry [I]. The Wiedemann_Heinz hydro- using two different parameterisations. The results 104 Annual Report 2002 indicate that the source does not have a strictly boost condensation limit of mn seems to be excluded. The invariant expansion or spend time in a long-lived three-pion Bose-Einstein interferometry shows a intermediate phase. A comparison between data and a substantial contribution of the genuine three-pion hydrodynamics based simulation shows very good correlation, but not quite as large as expected lor a agreement for the radii parameters as a function of kT. fully chaotic and symmetric source. The pion phase-space density at freeze-out has been measured and agrees well with the Tomasik-Hcinz [1] M.M.Aggarwal et al., to appear in Phys. Rev. C model. A large pion chemical potential close to the 6.10 Recent Results from the PROMICEAVASA and CELSIUSAVASA Experiments by A.Kupsc, P.Marciniewski, A.Nawrot, J.Stepaniak and J.Zabierowski iOJ : o In the year 2002 the Collaboration published the 5<20 nb was found for the dibaryon mass from the following results obtained with the PROMICEAVASA interval (2020, 2085) MeV [Phys. Lett. B550 (2002) i O setup and internal cluster jet target: 147]. ! ° 1. Two-pion production has been studied using 3. The quasifree bremsstrahlung in the dp —> dpy la! the PROMICEAVASA detector at the CELSIUS reaction has been measured with deuteron projectile storage ring in Uppsala at beam energies ranging from energies between 436 MeV and 559 MeV [Phys. Rev. 650 to 775 MeV. The total cross sections lor the C65(2002)044608]. Substancial fraction of all + + pp—>pp7i 7t~, pp—>pp7r°7t° and the pp—>pn7t 7t° arc observed events (about one third) cannot be associated presented and compared with model taking into to the spectator model. The total cross section for account the N and A excitation [Nucl. Phys. A 712 dp —» dyps has been obtained for five values of (2002)75]. The obtained results are the first in the near incident deuteron energy. threshold energy region. The WASA detector being capable to detect For the pp —> pp7r.+7t reaction channel the collected charged and neutral particles in full 4n geometry has statistics of the exclusive data was high enough lo reached its production phase in fall 2002. First permit detailed studies of differential cross sections. measurements have been carried out with a proton The invariant mass distributions of pion-pion and beam incident on a windowless target of frozen + p7i Tt" systems as well as some angular distributions hydrogen pellets. The data have been taken at 775, are presented and compared with model predictions 900, 1300 and 1360 MeV. The r|peak is very sharp [Phys. Rev. Leu. 88(2002)192301]. (6 MeV FWHM) in the pp missing mass spectra for 2y 0 2. Search for narrow NNTC resonances has been and 3TI detected by the central WASA detector. + performed in exclusive measurements of pp —> pp7i 7i The analysis of the charged r\ decay channels and reaction. An upper limit (at 95 % confidence level) multiple pion production is in progress. for the cross section of narrow dibaryon production 6.11 Quasiquarks in Anisotropic System by St. Mrowczynski PL0400203 The quark-gluon plasma exhibits a rich spectrum has been later shown that one gets the equivalent of collective excitations. During the last two decades a results within the hard loop approach extended to the lot of efforts has been paid to study the equilibrium anisotropic systems [4]. In the same paper [4], the plasma and the excitations are rather well understood quark self energy for an arbitrary momentum in this case. Much less is known about the collective distribution has been computed at one loop level and modes in the nonequilibrium quark-gluon plasma such the dispersion relation of quarks in the anisotropic as the parton system generated at the early stage of plasma has been also briefly discussed. ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions at RHIC or LHC. Using the results given in [4], we have considered The parton momentum distribution is not isotropic but for the first time [5] the quark modes in the strongly elongated along the beam. Therefore, specific anisotropic plasma. We have started with an extremely color fluctuations, instead of being damped, can anisotropic system of two interpenetrating parton exponentially grow and noticeably influence the streams. The gluon modes were discussed in such a temporal evolution of the whole system. In a series of system in the several papers and the instabilities were papers [ 1, 2, 3] it has been argued that there arc indeed found. We have shown that in contrast to the gluon very fast unstable transverse gluon modes in such a excitations all quasiquark modes in the two-stream parton system. The analysis [2, 3] has been performed system are stable and rather similar to those in the within the semiclassical transport theory. However, it isotropic plasma. Then, we have argued that our DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 105 results obtained for two streams hold approximately [11 St.Mrowczynski, Phys. Lett. B214(1988)587 for any system of strongly elongated momentum [2] St.Mrowczyriski, Phys. Lett. B314(1993)118; distribution. As we have not found quasiquark B393(l 997)26 instabilities even in extremely anisolropic system we [3] St.Mrowczyriski, Phys.Rev.C49(1994)219l have suggested that the quark modes arc stable for any [4| St.Mrowczynski and M.H. Thoma, momentum distribution. Pys.Rcv.D62(2000)036011 [5] St.Mrowczynski, Phys.Rev.D65(2002)l 17501 6.12 Participation in the CMS Experiment at the LHC Accelerator at CERN by M.BIuj, R.Gokieli, L.Goscilo, M.Gorski, P.Traczyk, G.Wrochna, P.Zalewski The preparations of the CMS (Compact Muon same and different flavour pairs of electrons and JCM + + + + ;o Solenoid) experiment at the future LHC accelerator at muons: e e" + |i u. - c \x - |i e\ i O CERN by our group were undertaken several years ago. The current status of the LHC project foresees the o 300 j- is start of operation in the year 2007. The participating laboratories join their efforts in order to have a f working detector before the accelerator is ready. Our JL' 200 activities concentrate on the muon trigger components such as the Resistive Plate Chambers and electronics and on simulation of "New Physics" which can be discovered by the CMS. During year 2002 we have built and tested two new prototypes of the Resistive Plate Chambers, which arc to be used in the muon trigger. The internal surfaces of the electrodes of one of the chambers were covered with linseed oil. They were both tested at Fig. 1 The difference of the invariant mass distributions of the CERN at the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) with same and different flavour lepton pairs: e+e + |i*u~ - e*u' - uV with the muon beam and high intensity low energy photons only the detector acceptance cuts and no SM background. (GMSB from the cesium source. The prototypes showed model parameters: A=40 TeV, M=52 TeV, N*sgn(|i)=-4, tan(P)=2. excellent behaviour with very low internal noise, However, it is not clear, how often the leptonic which for the oiled chamber was less than I Hz per egde could be expected if supersymmetry point is square cm. randomly chosen. Our group performed an analysis to The main responsibility of the Warsaw group is clarify this point as far as the GMSB models are the designing and building of the electronics for the concerned. Partial results of the systematic search for CMS Muon Trigger based on the RPCs. During this leptonic edges in the CMS detector via scan over year the electronics design was revised taking profit wide range of parameter space of the GMSB models from recent developments in electronics. It was are shown in Fig.2, where each point represents one possible to implement modified trigger algorithm, model. Large sombre points represent models in more robust against noise and background. A lot of which signal could be detected if selection efficiency software has been written to control the electronics was 100%. Finally, light large points correspond to and to simulate its behaviour. models in which signal should be detected al the CMS detector. Study of models assuming existence of additional spatial dimensions was continued. Such physics could A=50TeV. N=3, sign(|.i)=1 manifest itself in CMS detector by decays of excited •n§r» *• • mmm" gravitons. We have tested how those particles could be distinguished from other kind of "new physics". ?15;8- : % ::ss8::::s: We have also studied model independent algorithms 1Q; to search for phenomena beyond the Standard Model. Cascade decays of heavy particles arc a characteristic feature of supersymmetry. In several 1&*-' regions of the SUSY parameter space sparticlcs 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 1 2 ?• manifest themselves by presence of end-points in •I IBi edge.>0 •• e1f=1 u.: ; eff=0 15 some kinematic distributions. One of the most spectacular signals of that kind is the edge in the Fig. 2 An example of the scan in the parameter space of lanl(-i) difference of the invariant mass distributions of the and log(M/A) variables of the model. 106 Annual Report 2002 6.13 The LHC-b Experiment at CERN by M.Adamus, A.Nawrot, K.Syryczyiiski and M.Szczckowski PL0400205 LHC-b is a hadron collider experimcni in The unitarity of the Cabibbo - Kobayashi - Maskawa preparation at CERN. The main goal of the LHC-b matrix implies relations between matrix elements that experiment is to search for new physics through can be graphically represented as so-called unitarity precise tests of the heavy-flavour sector of the triangles. The LHC-b experiment intends to measure Standard Model. The most stringent test is expected to all the parameters of the two triangles relevant for the be provided by a combination of precise B - meson system with a very good precision. measurements of CP violation in the B meson system. \Iuon Detector riciitlinn Plane Shield Magnet ECAL IICAL 0 5 10 15 _-[m] 20 Fig. 1 The LHCb detector seen from above (cut in the bending plane). The tracking chambers ire labeled Tl -Til, the muon chambers a labeled Ml - M5. From the middle of 2003 the Warsaw group will To fully exploit the high forward bb production be involved in the production of about 1/3 of straw cross-section at LHC energies, the LHC-b experiment chambers modules for the LHCb tracking system. The has been designed as a single-arm, forward modules should be produced in clean enviroment with spectrometer running in collider mode (Fig. 1) a constant temperature and humidity. To fulfill these Important characteristics of the experiment arc: conditions a clean room with a surface of about 70 rrr An excellent hadronic particle identification over a has been built in the laboratory of Soltan Institute for large momentum range (from 1 to 150 GeV/c) Nuclear Studies (IPJ) High Energy Physics provided by three Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) Department. A sophisticated, automated air detectors. This is essential both for the exclusive conditioning system (VTS CLIMA) maintains the reconstruction of hadronic B decay modes and to lag temperature within ± 1° and the humidity within the neutral B hadrons initial flavour. + 15%. A very fine grained filter provides clean room In addition to high - p, lepton triggers, there will be class 100000 specifications. All these conditions are a high - p, hadron trigger. This trigger, as well as the necessary to maintain the high quality of the produced low thresholds for the lepton triggers, ensure a high modules. trigger efficiency also for purely hadronic B decays. The production of modules requires several tools A good proper time resolution, necessary to which should be designed and constructed in the laboratory. The straws should be precisely cut to the resolve the fast B — B oscillations, is provided by v s specified length in a special cutting machine. Plastic the vertex detector. This device will provide a 40 ^im wire locators are placed in the well defined positions resolution on the interaction point along the beam inside the straws and fixed in these positions using the axis. wire locators insertion tool. The prepared straws are A good mass resolution is provided by the tracking then placed and glued on the panels using a special system. Because of the high particle density close to template with 64 grooves to assure exact positioning the beam axis, the tracking system is split into outer of the straws in the modules. After glueing, the panel and inner subsystems at a radius of approximately with straws is placed on the wiring machine. The 0.5 m. 25 jam tungsten/gold wire is sucked through the DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 107 straws, tensioned to 70 g and soldered to the printed circuit boards at the ends of the straws. All these tools have been designed and constructed in Warsaw laboratory. The tools for the final production of 107 modules in Warsaw will be built on the basis of the same principles but they will have to allow faster production of the modules. The prototype module has been constructed in Warsaw IPJ laboratory. It consists of 128 straws of 5 mm diameter and 143 cm length. One half of the module with 64 straws is shown in fig 2. The HV tests were performed indicating that all the wires hold 1800 V. Two straw tube layers, each carried by a sandwich panel, are then joined face to face; the lateral strips are glued on and closure of the module Fig. 2 General view of the wiring machine and one half ol the box is completed by gluing a plug of FR4 material module with 64 straws. between the PCBs of the two straw tube layers. After that the box with the two panels and aluminium side strips was closed with simplified gas system allowing further tests of the module. The preliminary results [1] M.Adamus, T.Marszat, A.Nawrot, M.Sobociriska, indicate that the module performs as required. M.Szczekowki, et al. - Design and production of a prototype straw drift chamber module for the Electronics engineers from the 3ld department of Outer Tracker detector in the LHCb experiment, the Institute are involved in the design and tests of the INS Report, October 2002 Readout Supervisor, the main control unit for the Data [2] T.Batch, A.Chropik, Z.Guzik-for description sec Acquisition system of the LHC-b experiment and the the report of the Depart, of Nuclear Electronics Detector Control System of the Outer Tracker detector (slow control) [2]. PL0400206 6.14 Compass Experiment by O.Grajek, K.Kowalik. K.Kurek, A.Mielech, J.Nassalski, E.Rondio, A.Sandacz, W.Wislicki The Compass experiment at CERN has been hodoscope and a subsequent logics select the proposed to study nucleon spin structure and hadron interesting phase space of the scattered muon. During spectroscopy. The spin program is focused on the 2002 run the new trigger for large Q" was installed. measurement of gluon polarization in deep inelastic In year 2002 our group was working on the scattering of polarized muons on polarized nucleons optimisation of reconstruction algorithm for LAS, via photon-gluon fusion process observed either by simulation for large Q" trigger and simulations for D production of charmed mesons D° (D) or two hadrons (D*) and p° production. We also took responsibility with large transverse momenta. for data stability checks during data taking. The experimental setup consists of a two stage forward magnetic spectrometer: large angle spectrometer (LAS) and small angle spectrometer Vertex distribution along beam (Z) (SAS), optimised for high rate and large angular 3500 - acceptance. For the run in year 2002 complete setup of detectors was installed and the full redundancy of the 3000 spectrometer was available. Particles emerging from the target are tracked in LAS by novel gaseous 2900 I detector MicroMegas and GEM detectors in the inner 2000 f : ! region close to the beam and by drift chambers and straw trackers for the outer region. The most inner 1500 region is covered by scintillating fibers. The first spectrometer ends with particle identification 1000 i detectors: the RICH, the hadronic calorimeter and the Target Cells 900 / muon identification wall. SAS is arranged around the f * « r second spectrometer magnet and tracking is performed 0 I ,r,r - i 1 ' I • ••'-••.. ... I by multi-wire proportional chamber and GEM •1500 -1000 -30C) 0 500 1000 detector. Again a hadron calorimeter and a muon identification region complete the setup. Trigger Fig. 1 Vertex Distribution along beam direction. 108 Annual Report 2002 A period of data taking in 2002 from June to September yielded a large data sample with [11 K.Kurek, A.Korzenev, K.Kowalik, A.Mielcch, longitudinal target polarization and about 20 % of data E.Rondio, R.Windmolders, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A with transverse target polarization. In Fig. 1 the 485(2002)720 distribution of primary vertices is shown along beam [2] M.Moinester, O.Grajek, A.Sandacz, Nucl. Phys. direction. The two oppositely polarized target cells arc B (Proc. Suppl.) 10-5(2002)168 also indicated. First preliminary results were obtained on the production of p°, K° A and 6.15 Experiment PP2PP at RHIC bv A.Sandacz PL0400207 The PP2PP Collaboration is investigating the At RHIC energies the scattering angle for elastic scattering of polarized protons at the elastically scattered protons is of the order of a few Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at the miliradians or less. Because of this, the scattered Brookhaven National Laboratory. The center of mass protons do not leave the beam pipe and the detectors energy and the four momentum transfer accessible need to be moved as close to the beam as possible. This is achieved by mounting the detector packages to the experiment are 50 < "^ < 500 GeV and inside Roman Pots, vacuum vessels with thin windows 4 2 4- 10 i r| <1.3 GeV . allowing the detector packages at ambient pressure to These studies will elucidate the features of the penetrate into the evacuated beam pipe. During the pomeron, which remains a mystery forty years after it 2002 engineering run one detector package was was introduced. They will also clarify the role of other installed above and below the beam on either side of possible exchanges in elastic scattering, for instance of the interaction point. the three gluon exchange (odderon). A detector package consisted of four single-sided, During the 2002 polarized protons run a dedicated 400 |J.m thick silicon microstrip detectors with 70 |J.m accelerator tune enabled the PP2PP experiment to wide strips and 100 |im strip pitch, covering an active collect about 3-10? elastic events in a 14 hour area of 45 mm by 75 mm. It was complemented by a 8 engineering run at a center of mass energy of mm thick scintillator plane of equal area, read out by 2 JS =200 GeV and 0.005< 111 <0.030 GeV . The total two photomultiplier tubes for trigger purposes. Two of intensity of each beam was 5 x 10", distributed the silicon detectors were measuring the ^-coordinate among 55 bunches. The magnitude and the sign of the and the other two the y-coordinate. Almost all of the polarisation of each proton beam were known for the 16 detectors except two had an efficiency above 95 %, individual bunches. resulting in a detection efficiency for scattered protons above 99 %. DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 109 In conclusion, the first PP2PP engineering run 0.01 < 111 <0.02 GeV~ and provide a possible first look successfully recorded for the first time elastic at the analysing power AN. scattering of polarized protons at the energy, which is For the next run, in 2003, the experiment plans to significantly higher than the energies covered by install the second set of detectors to reduce the previous experiments with unpolarized and polarized dependence of the measurements on accelerator protons. The continuing analysis of the small data parameters, and to take a large data sample allowing sample taken so far might result in ihe determination to determine A accurately. of the slope of the diffractive peak in the range N 6.16 Neutrino Experiments by D.Kielczewska, E.Rondio, J.Stepaniak,M.Szeptycka, and J.Zalipska PL0400208 The physicists from IPJ (ZII and ZVI), Warsaw In 2002 the Warsaw neutrino group analyzed the University and Warsaw Technical University test data and participate in works of Warsaw Neutrino Group. • performed the measurements of the drift velocity Warsaw group collaborates closely with other Polish in liquid Ar groups from University of Silesia, Institute of Nuclear • started to develop the method to define muon Physics in Cracow, Jagiellonian University and energy by the measurements of muon Wroclaw University. The physicists from ZVI IPJ electromagnetic interactions D.Kielczewska, E.Rondio, J.Stepaniak, M.Szeptycka, • performed the measurement and simulation (using and J.Zalipska participate in the experiments ICARUS simple geometrical approach and Geant code) of (Imaging Cosmic and Rare Underground Signals), the amplitude spectrum of PMs signals. SuperKamiokande and K2K. The drift velocity was measured using single muon The activities of ICARUS experiment are reported. tracks obtained with 2 different trigger geometries and The aim of ICARUS experiment is: different values of drift field. This gives the possibility • search for proton decays, of checking the uniformity of drift field and LAr purity. The obtained results are in agreement with the • studies of solar atmospheric supernova and drift velocity value measured using the muon cascades accelerator neutrinos, by Swiss group of ICARUS collaboration, and the • studies of appearance of v and v , e t measurements performed with Ar purity monitor. • detection of interactions of vM, ICARUS is a Time Projection Chamber with 3 The analysis of the PMs signals, the simulation of dimensional reconstruction in space. The parameters light propagation in the ICARUS container and the of ICARUS test unit, T600, are: comparison of simulation with data was performed. • the TPC working volume is a container of a The characteristics of the triggering PMs signals, and PMs noise were measured. The distributions of dimensions of 4*6*20 m \ filled with 600 t of the signal (noise taken into account) amplitudes have liquid Ar, at a temperature of -187°C, large dispersion. For different distances from the Hack • the container is divided into 2 independent parts, giving the trigger signal to the PMs the measured with 500 V/cm drift field in each, amplitudes were compared with the simulated ones. • each part is equipped with 3 readout chambers, Rough agreement between the data and simulation is with wire spacing of 3 mm, observed. No influence of attenuation of scintillation • readout of the chambers is performed with 400 ns light in LAr is seen. However the influence of FADC, without 0 suppression in data acquisition, Rayleigh scattering should be studied. • several photomultipliers are installed in each part; Further plans of Warsaw Neutrino Group: readout of the PMs is performed with 50 ns FADC, • to take part in the installation of T600 in Gran • to obtain the "life time" of drift electrons such that Sasso and in data taking the signals from full volume of Ar will be seen, • to finish the analysis and simulation of light Argon in both parts of T600 is continuously propagation in LAr, writing a publication. purified. • to simulate low energy neutrino interactions and In 2001 tests of Vi of T600 were performed on the •S Compare the results obtained with different cosmic rays in Pavia. generators, introduce the improvements •S Compare the results of simulations with the Data for data obtained in K2K experiment • the analysis of muon interactions, • To participate in the construction of the detector - • the calibration of the detector, there are plans for producing the reading chambers • comparison with the simulation results, wires for new ICARUS modules. Warsaw Group were obtained during these tests. asked KBN to support this project but it still awaits an answer. 110 Annual Report 2002 6.17 Search for Neutrino Oscillations by the K2K Experiment by D.Kielczewska and J.Zalipska PL0400209 from June 1999 to July 2001. A total of 56 neutrino =12 • interactions have been observed in Super-Kamiokande > in coincidence with the KEK beam spills, while 8O+-6 J 10 are expected in the absence of neutrino oscillations. For the reconstruction of the neutrino spectrum at s the far detector 29 one ring muon-like events have been selected. A distortion of the spectrum was 6 observed which is consistent with the neutrino oscillation parameters measured by using atmospheric neutrinos (see Fig. 1). The probability that the 4 •ff> observed flux reduction and spectrum distortion is explained by statistical fluctuation without neutrino 2 oscillations is less than 1%. it Polish contribution in 2002 consisted mostly of the - o 1 participation in the Super-Kamiokande detector reconstruction after an accident and studies of light propagation in the lkt Cherenkov water detector. Fig. 1 Distribution of energy observed in Super-Kamiokande for 29 single ring muon-like beam events (points) compared with Measurements of light scattering and reflections are expected distributions without oscillations (upper line) and with instrumental for the search of electron neutrino oscillation with parameters determined for atmospheric neutrinos. appearance. The K2K is the first long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment using a neutrino beam [1] D.Kietezewska, Acta Phys. Pol. B 33(2002)189 produced at the KEK accelerator and the Super- [2] M.H.Ahn , D.Kietczewska, J.Zalipska et al., Kamiokande as the detector at a distance of 250 km. A Indications of Neutrino Oscillation in a 250 km set of near detectors is used to measure the flux and Long-baseline Experiment, accepted by Phys. spectrum of the produced neutrinos. A recent Rev. Lett. publication contains an analysis of the data collected DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS I I I LIST OF PUBLICATIONS HADRON-NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS FROM AGS TO SPS H.Bialkovvska Ada Phys.Pol. B33(2002)1461 SUMMARY OF THE SPIN PHYSICS WORKING GROUP AT DIS2002 N.C.R.Makins, E.Rondio, J..Softer Ada Phys.Pol. B33(2002)3815 MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS OFTHE pd -> HeY| REACTION BETWEEN 930 Mev AND 1100 MeV .I.ZIomariczuk, A.Kupsc, P.Marciniewski, J.Stcpaniak, J.Zabicrowski et al. Ada Phys.Pol. B33(2002)883 RESULTS ON NEUTRINO MASS AND MIXING FROM SUPER-KAMIOKANDE D.Kiclczcwska Ada Phys.Pol. B33(2002)189 HIGGS AT LEP P.Zalewski Ada Phys.Pol. 1333(2002)3849 PHYSICS AT LHC G.Wrochna Ada Phys.Pol. 833(2002)3929 TRANSVERSE MASS DISTRIBUTIONS OF NEUTRAL PIONS FROM Pb2"8 INDUCED REACTIONS AT 158 AGeV MM Aggarwal, K.Karpio, T.Siemiarczuk el al. Eur. Phys. J. €23(2002)225 DUET PHOTOPRODUCTION AT HERA AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE PHOTON S.Chekanov, M.Adamus et al. Eur. Phys. J €23(2002)4.615 DUET PRODUCTION IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov, M.Adamus et al. Eur. Phys. J C23(2002)13 SEARCHES FOR NEUTRAL HIGGS BOSONS IN eV COLLISIONS FROM VJ = I9I.6TO 201.7 GeV J.Abdallah, R.Gokicli, J.Kurowska-Hoffnian, K.Nawrocki, R.Sosnowski, M.Szczekowski, M.Szeptycka, P.Zalewski ct al. Eur. Phys. J €23(2002)409 EXCLUSIVE PHOTOPRODUCTION OF J/47 MESONS AT HERA S.Chekanov, M.Adamus et al. Eur. Phys. J C24(2002)345 MEASUREMENT OF THE Q2 ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF DIFFRACTIVE INTERACTIONS AT HERA S.Chekanov, M.Adanius et al. Eur. Phys. 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Report CERN/LHCC 2002-0/6. Ad To ALICE TDR, 2002 THE ICARUS EXPERIMENT: A SECOND-GENERATION PROTON DECAY EXPERIMENT AND NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY AT THE GRAN SASSO LABORATORY, CLONING OF T600 MODULES TO REACH THE DESIGN SENSITIVE MASS P.Aprili, E.Rondio, J.Stepaniak, M.Szeptycka, M.Szleper, J.Zalipska et al. CERN-SPSC-2002-027. CERN-SPSC-P32.i LINK SYSTEM AND CRATE LAYOUT OF THE RPC PATTERN COMPARATOR TRIGGER K.Banzuzi, M.Gorski, G.Wrochna, P.Zalewski et al. CMS IN-2002/061 NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS WITH A PROTON DRIVER UPGRADE AND AN OFF AXIS DETECTOR: A CASE STUDY A.Para, M.Szleper et al. liep-ph/020420tt PHYSICS POTENTIAL AT FNAL WITH STONGER PROTON SOURCES A.Para, M.Szleper et al. hep-pli/0206025 16 Annual Report 2002 SEARCH FOR RANDALL-SUNDRUM GRAVITON EXCITATIONS IN THE CMS EXPERIMENT G.Wrochna, P.Traczyk liep-e.\/0207061 SPECIFICATION OF THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE DT AND CSC LEVEL-I TRACK-FINDERS D.Scosla. G.Wrochna et al. CMS IN-2002/040 EXCLUSIVE p" AND 0 PRODUCTION FROM COMPASS 2002 DATA O.A.Grajck, A Korzenev. A.Sandacz Compass Nate 2002-15, Dec. 21, 2002 PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS BARYON AND ANTIBARYON PRODUCTION IN HADRON-HADRON AN HADRON-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS AT 158GeV/c II.Bialkowska Presented ai ICHEP2OO2, Amsterdam 24-31 July, 2002 RECENT RESULTS ON SPECTRA AND YIELDS FROM NA49 S V Afanasiev. B.Boimska, H.Bialkowska ei al. Quark Matter 2002, Nantes, France, July 18-24, 2002 SYSTEM SIZE DEPENDENCE OF STRANGENESS PRODUCTION AT 158 AGeV C.Hohne, B.Boimska, H.Bialkowska et al. Quark Matter 2002, Names, France. July 18-24, 2002 ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF LAMBDA AND ANTI-LAMBDA PRODUCTION AT CERN SPS ENERGIES S.V.Afanasiev, B.Boimska, H.Bialkovvska el al. Quark Matter 2002, Nantes. France, July 18-24, 2002 RESULTS ON CORRELATIONS AND FLUCTUATIONS FROM NA49 C.Blume. B.Boimska, H.Bialkowska et al. Quark Matter 2002, Nantes, France, July 18-24, 2002 PHOTON FLOW IN 158 AGeV Pb+Pb COLLISIONS M.M.Aggarwal, K.Karpio, T.Siemiarczuk et al Quark Matter 2002, Nantes, France, July 18-24, 2002 PARTICLE DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS IN 158 AgeV/c Pb + Pb COLLISIONS MM.Aggarwal, K.Karpio, T.Sicmiarczuk ct al. Quark Matter 2002, Nantes, France. July 18-24, 2002 HIGHpt NEUTRAL PION PRODUCTION AND ANGULAR CORRELATIONS IN 158 AGeV p + A AND A + A COLLISIONS MM Aggarwal, K.Karpio, T.Siemiarczuk el al. Quark Matter 2002, Nantes, France. July 18-24, 2002 ONE-. TWO- AND THREE - PARTICLE DISTRIBUTIONS FROM CENTRAL Pb+Pb COLLISIONS AT 158 AGeV/C MM.Aggarwal, K.Karpio, T.Sicmiarczuk el al. Quark Matter 2002, Nantes. France. July 18-24, 2002 DIRECT PHOTONS IN WA98 MM.Aggarwal. K.Karpio, T.Siemiarczuk el al. Quark Matter 2002, Nantes, France, July 18-24. 2002 APPLICATION OF NEURAL NETWORK TO THE SELECTION OF PHOTON GLUON FUSION EVENTS IN DIS K.Kowalik IX Workshop on Hit-h Energy Spin Physics SPIN-OI. Dubna 2002 EVENT-BY-EVENT FLUCTUATIONS IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS St.Mrowczvriski INT/RHIC Winter Workshop, Seattle. USA. Jan. 3-6, 2002 COLOR COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS IN ANISOTROPIC QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St.Mrowczynski QCD AT RH1C ERA. Institute of Theoretical Physics. University of California. Santa Barbara, USA. April - June 2002 QUASIQUARK EXCITATIONS IN ANISOTROPIC QUARK-GLUON PLASMA St.Mrowczynski Stmnx andElearoueak Matter 2002 (SWEM02), Heidelberg Germany. Oct. I -6. 2002 THE INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING DARK CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAW CHAMBERS MODULES A.CIilopik. T.Batch. A.Nawrot, M.Szczekowski, K.Lesnicwski and Z.Guzik Proc.ofrhe 8"1 workshop on electronic (or LHC experiments. Colmar. CERN 2002-03. pp.368-370 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 117 EXCLUSIVE PROCESSES ATE1C; FEASIBILITY STUDY A.Sandacz Electron and Ion Collider Workshop. Brookhuven National Laboratory, USA, 26 Feb. - 2 March 2002 SEARCH FOR COLOR TRANSPARENCY A.Sandacz Current and Future Directions til RH1C, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, August 5-23, 2002 STUDIES OF EXCLUSIVE PROCESSES IN ep SCATTERING AT EIC A.Sandacz Current and Future Directions at RHIC, Bmokhaven National Laboratory, USA. August 5-23, 2002 POSSIBLE MEASUREMENTS OF GPDs AT COMPASS N. d'Hose, A.Sandacz et al. Workshop on Future Physics at COMPASS. Sept. 26-27. 2002 FIRST RESULTS FROM THE CELSIUS/WASA FACILITY S.Kullander, J.Stepaniak ct al. International Conference nn Particle and Nuclei PANIC 02. Osaka. Nov. 2002 KINEMATICALLY COMPLETE MEASUREMENT OF THE pd -> pdr| REACTION J.ZIomaiiczuk, J.Stcpaniak et al. 5'" International Conf, on Nucl.Phys. al St.Rings STORI02, 16-20 June 2002 THE PRESENT PERFORMANCE OF THE CELSIUS/WAS EXPERIMENT L.Koch, J.Stcpaniak et al. 5'" lntenwlioMil Conf. on Nucl.Phys. al St.Rings STORI02, 16-20 June 2002 HADRON PRODUCTION UNCERTAINTIES AT NuMI M.Szlcper Neutrino Factories 02. London, England. 1-7 July 2002 SUMMARY OF DETECTOR PERFORMANCES FOR vu APPEARANCE AND \!v DISAPPEARANCE M.Szlepcr Underground Science Workshop, Aspen. Colorado, 10-16 June 2002 NEUTRINO PHYSICS WITH OFF-AXIS NuMI BEAM M.Szlepcr DPF2002, Williamsburg, Virginia, 24-28 May 2002 PHYSICS CAPABILITIES OF A FINE GRAINED CALORIMETER DETECTOR M.Szlcpcr New Initiatives for the NuMi Beam Workshop. FNAL. I-3 May 2002 EXTRAPOLATION FROM THE NEAR SITE TO THE FAR OFF-AXIS SITE M.Szleper New Initiatives for the NuMi Beam Workshop. FNAL. 1-3 May 2002 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE SYSTEMATICS DUE TO HADRON PRODUCTION M.Szlcpcr Neutrino Beam Instrumentation Workshop. CERN. 24-2H March, 2002 PHYSICS AT LHC G.Wrochna X Intern. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS2002). Crakow, 30.04 - 4.05.2002 HIGGS ATLEP P.Zalewski X Intern. Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS2002). Crakow. 30.04 - 4.05.2002 LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS Simulations for events with high-pT hadron pairs'1 K.Kowalik, CERN. August 2002 Event-by-event fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions'1' St.Mr6wczyriski, Physics Department, Ohio Stale University Columbus, Ohio, USA, Jan. 10, 2002 Event-by-event fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions'" Sr.Mrowczyriski, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, USA, April 9. 2002 Color collective excitations in anisotropic quark-gluon plasma1" St.Mrowczynski, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, USA, April / Event-by-event fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions'" St.Mrowcz} riski, Physics Department. Stale University of New York Stony Brook. New York. USA. May. 2002 COMPASS experiment at CERN1" J.Nassalski, LAL, Orstiy. Fiance. Dec. 16. 2002 Multiple charged pion production at energies I 10-1360 MeV using the WASA Detector1" J.Stcpaniak, Open Session of the Program Advisory Committee Meeting, Uppsala Sweden, May 5-6, 2002 Light meson production and decay studies with WASA detector1" J.Stcpaniak, International workshop on Ao physics, hlqdralm. May 23. 2002 Analysis of the Kej channel"1 W.Wislieki. NA4H Coll. Meeting. CERN. June 4. 2002 b) in English INTERNAL SEMINARS Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions H.Bialkowska, Physic Institute, Kielce. Jan.23. 2002 Cold Antihydrogen H.Bialkowska, IFT. UW. March Experiments with Cold Antiprotons H.Bialkowska, IFD, UW. March 15. 2002 Heavy Ion Experiment at CERN and the RH1C Challenge II.Bialkowska, IFD. UW, April 26. 2002 Conference Quark Matter 2002 H.Bialkowska, IFD. UW. Oct.18 2002 Transverse momentum spectra and relative yields of particles produced in hadronic and nuclear collisions B.Boimska PhD students seminar.SINS. Fcbr. 26. 2002 Model independent search fore New Physics at LHC L.Goscilo, PhD students seminar. SINS, Dec. 10. 2002 Why is it worth to study exclusive vector meson production? O.Grajek. PhD students seminar. SINS. March 12. 2002 Studies of spin effects in exclusive vector meson production O.Grajek, PhD students seminar. SINS. March 19. 2002 Neutrino Oscillations D.Kiclczewska, IFD. UW. May 2002 Recent results from Super-Kamiokande1" D.kiclczcwska IFT UW. Jan. 2002 Recent results concerning masses and mixing of neutrinos D.Kiclczcwska collm/uim of IFD UW QCD analysis of spin dependent function g,(x.Q:) K.Kowalik PhD students seminar. SINS. Febr. 26. 2002 Fluctuations in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions St.Mrowczynski. IFJ. Crakow. Ocl.22. 2002 New Results on E'/E from NA48 at CERN1" .J.Nassalski. UW. Jan.II.2002 Proton Structure J.Nassalski, PTF, Crakow. Dec. 5. 2002 Future of the neutrino physics in ICARUS experiment E.Rondio. seminar at Department of High Energy Physics and Fundamental Interactions , Physics Faculty. WU. May 10, 2002 Measurements of neutrino oscillations E.Rondio, seminar at University of tod:. Physics Faculty. Department o/Cossmic Rays. May 16, 2002 DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS I 19 Impressions from IHEP2002 conference E.Rondio seminar at Department of High Energy Physics and Fundamental Interactions Physics Faculty, Warsaw University Oct. 4. 2002 First Collisions of Polarised Proton Beams at Brookhaven A.Sandacz, UW. Warsaw. March 8. 2002 Future Measurements of Elastic p - p Scattering A.Sandacz, UW. Warsaw. May 17. 2002 The LHC Project at CERN R.Sosnowski. I FT UW. Nov. 20. 2002 Lepton pair production of invariant mass less than I GeV J.Stcpaniak, UW. March I. 2002 Brcmsstrahlung and pair production in high energy muon interactions .T.Stcpaniak, Wroclaw University. April 2. 2002 On the interactions of high energy cosmic unions with matter .J.Stepaniak, UW. Nov. 29. 2002 Neutrino Factories M.Szcptycka, UW, Febr.15. 2002 Search for Extra Dimensions at LHC P.Traczyk, Warsaw, Febr. 15-16. 2002 Polgrid Project Exposition W.Wislicki, ICMUW. Warsaw. April 6.2002 What's new in particle physics? (i.Wrochna, Uniewersily M.Kopernika. Toniri, Jan. 21. 2002 Automalized measurements of variable stars with CCD camera G.Wrochna, 1EEE/PERG Seminar. Wilga. May 23. 2002 Apparatus to search for optical flashes of astronomical origin G.Wrochna, IEEE/PERG Seminar. Wilga. May 23. 2002 LHC Physics G.Wrochna, UW. May 25. 2002 Between particle physics and astronomy G.Wrochna, UW, Oct.4, 2002 CCD Astronomy for a penny G.Wrochna, Childrens Fund Workshop. Warsaw. March 3, 2002 Astronomical observations with a webcam G.Wrochna, Lecture for amateur astronomy club Almukantarat. Warsaw, June 22. 2002 SCIENCE POPULARIZATION TALKS AND ARTICLES D.Kielczewska, E.Ronilio Revolutionary neutrinos Scientiffic matter, buletin of the National Science Fundalion (KBN), No. 11. Nov. 2002 St.Mrowczyriski Wrinkles of the Universe, Polityka, Jan. 12, 2002 J.Nassalski Koslawy Wszechswiat, Svviat Nauki, July 2002 Translation of the paper on supersymmetry, Svviat Nauki, Sept. 2002 E.Rondio A physicist look inside the atomic nucleus Science Festival UW. Sept. 28-29. 2002 G.Wrochna Observing variable stars with a webcam, Urania 1/2002 Photographing sky with whatever..., Delta 2/2002 Processing of webcam astronomical images , Urania 2/2002 What's behind the symmetric structure?, Rzeczpospolita, 19.03.2002 120 Annual Report 2002 Development of astronomical digital image. Delta 4/2002 Astronomical observatory at home, Newsweek .19/02. 29.09.2002 G.Wrochna How to discover new elementary panicle' Science revival UW. Sepl. 2H-29. 2002 P.Zalcwski Delta show: Do you know to wonder' Science Festival UW. Sepl. 28-29, 2002 Hands on particle physics Science Festival UW. Sept. 28-29. 2002 P.Zalcwski Bosenova. Delta 1.2/2002 Main power source. Delta 2/2002 How whatever stone turns?. Delta 2/2002 Tornado in the cup of tea. Delta 2/2002 Why mirror changes things left-right rather than up-down1.'. Delta 2/2002 The mistery of fair division. Delta 3/2002 Stochastic resonance wins. Delta 3/2002 Decomposition of the number IS. Delta 3/2002 Meteorite decay registered by CCD. Delta 4/2002 The Babel Tour entrophy. Delta 4/2002 One way heat flux. Delta 5/2002 Light repository. Delta 5/2002 Blinking supernova. Delta 6/2002 Funny Chandra picture. Delta 6/2002 The end of the solar neutrino problem. Delta 7/2002 Strangeness certificate. Delta 8/2002 The swing. Delta 8/2002 Cartesian diver. Delta 9/2002 Palcophosphtatometry. Delta /2002 Galactic arms remnants. Delta I 1/2002 Vice ediior in chief of inontl\l\ Delta Physics and astroiuunx expert in the portal Fduseek J.Nassalski TV program "Uiboralnrium", April 3, 2002 TV program "Lcihoramrium", June 12, 2002 TV program "Luboratoriuin", Sepl. 6,2002 TV program ''Luboraumwri', Oct. 10,2002 TV program " Ltiboratoriuin", Nov. 1 I, 2002 G.Wrochna "Bismission - nuclear physics 50 years today". Radio BIS, June 7, 2002 "Bismission - communication for 50 years". Radio BIS, June 11. 2002 "The youngest scientists - amateur sky observations" Academic Television Network, Nov.5 and Dec. 3, 2002 PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC COUNCILS AND ORGANISING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES II.Bialknwska Member of the Scientific Council of the IPJ. chair of ihe Programm Commission Member of the SPS Committee. CEKN Member of Ihe International Advisory Committee Epiphany Conference 2002 Member of the Physics Panel, Human Potential Networks C, Brussels 2002 Deputy Spokesperson of the NA49 experiment at CERN D.KiclczcwskR Member of the organizing Commitiec of the "NUINT02" Conference, Irvine, USA, Dec. 2002 J.Nassalski Member of Plenary ECFA (European Committee for Future Accelerators^ Member of Programme Advisory Committee for Panicle Physics, JINR, Dubna Member of Extended Scientific Council. DESY. Hamburg E.Rondio Participation in the working group preparing scientific program for the THERA accelerator in Hamburg as one of rhc conveners for spin physics DEPARTMENT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 121 R.Sosnowski Chairman of the Scientific Council of the 1PJ Chairman of the Scientific Council of the High Pressure Centrum of Polish Academy of Sciences Council for Nuclear Science and Technology - vice chairman, chairman of the High Energy Physics Commission, a member of the Commission for Collaboration with JINR in Dubna Polish delegate to the CERN Council Polish representative to Inernational Union of Pure and Applied Physics Member of the Scientific Council of JINR in Dubna Member of the Executive Committee of the European Physics Society Chairman of the Committee of Pysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences T.Siemiarczuk Member of the International Advisory Committee of International Conference HYPERONS CHARM and BEAUTY HADRONS, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2002 Polish group coordinator in the WA98 CERN experiment Polish group coordinator in the ALICE CERN experiment Member of the Collaboration Board of the ALICE CERN experiment Polish group coordinator in the STRELA experiment at Dubna NUCLOTRON J.Stepaniak Member of the IPJ Scientific Council Member of the Collaboration Board of the CELSIUS/WASA Collaboration and coordinator of the polish group M.Szeptycka Member of the SLCJ Scientific Council Member of the Physics Section, KBN G.Wrochna Muon Trigger Coordinator of the CMS experiment Organising Committee and session chair at "Workshop on Polish contribution to LHC experiments", Warsaw, Febr. 15-16, 2002 Scientific Committee of "PERG/IEEE seminar" , Wilga, May, 2002, chair of the session "Photonics for Astronomy" Session chair at "Science and religion in Central and Eastern Europe", Jachranka, Dec. 15-16, 2002 PERSONNEL Research scientists Marek Adamus, Dr. Ewa Rondio, Assoc.Prof. Helena Biatkowska, Assoc.Prof. Andrzej Sandacz, Assoc.Prof. Andrzej Deloff, Assoc.Prof. 1/3 Teodor Siemiarczuk, Professor Ryszard Gokieli, Dr. Ryszard Sosnowski, Professor Maciej Gorski, Dr. Joanna Stepaniak, Professor Krzysztof Karpio, MSc. Maria Szeptycka, Professor Danuta Kietczewska, Assoc. Prof. 1/5 Michaf Szleper, Dr. (on leave) Andrzej Kupsc, Dr. (on leave) Marek Szczekowski, Assoc.Prof. Pawel Marciniewski, Dr. (on leave) Piotr Szymanski, Dr. (on leave) Stanislaw Mrowczyriski, Professor 2/3 Wojciech Wislicki, Assoc.Prof. Jan Nassalski, Professor Grzegorz Wrochna, Assoc. Prof. Adam Nawrot, Eng. 3/5 Piotr Zalewski, Dr. PhD students Technical and administrative staff Michal Bluj, MSc. Krzysztof Brzozowski Bozena Boimska, MSc. Piotr Gawor Oleg Grajek, MSc. Janina Krawiec, 1/2 Lukasz Goscito, MSc. Tadeusz Marszat Liu Han, MSc. Wieslawa Pojedynska Julia Hoffman, MSc. Maria Sobociiiska Katarzyna Kowalik, MSc. Teresa Swierczynska Adam Mielech, MSc. Krzysztof Syryczynski, MSc. Piotr Traczyk, MSc. Wiktor Trubnikov, MSc. Slawomir Wronka, MSc. Joanna Zalipska, MSc. 122 Annual Report 2002 DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS ! 23 7 DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS PL0400210 Head of Department: Dr. Jacek Szabelski phone: (42)678-64-31 e-mail: [email protected] Overview Department of Cosmic Ray Physics in Lodz is involved in basic research in the area of high-energy physics and cosmic ray physics related to: • Experimental and phenomenological studies of Extensive Air Showers induced by cosmic ray particles. • Studies of ultra-high energy (above 1019 eV) cosmic rays: determination of energy spectrum and mass composition of primary particles • Studies of asymptotic properties of hadronic interactions based on the analysis of cosmic ray propagation through the atmosphere. • Studies of mass composition of cosmic rays in the energy range 1015 - 1017 eV. • Registration of cosmic ray intensity variation correlated with solar activity. Theoretical and experimental studies of Extensive Air Shower properties are performed mostly basing on the results obtained by the Lodz Extensive Air Shower Array. We have noticed unexplainable delayed signals registered about 500-900 microseconds after the main EAS pulse. Neutron transport simulations were performed in collaboration with JINR in Dubna. We prepared hardware for further experimental study of this effect. Continuous registrations of 5 GeV muon flux with the underground muon telescope have been carried on over the year 2001. We have detected several changes of muon intensity correlated with Forbush decreases registered at lower energies. We have also started registrations of muon counting rate in the on-surface scintillation detectors. These measurements will be included to the analysis of the disturbed energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays and its dependence on interplanetary disturbances related to the solar activity. In construction and data interpretation of cosmic ray experiments the Lodz group collaborates with many foreign institutes and laboratories: Forschungszentrum in Karlsruhe (Germany), College de France, Institute for Nuclear Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, JINR in Dubna (Russia), Uppsala University (Sweden) and DESY (Germany). We have prepared a project of large air shower array for studies of cosmic rays up to 10" eV. Detectors would be placed on the roofs of high schools in Lodz. Using the urban infrastructure (INTERNET, electricity etc.) we can significantly lower the cost of the experiment. The educational effects of the project are very important. The response to the project from the local authorities, school teachers and students was very good. 124 mal Report 2002 PL0400211 7.1 Lodz Extensive Air Shower Array by J.Gawin, K.J^drzejczak, J.Karczmarczyk, S.Pachata, S.Petrotchenkov1', J.Swarzyriski, J.Szabelski Lodz EAS array is continuously registering events registrations of neutrons in the boron counter via of energies above lO1'1 eV. Studies of signals detected reaction 10B(n,a)7Li including the dependence of the 500-800 microseconds after the main EAS front are reaction on neutron energy, as neutrons have energy now concentrated on the hypothesis that such delayed dependent time distribution. The explanation of signals come from the great number of neutrons observed excess (thick solid line - delayed signals) produced in the lead block in collisions with EAS needs further studies. hadrons. The lead block should emit MeV-energy Calculations are performed in the collaboration neutrons which are then thermalised and which could with JINR in Dubna. produce delayed signals registered in Geiger-Muller The "on-line" registration system with DOS counters and other detectors registering the time operation system has been replaced by the Linux structure of impulses (10 MHz FADC, 8-bit system with CAMAC interrupts processed by the converters, 32kB memory). Neutrons might produce system kernel. detectable electromagnetic particle e.g. via reaction 56Fe(n,y)57Fe, relatively long time after the EAS front passage. 131 selected EAS out of 123702 EAS We performed computer simulations of neutron 97 days diffusion in the region surrounding the apparatus. We have used the MCNP program with detailed geometry of the array and its surroundings (including hydrogen abundance in the ground). Simulated neutrons started their diffusion in the lead block or in the ground near the detector. 0.5 1 1.5 2 The figure presents comparison of neutron time (milisec) detection time distribution between simulations and registration in BF counter. Thin solid line represents Fig. 1 Time distribution of neutrons in the boron counter: 3 observed (thin solid line), simulated (shaded area) and the resulting observations, distribution expected from simulations excess of delayed signals (thick solid line). corresponds to shaded area and the difference between them is presented as the thick solid line. The 11 JINR Dubna, Russia simulation histoaram has been obtained for 7.2 The KASCADE/KASCADE-Grande EAS Experiment - Investigation of Cosmic Rays in the ,,knee" Region of Primary Energy Spectrum CN by J.Zabierowski is o KASCADE experimental setup located at the site to the Gold algorithm, also another unfolding of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in Germany, has procedure based on the Bayesian theorem we obtained o continued to register extensive air shower (EAS) data. even stronger confidence in the assumption that the Q. In parallel, an installation of extended version of the "knee" phenomenon is caused by the light elements experiment - KASCADE Grande [1] - has been and, that "knee" position most probably scales with successfully completed and its full operation will start the clement charge rather than its mass [3]. Final in 2003. analysis is in process. Experimental data have been analyzed under two In parallel, data on hadronic and muonic main aspects: (i) further development of multi- components were analysed with respect to provide parameter analyses in order to assess mass some more mass sensitive input parameters for non- composition of the primary cosmic rays in the region parametric approach to infer the energy spectrum and of the "knee" in the energy spectrum; (ii) tests of the the mass composition of cosmic rays [4]. Geometrical high energy hadronic interaction models. structures in hadronic shower cores as well as arrival Improving the analysis by means of application of time of hadrons were investigated [5]. Analysis of unfolding methods in order to determine the energy different hadronic parameters have confirmed spectra of separate elements in the primary cosmic previous findings about the rising of the mean rays [2] - for hydrogen, helium, carbon and iron - was logarithmic mass ( The Muon Tracking Detector [6] allows for precise Switzerland - to be published in Nucl. Phys.B measurements of muon directions. A new method, (Proc. Suppl.) 2003 which uses measured geometrical information (radial [2] H.UIrich et al. (The KASCADE Coll.) Proc. of and tangential angles) about muons in showers, 27"'ICRC, Hamburg 2001, 97 enables to study muon momentum space has been [3] H.UIrich et al. (The KASCADE Coll.), Proc. of proposed [7]. This method allows to increase the high XII ISHVECRI, CERN, 2002, Switzerland - to be energy muon content in the analyzed data sample, thus published in Nucl. Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 2003; decreasing the influence of the muon scattering in the M.Roth et al., (The KASCADE Coll.), Proc. ol atmosphere on the results of muon production XII ISHVECRI, CERN, 2002, Switzerland - to be heights.lt allows to calculate and compare with the published in Nucl. Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 2003 model predictions the mean muon production height [4] T.Antoni ct al., (The KASCADE Coll.), itself, a primary mass sensitive parameter. It also, for Astropart. Phys. 16(2002),245 the first time, enables to investigate muon rapidities [5] J.R.Hoerandel et al. (The KASCADE Coll.), in EAS, which reflect the rapidities of their parent Proc.of XII ISHVECRI, CERN, 2002, particles - pions and kaons. Such an investigation may Switzerland - to be published in Nucl. Phys.B give hints for improvements in existing hadronic (Proc. Suppl.) 2003 interaction models. [6] P.Doll, W.Bartl, J. Zabierowski, et al., Nucl. Instr. Met. A488(2002)517 [ 1 ] M.Bertaina et al., (The KASCADE-Grande Coll.) [7] I.Zabierowski, K.Daumiller and P.Doll, astro- Proc. 27"' ICRC, Hamburg 2001, 792 K.- ph/0211568 and Proc.of XII ISHVECRI, CERN, H.Kampert et al., (KASCADE-Grande Coll.) 2002, Switzerland - to be published in Nucl. Proc. of XIIISHVECRI, CERN, 2002, Phys.B (Proc. Suppl20()3 7.3 Methods of Energy Estimation for Giant Air Showers by I.Gawin, K.J?drzejczak, I.Kurp, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski and T.Wibig PL0400213 In collaboration with Prof. J.N.Capdevielle and his estimation of primary particle energy. Due lo the PhD student from College de France we continued our power law form of the cosmic ray particle energy studies of the problem of energy evaluation for the spectrum the errors in energy determination for biggest registered showers (for energies greater than individual events lead in most cases to energy 1OI9 eV/particle). We tried to estimate the possible overcstimation. Moreover, inaccuracies of registration errors in determination of different parameters of the may cause changes of the index of the resulting energy shower and their influence on the finally resulting spectrum. 7.4 Studies on Origin of Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays - "retired quasars hypothesis" Illlllllllll PL0400214 In collaboration with prof. A.W. Wolfendale from the University of Durham, UK, we put forward a hypothesis, that the highest energy cosmic rays actually observed near the Earth have been produced 25- in a former explosion of so called "Super-Supernova" (or in more conservative version - from the active nucleus of a not very distant galaxy). Calculations performed by us showed that the shape of energy spectrum of the extra-galactic component (above 1018 -24- eV) is consistent with the single (in the scale of tens of millions of years) eruption of particles (with total 17 energy of the order of 1060ergs) by the source burnt 18 , 19 out around 300 millions of years ago at a distance of Log(E/eV) 15 Mpc. Preliminary results of these works have been Fig. 1 Highest energy cosmic ray spectrum - comparison of claui lh presented by prof. Wolfendale at the 17 ECRS in with model predictions (see text). Moscow. Publication is in preparation. 126 Annual Report 2002 In the figure we have presented our compilation of to propagation effects this component at the energies data on the highest energy cosmic rays from all above 1020 eV arrives to the Earth significantly experiments in comparison with the prediction from reduced. The dotted line (T - Teshima) presents results model calculations. The broken line falling rapidly of other authors, who assume that only protons are above 1018 eV represents the Galactic component of accelerated in the sources. The solid line (UH) shows cosmic rays. The second (extra-galactic) component the results of calculations in the Super-supernova contributes to the observations above 1019 eV. The model. As one can see from the graph this model broken line shows the spectrum at the moment of satisfactorily describes the results of measurements for cosmic ray creation in the extra-galactic sources. Due the highest energy cosmic rays. 7.5 Studies on Distributions of Multiplicity and Transverse Momentum in the Particle Production Processes in High Energy Interactions in by I.Kurp and T.Wibig CM o o We have continued the works on the description of values from the Gaussian (for example) distribution o measured transverse momentum distributions in non- with the mean growing with energy. Simple and _i extensive versions of the thermodynamical model. efficient EAS program has been constructed for the Q_ Satisfactory fits have been achieved for all values of analysis of data on hadrons from emulsion chamber momentum assuming that the parameter of non- experiments at the mountain altitudes. extensivity in a collision at a given energy takes the 7.6 The Roland Maze Project by J.Gawin, K.Jedrzejczak, I.Kurp, P.Pluciriski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski and T.Wibig CD Experimental studies of extensive air showers at We had many contacts with the schools that iCN the highest energies (above 1018 eV) are the main caused our greater activity in popularisation of ;o scientific goal of the project. This is a very attractive science: we have published an article about the project and important research area. We plan to construct a in "Physics at School" - journal for teachers 13 network of extensive air shower detectors placed in subscribed by nearly all schools, we also took part in the Lodz high schools buildings, what on one hand Science Festival in Lodz and Warsaw, where we gave lowers the cost by using urban infrastructure of the lectures and organized demonstrations of cosmic ray schools (INTERNET, power supply etc.), and on the registrations. other hand can be a very elegant way of science We have constructed the prototype detector built popularisation by engaging high school students in the of 3 scintiillation strips with optical fibers. We have research program. 30 high schools in Lodz have performed some tests with sufficiently good results. expressed their will to be involved in the realisation of Standard electronic system for the detector is under the project (we have submitted 2 applications for a construction: we have built interface for PC, the grant to KBN). We also put forward the "European" system of low voltage supply and the coincidence version of the project, which a few candidates from system. We have contacted the photomultiplicr factory England, France and Finland have joined. This version Photonis in Brieve (France), which has promised to of the project has been submitted to the SOCRATES- help us in selection of photomultiplier type. MINERVA program and as an "Expression of Interest" to the 6lh FP. 7.7 The CELSIUS/WASA Collaboration by J.Zabierowski PL0400217 The commissioning phase of the full solid angle conditions in proton-proton reactions studied. Also the WASA detector set-up [1] including the MINI Drift Light Pulser Monitoring System, for which Lodz Chamber and 1012 CsI(Na) scintillator crystals has group is responsible, has been checked and re- been finished and physics experimental runs began. adjusted. All components (only Tagging Spectrometer is still The proposed by Polish group investigation of the missing) have been finally tuned and the background decay of eta, produced in pp collisions, into 7i+ 7Te+c DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 127 was approved by PAC of the TSL (experiment CA75) on the search for narrow NNrc resonanses in this and given support from the Improving Human reaction [3]. Potential LIFE Project within 5lh Framework Programme of The European Community. [11 J.Zabierowski el al. (The CELSIUS/WASA Analysis of the data obtained with the previous Coll.), Physica Scripta T99 (2002)159 WASA/PROMICE set-up resulted in publishing the [2] W.Brodowski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, results of exclusive measurement of the pp->pp n+ n~ 19(2002)192301 reaction near the threshold [2] and final conclusions [3] W.Brodowski et al., Phys. Lett B550(2002)147 7.8 ZEUS Experiment by P.Plucihski PL0400218 Our work in ZEUS experiment in DESY testing and calibration of electronics for the trigger concentrates on the trigger system for the Backing system, and also on building data acquisition system. Calorimeter (BAC). We worked on the software, PL0400219 7.9 The Underground Muon Telescope by J.Gawin, K.J^drzejczak, J.Karczmarczyk, J.Swarzytiski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabclski, P.Tokaiski and T.Wibig The flux of muons with energies above 5 GeV has telescope. These registrations have been compared been continuously registered in the underground muon with the noise detected in the scintillation counters of telescope of 0.5 m2 area in the year 2002. The the air shower array, which is mainly due to the low registration system has been improved in order to energy muons of the secondary cosmic rays (these increase its reliability (depending mainly on the muons have on average lower energies than muons communication with the local computer network). registered in the underground telescope). Comparison Now the registration system is sending the data to the of the ground level and underground measurements computer in the IPJ building. allowed to determine the energy spectrum ol the registered cosmic ray intensity variations at energies We have analysed a few Forbush decreases above 50 GeV (talk presented at the 17lh ECRS in (variations of cosmic ray intensity in the space Moscow). surrounding the Earth) registered in the muon 128 Annual Report 2002 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT J.Gawin, I.Kurp, K.Jedrzejczak, P.PIucihski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabclski, T.VVibig Acta Phys. Pol. B 33(2002)349 SINGLE SOURCE MODEL AND ULTRA HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAY ORIGIN T.Wibig Acta Pins. Pol. B 33(2002)499 MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE pd -> 'lie n. REACTION BETWEEN 930 AND 1100 MeV J.ZIomariczuk J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski el al. Aaa P/ivt. Pol. B33(2002)HH3 JAK ODKRYWANO PROMIENIOWANIE KOSMICZNE T.VVibig Acta Urn. Lodz,. Folia Physica 26(2002)3 A NON-PARAMETRIC APPROACH TO INFER THE ENERGY SPECTRUM AND THE MASS COMPOSITION OF COSMIC RAYS T.Antoni. ... J.Zabicrowski,.. et al. (KASCADE Coll.) Amropariicle Physics 16(2002)245 MUON DENSITY MEASUREMENTS WITH THE KASCADE CENTRAL DETECTOR T.Antoni, ... J.Zabierowski,.. et al. (KASCADE Coll.) Asiropanicle Physics 16(2002)373 COSMIC RAYS OF THE HIGHEST ENERGIES: THE CASE FOR EXTRAGALACTIC HEAVY NUCLEI J.Szabelski, T.VVibig and A.W.Wolfendale Astropanicle Phyiscs 17(2002)125 THE INFORMATION FROM MUON ARRIVAL TIME DISTRIBUTIONS OF HIGH-ENERGY EAS AS MEASURED WITH THE KASCADE DETECTOR T.Antoni J.Zabierowski, et al. Asiropanide Physics 18(2002)319 DUET PRODUCTION IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov, .... P.PIuciriski, et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) European Physical Journal C 23(2002)13 DUET PHOTOPRODUCTION AT HERA AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE PHOTON S. Chekanov. .... P. Pluciriski, etal. (ZEUS Collaboration) European Physical Journal C 23(2002)615 EXCLUSIVE PHOTOPRODUCTION OF J/PSI MESONS AT HERA S.Chekanov P.PIuciriski, et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) European Physical Journal C 24(2002)345 MEASUREMENT OF PROTON-DISSOCIATIVE D1FFR ACTIVE PHOTOPRODUCTION OF VECTOR MESONS AT LARGE MOMENTUM TRANSFER AT HERA S.Chekanov. ..., P.Pluciiiski. et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) European Physical Journal C; DOI 10.1140/apjc/s2002-01079-0 MEASUREMENT OF THE Q2 AND ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF DIFFR ACTIVE INTERACTIONS AT HERA S.Chekanov, ..., P.PIuciriski, et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) European Physical Journal C25(2002)l69 MEASUREMENTS OF INELASTIC J/PSI AND J/PS1' PHOTOPRODUCTION AT HERA S.Chekanov P.PIuciriski, et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) European Physical Journal €27(2002)173 MEASUREMENT OF EVENT SHAPES IN DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov P.PIuciriski, et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) European Physical Journal C27(2002)53l LATERAL-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS FOR GIANT AIR SHOWERS J.N.Capdevielle, C.Le Gall, J.Gawin, I.Kurp, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski, T.Wibig // Nuovo Cimento 25 C(2002)393 FRONT-END READOUT BOARDS FOR STREAMER TUBE MUON TRACKING DETECTOR IN THE KASCADE EAS EXPERIMENT J.Zabicrowski and P.Doll Nuclear Instruments and Methods A4H4(2002)52H DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 129 MUON TRACKING DETECTOR FOR THE AIR SHOWER EXPERIMENT KASCADE P.Doll, W.Bartl, C.Buettner, K.DaumiMer, K.H.Kampert, H.O.KIages, D.Martello, R.Obenland, L.Pentchcv, J.Zabierowski Nuclear Instruments and Methods A488(2002)5l7 TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS NEAR THRESHOLD J.Johanson, ..., J.Stepaniak, J.Zahierowski el al. Nuclear Physics A 712(2002)75 MEASUREMENTS OF THE PHOTON-PROTON TOTAL CROSS SECTION AT A CENTER-OF-MASS ENERGY OF 209 GEV AT HERA S.Chekanov, .... P.PIuciriski. etal. (ZEUS Collaboration) Nuclear Physics B 627(2002)3 LEADING NEUTRON PRODUCTION IN E+P COLLISIONS AT HERA S. Chekanov P.PIucinski, et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Nuclear Physics B 637(2002)3 ON THE SCENT OF THE KNEE - AIR SHOWER MEASUREMENTS WITH KASCADE J.R.Hoerandel, I.Zabierowski, et al. Nuclear Physics B (Proc. Suppl.). Vol. 110 (1-3) (2002)453 THE CELSIUS/WASA DETECTOR FACILITY J. Zabierowski, A.Nawrot, J.Stepaniak ct al. Physica Scripia, Vol. 799(2002)159 THE CELSIUS/WASA PELLET TARGET SYSTEM C. Ekstroem ,... , J. Zabierowski, A.Nawrot, J.Stepaniak et al. Physica Scripia. Vol. T99(2002)l69 QUASIFREE BREMSSTRAHLUNG IN THE dp -> dp y REACTION ABOVE THE PION PRODUCTION THRESHOLD J. Greiff, ..., J.Stcpaniak, J.Zahierowski et al. Physical Review €65(2002)034009 MEASUREMENT OF THE pd -> 'He n CROSS SECTION BETWEEN 930 AND I 100 MeV R. Bilger. .... J.Stcpaniak, J.Zabicrowski ct al. Physical Review C65(2002)044608 PROPERTIES OF HADRON1C FINAL STATES IN DIFFRACTIVE DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov, .... P.PIucinski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Physical Review D65(2002)05200l SEARCH FOR LEPTON-FLAVOR VIOLATION IN E*P COLLISIONS AT HERA S.Chekanov P.PIucinski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Physical Review D 65(2002)092004 A ZEUS NEXT-TO-LEADING-ORDER QCD ANALYSIS OF DATA ON DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING S.Chekanov, .... P.PIucihski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Physical Review D (DW8050) EXCLUSIVE MEASUREMENT OF THE pp -> pp iCn REACTION NEAR.THRESHOLD W.Brodowski, .... J.Stepaniak, J.Zabicrowski etal. Physical Review Letters 88. 19(2002)192301 SEARCHES FOR EXCITED FERMIONS IN EP COLLISIONS AT HERA S.Chekanov, .... P.PIucinski, et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Physics Letters B 548(2002)05237 HIGH-MASS DUET CROSS SECTIONS IN PHOTOPRODUCTION AT HERA S.Chekanov P.PIucinski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Physics Letters B 531(2002)9 MEASUREMENT OF H1GH-Q2 CHARGED CURRENT CROSS SECTIONS IN E P DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov P.PIucinski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Physics Letters B 539(2002)197 SEARCH FOR NARROW NNpi RESONANCES IN EXCLUSIVE pp -> pp 7iV MEASUREMENTS W.Brodowski, ..., J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski et al. Physics Utters B550(2002)J47 MEASUREMENT OF DIFFRACTIVE PRODUCTION OF D** (2010) MESONS IN DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA S.Chekanov, ..., P.PIucinski etal. (ZEUS Collaboration) Physics Letters B545(2002)244 Annual Report 2002 INCLUSIVE JET CROSS SECTIONS IN THE BREIT FRAME IN NEUTRAL CURRENT DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT HERA AND DETERMINATION OF ALPHA_S S.Chekanov. ..., P.PIuciriski et al. (ZEUS Collaboration) Physics Letters B547(2002)164 PROJEKT IM. ROLANDA MAZE'A: FIZYKA PROMIEN1OWANIA KOSMICZNEGO T.Wibig, J.Fedcr, J.Gawin, K.Jcdrzcjczak. J.karezmmczyk, I.Kurp, R.Lewandowski, J.Swarzynski, B.Szabclska, J.Szabelski, P.Tokarskietal. Fizyka w Sikole 46(2002)195 REPORTS DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF THE CELSIUS/WASA FACILITY B.Schwartz. ..., J.Stepaniak, A.Nawrnt, J.Zahierowski ct al. TSL Progress Report 2000-2001. The Svedberg Laboratory. Uppsala Sweden, p.76-83 MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE pd->3Hcr| REACTION BETWEEN 930 AND IIOOMEV G.Faeldt,..., J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski et al TSL Progress Report 2000-2001. The Svedberg Laboratory. Uppsala Sweden, p.83-85 TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS NEAR THRESHOLD J.Johanson, ..., J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski. et al TSL Progress Report 2000-2001. The Svedberg Laboratory. Uppsala Sweden, p.85-88 PION PRODUCTION IN P-N COLLISIONS NEAR THRESHOLD B.Hoislad J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski. ct al TSL Progress Report 2000-2001, The Svedberg laboratory. Uppsala Sweden, p.88-89 QUASIFREE BREHMSTR ALUNG IN THE dp->dpy REACTION ABOVE THE PION PRODUCTION THRESHOLD L.Demiroers, .... J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski, et al. TSL Progress Report 2000-2001. The Svedberg luiboralon. Uppsala Sweden, p.89-91 INVESTIGATION OF INELASTIC dp REACTIONS AT CELSIUS/WASA L.Demiroers, .... J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski, ct al. TSL Progress Report 2000-2001, The Svedberg laboratory, Uppsala Sweden, p.91-92 PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS ENERGY SPECTRUM OFFDS 2001/2002 J.Karczmarczyk, J.Swarzyhski, B.Szabelska, J.Szahelski. T.Wibig, M.AIania IH" ECRS Moscow, Russia, 8-12 July 2002. SH 2.5 MAIN FEATURES OF EAS PRODUCING THE NEUTRON BURST Yu.V.Stenkin. V.N.Bakatanov, D.V.Novikov, D.D.Djappuev, A.U.Kudjaev, S.Kh Ozrokov and J.Szabelski 18"' ECRS. Moscow, Russta.8-12 July 2002. HE 2.4 A UNIVERSAL ORIGIN FOR COSMIC RAYS ABOVE l()7 GEV ? A.D.Erlykin, T.Wibig, A.W.Wolfendale Iff" ECRS Moscow, Russia, 8-12 July 2002, OG 2.2 THE MEASUREMENT OF MUONS WITH THE KASCADE CENTRAL DETECTOR A.Bercuci . ..., J.Zahierowski et al. (KASCADE Collaboration) Iff1' ECRS Moscow. Russia. 8-12 July 2002. HE 1.4 THE KASCADE-GRANDE COSMIC RAY DETECTOR IN THE ENERGY RANGE 1016 -101* EV A.Chiavassa. ..., J.Zabierowski et al. (KASCADE-GRANDE Collaboration) Iff" ECRS Moscow. Russia. 8-12 July 2002. HE 1.9 HADRONS IN EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS - RECENT RESULTS OF THE KASCADE HADRON CALORIMETER J.Hoerandel. .... J.Zabierowski et al. (KASCADE collaboration) Iff" ECRS Moscow. Russia. 8-12 July 2002. EPIc.3 MESUREMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS WITH THE KASCADE FIELD ARRAY G.Maier J.Zabierowski et al. (KASCADE Coll.) 18"' International School ..Relalivisttc Astrophysics and Cosmology". Erice 2002, Italy DECAY PROPERTIES OF THE PROPER RESONANCE FROM PP ->PP PI PI W.Brodowski J.Stepaniak, J.Zabierowski et al QNP 2002. Juelich. Germany DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 131 KASCADE EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWER EXPERIMENT H.Schieler. ..., J.Zabierowski el ai. (KASCADE Collaboration) SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2002 Conference, 22-28 Aug., Waikoloa, Hawaii TWO P1ON PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS NEAR THRESHOLD B.Hoistad J.Stcpaniak, J.Zabierowski et al. 5'" Int. Coiif. on Nuclear Physics al Storage Rings STORI'02 16-20 June 2002, Uppsala, Sweden FIRST RESULTS FROM CELSIUS/WASA I.Koch. ..., J.Stepaniak, .J.Zabierowski el al. 5"' Int. Conf. on Nuclear Physics al Storage Rings STORI'02 16-20 June 2002, Uppsala, Sweden KINEMATICALLY COMPLETE MEASUREMENT OF THE PD->PD ETA REACTION JZlomanczuk. ..., J.Stepaniak, J.Zahierowski et al. 5'" Int. Conf. on Nuclear Physics at Storage Rings STORIV2 16-20 June 2002, Uppsala, Sweden REPORT ON THE CHARGED DECAY PRODUCTS IDENTIFICATION POSSIBILITIES IN WASA M. Jacewicz. ..., .J.Stepaniak, J.Zahicrowski et al. 5'" Int. Conf. on Nuclear Physics al Storage Rings STORI'02 16-20 June 2002. Uppsala. Sweden TWO-PION PRODUCTION IN NUCLEON-NUCLEON COLLISIONS H.Clement , J.Stepaniak, J.Zahicrowski et al. MESON 2002, 24-28 May 2002, Krakow, Poland PROPERTIES OF TANGENTIAL AND RADIAL ANGLES OF MUONS IN EAS .T.Zahierowski. K.Daumiller and P.Doll XIIISHVECR1. CERN. 15-20 July 2002 ENERGY SPECTRA OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE KNEE REGION H.UIrich. .... J.Zabierowski, et al. XIIISVHECR1, CERN, J5-20 July 2002 ON THE HADRONIC COMPONENT OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS J.R.Hoerandel. ..., .J.Zabierowski, et al. XIIISVHECRI, CERN. 15-20 July 2002 STATUS OF THE KASCADE-GR ANDE EXPERIMENT K.-H.Kampert. ..., J.Zabicrowski, et al. XII ISVHECRI, CERN, 15-20 July 2002 TEST OF INTERACTION MODELS WITH THE KASCADE HADRON CALORIMETER J.Milke J.Zabierowski, et al. XII ISVHECRI, CERN, 15-20 July 2002 MUON PRODUCTION HEIGHTS DETERMINED IN THE KASCADE EXPERIMENT C.Buettner. ..., .J.Zahierowski, et al. XII ISVHECRI, CERN, 15-20 July 2002 SENSITIVITY AND CONSISTENCY STUDIES OF MUON ARRIVAL TIME DISTRIBUTIONS MEASURED BY KASCADE F.Badea. ..., J.Zabierowski, et al. XII ISVHECRI, CERN, 15-20 July 2002 MUON DENSITY SPECTRA AS PROBE OFTHE MUON COMPONENT PREDICTED BY AIR-SHOWER SIMULATIONS A.Haungs...... J.Zabierowski, et al. XII ISVHECRI, CERN, 15-20 July 2002 DETERMINATION OF PRIMARY ENERGY AND MASS IN THE PEV REGION BY BAYESIAN UNFOLDING TECHNIQUES M.Roth J.Zabierowski, et al. XII ISVHECRI. CERN, 15-20 July 2002) AUFLOESUNG DES MYONSPURDETEKTORS VON KASCADE R.Obenland. C.Buettner, K.Daumiller, P.Doll, K.-H.Kampert, D.Martello und J.Zabierowski Verhandlungen derDPG, 4/2002. T 208.4. 95 MYONPRODUKTIONHOEHEN UND MYONLATERALVERTEILUNGEN BESTIMMT MIT DEM MYONSPURDETEKTOR DES KASCADE EXPERIMENTS C.Buettner. K.Daumiller, P.Doll, K.-H.Kampert, D.Martello R.Obenland, und J.Zabierowski Verhandlungen derDPG, 4/2002. T 401.6, 106 TRIGGER OF THE BACKING CALORIMETER FOR THE ZEUS EXPERIMENT P.PIucinski, Photonics and Web Engineering. 23-25 May. Wilga 132 Annual Report 2002 DELAYED SIGNALS - NEW METHOD OF HADRON STUDIES K.Jedrzeiczak 13"' Im. School of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics ..ReUinvistic Astrophysics and Cosmology", Erice. Sicilx, 2-14 June 2002. to be published in the Proceedings THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT K.Jedrzeiczak 13h Int. School of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics ..Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology", Erice. Sicily, 2-14 June 2002. robe published in the Proceedings THE ROLAND MAZE PROJECT J.Gawin, IKurp, K.Jfdrzejczak, P.PIuciriski, B.Szabelska, J.Szabelski, T.VVibig Iff" ECRS Moscow, Russia. 8-/2 July 2002. OG 30P SEA LEVEL OBSERVATIONS OF EAS CORRELATED SIGNALS DELAYED BY MORE THAN 500 MICROSECONDS AFTER THE EAS FRONT J.GaKtn. K.J^drzejczak, J.Karczmarczyk, P.Ptucinski, J.Swarzynski, B.Szxbclskn, J.Szabcteki, T.Wibig, et al. Iff" ECRS Moscow. Russia. 8-12 July 2002. HE ISP STUDIES OF THE SENSITIVITY OF MUON ARRIVAL TIME DISTRIBUTIONS MEASURED BY KASCADE A.Haungs J.Zabierowski et al. KASCADE Collaboration Iff" ECRS Moscow. Russia. 8-12 July 2002. HEI2P KASCADE: A UNIQUE TOOL FOR HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAY MEASUREMENTS A.Haungs. ..., J.Zabierowski, et al. (KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande Collaborations) XXIth Texas Symposium on Retainistit Astrophysics. Florence (Italy). December 2002 COMUNICATIONS PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCES MULTIPLE PRODUCTION. TRANSPORT IN ATMOSPHERE AND DETECTION OF HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS J.N.Capdcvielle. F.Cohen, C.Le Gall. I.Kurp, B.Szabelska, J.Szahelski ..Multiparucle Dynamics" ed. by Bat Yuling. Yu Meilmg & Wu Yuanfang. Huaz.ong Normal University, China (2002), Proc. 31" Int. Symp. on Multiparucle Dynamics. Datong. China. 1-7 Sept. 2001 THE PHYSICS OF THE KNEE IN THE COSMIC RAY SPECTRUM K.-H.Kampert,..., .J.Zabierowski, ct al. Proc 27" ICRC, Hamburg 2001. Invited. Rapporteur, and Highlight Papers, 240 -249 THE CELS1USAVASA 4PI DETECTOR PROJECT H.Calen. ..., J.Stepaniak,..., J.Zabierowski, el al. PiN Newsletter 16:238-242. 2002 (Proc. of the MENU 2001 Conference) EXCLUSIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE pp -> pp nV REACTION J.Paetzold J.Stepaniak,..., J.Zabierowski, ct al PiN Newsletter 16:370-372, 2002 (Proi. of the MENU 2001 Conference) LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS Registrations of High Enrgy Cosmic Rays:" J.Szabelski, Department of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, 8 March 2002 Project Maze - Cosmic Experiment in Every School •" J.Szabelski, Astronomical Obsenalorv of the .lagiellonian University. Cracow, 18 March 2002 Project Maze ai T.Wibig. Department of Experimental Physics. University of Lodz. 11 April 2002 Preliminary Analysis of Data in the Magic Experiment " T.Wibig, Department of Experimental Physics. University of Lodz. 7 A'ov. 2002 a) in Polish CHAIRING OF CONFERENCE SESSIONS .1. Szabelski - chairing of session at the 281*1 Eur. Cosmic Ray Symp. Moscow, Russia, 8-12 July 2002. DEPARTMENT OF COSMIC RAY PHYSICS 133 DIDACTIC ACTIVITY T.VVibig - supervision of PhD thesis of Mrs. I. Kurp (IPJ) ..Thermodynamical description of particle production processes in ultra-high energy collisions" J.Zabierowski - supervision of PhD thesis of Mrs. A. Iwan (University of Lodz) ,,Studies of hadrons in extensive air showers basing on the data from KASCADE experiment" SCIENCE POPULARIZATION ACTIVITY PROJECT MAZE - COSMIC EXPERIMENT IN EVERY SCHOOL T.Wibig Lecture during the2"J Science Festival, Lodz. 24-25 April 2002 and during the 6Ul Science Festival in Warsaw, 28 September 2002 J.Szabelski, T.Wibig demonstration of air shower array and cosmic ray registrations during the2"J Science Festival, Lodz, 24-25 April 2002 and during the 6"' Science Festival in Warsaw, 28 September 2002 J.Szabelski, B.Szabelska demonstration of cosmic ray registrations during the 6"' School Session on Physics in the XXXV High School in Lodz. 6 June 2002 PERSONNEL Research scientists Jcrzy Gawin, Professor 1/5 Tadeusz Wibig, DSc, 1/3 Barbara Szabelska, Dr. Janusz Zabierowski, DSc. Jacek Szabelski, Dr. PhD students Izabela Kurp, MSc. Technical and administrative staff ladwiga Feder PaweJ Plucihski Karol Jedrzejczak 1/3(1.06-31.08) Jozef Swarzyriski Jacek Karczmarczyk 1/2 Przemystaw Tokarski Ryszard Lewandowski 134 Annual Report 2002 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 135 8 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY PL0400220 Head of Department: Prof. Grzegorz Wilk phone: (22)621-60-85 e-mail: [email protected] Overview The Department of Nuclear Theory consists of 18 physicists and 2 PhD students working on different aspects of low energy, high energy, plasma and nonlinear physics as well as on general problems of quantization of particle dynamics. In addition to this activity, close collaborations with COMPASS, ASACUSA/ACOL and ALICE at CERN should also be emphasized. Results of our work in 2002 were presented as 26 regular published papers (plus some conference proceedings) and at least 14 papers already accepted for publication. They were also presented in numerous seminars, both in Poland and abroad. The studies were carried on: • deformed superheavy nuclei; • strange nuclear matter with a Z hypcron and on a E atom. • determinations of static nucleus-nucleus potential; • neutrinoless double electron capture; • sum rules for parity violating collisions • noncxtensivity in hadronic and nuclear collisions; • numerical modelling of Bose-Einstcin correlations; • applications of QCD for elementary reactions; • relativity theory at clocks and rulers; • quantum dynamics of test particle in curved space-time • soliton dynamics and vortex reconnection; • the stability of nonlinear waves described by integral - differential equations. Other topics covered include studies of parton distributions in nuclei, strangelets, effective QCD-lagrangians and properties of complex systems. The most important achievements of our Department for this year are: (a) a theory of magnetic susceptibility of a QCD vacuum, (b) a theory of vortex vibrations in Bose-Einstein condensates. Collaborations with several universities and institutions have been maintained. These include the Universities of Warsaw, Kielce, Polish Academy of Sciences, Munchen, Paris, Liege, Helsinki, Sao Paulo, Berkeley, St. Petersburg, Regensburg, Lipsk, London, Warwick and the Institutes at: CERN, GSI and JINR. 136 Annual Report 2002 8.1 Properties of Heavy and Superheavy Nuclei by I.Muntian, O.Parkhomenko, Z.Paiyk and A.Sobiczewski PL0400221 In recent studies of heavy and superheavy nuclei, f'j I.Muntian, Z.Patyk, A.Sobiczewski, Yad. Fiz. 66 our main attention was given to such properties as (2003)-in press; Phys. At. Nucl. 66(2003)-in press mass [1-3], neutron separation energy [4,5] and f2l I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski, APH (static) spontaneous-fission barriers [6,7]. Knowledge N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 17 (2003) - in press of these properties is important for a prediction of the I--'-I S.Hofmann, I.Muntian,Z. Patyk, A.Sobiczewski, basic quantities (bombarding energy, cross section) for Acta Phys. Pol. 34 (2003) - in press synthesis of these nuclei. Alpha-decay energies have W O.Parkhomenko, I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and been also studied [1-3]. A macroscopic-microscopic A.Sobiczewski, APH N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 17 approach has been used. A large region of nuclei with (2003) - in press proton. Z=82-128, and neutron, /V=126-192, numbers ^ O.Parkhomcnko.I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and has been considered. Odd-A (mass number) and odd- A.Sobiczewski, Acta Phys. Pol. 34 (2003) - odd nuclei have been included in the analysis. The in press studies have been done in a close cooperation with the ["] Z.Patyk, I.Muntian and A.Sobiczewski, APH experimental groups at GSI-Darmstadt and JINR- N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 17 (2003) - in press Dubna working on the synthesis of heaviest nuclei. i' J I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski, Acta Phys. Pol. 34 (2003) - in press 8.2 Predictions for Cross Sections for Superheavy Elements by R.Smolaiiczuk PL0400222 Calculations of the formation cross sections for [1] R.Smolariczuk, "The Nuclear Many Body superheavy elements with atomic numbers Z = 118, Problem 2001", edited by W.Nazarewicz and 119, 120 and 121 have been performed [1]. A D.Vretenar, NATO Science Series, phenomenological model [2], developed for the II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry (Kluwer description of the so called "cold fusion reactions" Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2002), Vol.53, based on 2O8Pb and 209Bi target nuclei, was used. p.311 [2] R.Smolanczuk, Phys. Rev. C 63(2001)044607 8.3 Determination of Half-lives for Nuclides in the Dy Region [1] by Yu.A.Litvinov"21, F.Attallah", K.Beckert", F.Bosch", D.Boutin1', M.Falch31, B.Franzke", H.Geissel" M.Hausmann", Th.Kerscher31, O.Klepper", H.-J.Kluge", C.Kozhuharov", K.E.G.Lobner", 112 11 CO G.Munzenberg", F.Nolden", Yu.N.Novikov ', Z.Patyk, T.Radon , C.Schcidenberger", J.Stadtlmann", OJ 21 4 CM M.Steck", M.B.Trzhaskovskaya , H.Wollnik ' ;o o The half-lives of isomeric states of fully ionized 144Tb, l49Dy and 151Er have been measured at GSI- [1] accepted to European Phys. Journal, 2003 Darmstadt. We observed, for the first time, a drastic increase of the half-lives of isomeric states for bare nuclei compared to the ones for neutral atoms. The GSI-Darmstadt, Germany measured hindrance, up to a factor 30, can be St. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russia explained by the absence of the strong electron- Sektion Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians conversion and electron-capture channels of bare Uniwersitaet, Muenchen, Germany nuclei. The experimental results are in good II Physiknhsches Institut, Universitaet Gicssen, agreement with theoretical calculations. Germany DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY PL0400224 137 8.4 Entrance Channel Potentials and Fusion Barriers in Selfconsistent Calculations by J.Skalski We determined the static nucleus-nucleus potentfal capture cross sections. At smaller target-projectile from Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations with the Skyrme distances, our results show the intrinsic barriers to interaction [1]. To this aim, HF equations are solved heavy compound nucleus formation. We speculate on on a spatial mesh, with the initial configuration their possible connection with the fusion hindrance consisting of target and projectile positioned at various observed for large ZT ZP. relative distances. For a number of reaction partners, the calculated barrier heights compare reasonably well [1] J.Skalski, Acta Phys. Pol. B (2003), in press with those extracted from the measured fusion and V(R) [MeV] V(R)[MeV] 55. 50. 40 40 45. Ca. Ca 40. 35. 30. 25. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Rtfm' 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. R Ifml V(R) [MeV] V(R) [MeV] 180 175. 170. 165. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. R[fm V(R) [MeV] V(R) [MeV] R[fm] 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. R[fm] 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Fig. 1 Nucleus-nucleus potentials obtained with SkM* force, normalized to energy of separated fragments. For deformed targets, both potentials for tip (pluses) and side (crosses) collisions are given. PL0400225 8.5 Nuclear Matter Approach to the Interaction Potential between Heavy Ions by J.Dqbrowski and H.S.Kohler0 A simple theory of the interaction potential ril , ^. , .. ,. „ ..... , XT , n, . K f . . . [1] J.Da_browski, H.S.Kohler, Nucl. Phys. A between heavy ions V [1], based on the local density 489(1988)303; ibid. A499(1989)413 approximation and the frozen density model, is [2] j rj^rowski, H.S.Kohler, Acta Phys. Pol. B - presented for nuclei with neutron excess. The energy submitted density needed for calculating V is expressed directly through the known properties of nuclear matter. " University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA 138 Annual Report 2002 8.6 X" Atoms and ZN Interaction by J.D^browski, J.Rozynek, G.S.Anagnostatos1' PL0400226 The starting point in the study of Z~ atoms is the the shifts e and widths F of the levels in the observed calculation, with the help of the ZN interaction, of the Z" atoms, obtained for a number of ZN interaction complex single particle potential V of the Z hyperon models support our earlier conclusion - based on the in the nucleus. In this calculation different X~ test - that the Nijmegen model F of the ZN parametrizations of the cross section s for the ZN AN interaction leads to the best agreement with process were used [1]. The accuracy of the local experiment (Figs.l, 2) [3]. density approximation was estimated [2]. Results for 103 104 F—i—;—i—'—'—:—i—i—'—I—'—i !—'—'—• n=4 103 102 r n=3 / n=9 sfy i I i1 n=S 102 A*n=id CD 101 / / i U /ft 10" 1 10-1 It 10-2 10-2 i f 1 i 10-3 10-3 , i . i . i , 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Fig. 1 Comparison of the energy shifts e calculated with model F Fig. 2 Comparison of the level widths F calculated with model F of the ZN interaction with the measured values, n denotes the of the XN interaction and with two parametrizations of a (solid and principal quantum number of the atomic levels. broken curves) with measured values. [1] J.Da>rowski, J.Rozynek, Acta Phys. Pol. B33 [3] J.Da^browski, J.Rozynek, in Condensed Matter (2002)1862 Physics, submitted [2] J.D^browski, J.Rozynek, G.S.Anagnostatos, Eur. Phys. Journ. A 14(2002)125 " National Center "Democritos", Athens, Greece 8.7 On the Neutrinoless Double Electron Capture by Z.Sujkowski and S.Wycech PL0400227 Double neutrinoless-beta decay offers a well method also offers other experimental advantages, at established method to detect the Majorana neutrino. A the expense of reduced decay rates. These rates were number of experiments have been performed but so calculated and two promising situations are found: (1) far no clear evidence has been obtained. These the capture of a 2S, IS electron pair with a magnetic experiments detect a correlated electron pair and one photon emission in very high Z elements, (2) the of the difficulties met is the high physical background. capture of a 2P, IS pair with a low energy electric photon emission. In the second case, an enhancement A complementary process of no-neutrino two of the rate may occur due to a specific resonant effect. electron capture was studied [11. The Majorana neutrino would be signalled by the emission of a [1] Z.Sujkowski, S.Wycech, Acta Phys. Pol. B single photon of known energy. A coincident X ray 33(2002)471 would remove the high background difficulty. This 8.8 Sum Rule for Parity Violating Compton Amplitudes by L.Lukaszuk PL0400228 A study of parity violating effects in forward checking of the consistency of various theoretical Compton scattering has been completed [1, 2], New approaches. A check for the superconvergence sum rules were derived and found to be useful in hypothesis is given and the importance of cusp effects DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 139 in future nuclear applications of sum rules is Nuclear and Hadron Physics", Osaka, Japan, emphasized. December 4 - 7, 2001, p. 588, World Scientific 2002 [1] L.Lukaszuk, Proc. of the International [2] L.Lukaszuk, Nuclear Physics A 709(2002)289 Symposium "Electro-magnetic Interactions in 8.9 Hunting the QCD-Odderon in Hard Diffractive Electroproduction of Two Pions [1] 2) 11 by Ph.Hagler", B.Pire , L.Szymanowski and O.V.Teryaev CO CM i CM Testing this prediction is a crucial step in the ;o Charge asymmetries in diffractive i O electroproduction of two mesons are proportional to discovery of the QCD-Odderon. i r the interference of Pomeron and Odderon exchange amplitudes. We calculate within the framework of [1] Phys. Lett. B535 (2002) 17, Erratum-ibid. B540 QCD, and in the Born approximation, a forward- (2002)324 backward charge asymmetry that turns out to be sizable in a kinematical domain accessible to HERA I) Regensburg University, Germany experiments. We predict a distinctive dependence of 2) CPhT Ecole Polytechnique, France this asymmetry on the invariant mass of the two pions. 3) JINR, Dubna, Russia 8.10 Towards the Theory of Coherent Hard Dijet Production on Hadrons and Nuclei [1] by V.M.Braun", D.Yu.Ivanov" L.Szymanowski, A.Schafer" O '•• co ! CM !O We carry out a detailed calculation of the cross contributions is discussed and the results are compared :O section of pion diffraction dissociation into two jets with the experimental data. Our conclusion is that the 1 with large transverse momenta, originating from a existing theoretical uncertainties do not allow, for the hard gluon exchange between the pion constituents. time being, for a quantitative extraction of the pion Both the quark and the gluon contribution are distribution amplitude. considered, and in the latter case we present calculations both in covariant and in axial gauges. We [1] Nucl. Phys. B 638 (2002) 111, hep-ph/0204191 find that the standard collinear factorization does not hold in this reaction. The structure of non-factorizable " Regensburg University, Germany 8.11 Exclusive Photoproduction of Hard Dijets and Magnetic Susceptibility of QCD Vacuum [1] by V.M.Braun", S.Gottwald", D.Yu.Ivanov0 L.Szymanowski and A.Schafer" ; CO We argue that coherent production of hard dijets generalized gluon parton distribution. Numerical calculations are presented for HERA kinematics. by linearly polarized real photons can provide direct ;o evidence for chirality violation in hard processes, the : _J first measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of the [ 1 ] Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(2002) 172001 ! Cl- quark condensate and the photon distribution amplitude. It can also serve as a sensitive probe of the " Regensburg University, Germany 8.12 Pomeron - Odderon Interference Effects in Electroproduction of Two Pions [1] by Ph.Hagler", B.Pire2', L.Szymanowski and O.V.Teryaev31 N We study Pomeron-Odderon interference effects longitudinal and transverse polarizations of the virtual CO giving rise to charge and single-spin asymmetries in photon in the framework of QCD and in the Born !S diffractive electroproduction of a n+n pair. We approximation, in a kinematical domain accessible to calculate these asymmetries originating from both HERA experiments. We predict a sizable charge : _l 140 Annual Report 2002 asymmetry with a characteristic dependence on the [I] European Phys. Journal C 26(2002)261 invariant mass of the K+K pair, which makes this observable very important for establishing the magnitude of the Odderon exchange in hard processes. Regensburg University, Germany The single spin asymmetry turns out to be rather CPhT Ecole Polytechnique, France JINR, Dubna, Russia small. We briefly discuss future improvements of our calculations and their possible effects on the results. PL0400233 8.13 Probing Chiral-odd GPD's in Diffractive Electroproduction of Two Vector Mesons [1] by D.Yu.Ivanov", B.Pire2), L.Szymanowski, O.V.Teryacv31 We consider the electroproduction of two vector exchange. The long distance part of this amplitude is mesons with a large rapidity gap between them on a described by Generalized Parton Distributions (GPD) and meson light-cone distributions. The selection of a nucleon target in the y N —»p, p2 N' process. We calculate the Born term for this process within the transversely polarized vector meson p2 provides the collinear factorization framework. The resulting first feasible selective access to chiral-odd GPD. scattering amplitude may be represented as a convolution of an impact factor describing the y —>pi [1] Phys. Lett. B 550(2002)65 transition and an amplitude describing the N —» p2 N' transition. The latter amplitude is analogous to deeply " Regensburg University, Germany virtual electroproduction of a meson, the virtual "' CPhT Ecole Polytechnique, France photon being replaced by two gluon (Pomcron) y) JINR, Dubna, Russia 8.14 Proposition of New Method of Numerical Modelling of Bose-Einstein Correlations by M.Rybczyriski", O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk, Z.WIodarczyk" We have continued our effort in developing a new way of numerical modelling of Bose-Einstein [1] O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk and Z.Wtodarczyk, Acta correlations (BEC) existing among identical bosonic Phys. Pol. B33(2002)2681 particles produced in high energy collisions [1-31. It [2] M.Rybczynski, O.Utyuzh, Z.Wtodarczyk and was shown that we can easily so describe the G.Wilk; X Intern. Workshop on Multiparticle experimental data on e+ + e annihilations into Production - Correlations and Fluctuations in hadrons. However, we have also encountered some QCD; Crete, Greece 8-15 June 2002; to be problems, namely when obtaining a good BEC signal published our algorithm introduces also a fake unlike-particlc [3] M.Rybczyriski, O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk and anticorrelations which must therefore be corrected for Z.Wtodarczyk; XXXII Intern. Symp. on [2]. At the same time we formulated a new version of Multiparticle Dynamics, Alushta, Crimea, BEC algorithm, which is free from the Ukraine, Sept. 7-13, 2002; to be published abovementioned defect and at the same time provides " Swie^okrzyska Academy, Institute of Physics, the characteristic "clan structure" of the observed Kielce, Poland multiplicity distributions P(n). This is tested at present [3J. 8.15 On the Possible Examples of Nonextensivity in Hadronic, Nuclear and Cosmic Ray Physics by M.Rybczyriski", G.Wilk, Z.Wtodarczyk" ; o ' o o We continued our investigations concerning the distributions can adequately be explained in terms of a possible sources and examples of nonextensivity in transport equation approach in its nonextensive 3 hadronic, nuclear and cosmic ray physics [1-4]. version in which the amount of noncxtensivity can be CL In particular, we have demonstrated that some connected with the fluctuations observed in the features of the experimentally observed single particle multiplicity distributions P(n) [4]. DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 141 [ 1 ] G.Wilk and Z.Wtodarczyk; Chaos, Solitons and [41 G.Wilk and Z.Wtodarczyk; X Intern. Workshop Fractals 13(2002)581 on Multiparticlc Production - Correlations and [21 G.Wilk and Z.Wtodarczyk; Physica A 305, Fluctuations in QCD; Crete, Greece 8-15 June 1-2(2002)227 2002; to be published [31 M.Rybczyiiski, Z.Wtodarczyk and G.Wilk; XII n Intern. Symp. On Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Swi^tokrzyska Academy, Institute of Physics, Interactions, CERN, 15-2o"july 2002; to be Kielce, Poland published 8.16 Strangelets by M.Rybczyiiski", G.Wilk, Z.Wlodarczyk' PL0400236 We have continued (and probably concluded [2] G.Wilk and Z.Wlodarczyk; XXXII Intern. because of the lack of new data) analysis of some Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics, Alushta, unexpected data from cosmic ray events explaining Crimea, Ukraine, Sept. 7-13, 2002; to be them in terms of strangelets along the line developed published by us in the previous years [1-2], " Swi^tokrzyska Academy, Institute of Physics, Kielce, Poland [ 11 M.Rybczytiski, Z.Wlodarczyk and G.Wilk, Acta Phys". Pol. B 33(2002)277 8.17 Partons in Nuclei by J.Rozynek and G.Wilk PL0400237 We continued work devoted to the description of by Fermi motion of nucleons (with virtual pions) behaviour of partons in the nuclei, in particular on the inside nucleus, with a broad range of Bjorken A[I-2|. effects in their distribution caused by the nuclear binding forces. In the frame of a simple statistical [11 J.Rozynek and G.Wilk; Acta Phys. Pol. B model for partons, this EMC effect can be expressed 33(2002)423 [2] J.Rozynek and G.Wilk; PANIC 2002, Sept. 30 - Oct. 4, 2002, Osaka, Japan, to be published 8.18 Diffractive Spectra in the Interacting Gluon Model by F.O.Duraes"raes", F.S.Navarra" and G.Wilk PL0400238 The occurrence of new data from HERA on [1] F.O.Duraes, F.S.Navarra and G.Wilk, Leading diffractive production caused by two Pomeron Particles and Diffractive Spectra in the Interacting collisions prompted us to attempt to describe Gluon Model, Diffraction 2002, Alushta, Crimea (successfully) them in terms of the Interacting Gluon (Ukraine), 31 Aug.- 4 Sept. 2002; to be published Model developed by us some time ago. First 11 preliminary results were presented in [1]. Instituto de Fisica, Univ. de Sao Paulo, Brazil 8.19 Relativistic Theory of Clocks and Rulers by M.Pawlowski PL0400239 In relation with Double Special Relativity theories rulers (the equivalence classes of physical objects), (DSR) a new derivation of local Special Relativity has homogeneity and relativity principle. Synchronized been proposed. It does not use the constancy of reference frames are naturally constructed. In effect, velocity of light as an initial assumption. Light signals the velocity of light may be considered as a dynamical are not used in the derivation. Maximal velocity of parameter of the theory: the dynamical quantity which material bodies appears as the only free parameter of is in principle independent on the introduced maximal the analysis that is based on a natural physical velocity. The dependence of velocity of light on the assumptions: the existence of proportional clocks and carried momentum can be consistently discussed. 142 Annual Report 2002 8.20 Quantum Dynamics of a Test Particle in Curved Space-Time by W.Piechocki PL0400240 We examine classical and quantum dynamics of a dynamics is obtained in the zero-mass limit of the free particle in de Sitter type space-times to reveal the massive case. Global properties of considered nature of space-time singularities of removable type. gravitational systems are of primary importance for Space-times considered have different topologies but the quantization procedure. Systems of a particle in otherwise are isometric. Our systems are integrable space-times with removable singularities appear to be and we present analytic solutions of the classical quantizablc [1,2]. We give specific proposal for dynamics. We quantize the systems by making use of extension of our analysis to space-times with the group theoretical method: we find the essentially curvature type singularities. self-adjoint representation of the algebra of observables integrablc to the irreducible unitary [1] W.Piechocki, Phys. Lett. B526(2002)127 representation of the symmetry group of each [2] W.Piechocki, Raport SINS-29/VIII, 2002 considered gravitational system. The massless particle 8.21 Enhancement of Four Wave Mixing in a BEC by Introducing a Mismatch by E.Infeld, M.Trippenbach" A recent experiment demonstrated four wave frequencies as in the above mentioned experiments, o mixing of wave-packets in a sodium Bose-Einstein we admit a small mismatch in energies, and therefore o condensate (Deng et al. Nature 398, 218 (1999); frequencies Ao). We show that such a small mismatch _l Vogels et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 0401, (2002). This can compensate for the initial phases built on the was followed by a theoretical and numerical treatment condensate during free expansion. This can be of the experiment (Trippenbach et al. Phys. Rev. A67, beneficial for the efficiency of the four wave mixing, 02368, (2000)). In the experiment, a short time of free increasing it by a factor of two [1]. expansion of the condensate, after it was released from the magnetic trap, was followed by a set of two Bragg [1] E.Infeld, M.Trippenbach, sent to Phys. Rev. Lett. pulses which created moving wavepackets. These (2003) wavepackets, due to nonlinear interaction and under phase matching conditions, created a new momentum n Physics Dept., Warsaw University, Warsaw, component in a four wave mixing process. Here we Poland suggest that, instead of exactly matching the 8.22 The Long-Wavelength Spectrum of Vortex Waves in a Bose-Einstein Condensate by E.Infeld and A.A.Skorupski Here we consider vibrations of a single quantum i CM O vortex in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Two different ]O dispersion relations can be found in the literature; we io remove the contradiction on the basis of both Q. numerical and analytical considerations. The outcome is that the frequency of the vibrations, co, is proportional to k2\n(\/k), where k is the wavenumber, assumed small compared to the inverse core size. An extension of the phase integral approximation is used in the numerical analysis [I]. The result is illustrated by Fig.l. In Rowlands' theory the dispersion relation was co = y k2. Both a theoretical calculation and the numerics show, however, that y is not a constant, but is indeed proportional to ln(l//c) (bottom curve in 0.11 0.12 Fig. 1). Fig. 1 ut/k2 as a function of k for long-wave perturbations: the solid curve deotes numerical results, the broken curve is 'A ln( I /A), [1] E.Infeld, A.A.Skorupski, J. Phys.Condens Matter, and the dot-dash curve is the Rowlands y-coefficient found 14(2002)13717 numerically for given k. DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY PL0400243 143 8.23 On the Backlund Transformation for the Complex Sine-Gordon Equation by P.Bracken", P.P.Goldstein and A.M.Grundland2) Continuing our previous work on the Weierstrass and the complex sine-Gordon equations, we have Dept. Of Mathematics, Concordia University, shown that all the non-trivial Backlund self- Montreal, QC,Canada transformations which may be obtained by removal of Centre de Recherches Mathematique, Universile singularities reduce to the transformations of the usual de Montreal, Montreal, QC. Canada sine-Gordon equations [2], PL0400244 8.24 Existence of Solitons in Propagation of the Third Harmonics in Solids by Cao Long Van", P.P.Goldstein and M.Trippenbach2' Using the Painleve and Hirota methods we have found conditions for the existence of solitons for the Institute of Physics, Univ.of Zielona Gora, Poland third harmonic propagation of light pulses in solids [in Institute for Experimental Physics, Optics preparation]. Division, Warsaw University, Poland 144 Annual Report 2002 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS CAN COSMIC RAYS PROVIDE SIGN OF STRANGELETS? M.Rybczyriski, Z.WIodarczyk and G.VVilk Ada Pins. Pol. B33(2O02)277 ATOMIC STATESOFIHYPERONS AND THE IN INTERACTIONS J.Dqbrowski Ada Phys. Pol. B33(2002)337 THE NUCLEAR PIONS AND QUARK DISTRIBUTIONS IN DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING ON NUCLEI J.Rozynek and G.Wilk Ada Pins. Pol. B33(2002)423 ON THE EXISTENCE OF NEUTRINO-LESS DOUBLE ELECTRON CAPTURE TRANSITIONS Z.Sujkowski and S.Wycech Ada Phys. Pol. 833(2002)471 ON THE ATOMIC STATES OF I~ HYPERONS AND THE IM INTERACTION J.Di)browski and J.Rozynek Ada Pins. Pol. B33(2002)l863 BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS AS REFLECTION OF CORRELATIONS OF FLUCTUATIONS O.V.Utvuzh, G.Wilk, Z.WIodarczyk Ada Phys. Pol. B33(2002)2681 THE IMPRINTS OF NONEXTENSIVE STATISTICAL MECHANICS IN HIGH ENERGY COLLISIONS G.Wilk and Z.WIodarczyk Chaos. Solitons and Fractals 13(2002)581 r ATOMS AND THE IN INTERACTION J.Dqbrowski, J.Rozynek, T.S.Anagnostatos Eur. Pins. J.AI'4(2002)125 POMERON - ODDERON INTERFERENCE EFFECTS IN ELECTROPRODUCTION OF TWO PIONS. P.Hagler, B.Pire, L.Szymanowski, O.V.Teryaev. Eur. Phys.J. C 26(2002)261 COLLECTIVE PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski J. Nucl. & Radioc'hem. Set. 3(2002)169 THE LONG -WAVELENGTHS SPECTRUM OF. VORTEX WAVES IN A BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE E.InfeJd, A.A.Skorupski J. Phys. Condens. Mailer 14(2002)13717 AN ALGORITHM FOR TRACK RECONSTRUCTION IN THE LARGE ANGLE SPECTROMETER OF THE COMPASS EXPERIMENT K.Kurek. A.Korzenev, K.Kowalik, A.Mielech, E.Rondio, R.Windmolders Nucl. Instr. Methods in Phys. Res.. A.485(2002)720 MASS MAPPING OF A NEW AREA OF NEUTRON-DEFICIENT SUB-URANIUM NUCLIDES Yu. N.Novikov, ..., G.Munzenberg, Z.Patyk, T.Radon, C.Scheidenberger, A.H.Wapstra, H.Wollnik, et al. Nucl. Phys. A697(2002)92 MASS AND LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS AT THE STORAGE RING ESR F.Atiallah, .... Z.Patyk, W.Quint, C.Scheidenberger, B.Schlitt, M.Steck, K.Suemmerer, H.Weick, H.Wollnik, et al. Nucl. Phxs.A70l(2002)561c SUM RULES FOR PARITY VIOLATING COMPTON AMPLITUDES L.Lukaszuk Nucl Pins A709(2002)289 THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY FROM POMERON-ODDERON INTERFERENCE IN HARD DIFFRACTIVE JIV ELECTROPRODUCTION Ph.Hagler, B.Pire, L.Szymanowski and O.V.Teryaev Nucl.Phys. A711 (2002)232 THE IMPRINTS OF NONEXTENSIVE STATISTICAL MECHANICS IN HIGH ENERGY COLLISIONS G.Wilk and Z.WIodarczyk; Chaos. Solitons and Fractals 13(2002)581 TOWARDS THE THEORY OF COHERENT HARD DUET PRODUCTION ON HADRONS AND NUCLEI V.M.Braun, D.Yu.Ivanov, A.Schafer. L.Szymanowski Nucl.Plns.B638(2002)lll DEPARTMENT OF NUCLE A R THEOR Y 145 APPLICATION OF NONEXTENSIVE STATISTICS TO PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS G.Wilk and Z.Wlodarczyk Physica A305 (1-2) (2002)227 SINGULAR SPACETIME AND QUANTUM PROBE W.Piechocki Phys. Lett. B526(2002)127 HUNTING THE QCD ODDERON IN HARD D1FFRACTIVE ELECTROPRODUCTION OF TWO PIONS Ph.Hagler, B.Pire. L.Szymanowski, O.V.Teryaev Phys.Lelt. BS35(2002)l 17; Enuhim-ibid B540(2002)324 PROBING CHIRAL-ODD GPD's IN D1FFRACTIVE ELECTROPRODUCTION OF TWO VECTORS MESONS D.Yu Ivanov, B.Pire, L.Szymanowski and O.V.Teryaev Phys.Lelt. B550(2002)65 INSTANTONS AND RADIAL EXCITATIONS IN ATTRACTIVE BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES J.Skalski Phys. Rev. A65(2002)033626 NUCLEON DENSITY IN THE NUCLEAR PERIPHERY DETERMINED WITH ANTIPROTONIC X RAYS: CALCIUM ISOTOPES F.J.Hartmann, S.Wyccch, R.Smolariczuk, T.Czosnyka, J.Jastrz^bski, M.Kisieliiiski, E.Widmann, et al. Phys. Rev. C65(2002)014306 PROPERTIES OF THE NUCLEON-NUCLEON INTERACTION LEADING TO A STANDING WAVE INSTABILITY IN SYMMETRIC NUCLEAR MATTER J.Skalski Phys. Rev. C65(2002)037304 EXCLUSIVE PHOTOPRODUCTION OF HARD DUETS AND MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF QCD VACUUM. V.M.Braun, S.Gottwald, D.Yu.Ivanov, A.Schafer, L.Szymanowski Phys.Rev.Let. 89(2002)172001 INSTABILITIES AND OSCILLATIONS OF ONE AND TWO DIMENSIONAL KADOMTSEV-PETVIASHVILI WAVES AND SOLITONS. II LINEAR TO NONLINEAR ANALYSIS E.Infeld, A.A.Skorupski, G.Rowlands Proceedings of the Royal Society A 458(2002)1231 EXTRACTING THE POMERON-POMERON CROSS SECTION FROM DIFFRACTIVE MASS SPECTRA F.O.Duraes, F.S.Navarra and G.Wilk Phys. Rev. D(2003) - in press FISSION PROPERTIES OFSUPERHEAVY NUCLEI I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski Ada Phys. Pol. B34 (2003) - in press NUCLEON SEPARATION ENERGIES FOR HEAVIEST NUCLEI O.Parkhomenko, I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski Acta Phys. Pol. B34 (2003) - in press PROPERTIES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI S.Hofmann, I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A-Sobiczewski Ada Phys. Pol. 34 (2003) - in press ON SOLVABLE MODELS OF ELECTROSTATIC DOUBLE LAYERS P.P.Goldstein Cosmic Research (2003) - in press NEUTRON SEPARATION ENERGY FOR HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI O.Parkhomenko, I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski APH N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 17 (2003) - in press SYSTEMATICS OF SPONTANEOUS-FISSION BARRIER HEIGHTS Z.Patyk, I.Muntian and A.Sobiczewski APH N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 17(2003) - in press PROPERTIES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI WITHIN MACRO-MICRO APPROACH I.Muntian, Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczewski APH N.S., Heavy Ion Physics 17(2003) - in press ON VORTEX SOLUTIONS AND LINKS BETWEEN THE WEIERSTRASS SYSTEM AND THE COMPLEX SINE-GORDON EQUATION P.Bracken, P.P.Goldstein and A.M.Grundland J. of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics(2O03) • in press 146 Annual Report 2002 HOW THE NUCLEAR FERMI MOTION PLUS A SIMPLE STATISTICAL MODEL EXPLAINS THE EMC EFFECT J.Rozynek and G.Wilk Niicl. Phys. A (2003) - in press ELECTROMAGNETIC CORRECTIONS TO THE PIP SCATTERING LENGTHS OBTAINED FROM PIONIC HYDROGEN. T.E.O.Ericson, B.Loiseau. S.Wyccch. Nucl. Phys. A. (2003) - in preys RAPIDITY SPECTRA ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF NON-EXTENSIVE STATISTIC APPROACH M.Rybczyiiski. Z.WIodarczyk and G.Wilk Nucl. Ph\s. B Proc. Suppl. (2003) - in press CALCULATED MASSES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI I.Muntian. Z.Patyk and A.Sobiczcwski Yad. Fi:. 66(2003) -in press,- Pliys. At. Nuc. 66(2003) - in press OBSERVATION OF DRAMATIC FALL-OFF OF NUCLEAR DECAY RATES IN 1SOMERIC STATES FOR FULLY IONIZED ATOMS Yu.A.Liivinov, ..., Z. Patyk, T.Radon. C.Schcidenbcrgcr, J.Stadtlmann. M.Steck, M.B.Trzhaskovskaya, H.WolInik, et al. Phys. Leu. B (2003) - in pre.rr REPORTS QUANTUM DYNAMICS OFTEST PARTICLE IN CURVED SPACE-TIME W.Piechocki, Report S!NS-29A'1I1. ISSN 1232-5309. Swierk. October 2002 PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS Invited talks ARE BOSE-EI.N'STEIN CORRELATIONS EMERGING FROM CORRELATIONS OF FLUCTUATIONS? M.Rybczynski. O.V.Utyuzh, Z.Wtodarczyk and G.Wilk X International Workshop on Multiparlicle Production - Correlations and Fluctuations in QCD; Crete. Greece, 8-15 June 2002 TRACES OF NONEXTENSIVITY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS DUE TO FLUCTUATIONS G.Wilk and Z.Wlodarczyk X International Workshop on Multiparlicle Production - Correlations and Fluctuations in QCD; Crete, Greece, 8-15 June 2002 VORTICES IN BECs AND THEIR DYNAMICS E.Infeld and A.Senatorski SIAM 5(7" Anniversary Conference. Philadelphia. USA. July 2002 LEADING PARTICLES AND DIFFRACTIVE SPECTRA IN THE INTERACTING GLUON MODEL F.O.Duraes. F.S.Navarra and G.Wilk Hep-pli/0209328; presented at Diffraction 2002; Alushla, Crimea (Ukraine). 31 August - 4 September 2002; to be published in proceedings bx Kluwer Academic Publishers (2003) r ATOMS AND I INTERACTION J.Dsjbrowski XXVI International Workshop on Condensed Mailer Theories, Luso, Portugal, 2-7 September, 2002 QUANTIZATION AND SPACET1ME TOPOLOGY W.Picchocki 2'"' ISPM Workshop on Particles and Cosmology. Tbilisi. Georgia. 9-14 September 2002 QUANTUM PROBE OF SINGULAR SPACETIME W.Piechocki 5'1' ISPM Meeting on Theoretical and Modern Mathematical Phxsics. Tbilisi, Georgia, 15-21 September 2002 THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY FROM POMERON-ODDERON INTERFERENCE IN HARD DIFFRACTIVE n'n ELECTROPRODUCTION Ph.Hagler. B.Pire, L.Szymanowski and O.V.Tcryaev European Workshop on the QCD Structure of the Nucleon (QCD-N'02). Ferrara, Italy, April 3-6, 2002 CHARGE AND SPIN ASYMMETRIES FROM POMERON ODDERON INTERFERENCE P.Hagler. B. Pire, L.Szymanowski and. O.V.Tcryaev 31 si Intern. Conf. on High Energy Physics (ICHEP 2002). Amsterdam. The Netherlands, 24-31 Jul 2002.to be published in proc. CALCULATED MASSES OF HEAVIEST NUCLEI A.Sobiczewski VII Intern. Scliool-Senumir of Heavv Ion Physics Dubna. May 27- I June 1, 2002 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 147 Oral presentations LEADING PARTICLES AND DIFFRACTIVE SPECTRA IN THE INTERACTING GLUON MODEL F.O.Duraes. F.S.Navarra and G.Wilk DIFFRACTION 2002; Aluslila. Crimea (Ukraine). 31 August - 4 September 2002 POWER-LIKE ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN UNIVERSE G.Wilk and Z.WIodarczyk XXXII International Symposium on Multiparlicle Dynamics Alushtu, Crimea, Ukraine, September 7-13, 2002 BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS AS CORRELATIONS OF FLUCTUATIONS M.Rybczytiski, O.V.Utyuzh, Z.WIodarczyk and G.Wilk XXXII International Symposium on Multiparlicle Dynamics Alushta, Crimea, Ukraine, September 7-13, 2002 POMERON-ODDERON INTERFERENCE IN ELECTROPRODUCTION OF7t*7t Ph.Hagler, B.Pire, and L.Szymanowski, O.V.Teryaev hep-ph/0209242, lo be published in Proceedings of Monlpelier Conference QCD '02 HOW THE NUCLEAR FERMI MOTION PLUS A SIMPLE STATISTICAL MODEL EXPLAINS THE EMC EFFECT J.Rozynek and G.Wilk Hep-pli/0211320 (4 pages); presented at PANIC 2002, Sept. 30 - Oct. 4, 2002, Osaka, Japan MULTI-CHANNEL BETHE-SALPETER EQUATION L.Lukaszuk "Euridice Start-off Collaboration Meeting". Frascali. Italy, October 18-20, 2002 Posters NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS POTENTIAL AT NEAR-BARRIER ENERGIES FROM SELFCONSISTENT CALCULATIONS J.Skalski 2002 Gordon Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, June 16-21 (New London, NH, USA) COMUNICATIONS PUBLISHED IN CONFERENCES MATERIALS r ATOMS AND THE IN INTERACTION J.Di|browski, J.Rozynek, Condensed Matter Theories. Vol. 18, Eds. J.da Providencia el al. - submitted THE ETA-PI MIXING AND ETA-HE BOUND STATE. S.Wycech and A.M.Green 7"' Int. Worksop on Production Properties and Int. of Meson, p.327, World Scientific 2003 ON FINAL STATE INTERACTIONS IN ETA FEW BODY SYSTEMS S.Wycech Proc. of COSY 11 "Symposium on Threshold Meson Production in pp and pd Interaction", Forschungszentrum, Jiilich 2002. p. 106 RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OFSUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS K.Smolahczuk "The Nuclear Many Body Problem 2001", edited by W.Nuzarewicz and D. Vretenar, NATO Science Series, II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2002), Vol.53, p.311 NUMERICAL MODELLING OF CORRELATIONS O.V.Utyuzh, G.Wilk and Z.WIodarczyk Proceedings of the XXXI International Symposium on Multiparlicle Dynamics, Dalong, PR China, 1-7 September 2001; World Scientific (2001). edls Bai Yuling el al., World Scientific 2002, p.327-330; hep-ph/0111461. FORWARD COMPTON SCATTERING:SUM RULES FOR PARITY VIOLATING SPIN POLAR1ZABILIT1ES L.Lukaszuk Proc. of the Intern. Symp. "Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclear and Hadron Physics" Osaka, Japan 4-7 Dec. 2001, p.588. World Scientific. 2002. RAPIDITY SPECTRA ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF NON-EXTENSIVE STATISTIC APPROACH M.Rybczyiiski, Z.WIodarczyk and G.Wilk Presented al the XII International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interactions, CERN, 15-20 July 2002 LEADING PARTICLES AND DIFFRACTIVE SPECTRA IN THE INTERACTING GLUON MODEL F.O.Duraes. F.S.Navarra and G.Wilk Hep-ph/0209328 (II pages); presented at Diffraction 2002; Alushta, Crimea (Ukraine), 31 August - 4 September 2002: lo be published in proceedings by Kluwer Academic Publishers (2003). 148 Annual Report 2002 ARE BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS EMERGING FROM CORRELATIONS OF FLUCTUATIONS? M.Rybczynski, O.V.Utyuzh, Z.WIodarczyk and G.VVilk Hep'ph/O2IOO75 110 panes); presented a] X International Workshop on Mulliparlicle Production - Correlations and Fluctuations in QCD: Crete. Greece. 8-15 June 2002: in be published in proceedings by World Scientific (2003) TRACES OF NONEXTENSIVITY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS DUE TO FLUCTUATIONS G.Wilk and Z Wlodarczyk Hep-ph/0210175 (10 panes); presented at X International Workshop on Mulliparlicle Production - Correlations and Fluctuations in QCD: Crete. Greec e. POWER-LIKE ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN UNIVERSE G.Wilk and Z.WIodarczsk Hep-pli/0210203 (4 panes): presented at XXXII International Symposium on Mulliparlicle Dynamics Alushta. Crimea. Ukraine. September 7-13. 2002; to be published in proceedings bv World Scientific (2003) BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS AS CORRELATIONS OF FLUCTUATIONS M Rybczyhski. O.V.Utyuzh, Z.WIodarczjk and G.Wilk Hep-ph/02l032H (4 panes); presented at XXXII International Symposium on Mulliparlicle Dynamics Alushla. Crimea. Ukraine. September 7-13. 2002: to be published in proceedings by World Scientific (2003) HOW THE NUCLEAR FERMI MOTION PLUS A SIMPLE STATISTICAL MODEL EXPLAINS THE EMC EFFECT J.RozyneU and G.VVilk Hep-pli/0211320 (4 panes): presented at PANIC 2002. Sept. 30 - Oct. 4. 2002, Osaka, Japan NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS POTENTIAL AT NEAR-BARRIER ENERGIES FROM SELFCONS1STENT CALCULATIONS J.Skalski Poster. Gordon Conference on Nuclear Chemistry. June 16-21 (New London. NH. USA) THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY FROM POMERON-ODDERON INTERFERENCE IN HARD DIFFRACTIVE 7iV ELECTROPRODUCTION Ph.Hagler. B.Pire. L.Szymanowski and O.V.Tcryaev European Workshop on the QCD Structure of the Nucleon (QCD-N'02),Ferrara. Italy, April 3-6,2002 CHARGE AND SPIN ASYMMETRIES FROM POMERON ODDERON INTERFERENCE P.Hagler. B.Pire, L.SzymanoHski and. O.VTeryaei 31st hit Con,, on Hi^h Energy Physics (1CHEP 2002). Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 24-31 Jul 2002. hep-ph/0210121, to be published in Proceedings POMERON-ODDERON INTERFERENCE IN ELECTROPRODUCTION OF iCli Ph.Hagler. B.Pire, and L.Szymanowski, O.V.Teryaev hep-ph/0209242. to be published in Proceedings of Monlpeher Conference QCD '02 LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS Dynamiics of Electrostatic Double Layers" P.Goldstein, Seminar at Meeting of the Plasma Physics Section Polish Academy of Sciences. Warsaw, March 2002 Quantum TeJcporfalion" L.Lukaszuk, 10"' Workshop in Mied7y:droje. Szczecin University, Max 2002 Stability of the Heaviest Nuclides'1' R.Smolaiiczuk, 10"' Workshop in Mtedz.yzdroje, Sz.czecin Universiitv. May 2002 On the Interpretation of ' Nucleus Interactions" S.Wyccch Nuclear Seminar. University of Warsaw. April 2002 r\-n Mixing and r|-He Bound State" S.Wyceeh. Conference MEZON 2002. Krakow. Max 2002: "World Scientific" - in press On the Chances of Double Neutrinolcss Electron Capture1" S.Wycech. Paris VI. December 2002 Dynamics of a Test Panicle in Singular Space-Time" W.Picchocki, Warsaw University. General Relativity Seminar. March I. 2002 Quantum Dynamics of a Particle in Singular Space-Time" W.Piechocki, Bialvstok University. Theoretical Physics Seminar. March 12, 2002 Nature of Singularities of Space-Time" W.Piechocki. Lodz. University. Theoretical Physics Seminar. March 20. 2002 Gravitational Singularities" W.Piechocki, Warsaw University. Seminar on Exact Results in Quantum Theories. April 5. 2002 DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR THEORY 149 Nature of Cosmological Singularities1" W.Piechotki. Jaf>ielloiiiiin University, General Relativity- and Astrophysics Seminar, Max H, 2002 Bose-Einstein Condensalion in Ratified Gases'' J.Skalski, Institute of Physics. Akademia Swiqlokrzyska, Kielce. Poland. April 10. 2002 Synthesis and Properties of the Heaviest Elements'" J.Skalski, Physical Colleqnnim at the Physics Department at UMK. Tonm, Poland. October 17, 2002 Mechanism of the Synthesis of the Heaviest Elements and Selfconsistent Projectile-Target Potentials'1' J.Skalski, Seminar at the Atomic Nucleus Department. Phvsics Department Warsaw University. Poland, December 6. 2002 a) in Polish b) in English INTERNAL SEMINARS On a Selfconsistent Nuclear Dynamics J.Skalski, Theory of the Atomic Nucleus" - weekly seminar of the Institute for Nuclear Studies and of Warsaw Univ.. Feb. 2H. 2002 CHAIRING OF CONFERENCE SESSION A.Sobiczewski Programme Advisory Committee for Nuclear Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna. Russia S.Wycech MESON 2002, Kracow, May 2002. chairmen of a Session W.Picchocki Chairman of a session at The 5"' ISPM Meeting on Theoretical and Modern Mathematical Physics INTEGR ABILITY IN QFT AND QUANTUM STATISTICS. Tbilisi. Georgia. Sept. 15-21. 2002 E.Infcld Chairing of session at SIAMSO, Philadelphia, USA, July, 2002 SCIENCE POPULARIZATION ARTICLES E.Infeld - 6 radio talks DIDACTIC ACTIVITY CAN ONE PENETRATE A WALL? M.Pawlowski, J.Rozynck Lecture and demonstration at Festival of Science. Warsaw, September 2002 THEORY OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS - weekly seminar of the Institute for Nuclear Studies and of Warsaw University Leaders: J.Ds)browski, G.Rohoziriski, A.Sobiczewski L.Lukaszuk, • Head of PhD Studies in the Institute of Nuclear Studies • "Seminarium doktoranckie IPJ" - weekly seminar for the participants of INS Doctoral Studies, Leaders: L.Lukaszuk, Z.Sujkowski PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATIONS J.Dsjbrowski, American Physical Society - fellow OTHER SECRETS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE E.Infeld Talk at Festival of Science, Warsaw. September 2002 150 Annual Report 2002 PERSONNEL Research scientists Janusz Da^browski, Professor 2/5 Andrzej Skorupski, Dr. 1/2 Piotr Goldstein, Dr. Janusz Skalski, Assoc. Prof. Eryk Infeld. Professor Robert Smolaiiczuk, Dr. Krzysztof Kurek, Dr. Adam Sobiczewski, Professor Leszek Lukaszuk, Professor Lech Szymanowski, Assoc. Prof. Zygmunt Patyk, Dr. Utyuzh Oleg V., Dr. Marek Pawtowski, Dr. Grzegorz Wilk, Assoc. Prof. Wlodzimierz Piechocki, Dr. Jerzy Wrzecionko, Assoc. Prof. 1/5 (till June 30) Jacek Rozynek, Dr. Slawomir Wycech, Professor Andrzej Senatorski, Dr., 1/2 PhD students Jaroslaw Kulpa, M.Sc. Technical and administrative staff Igor Muntian, M.Sc. Janina Sidor Oleksandr Parkhomenko, M.Sc. DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES 15 I DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES PL0400245 Head of Department: Assoc. Prof. Zbigniew Werner phone: (22)718-05-45 e-mail: [email protected] Overview The technology of modifying surfaces of industrial-use materials by means of continuous and pulsed energy beams has been intensely studied for more than 20 years. In some fields it is presently utilized on a broad scale in industry. Continuous or pulsed ion and plasma beams play a significant role among various approaches used. Department P-IX (jointly with Department P-V) utilizes some globally unique sources of intense plasma pulses, and jointly with Forschungszentrum Rossendorf (FZR, Dresden, Germany) conducts research on the application of continuous ion beams using FZR and IPJ facilities. The main objectives of the Department are: • a search for new ways of modifying surface properties of solid materials by means of pulsed plasma beams; • the implementation of ion implantation technique in national industries as a method of improving the lifetime of machine parts and tools utilized in industry. In 2002 these objectives were accomplished in many ways, particularly by research on phase changes in steel irradiated with intense pulsed plasma beams, Si-implanted TiN coatings on steel, implantation of high doses of nitrogen into aluminum, and corrosion properties of Ti surfaces alloyed with Pd by implantation and/or plasma pulses. The research was aimed at practical objectives like finding novel hard coatings, improving resistance to high temperature oxidation, reducing friction between NC6 steel-made parts without using a lubricating agent etc. The research was conducted in cooperation with Department P-V of IPJ, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (Warsaw), Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Technology of Materials for Electronics (Warsaw), Forschungszentrum Rossendorf FZR (Dresden, Germany), as well as with some industrial companies. Some research in 2002 was aimed at improving of the rod plasma injector generator used in our lab (the mechanism of electrode erosion during the plasma discharge, ablation of substrate material induced by pulsed plasma beams in MW/cm2 range). The implanters used so far in our lab mainly to carry ion implantation into metals and ceramics have been prepared for future applications concerning polymers and high-temperature implantations. 152 Annual Report 2002 9.1 Physical State of the Electrode Material Eroded During Plasma Discharge in the Rod Plasma Injector Generators as Determined by Spectral Diagnostic by J.Stanislawski, J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszewski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska i3 Low-pressure, high-current discharges between evolution of the Ti II lines (375.93, 376.13, 430.0, CL two concentric sets of electrodes in Rod Plasma 439.5, and 444.38 nm). Titanium ion energies were Injector (RPI) devices [1] generate high intensity estimated as 200-500 eV by the TOF method. By pulsed plasma beams. The discharge is ignited by a comparing the observed discharge voltage waveforms high voltage pulse appropriately delayed in respect to and the measured TOF data for Ti lines, it was the moment of injection of a working gas into the possible to conclude that metallic ions were not inter-electrode space. For sufficiently short delay time generated prior to the over-voltage between the there is a steep gradient of the gas concentration in the generator electrodes. inter-electrode space, and an effective erosion of the These results are in agreement with our previous metallic electrodes occurs. In this case a pulse of observations [2] that metallic ions from electrodes are vapor and low energy ions of the e/ectrode material is not accelerated to energies of several keV as is the produced apart from the pulse of the working gas case for the working gas ions. Energies in the range of plasma. few hundred eV correspond well to the energies Spectral measurements were performed at the J- observed for vacuum plasma arcs [3]. Therefore we 046 RPI device operated at 16.8 kJ / 29 kV level with confirm our previous conclusion that electrode erosion Ti electrodes and N2 working gas. Photons emitted by in the RPI plasma generators occurs via a vacuum arc plasma beams within the 200-800 nm wavelength mechanism range were analyzed by means of an optical spectrometer. Measurements were done perpendicularly to the symmetry axis of the RPI [1] J.Piekoszewski, J.Langner: Nucl. Instr. Meth. B device at two distances: 9.5 and 27.5 cm from the 53(1991)148 electrode ends. The collected data were used in the [2] J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanislawski, J.Jagielski, time-of-flight (TOF) calculations. W.Szymczyk, R.Grotzschel, W.Matz: The spectra contained lines characteristic for Nukleonika, 47/3(2000)113 singly and doubly ionized N atoms and singly ionized [3] T.Witke, H.Ziegele: Surf. Coat. Technol. Ti atoms. Particular attention was paid to time 97(1997)414 9.2 Ablation of Substrate Material Induced by Pulsed Plasma Beams in MW/cm2 Range as Observed by Optical Spectroscopy by J.Stanistawski, J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszewski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner Rod Plasma Injector (RPI) type of pulsed plasma Pulse Implantation Doping PID), the plasma pulse generator i.e. a "transparent" electrode generator was contains almost exclusively elements of the working originally designed for research on controlled release gas. In the other mode (referred to as Deposition by of thermonuclear energy. However, this kind of device Pulsed Erosion DPE), plasma consists also of ions of can be also successfully used for modifing near- some deliberately chosen electrode material (e.g. Mg, surface layers of engineering materials. Processing Al, Ti, Fc, Ni, Cu etc). Deposited on a substrate they based on plasma pulses has some features in common can make a well adhering coating. with ion implantation (since a mass transport takes Mechanism of partial erosion from substrates is place), and some features of laser processing (since not yet known. It may result either from evaporation, heat transport and hence melting of the near-surface sputtering or ablation. The aim of the present work layer of the processed material occurs). An energy was to clarify this issue. density in the 1-10 J/cnr range and pulse duration in DPE experiments were performed with alumina the JJS scale are sufficient to rise ihe temperature of the substrate, Ti electrodes and N working gas. The pulse near-surface layer of most solids up to their melting 2 energy density was about 5 J/cm2. The diagnostics was points (or above). When this region is molten, a rapid performed by spectral measurements in the 200-800 inward diffusion of the pulse-delivered and/or pre- nm wavelength range. An optical collimator was deposited atoms into the liquid can occur, leading to applied in order to collect only the photons emitted formation of new phases, alloys or compounds. from the substrate. The time evolution of a chosen For material processing, RPI generators can be spectral line was analyzed. used in two modes of operation dependent on the The spectra contained clear Al I, Al II and Al III working gas conditions. In one mode (referred to as lines. After couple of plasma pulses also Ti I and Ti II DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES 153 lines have appeared. In addition, also week lines of (i) A pulse of gaseous plasma in the DPE operation nitrogen could be observed. The Al lines had a pulse mode lasts about 1 us. character with FWHM equal to about 1 (js. Analysis (ii) A gaseous plasma pulse of 5 J/cm2 energy of the Al III line yielded the temperature of electrons density gives rise to ablation of the AUO3 surface emitting the radiation: it was within the 2-3 eV range. (with alloyed Ti) and forms an Al-Ti plasma plum of Such surprisingly high temperature means that temperature within the 2-3 eV range. ablation of some part of the substrate surface region and formation of metallic plasma must have taken place. Similar temperature distribution of Al ions was observed in [1, 2] for laser ablation of Al targets, [1] J.S.Lash, R.M.Gilgenbach, C.H.Ching: Appl. when power densities were on the level of Phys. Lett. 65(1994)531 50-100 MW/cm2. [2] J.T.Knudtson, W.B.Green D.G.Sutton: J. Appl. Phys. 61(1987)4771 Main conclusions can be summarized as follows: PL0400248 9.3 An Attempt to Reduce Friction between NC6 Steel-made Tools without Using a Lubricating Agent by Z.Werner, J.Piekoszewski, R.Grotzschel0, W.Szymczyk The knives in tobacco cutters arc usually made of expected on the basis of the source chemical the NC6 steel. During operation they slide along composition, beam-delivered dose-rate and the time of holders made of the same steel. The assembly must implantation. not be lubricated during operation. However, lowering the knife-to-holder friction coefficient would be welcome in the industry. Since the MEVVA implanter at our disposal gives an opportunity to simultaneously <"—1 (Cu (exp) - left scale 5 _ implant various ion from alloyed sources, we have "E tried an idea to implant the tool with bronze i.e. the • Sn (exp) - right scale o Solid line - theoretical fit material traditionally used to pair steel in various 4 M friction nodes. <) 3 s A bronze electrode was fabricated and a NC6 steel o sample was implanted with a high dose. The Cu and 2 —/—-i Sn content in the implanted steel was investigated by 1 II means of RBS and PIXE methods. The results are discouraging: the retained Sn dose very quickly saturates on a relatively low level (of about 2xl0l5cm"2, see the lower curve and the right-hand 1 2 3 scale on the figure) due to the sputtering effect. Tin is Cu + Sn dose (1017ions/cm*2) sputtered preferentially due to two factors. The projected range of the heavier tin ions is lower than Fig. 1 The retained Cu and Sn dose vs. combined implanted dose that of the copper ions. Additionally, the ion beam from a B101 bronze electrode. impinging on the surface consists mostly of Cu ions due to the bronze electrode composition. The general conclusion is that implantation from " Forschungszentrum Rossendorf (FZR), Institut multi-element sources enriches the target mostly with fur Ionenstrahlphysik und Materialforschung, light source components. Heavy components are Postfach 51 01 19, D-01314, Dresden, Germany retained in the substrate in doses well below those 9.4 Novel Hard Coatings Produced on Steels by Means of Plasma and PVD Methods by Z.Werner, J.Stanislawski, J.Piekoszewski, E.A.Levashov", W.Szymczyk en Hard multi-component coatings may be produced Arc PVD process conducted in nitrogen IS on steel by means of various plasma and PVD atmosphere from electrodes of generally Ti-B-Si-Al 18 methods. The method used in this study was reactive composition. 154 Annual Report 2002 Wear in ARC PVD The TiAIN, TiBN, TiSiBN and TiSiN layers were multicomponent coatings on steel PVD deposited on substrates, which earlier had been pre-treated with the DPE process. The latter process had been conducted with Ti eleclrodes and had produced a thin surface layer of titanium melted into the substrate. Wear properties of the obtained coatings were compared to wear resistance of a conventional TiN coating. As can be seen in Fig. 1, promising properties have been obtained only for the TiSiN multi- 0 5 10 15 20 25 component coating. Revolutions (x 1000) Fig. 1 Wear of various multi-component coalings on steel. Hollow circles and thick line denote wear of a reference TiN " SHS Center, Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute, coating layer. Data taken by a T-01 tribometer. 164-Moscow, Leninsky Pr.4, 117936 Russia O 9.5 Resistance to High Temperature Oxidation in Si-implanted TiN Coatings on Steel by Z.Werner, J.Piekoszewski, W.Szymczyk o o Moulds for light-alloy die casting made of TiN- Samples were subjected to thermogravimetric _1 coated AISI HI3 tool steel are affected by high- (TG) analysis, in which increments of the sample Q_ temperature corrosion. Recently it has been shown mass were recorded during lh isothermal annealing at that Ti-Si-B-N coatings exhibit excellent resistance to 630°C. The temperature was selected as the one at such corrosion. However, since a B-ion beam cannot which a I h annealing leads to oxidation of about I be produced in MEVVA-type ion sources, we have urn thick layer in untreated TiN. Results are presented tried to improve the oxidation resistance of the TiN in Fig. I. coating by implanting Si ions alone. The data indicate that the oxidation rate is Samples were cut from H13 steel as 25x8x1 mm markedly reduced as a result of ion implantation plates, quenched, tempered to about 52 HRC (standard (reduction factor 2.36 for the highest applied dose). procedure of preparing parts for light-alloy moulds), Since TiN coatings reduce the oxidation rate with then coated with a 2 jim thick TiN layer by a respect to the non-coated steel by a factor of 2.5, the commercial PVD process and implanted with Si from combined reduction amounts to about 6. The results a MEVVA-type source [1]. The beam was composed were confirmed by RBS spectra shown in Fig. 2: the of 75, 150 and 225 keV Si ions (63, 35 and 2% of all oxide layer is clearly thinner for the implanted sample. Si ions, respectively) plus several percent of ions of the working gas (nitrogen). The implanted doses were 4000 2xlO16, 5xl016, and lxTo17 Si atoms/cm2. « 3000 700 0.35 2 2000 0.3 .2 Temperature in Non-implanted m 75 kV Si 2E16 0.25 a. 1000 - 75 kV Si 5E16 75 kVSi 1E17 0.2 o — 0.15 700 - 0.1 0.05 Fig. 2 RBS spectra for non-implanted and I017 Si at/cm" implanted steel sample. — 0 2000 4000 6000 Data of Fig. 3 re-plotted in logarithmic coordinates Time (s) show that the non-implanted sample follows very 2 3 Fig. 1 Results of thermogravimetric tests of TiN-coated steel precisely the t ' dependence. samples implanted with various doses of Si ions. DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES 155 -0.50 The theory of oxidation [e.g. 2] predicts thai llie - Non-implanted A,n vs. log(t) curve should start with a linear section -75 kV Si 2E16 -75 kV Si 5E16 corresponding to a reaction-rate-limited process for -75 kV Si 1E17 -1.00 small oxide thickness followed by a parabolic one (proportionality to f"2) corresponding to the diffusion- limited process. It seems that oxidation observed in a non-implanted sample corresponds to an intermediate -1.50 region, when both the reaction rate and the diffusion affect the process. -2.00 2.00 2.50 [I] S.P.Bugaev, A.G.Nikolaev, E.M.Oks, P.M.Schanin, G.Yu.Yushkov, Rev Sci Instr 63(1992)2422 Fig. 3 Results of thermogravimetric tests of TiN-coated steel samples implanted with various doses of Si ions re-plotted in [2] B.E.Deal, A.S.Grove, J.Appl. Phys. logarithmic coordinates. 36(1965)3770 PL0400251 9.6 Implantation of High Doses of Nitrogen into Aluminum by J.Jagielski, A.Pia.tkowska", P.Aubert2', C.Legrand-Buscema2', C.Le Paven2), G.Gawlik i) J.Piekoszewski, Z.Werner Aluminum advantages are well known: it is a pin-on-disc wear tester (micromechanical properties). lightweight, cheap, easy-to-machine metal with good Surface micro-topography was analyzed in a SEM. corrosion resistance. The main disadvantage is its low The results indicate that implantation of nitrogen at hardness and in consequence insufficient wear high temperatures may lead to production of thicker resistance for many applications. A typical solution than 1 [xm aluminum nitride layers. Their thickness is used in such cases is to produce a surface layer of several times higher than the nitrogen ion projected increased hardness and durability. On metals such range in aluminum. This proves that implantation layers are most frequently manufactured by means of enables growing A1N layers to a thickness quite useful nitriding, which is a well known and scalable process. from the application point of view. However, the However, attempts to nitride aluminum fail mainly grown A1N layer is porous, since the atom migration due to a passivating oxide layer always present on the process is different than the usually observed one: metal surface. Research on that problem started a few aluminum atoms migrate through the A1N layer years ago. The main idea is either to remove the oxide instead of the usually observed migration of nitrogen layer in-situ directly prior to the nitriding process, or atoms towards the Al bulk. to make use of implantation, which may transport nitrogen atoms through the oxide layer and deposit In spite of their porous structure, A1N layers them directly in the bulk. The latter approach was produced by high-temperature implantation allow for studied in this work. a significant improvement of aluminum wear resistance. Pure aluminum samples (99.99 % Al) were implanted in various temperatures (from room " Institute of Electronic Materials Technology. temperature to about 550°C) with nitrogen doses Wolczynska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland reaching 2xlOl9N atoms/cm2. 2) Laboratoire D'Etudes des Milieux Samples were characterized by means of RBS, Nanometriques, University Evry-Val d'Essonnc, XRD (structural properties), Hysitron nano-hardness Bd F.Mitterand, 91025 Evry, France gauge linked with an Atomic Force Microscope, 9.7 Manipulating Cylindrical, Temperature-sensitive Objects Inside an Implanter Chamber by W.Szymczyk, J.Piekoszewski, Z.Werner • CM ho To be evenly irradiated, cylindrical objects must the heat deposited with the heat dissipated or iCM be revolved during implantation. If such a revolving irradiated out. The balance may be regulated by means object remains all the time within a constant-intensity of an aperture. Even if apertures do not influence dose beam, the angular dose distribution is even. However, distribution evenness, they do decrease utilization of if the object is additionally temperature-sensitive (e.g. the beam. plastics or polymers), one must take care to balance 156 Annual Report 2002 Alternatively, several to-be-implanted cylinders the maximum efficiency observed in the case of a may be located on the perimeter of a rotated wheel of single cylinder revolves without exiting the beam. diameter larger than the beam width. They will On the other hand, dose distribution evenness successively enter and exit the beam independently of strongly depends on the speed of" rcvolution-to-spccd being revolved. The beam will be utilized more of rotation ratio. In a limiting case when the ratio is a effectively (even if a given cylinder is in a shadow, small integer, some points on the cylinder other cylinders are implanted), but ihc risk of dose circumference may remain much less implanted than distribution unevenncss around the cylinder others even at a very large number of wheel rotations. circumference appears. When the ratio is a quotient of two integers, the The purpose of this work was to calculate relative spread is given by a cycloid spanning in implantation efficiency and angular dose distribution amplitude from a few to a score percent and slowly dependencies on the cylinder diameter-to-wheel dying out with the number of wheel rotations. The diameter ratio, beam width, and speed of revolution- cycloid is still clearly visible even after accumulating to-speed of rotation ratio. The calculations were done several hundred wheel rotations. Only when both for 6 identical cylinders evenly located on the wheel speeds arc incommensurate, the relative dose spread perimeter (every 60 degrees). decreases to the level of a few percent pretty quickly (after several wheel rotations). The combined implantation efficiency calculated for all cylinders on the wheel is practically equal to 9.8 Corrosion Properties of Titanium Surface Alloyed with Palladium by Implantation and/or Plasma Pulses, in 0.1M H2SO4 at 80°C CO 1 1 21 ID by F.A.Bonilla ', P.Skeldon ', G.E.Thompson", J.Piekos/cwski, A.G.Chmielewski , J.Stanistawski, Oi ;o Z.Werner : O i The reduction in the emission of pollutants (i.e.. measurement of the open circuit potential (OCP) NOX, SO2, CO2, CO and volatile organic compounds during immersion tests; the average weight loss rale VOC) from the metallurgical industry and thermal was calculated. The weight loss rate of Ti after 15 h power stations has been achieved successfully by an immersion was -45 g m~2d~' and the steady OCP was - electron beam treatment of the flue gases. An essential 780 mV vs. SCE. The results of 100 h immersion tests component of this technology is the window through for the surface alloys indicate a reduction of at least 2 which the electrons enter the reaction chamber. 99.67r orders of magnitude in the weight loss rate compared purity Ti foil, of 50 p.m thickness, is currently used for with that of the Ti foil. The alloys with lower Pd the window due to its high strength to weight ratio and concentration exhibited enrichment of the alloying its generally good corrosion resistance. The current element in the outer 20 nm of the alloy, during service life of windows is typically 2,000 hours, immersion in the acid, as assessed by medium energy whereas, the programmed shut-downs of the plants arc ion scattering (MEIS). For the alloys with higher Pd up to 10,000 hours. concentration, a crystalline Pd-rich film, (as assessed The degradation of Ti caused by the environment by electron diffraction and energy dispersive EDX within the irradiation chamber has been simulated in a X-ray analysis), was detached upon removal from the solution, as observed by the unaided eye and later by 0.1M H2SO4 solution at 80°C. In order to improve the corrosion resistance of the window. Ti foil has been transmission electron microscopy. RBS and EDX surface-alloyed with Pd by various processes: (i) high indicate that the proportion of the initial deposited Pd, intensity pulsed plasma beams (HIPPB) under the lost during immersion tests (13-99%) generally deposition by pulsed erosion (DPE) mode of operation increased with increasing Pd concentration in the outer of a rod plasma injector (RPI); (ii) Pd prc-deposition layers, for alloys prepared under similar conditions. onto Ti by c-gun evaporation and processing by Further, increasing amounts of deposited Pd did not HIPPB under the pulsed implantation doping (PID) necessarily resulted in a lower net average weight loss mode: (iii) implantation of Pd into the Ti foil using a rate (total weight loss rate minus contribution of Pd). metal vapour vacuum arc (MEVVA) source followed The net average weight loss rate for the surface alloys is about 0.14 g mV, which is equivalent to by HIPPB under the PID mode. Nitrogen was used as 1 2 the working gas for the HIPPB processes. Surface 0,4 pm s' or 1.3 |iA cm" (assuming formation Ti alloys with smooth depth composition profiles, with ions). thicknesses of 30-900 nm and with average concentrations 0.7-17 at.% were produced, as assessed by Rutherford backscattercd spectrometry (RBS). " Corrosion and Protection Centre, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK The behaviors of the Ti foil and the surface alloys 2) in the simulated environment were evaluated by Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-145 Warsaw, Poland DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES PL0400254 157 9.9 Investigations of Phase Changes in Steels Irradiated with Intense Pulsed Plasma Beams by B.Sartowska", J.Piekoszewski, L.Wall's", J.Kalinowska2', M.Kopccwicz2', F.Prokert3', J.Stanistawski, W.Szymczyk, Z.Werner It is known that transformation of martensite into steels irradiated with nitrogen plasma pulses. It is austenite (a'—>y) can take place in the surface layer of interesting that a significant increase of (iHV 0.01 was steels treated with sufficiently intense pulses of laser, observed also for initially very hard materials. ion or plasma beams. In order to melt the near-surface We intend in the future to determine the nitrogen region of the substrate, the energy density of the and carbon distribution in modified layers. pulses has to be high enough for a given pulse duration [1,2]. Our present investigations were focused on the phase transformations in the various [1] J.Piekoszewski, J.Langner, L.Nowicki, A.Turos, types of steel irradiated with short (us range), intense L.Walis, A.Ciurapiriski: Materials Lett. 14 (5-6 J/cm ) pulses of nitrogen and argon plasma. The total nitrogen dose was 1.2xlO17 N/cm2 (G=2xlO16 (1992)131 N/cm2). Five carbon steels samples with different [21 J.Piekoszewski, J.Langner, J.Biatoskorski, carbon concentration between 0 and 0.9% C have been B.Kozlowska, C.Pochrybniak, Z.Werner, examined. M.Kopcewicz, L.Walis, A.Ciurapiriski: Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B, 80/81(1993)344 The most important results obtained thus far are: " Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 1. y, YN, YC and e=Fe3N phases were found in all steels irradiated with nitrogen plasma, whereas in Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland 2) steels irradiated with argon only Y and YC phases were Institute of Electronic Materials Technology. observed. Wolczyriska 133,01-919 Warsaw, Poland "" Forschungszentrum Rossendorf e. V. Institut I'iir 2. The thickness of the modified layer was in the Ionenstrahiphysik und Materialforscbung, range of 1.2-1.6 pm in good conformity with the Postfach 510119, D-01314 Dresden, Germany results of computer simulation. 3. An increase of microhardness )jHV 0.01 and rise of wear resistance have been observed for all 158 Annual Report 2002 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS PALLADIUM PROFILES IN TITANIUM TREATED BY HIGH-INTENSITY PLASMA PULSES Z.Werner, J.Piekoszewski, W.Szymczyk, F. A Bonilla, .... S.Zielinski, R.Groizschel, J.Stanislawski, et al. Surf. Coat. Tech. I58-I59(2002)2I MODIFICATION OF TITANIUM SURFACE BY ITS ALLOYING WITH SILICON USING INTENSE PULSED PLASMA BEAMS E.Richter, J.Piekoszewski, E.Wieser. F.Prokert. J.Stanislawski, L.Walis, H.Reiither Surf. Coal. Tech. 158-159(2002)324 AN APPARATUS FOR SEQUENTIAL PULSED PLASMA BEAM TREATMENT IN COMBINATION WITH ARC PVD DEPOSITION J.Stanislawski, J.Piekoszewski, E.Richter, Z.Werner Nukleonika 47 {3X2002)119 ELECTRODE EROSION MECHANISM IN THE ROD PLASMA INJECTOR TYPE OF GENERATOR AS DEDUCED FROM THE STRUCTURE OF IRRADIATED SUBSTRATES J.Piekoszewski, J.Stanislawski, R.Grotzschel, W.Matz, J.Jagielski, W.Szymczyk Nukleoniku 47 (3X2002)113 THERMAL EVOLUTION OF SOLID TARGETS IRRADIATED BY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS W.Szymczyk, J.Piekoszewski, Z.Werncr , W.Szyszko Nukle'oniku 47 (4)(2OO2)I63 SPECTRAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE ELECTRODE EROSION PROCESS IN THE ROD PLASMA INJECTOR TYPE GENERATOR J.Stanislawski, J.Baranowski, J.Pickoszewski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner Czech. J. Phys. 52 (D)(2002)D556 CONCENTRATION-TRIGGERED FISSION PRODUCT RELEASE FROM ZIRCONIA: CONSEQUENCES FOR NUCLEAR SAFETY A.Genlils, L.Thome, J.Jagielski and F.Garrido Jtmrn of Nucl. Mat. 300(2002)266 THICKNESS DEPENDENT PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN IMPLANTED IRON LAYERS JJagielski, M.Kopcewicz, G.Gawlik, W.Matz, L.Thome Journal of Applied Physics 91(2002)6465 EXAFS STUDY OF FORMATION OFZN CLUSTERS IN SI MONOCRYSTAL AFTER ION-BEAM IMPLANTATION I.ArS, M MozetiC, A.Kodre, J.Jagiclski, A.Traverse and M.Gailhanou Nucl. Inslr. andMelli. 198(2002) EXAFS STUDY OF ION BEAM MIXED FE/AL MULTILAYERS I.Arc, M.MozetiC, A.Zalar, A.Kodre, JJagiclski Nucl. Instr. and Melh. 198(2002) PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS invited talks BRAZING OF ALUMINA CERAMICS MODIFIED BY PULSED PLASMA BEAMS COMBINED WITH ARC PVD TREATMENT J.Piekoszewski, A.Krajewski F.Prokert, J.Stanislawski, L.Walis, Z.Werner, W.WIosiriski united talk presented at 4'1' International Symposium on Ion Implantation and Other Application of Ions and Electrons, Kazimierz. Dolny. Poland. June 10-13. 2002 (Symposium Proceedings p. 42) oral presentations INFLUENCE OF Ar ION-IRRADIATION ON GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE IN Fe/Cr LAYERS M.Kopcewicz, F.Stobiecki, JJagielski, B.Szymariski, M.Schmidt and J Kalinowska / 7"' International Colloquium on Magnetic Films and Surfaces. Kyoto, March 5-8. 2002 ION BEAM MODIFICATION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS A.Turos, JJagielski. A.Pi^tkowska, D Bieliiiski, L.Slusarski, N.K.Madi 4'" Intern. Svmp.on Ion Implantation and Other Application of Ions and Electrons, Kazimierz Dolny. Poland, June 10-13. 2002 HIGH-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOUR OF FISSION-PRODUCT ANALOGS IMPLANTED INTO NUCLEAR CERAMICS A.Gentils, L.Thome, J.Jagielski. S.E.Enescu, F.Garrido, M.Beauvy 4'1' Intern. Sxmp. on Ion Implantation and Other Application of Ions and Electrons. Kazjmien. Dolny, Poland, June 10-13, 2002 ON THE USE OF ION BEAMS FOR THE SELECTION OF NUCLEAR WASTE MATRICES L.Thome. A.Gentils, S.E Enescu, J.Jagiclski. F.Garrido Intern. Conf. on Applications of High Precision Atomic & Nuclear Methods. HIPAN 2002, September 2-6, 2002, Neptun, Romania DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL STUDIES 159 IMPLANTATION OF STEEL FROM MEVVA ION SOURCE WITH BRONZE CATHODE Z.Werner,.I.Piekoszewski, R.Grotzschcl, W.Szymczyk NATO-sponsored Advanced Research Workshop. Baikal. June 24-18. 2002 (to be published in NATO Science Series) RESISTANCE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION IN Si-IMPLANTED TiN COATINGS ON STEEL Z.Werner, J.Piekoszewski, W.Szymczyk NATO-sponsored Advanced Research Workshop. Baikal. June 24-18, 2002 (to be published in NATO Science Series) COMPOSITE HARD COATINGS ON STEEL DEPOSITED BY DPE+ARC PVD METHOD .I.Stanislawski, Z.Werner, .1.Piekoszewski, E. A.Levashov */"' Intern. Svmp. on Ion Implantation and Other Application of Ions and Electrons. Kaz.iniierz. Dolny. Poland. June 10-13. 2002 PHASE CHANGES IN STEELS IRRADIATED WITH INTENSE PULSED PLASMA BEAMS B.Sartowska, J.Pickoszewski, L. Walis, M.Kopccvvicz, Z.Werncr, J.Stanislawski, J.Kalinowska 4" Intern. Symp. on Ion Implantation and Other Application of Ions and Electrons. Kazimien Dolny, Poland. June 10-13, 2002 EFFECTS OF HIGH DOSE NITROGEN IMPLANTATION INTO ALUMINIUM J.Jagielski, A Pia.tkowska, P.Aubcrl, C Lcgrand-Buscema, C.Le Paven, G.Gawlik, J.Piekoszewski and Z.Werner •/"' Intern. Symp. on Ion Implantation and Other Application of Ions and Electrons. Kazimierz Dolny, Poland. June 10-13. 2002 GaAs ON Si - A LOW-TEMPERATURE "SMART-CUT" TECHNOLOGY G.Gawlik, J.Jagiclski and B.Pi^tkowski 4'" Intern. Symp. on Ion Implantation and Other Application of Ions and Electrons. Kazimierz. Dolny. Poland. June 10-13. 2002 SPECTRAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE ELECTRODE EROSION PROCESS IN THE ROD PLASMA INJECTOR TYPE GENERATOR J.Stanislawski, J.Baranowski, .I.Piekoszcvvski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner at 20'" Symposium on Plasma Physics and Technology. Prague, Czech Republic. June 10 13, 2002 INTERACTION OF PULSED PLASMA BEAMS IN MW/CM2 RANGE WITH SOLID SUBSTRATE AS OBSERVED BY OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY J.Stanislawski, J.Baranowski, J.Piekoszcvvski, E.Skladnik-Sadowska, Z.Werner German-Polish Conference on Plasma Diagnostics for Fusion and Applications, Greifswald. Germany, September 4-6. 2002 (Conference Proceedings p. A08) FRICTION PROPERTIES OF ION IMPLANTED AL2O3 CERAMICS J.Jagielski, A.PiaJkowska, Z.Librant, P.Aubert, C.Legrand-Buscema, S.Coindeau 13"' International Conference Ion Beam Modification of Materials Kobe, Japan, 1-6 Sept. 2002 STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN/STEEL ION-BEAM MIXED LAYERS A.PiaJkovvska, J.Jagielski, M.Kopcewicz, W.Matz, A.Zalar and M.Mozetic 13lh International Conference Ion Beam Modification of Materials Kobe. Japan. 1-6 Sept. 2002 CHAIRING OF CONFERENCE SESSION J.Piekoszewski, chairman of the 5111 Session, 4l!l International Symposium on Ion Implantation and Other Application of Ions and Electrons, Kazimierz. Dolny. Poland. June 10-13, 2002 PERSONNEL Research scientists Jerzy Piekoszewski, Professor Zbigniew Werner, Assoc. Prof. Jacek Jagielski, Assoc. Prof., 1/2 Marek Barlak, Dr. 4/5 (since Sept. I) Wladyslaw Szymczyk, Dr. Technical and administrative staff Andrzej Grajda Jerzy Krolik 1/2 MaJgorzata Kolodziejczyk (since Sept. 1) Jerzy Zagorski (since June I) 160 Annual Report 2002 DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 161 10 DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY PL0400255 Head of Department: Dr. Eugeniusz Plawski phone: (22)718-05-40 e-mail: [email protected] Overview The main activities of the Accelerator Physics and Technology Department were focused on following subjects: - contribution to development and building of New Therapeutical Electron Accelerator delivering the photon beams of 6 and 15 MeV, - study of the photon and electron spectra of narrow photon beams with the use of the BEAM/EGSnrc codes, - design and construction of special RF structures for use in CLIC Test Facility in CERN, - design and construction of 1:1 copper, room temperature models of accelerating superconducting 1.3 GHz structures for TESLA Project in DESY. In spite of drastic reduction of scientific and technical staff (from 16 to 10 persons) the planned works were successfully completed, but requested some extraordinary efforts. In realisation of 6/15MeV Accelerator Project, the Department was responsible all along the project for calculations of all most important parts (electron gun, accelerating structure, beam focusing, achromatic deviation) and also for construction and physical modelling of some strategic subassemblies. The results of scientific and technical achievements of our Department in this work are documented in the Annex to Final Report on realisation of KBN Scientific Project No PBZ 009-13 and earlier Annual Reports 2000 and 2001. The results of Monte Carlo calculations of narrow photon beams and experimental verification using Varian Clinac 2003CD, Simens Mevatron and CGR MeV Saturn accelerators ended up with PhD thesis prepared by MSc Anna Wysocka. Her thesis: Collimation and Dosimetry of X-ray Beams for Stereotactic Radiotherapy with Linear Accelerators was sponsored by KBN scientific Project Nr Tl IE 04121. In collaboration with LNF INFN Frascati the electron beam deflectors were designed for CERN CLIC Test Facility CTF3. These special type travelling wave RF structures were built by our Department and are actually operated in CTF3 experiment. As the result of collaboration with TESLA-FEL Project in DESY, the set of RF model resonators for a new type of 2x9cell accelerating superstructures was successfully designed , built and sent to DESY for further tesis. In DESY, the long term tests of the first type 4x7-cell superconducting superstructure (part of which was made in our Department in 1999) ended with very good results. The works on RF vacuum windows protection against the multipactor effects in high power couplers are still continued in DESY. The new technologies of thin TiN coating of ceramic windows were tested and a new coating setup was designed. The results were presented on the Workshop on High-Power Couplers for Superconducting Accelerators held Oct. 2002. The experience of Department's performance in last year evokes important conclusions: - we are always able to undertake new important tasks in accelerator physics and technology, and collaborate with eminent accelerator laboratories, - there exists a real necessity to keep and develop accelerator physics in our Institute. Searching for new ways in difficult financial conditions, the Department should be stepwise reconstructed and developed. 1 , / 162 Annual Report 2002 :C0 10.1 Status and Results of RD Works in the Project of 6/15 MeV Medical Accelerator by J.Bigolas, S.Kuliriski M.Pachan, E.PIawski |C\J ;o In the year 2002, the Department of Accelerator dimensions in acceptable limits. Such design was the Is Physics, completed a series of theoretical, base for practical realisation of prototype. computational, design, modelling, and metrological - High frequency power supply [2] works, in frame of the Project of a new electron Taking into account design data of the structure, accelerator for radiotherapy 6/15 McV. Principal goals the necessary RF power for excitation of "on axis field to be achieved in the Project are: intensity" in the mode n/2 at the level 25 MV/m, was - high reliability defined as 3 MW peak. To get the demanded X-ray - inherent safety dose rate at accelerator output - 3 Gy/min/m and - operational parameters covering most important having in mind losses on X-ray flattening filter, requirements of current radiotherapy. additional RF power for electron beam loading is: These parameters are listed in short: for 6 MeV and beam current 160 mA - 0.96 MW Electron beam energy - 6, 9, 12, 15 MeV for 15 MeV at beam current 56 mA - 0.9 MW X-ray photon beam energy - 6 and 15 MV In total evaluation of RF power, also losses in waveguide chain with ferrite circulator should be Dose rate - up to 3 Gy/min/m considered, what gives in addition about 0.5 MW. In variable in steps conclusion it should be slated, that the proper power SSD - 100 cm source for accelerator fulfilling all demanded Irradiation field: parameters is the pulse klystron with of a peak power of about 5 MW. fore" beam: 3x3cm~ to 3Ox3Ocm2 - To verify computational and design data, the for X-ray beam: 3x3cm~ to 40X40CITT special set-up [3] equipped with TH 2074A klystron R/D works were concentrated mostly on (THOMSON) was built. accelerating and beam transport systems. Results of measurements of electron energy at the In order to get the above mentioned parameters of output of model I accelerating structure were: the accelerator, the following solutions of subsystems were elaborated: RF power at structure input - 4 MW peak - Electron source - triode type electron gun. [1] Electron energy -14.7 McV [5] The thermal cathode of "dispenser" type gives high - Electron beam transport. emission current at comparatively low working To optimize focalisation of the beam in temperature and low heating power of about 10 W. accelerating structure and transport of the beam after Computed and confirmed in model measurements acceleration, the computer simulations of beam electron optics, enabled to achieve output beam with trajectories were executed [4]. In effect, design and energy in the range 15-20 keV, and pulse current over technical documentations were prepared for 500 mA. The diameter of beam at focal distance was focalization solenoid, correction coils, quadrupolc about 1.5 mm. Beam intensity can be controlled by dublet and 270° bending electromagnet. The detail bias voltage on the control grid, what permits to inject data from above presented tasks were collected in the electron beam to resonant accelerating structure in Report of RD Works in P-X Department and proper time and intensity relations. For testing of gun's transmitted for use in accelerator construction. parameters, a dedicated experimental setup was designed and built. To keep long operation life, the gun must operate in high vacuum conditions in the [1] E.PIawski, A.Kucharczyk, S.Kuliriski, W.P?cito, range 10"' Torr. H.Wojnarowski, IPJ Annual Report 2001 [2] S.Kuliriski, J.Bigolas, M.Pachan, E.PIawski, 1PJ - Resonant accelerating structure operating in n/2 standing-wave mode. Annual Report 2001 [3] J.Bigolas, S.Kuliriski, M.Pachan, E.Ptawski, IPJ Several possible solutions of the structure were Annual Report 2001 studied and calculated. Final stage of theoretical [4] E.Ptawski, A.Kucharczyk, S.Kuliriski, IPJ Annual works and computational simulations, allowed to get a Report 2001 satisfactory phase acceptance in broad energy range 6 [5] A.Wysocka, W.Drabik, W.Maciszewski, IPJ to 15 MeV. high shunt impedance and total Annual Report 2001 DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 163 10.2 Monte Carlo Calculation of Energy Spectra for Narrow X-ray Beams used in Stereotactic Radiosurgery i OJ by A.Wysocka ;o o A study of the photon and electron spectra of with the bremsstrahlung target and the spatial narrow photon beams was performed in this work with coordinates, energy, weight factors and directional Is the code BEAM/EGSnrc. BEAMnrc is built on the cosines of all particles passing the plane at the EiGSnrc Code System and must be run on a Unix- entrance of the narrow circular beam collimator, arc based system. scored in a phase space file. Next, starting from this The accelerator Clinac 2003CD was modelled phase space file , the narrow beam collimaior is using confidential accelerator head data obtained from included into the simulation and particle transport Varian Oncology Systems. All accelerator information is scored again in two phase planes: at the components: the bremsstrahlung target, the flattening circular collimator exit plane in air and at a plane which is located in water phantom at 100 cm SSD. filter, the primary, secondary and tertiary (narrow s beams) collimators, and the monitor ionization These simulations are performed for 1 x 10 particles chamber are modelled as accurately as possible based using cylindrical geometry. With the BEAM code, the on information provided by the manufacturer. Figure 1 accelerator is modelled for radiation fields with a shows the photon energy spectra from Clinac 2300CD diameter as small as 0.25 cm. accelerator with beam energy 6MV. The spectra are Different electron and photon transport cut-off for planar fluence averaged over the entire beam values, ECUT and PCUT, are used in the different (5x5 cm2 at isocentre). The different curves for parts of calculations. In the accelerator geometry photons from various accelerator components are ECUT is chosen as 1.5 MeV, PCUT as 100 kcV. In shown. the water phantom ECUT is set to 200 keV and PCUT The total photon fluence spectra in air at the to lOkeV. narrow beam collimator exit are presented in [1]. The code BEAMDP was used to extract the Spectra have been calculated for different field spectral and mean energy distributions of photons and sizes:1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 cm. electrons from a phase space data files. In Table 1 the average photon energy Table 1. Average photon energy Field energy/MeV 0.25 2.019 2.062 .38 0.5 1.872 .809 .17 Fig. 1 Photon energy spectra from Clinac 2300CD accelerator 0.75 1.819 .741 .17 with beam energy 6MV calculated in air at the exit of accelerator 1.0 1.798 .717 .16 without narrow beam collimator. Curve #1 means total energy spectrum. The spectra for photons from various accelerator 1.5 1.778 .697 .17 components are shown: #2 from the primary collimator, #3 from the 2.0 1.771 .692 .16 filter, #4 from the jaws. 2.5 1.767 .693 .15 3.0 1.762 .696 .16 [ 1 ] A.Wysocka "Collimation and Dosimetry of X- 3.5 1.760 .702 1.16 Ray Beams for Stereotactic Radiotherapy with a Linear Accelerator", Ph.D. Dissertation presented The simulations are carried out in several steps. to the Scientific Council of the Andrzej Soltan First, 3 x 108 monoenergetic electrons (6 MeV) in a Institute Nuclear Studies, Warsaw 2002 monodirectional pencil beam are allowed to interact 164 Annual Report 2002 : CO ; ^ 10.3 3 GHz Travelling Wave Deflectors for CLIC Test Facility CTF3 !S by E.Pfawski, A.Kucharczyk, S.Kuliriski i3 As it was already mentioned in Annual Report 10 cells (8 + 2x1/2) OFHC ! Q_ 2001, the Department of Accelerator Physics and alter 1st solder (24 05.2002) Technology took the task of developing in close measured at 23.6 deg C collaboration with LNF INFN [1] of special type RF structures operating at a frequency of 3 GHz . Two such structures were built in our Department and actually are successfully operated at CTF3 in CERN. The CTF3 is aimed to test on a reduced scale some of the operational basic aspects of the Compact Linear Collider CLIC. In particular, it has to verify experimentally the possibility of the RF power generation on the level approaching 400 MW at 0 (III I) 2 0 II 4 II 30 GHz. For that purpose the original long trains of electron beam bunches from 1 80 MeV, 3GHz linac arc Fig. 1 Measured dispersion curve of 10 cell of partly soldered OFHC RF deflecting structure. Measurements taken in air at passed through the arrangement of delay and combiner rings in a way that the final bunch trains injected to power extraction and transfer structures arc 10 times shorter and 10 times more intense than the original ones. The pulse compression and frequency multiplication in Combiner Ring is achieved by two RF dellectors working at 3 GHz, which insert the injected bunches between the already circulating ones. In effect, after the Combiner Ring the drive beam pulses are 140 ns long and have a current of 35 A with the 2.3 nC bunches spaced by 2 cm. The deflectors are essentially RF TW sections working on transverse, 27t/3 THn deflecting mode. The construction in reported year of 10 cell structures followed the full scale aluminium model measurements partly reported Fig. 2 RF, 3 GHz deflector soldered ready for final low power in 2001 Report. Each structure is equipped with 2 measurements . tuned coupling side cells with waveguide type RF vacuum windows. The material used for the 270 construction is OFHC copper. Each cell was tested 240 300 and corrected if needed to have its own dipole (0 and 7t) resonant frequencies equal to 3010.75MHz and 210 330 3225.79MHz within ±50kHz error. A special, measuring, silver plated stand equipped with miniature RF probes was made for that purpose. The whole assemblies were soldered in three steps in 180 different temperatures in hydrogen oven. Prior the soldering the procedure of chemical cleaning and outgassing in vacuum oven was applied. This allowed 150 30 to reach in ready made deflectors the vacuum better than 10"12 Torr after few hours of pumping in CERN 120 60 CTF3 stand. The measured dispersion curve in SW mode before last soldering operation is shown in Fig. 3 Phase advance from cell to cell in deflector Nr.2 Fig. 1 and is considered almost perfect. One of the deflectors is shown in Fig. 2. Both underwent final measurements of RF phase advance per cell (Fig. 3) [1] D.Alesini, R.Boni, A.Gallo, F.Marcellini, LNF- and were sent via Frascati to CERN. Very successful INFN, Frascati, A.Kucharczyk, S.Kulinski, RF power tests were made with 13MW peak power, M.Pachan, E.Plawski, The Andrzej Soltan 4|isec and few pps, after which both deflectors were Institute for Nuclear Studies,"RF Beam Deflectors placed on Combiner Ring injection line. for CTF3 Combiner Ring", EPAC 2002 Proc. [2] A.Gallo et al."Studies On the RF Deflectors for CTF3", EPAC 2000 Proc. DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 165 10.4 The RF Superstructures for TESLA Project at DESY, Hamburg CD by E.Ptawski, S.Kulitiski, J.Sckutowicz, A.Kucharczyk, J.Olszewski, M.Wojciechowski LO CM In TESLA superconducting Electron-Positron frequency spectrum of lowest TM01 passband is ; o ! O Collider with an Integrated X-ray Laser Laboratory shown. the accelerating system is based on superconducting IS RF accelerating resonators. These resonators arc 1T0K 10 Z developed, modified and upgraded in the frame of W 11 U TESLA Test Facility in DESY. Our Department is HflRKL ? taking part in development of the first [1, 2, 31 and 1. d'J second version of superstructure" which can replace so far developed and long-term tested single 9 cell accelerating resonators. The motivation for that work has two components: reduction of investment cost of the TESLA main accelerator; reduction of its nominal RF electric field. The cold tests of 2 x 7 cell superconducting superstructure finished in the end of -J. 2002 as reported in [3] and are very promising. In 2002, the works on 2 x 9 cell superstructure started. The set of 6 modified, room temperature copper 9-cell resonators was designed and constructed i 2/0.HBH OBU MMZ STOP 1 31B.»aB HMH 1111 in Swierk. The cavities were made by already Fig. 2 Measured frequency spectrum of single 9-cell resonator of mastered forming technology of very precise deep superstructure. drawing of half cells .The cups cut to dimensions assuring designed final frequency of 9 cell resonator, Five resonators sent to DESY underwent the field were electron-beam welded together in a vacuum of flatness tuning procedure on special tuning stand. The about IO"S Bar. The electron beam parameters were obtained electric field averaged over each cell is 50 kV, 40mA at 50 cm/min speed of welding. In shown in Fig. 3. addition, to have a weld smooth enough, the beam is scanned perpendicularly over the welded region. JD1299.533 1.0000 -- 0.8000 -- 0.6000 -- 0,4000 -- 0,0000 Fig. 3 Electric field on axis of resonator after tuning procedure. [1] E.Ptawski at al. ,,Room temperature models of Fig. 1 9-cell 1.3 GHz resonator for next superstructure study. superconducting ..." , IPJ Annual Report 1999 [2] E.PIawski, J.Sekutowicz, ,,The accelerating The procedure of chemical cleaning was applied structure development for TESLA Project", IPJ before and after welding to keep the Q-factors of An. Rep. 2000 single cups, cups welded in iris plane and resonator [3] J.Sekutowicz et al. ,,Superstructures", TTF welded on equator planes close to their theoretical meeting, DESY, 23.01.2003 values. The resonator prepared for RF measurements is shown in Fig. 1. In the Fig. 2 the measured 166 PL0400260 Annual Report 2002 10.5 Anti-multipactor TiN Coating of RF Power Coupler Components for Tesla Test Facility (TTF) at DESY bv J.Lorkiewicz"1, J.Kula, S.Pszona, J.Sobczak21, Z.Yu The development project aimed at reducing effects sufficiently while further thickness growth secondary electron emission and multipactor effects in does not improve RF behavior significantly. A scries high power couplers was started in late 1999 and of measurements were performed in 2002 to establish continued in 2000 - 2002. A protective TiN layer is the dependence between TiN layer thickness on the deposited on vacuum-facing coupler surfaces as a inner surfaces of coupler cylindrical windows and result of titanium deposition in low pressure ammonia. corresponding loss tangents, using a special test Titanium is released by sublimation from a dc-currcnt resonator [4]. The loss tangent values for non-coated heated titanium wire. The surface coating of coupler alumina ceramic (of 99.7% purity) varied between 4 cylindrical windows is done in two steps using 5 10° and 3 10" at a room temperature. Evaporation sublimation setups with titanium wires shaped as TiN coating up to a thickness of 9 nm did not increase horizontal loops or vertical lines [1, 2], Using the these values, whereas the layers of 13 and 17 nm 4 4 present coating setup it is possible to coat showed loss tangents of 410" and 8 10" , respectively. simultaneously 3 windows at an average, in a 24-hour Thickness values between 6 and 9 nm were, therefore, operation which consists of vacuum pumping, chosen as optimal for the coating. titanium deposition and Ti - TiN chemical conversion XPS and secondary electron yield (SEY) of the layer in the reactive ammonia atmosphere. measurements were performed to check the impact of In order to speed up the processing, a new coating brazing conditions on the TiN layer anli-multipaclor setup was designed in 2002. It enables titanium properties [5, 6]. Subject to brazing conditions TiN deposition on 20 coupler windows in a single layers on alumina substrates showed higher SEY operation. Apart from this the setup could be used for values and much higher relative contents of TiO2, at surface coating of complete coupler sub-units such as the cost of TiN and titanium oxinitrides. These waveguide sections, planar waveguide windows or changes visibly deteriorated their ability to suppress coaxial lines. The arrangement is connected to a secondary electron emission. Therefore, substitution standard turbo pump unit and equipped with two gas of normally used electron beam welding of coupler feeding lines for pure nitrogen and ammonia components by brazing was not recommended. admission as well as a quadrupole mass spectrometer (for residual gas studies), diagnostic instruments for [ 1 ] J.Lorkiewicz et al, "Surface TiN Coating of the on-line measurement of a deposited layer thickness TESLA Couplers as an Antimultipactor and surface resistivity. Due to financial restrictions at Remedy, 10Ih Int. Workshop on RF DESY the setup was not constructed in 2002. Superconductivity, Tsukuba, Japan, September 6- A single planar alumina disc (230 mm diam., 12,2001 10 mm thick) was TiN coated up to a layer thickness [2] J.Lorkiewicz, "Vacuum Deposition of TiN", of 8 nm and next installed in a waveguide RF window. Workshop on High-Power Couplers for Super- The assembly was done by sealing the disc in a conducting Accelerators, Jefferson Lab., Newport, pillbox container instead of vacuum brazing. By using News, Virginia, USA, Oct.30-Nov.l, 2002 this new way of assembly one can avoid TiN layer [3] R.Kaiser (DESY), private communication oxidation (during brazing) and deterioration of its [41 B.Dwersteg, Z.Yu, "Measuring of Complex ability to suppress secondary electron emission. Very Dielectricity Constant of Aluminum Oxide good results were reached during RF preconditioning Window Ceramics for TTF-power Couplers at tests of the window. At a maximum transmitted power DESY", conference references like [1] of 4 MW (average power of 20 kW) no multipactor [5] XPS measurements were performed in effects were detected. The disc temperature increased collaboration with Institute of Physical Chemistry, by no more than 1°C [3]. Polish Academy of Sciences The choice of the optimal TiN layer thickness [6] SEY measurements were performed in results from a proper balance between its ability to collaboration with IPJ, Dept. P4 suppress secondary emission and the tendency to 11 DESY, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany cause ohmic loss in RF field, characterized by loss 21 tangent. It follows from multipactor time Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, ,Warsaw, Poland measurements performed in 1999 [1, 2], that layer 11 thickness of more than 5 nm confines multipactor Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, Chine DEPARTMENT OF ACCELERATOR PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 167 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS DOSIMETRY STUDY OF6-MV X-RAY BEAMS IN STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY WITH BEAM/EGSnrc MONTE CARLO CODE A.Wysocka, J.Rostkowska. M.Kania.. W.Bulski Intern. J. Cancer 13(2002)456 CURRENT APPROACH TO DESIGN OF HIGH POWER ACCELERATORS TO MATCH ACTUAL REQUIREMENTS OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY IN POLAND J.Bigolas, S.Kulihski, W.Maciszewski, M.Pachan, E.PIawski. Z.Zimek Radiation Physics and Chemistry 63(2002)595 DOSIMETRY OF X-RAY BEAMS IN STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY J.Rostkowska, M.Kania, W.Bulski, A.Wysocka Polish Journal of Medical Phvsics & Engineering (in press) PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS VACUUM DEPOSITION OFTiN J.Lorkicwicz Workshop on High-Power Couplers for Superconducting Accelerators, Jefferson Lab. Newport News. Virginia, USA. Oct..30 - Nov.I, 2002, COMMUNICATIONS PUBLISHED IN CONFERENCES' MATERIALS RF BEAM DEFLECTORS FOR CTF3 COMBINER RING D.Alesini, R.Boni, A.Gallo, F.Marcdlini, A.Kucharczyk, S.Kulihski, M.Pachan, E.PIawski Proceedings EPAC 2002 8th European Particle Accelerator Conference, Paris, France, I - 7 June 2002 VACUUM DEPOSITION OFTiN .7. Lorkiewiez Workshop on High-Power Couplers for Superconducting Accelerators, Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia. USA. Oct..30 • Nov.l,2002,/proc./ DOSIMETRY STUDY OF6-MV X-RAY BEAMS IN STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY WITH BEAM/EGSnrc MONTE CARLO CODE A.Wysocka, J.Rostkowska, M.Kania., W.Bulski Abstracts 18"' UICC International Cancer Congress, Oslo, Norway, 30-June - 5 July 2002 LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS Neurosurgery without the Knife '" A.Wysocka, Festival of Polish Science, Warsaw, 21-22 Sept. 2002 The Bunching And Accelerating Structure For Intence Electron Beam With Output Energy 2MeV, As Injection Section Of High Power Accelerator"1 J.Bigolas, A.Kucharczyk, S.Kulihski, W.Maciszewski. M.Pachan, E.PIawski, Domestic Symposium Nuclear Technique in Industry, Medicine, Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Warsaw, 17-19 April. 2002/poster/ The Linear Electron Accelerator With Variable Energy For Medical Applications'" J.Bigolas, S.Gctka, A.Kucharczyk, S.Kulihski. W.Maciszewski, M.Pachan, E.PIawski, M.Sliwa, ct al., Domestic Symposium Nuclear Technique in lndustrx. Medicine, Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Warsaw, 17-19 April, 2002/poster/ a) in Polish DIDACTIC ACTIVITY S.Kulihski - Supervision of doctor thesis procedure of A. Wysocka M.Sc. (INS Swierk) "Formation and dosimetry of narrow X-ray photon beams generated in electron linear accelerators, for application in stercotactic radiotherapy" 168 Annual Report 2002 PERSONNEL Research scientists StanisJaw Kuliriski, Professor till Feb. 28 Eugeniusz Plawski, Dr. Wieslaw Maciszewski, Dr. till April 30 Anna Wysocka, MSc. Marian Pachan, MSc. 3/5 till April 30 Technical and administrative staff Jerzy Bigolas 4/5 Jan Nowak Krzysztof Bigolas Tadeusz OWakowski 1/2 Jozef Bogowicz Stanislaw Stepniak Wojciech Drabik 3/5 Marek Sliwa Stanislaw Getka Marcin Wojciechowski Andrzej Kucharczyk Henryk Wojnarowski 1/2 Jerzy Lorkiewicz 1/2 Maria Zieliiiska Andrzej Lubian DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONS ULTING 169 11 DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING PL0400261 Head of Department: Prof. Ludwik Dobrzyiiski phone: (22)718-06-12 e-mail: [email protected] Overview The Department of Training and Consulting is a training centre for high-school students and their teachers, for students of physics and natural sciences in general, last but not least for society broadly understood, including professionals dealing with nuclear radiation. In 2002 the Department was visited by about 5000 high-school students who could listen to the lectures, and take part in experimental demonstrations on ionising radiation, its role in everyday life, technical and medical applications. In addition, the Department led the radiation protection course for the accelerators' operators employed by the Institute for Nuclear Studies. One-day courses on physics of radiation were also arranged for teachers. The Laboratory of Atomic and Nuclear Physics for Schools is still developing. The Laboratory permits high- school students to make simple experiments of qualitative and quantitative character. Its main purpose is to teach the elements of experimental work. In addition, university students of physics can conduct quite complicated experiments. Indeed, the Laboratory is also used for this purpose. The actual list of experiments available to students includes: the behaviour of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields, excitation and properties of photoluminescence, production and properties of X-rays, wave-particle duality, properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation, elements of gamma spectroscopy including identification of elements by means of induced X- ray fluorescence. The first experience gathered recently is positive although there is still some work to do in order to make the Laboratory more educational. In particular, one of the conclusions drawn from our meetings at the instruments is that although high-school students can follow instructions and understand briefly the physical processes, they are not prepared for reporting the results of the observations or experiments. It is clear that we have to help them in overcoming this kind of difficulties. Quite a lot of time was dedicated to the preparation of a series of quizzes and self-teaching short courses to be placed in the internet. The questions prepared are dedicated to various aspects of radiation and various levels of competence. It is planned to offer these web pages to the public within the first quarter of 2003. Similarly, by the same time, we should be able to open for the public demonstration of a 3-dimensional model of nuclear power plant, type WWR. This model was built first on the occasion of the construction of the first Polish nuclear power plant in Zarnowiec near Gdansk. The model suffered quite extensive damage during its transportation to Swierk, so it took long to reconstruct it and activate all moving parts. We believe that the model will be of invaluable help to everybody who will want to know more about the main parts and functioning of such installations. Although basic research is listed in the report, one should take into account that most of the experiments described were done not at Swierk but at the Institute of Experimental Physics of the University of Bialystok. 170 Annual Report 2002 11.1 A High-resolution Compton Scattering Study of Hexagonal Zinc i The directional Compton profiles (CP) of a hep - no sharp fermiology-related features predicted by single crystal of zinc have been measured along the theory, especially in the momentum region below [00.1]. [11.0] and [11.1] directions using synchrotron 1 au, are observed. radiation of energy 57 keV and high-resolution Compton scanning spectrometer at ESRF (Bcamlinc ID15B). Compton profiles are one-dimensional projections of electron momentum densities and their differences (anisotropy of CP) reflect differences in symmetry of reciprocal space observed from different directions. Moreover, high-resolution data arc expected to reveal some features predicted by theory and related to the topology of Fermi surface. The ESRF data have been compared with the corresponding theoretical Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) semi-rclativistic calculations and with previous high energy Compton measurements (y radiation of 662 keV from 137Cs source at the Compton Laboratory in Biatystok) [1]. The figure shows ESRF experimental data (triangles) and KKR theory- convoluted with a Gaussian mimicking the experimental resolution of 0.16 au in Grenoble (solid line), as well as y-ray measurements done at Biatystok (resolution of 0.42 au open circles), and corresponding KKR theory (dashed line). Apart from almost three times better resolution the ESRF data show: - overall good agreement with previous y-ray [1] H.Reniewicz et al, J.Phys.: Condcns. Matter Compton data, although in both cases statistics are not 13(2001)11597 satisfactory, n Universitc Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), I 154 - very small anisotropy of electron momentum place Jussieu, 75252 Paris - Cedex 05, France density distribution in zinc, both in the experiment and 2) ESRF, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France theory, y> Institute of Exp. Physics, University of Biatystok, - although in [11.0]-[00.1] anisolropy the theory ul. Lipowa 41, 15-424 Biatystok, Poland and experiment disagree at low momentum region, 4> Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, there is rather good overall agreement with the KKR Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland theory, 51 Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland PL0400263 11.2 Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Fe3xCrxSi Alloys by M.Pugaczowa-Michalska1'. A.Go"', L.Dobrzyiiski2>, S.Lipiriski1' The study of the electronic structure and magnetic chromium atoms. The calculations, however, do not properties of the Fe3.xCrxSi compound was motivated explain an experimental observation of almost equal by the Mossbauer and neutron spectroscopy occupation of A, B and C sites by chromium. measurements which have shown unusual behaviour of Cr in such alloys. The site preferences oi' Cr in Fe-,Si and the effect of local environment on formation " Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of local magnetic moments were examined using self- of Science, 60-179 Poznah, Poland consistent spin-polarised TB-LMTO method. The 2) Institute of Experimental Physics, University of results of calculations essentially confirm the values Biafystok, Lipowa 41, 15-424 Biatystok, Poland and orientations of magnetic moments of iron and DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING 171 11.3 Local Magnetic Moments and Hyperfine Fields in Fe3.xCrxAl PL0400264 by A.Go", M.Pugaczowa-Michalska21, L.Dobrzyiiski", S.Lipiriski2> Self-consistent spin-polarised TB-LMTO band neighbourhood causes strong decrease of the structure calculations of Fe^Al with Cr substituted for hyperfine field. iron were carried out. An influence of the local environment on the distribution of hyperfine magnetic- '' Institute of Experimental Physics, University of fields were seen. All the nearest neighbours atomic Bialystok, Lipowa41, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland configurations corresponding to the observed sextets 2) Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy contributing to the Mossbauer spectra were analysed. of Science, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznaii, Substitution of a chromium atom in the nearest Poland 11.4 Mossbauer Study of the Fei.xNix Invar Alloys by Monochromatic Circularly Polarized Source 0 0 by D.Satuta", K.Szymanski", L.Dobrzynski", K.Recko , J.Waliszewski I CM ;o : O X-ray diffraction measurements and Mossbauer hyperfine magnetic field is ordered ! spectroscopy with and without an external magnetic antiferomagnetically (or disordered) while the high field parallel to the beam direction have been field component is aligned by an external magnetic performed for Fe,.xNix (x = 0.25, 0.30, 0.35) alloys. field. In order to determine the mean value of the The compositions of the alloys studied were chosen in cosine of the angle between y-rays direction order to cover the concentration range where the and hyperfine field vector of iron, 11.5 Magnetic Properties of Cr3Si Doped Fe and Co by P.Zaleski", M.Biernacka", L.Dobrzynski", K.Perzyriska", K.Recko1 PL0400266 Polycrystalline samples of CivxTMxSi (where ferromagnetic (x = 0.3) ones. In the case of Co x = 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3; TM = Fe, Co) were prepared impurities the ferromagnetic properties were observed from pure elements in an arc furnace. The very weak in the most diluted samples (x = 0.02). However, these magnetization of these samples was measured by the latter alloys for higher Co content exhibit very VSM method as a function of magnetic field (-2 kOe anomalous magnetic properties. to 12 kOe) and temperature (10 K to 300 K). With increasing iron concentration the CrvxFexSi alloys " Institute of Experimental Physics, University of change from the paramagnetic (x < 0.2) to the Biatystok, Lipowa41, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland 11.6 Error Maps in Charge and Momentum Density Studies by the Maximum Entropy Methods by L.Dobrzyriski", J.Waliszewski" 5 r The uncertainty of the electron charge and treated with caution and analysis of their statistical momentum densities reconstructed by the Maximum significance must be particularly well done. ' O Entropy Method was analyzed. Various sources of uncertainties and errors that can appear in the " Institute of Experimental Physics, University of reconstructions are discussed. In particular, it was Biatystok, Lipowa41, 15-424 Biatystok, Poland shown that small features seen on the maps have to be 172 Annual Report 2002 11.7 Electron Density and Potential Distribution in GaN from X-Ray Diffraction S Experiment by J.Waliszewski11, L.Dobrzyriski" The method of the evaluation of the electrostatic Institute of Experimental Physics, University of potential in a crystal by X-ray diffraction is discussed. Biatystok, Lipowa41, 15-424 Biatystok, Poland The distribution of the electrostatic potential in GaN is discussed with the reference to the charge distribution. 11.8 Modulated Magnetic Structure of ScFe4Al8 by X-Ray, Neutron Powder Diffraction and Mossbauer Effect by K.Recko". K.Szvmahski". L.Dobrzvriski". D.Satula". B.C.Hauback.2) JOT co IS The ternary intermetallic ScFc4Als alloy presented spiral structure with spins rotated in a plane parallel to in this paper belongs to the extensively investigated the wave vector q = (qx, qx, 0), with qx = 0.136(2) ThMnn- type family, reviewed recently in Refs. [I, which is temperature independent up to 187 K. The 13 2], The diffraction investigations confirm the bet value of the iron magnetic moment at 8 K is close to I a. structure I 4/mmm (a~860 pm, c~499 pm at RT) in 1.08(12) (jB. The basic magnetic cell has to be purely which four non-equivalent crystallographic sublattices antiferromagnetic with iron spins directed along a or b are present. As was shown, the iron sublatticc - (81) in axis and rotated in the basal plane by 49(1)° from cell this family of alloys can exhibit very complicated to cell. The antiferromagnetic nature of ScFe4Al8 is magnetic properties [1]. Depending on the main metal fully confirmed by Mossbauer measurements. The at (2a) positions, uranium, thorium or scandium, the neutron data also show that scandium doesn't magnetic moments in Fe sublattice (8f) form double contribute to the magnetism of ScFe4A!j<. modulated spiral structure [1], spin-canted system [2] or a single-q spiral which we find for ScFe4Aln. In the latter alloy, in contrast to the one containing uranium [1] K.Recko etal., Phys. Stat. Sol. (2002) in press or thorium, we could expect relatively low magneto- [21 K.Recko et a!., J. Alloys Comp. 334, 1-2(2002)58 crystalline anisotropy. The unpolarized neutron diffraction pattern leaves no doubts that the modulated " Institute of Experimental Physics, University o( magnetic structure is observed in the tetragonal Bialystok, Lipowa41, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland ScFe Al compound. The interpretation of our neutron 4 a 2) Department of Physics, Institute for Energy data requires the presence of non-zero magnetic Technology, P.O. Box 40, N-2027 Kjeller, propagation vector different from the nuclear one. The Norway iron magnetic moments of ScFe4Als sample create a 11.9 Magnetic Properties of Sc(FeAl)12 Samples by Powder Diffraction Techniques and Mossbauer Effect by K.Recko", K.Szymatiski". L.Dobrzyriski'1, D.Satula", B.C.Hauback2' IN. f ^ o X-ray and Neutron Diffraction techniques allowed sublatticc within the tetragonal basis plane ab and is us to determine crystalochemical structure of magnetic iron moment close to 1.1 (2) |aB at 8 K. ScFe4AI8, ScFe5Al7 and ScFe6Alfi alloys with 14/mmm symmetry, isostructural to ThMn^ - type structure. Magnetic properties of ScFc4Al« and [ 1 ] K.Recko et al, Phys. Stat. Sol. (2002) in press ScFe6Al6 powder samples are presented. These alloys [2] K.Recko er ah, J. Alloys Comp. 334, 1-2(2002)58 have been measured by means of conventional Mossbauer Effect (ME) as well as by Monochromatic " Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Circularly Polarized Mossbauer Source (MCPMS). Bialystok, Lipowa41, 15-424 Biatystok, Poland The results of Mossbaucr experiments are compared 21 Department of Physics, Institute for Energy with the neutrons data conclusions regarding the Technology, P.O. Box 40, N-2027 Kjcller, magnetic structure. ScFe4AI8 alloy orders around Norway 250 K by forming antiferromagnetic spiral iron DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING PL0400271 173 11.10 An Influence of the Local Environment on Local Magnetic Moments and Hyperfine Fields in Fe3.xCrxSi by A.Go", M.Pugaczowa-Michalska2', L.Dobrzyriski" The influence of the local neighbourhood of iron The presence of a chromium atom in the nearest on its magnetic moment and hypcrfinc field is studied neighbourhood causes strong decrease of the for Fe3Si (DO3 - type structure) in which iron is hyperfine field on iron. The relationship between substituted by chromium. Band structure of alloys is magnetic moments and hyperfine field intensities is calculated within the framework of the local spin studied in detail. In the case of a few Zeeman sextets, density approximation (LSD), using the self-consistent the results are compared with the ones calculated for spin-polarised TB-LMTO method in the atomic sphere Fc.vxCi\A] alloys. approximation (ASA). The chromium concentration changes in range from x=0 to x=0.5. In the DOj-type structure there are two non-equivalent Fe sites Institute of Experimental Physics, University of differing by the number of iron atoms in the nn shell. Bialystok, Lipowa41, 15-424 Biatystok, Poland The presence of chromium introduces natural disorder, Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy mainly at so-called B-sites. All possible of Science, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznaii, configurations in the nearest neighbour's shell for (A, Poland C) and B sites, corresponding to the observed sextets contributing to the Mb'ssbaucr spectra, arc analysed. PL0400272 11.11 Spin Density Distribution in Cu2MnAl by White Beam X-ray Diffraction by E.Zukowski11, L.Dobrzyiiski", M.J.Cooper21, J.Duffy21, J.Wilmshurst21, S.Kaprzyk31 Circularly polarised synchrotron radiation of a momentum density by the Maximum Entropy Method white beam has been used at the ESRF Station BL28 - turned out to be possible under an assumption of a XMAS to study magnetic form factor of Cu2MnAI strictly positive distribution. Current data analysis single crystal (Heusler alloy) at room temperature for aims in providing answers to the controversies {110}- and {111 }-type reflections. The alloy has L2, mentioned above and to compare the experimental crystallographic structure (four interpenetrating face- data with new theoretical calculation of the magnetic centred cubic sub-lattices) and is ferromagnetic. The form factor based on the Korringa-Kohn-Rostokcr data extends beyond the momentum transfer range (KKR) band technique. In particular, nature of crater- accessed by neutrons, sin(8)/?i<0.9 A [3], up to about like shapes of the Compton profiles should be 2.4A"'. The substantial extension of this range should elucidated. It is suggested that apart from possible result in an increase of the spatial resolution in the negative polarisation of the conduction electrons, the spin-density analysis. This makes it possible to study d-band polarisation also contributes to this structure crystal effects on 3d wave functions in greater detail with the positive magnetisation in materials under than possible with the use of neutrons. In addition, it study. may help in better understanding of the conduction electron polarisation in Cu2MnAI. The polarised neutron results indicated a spherical 3d spin density Institute of Experimental Physics, University of and a positive conduction electron contribution of Bialystok, ul. Lipowa41, 15-424 Bialystok, Poland + 0.17 \iB. Our studies confirm the nearly spherical character of the spin-density distribution. However, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, spin-dependent electron momentum distribution in Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Al. Cu2MnAI studied by Compton scattering was interpreted in terms of a negative spin polarization of Mickiewicza 30, 31-214 Cracow, Poland 0.4 |iB. On the other hand, 3D reconstruction of this 11.12 Electron Momentum Density of Hexagonal Cadmium Studied by Compton Scattering by M.Brancewicz", A.Andrejczuk'2), L.Dobrzyriski", H.Reniewicz", E.Zukowski", S.Kaprzyk3' ' o ! O Directional Compton profiles of single crystal of directions) and reflection (along the [10.0] and [21.0] IS hexagonal cadmium have been measured in both, directions) geometries of experiment using high- transmission (along the {00.11, [10.01 and [21.0] energy (662 kcV) gamma radiation from a "7Cs 174 Annual Report 2002 isotope source. The experimental data have been Institute of Experimental Physics, University of compared with the corresponding theoretical Bialystok, ul. Lipowa41, 15-424 Biatystok, KKR semi-relativistic calculations. The theory Poland overestimates the electron momentum densities at low Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, momentum regions. The directional difference Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland profiles, both experimental and theoretical, show very Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, small anisotropy of the electron momentum density in Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Al. hexagonal cadmium, at most half of that presented in Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland the literature for cubic systems, but similar to other hexagonal systems. DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING AND CONSULTING 175 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS MAGNETISM OF THE UFcAl,,., ALLOYS K.Recko. K.Szymariski, L.Dobrzyriski, D Dalula, W.Suski, K.Wochovvski, G.Andre, I'.Bouree, A.Hoser J.Alloys and Compounds 334 (2002) 58 THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC ORDERING ON THE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF Cr-Fe-Mn ALLOYS K.Perzyriska, M.Biernacka, L.Dobrzyriski. D.Satula, K.Szymariski, J.Waliszcvvski, P.Zaleski J.Magn.Magn.Materials 242-245 (2002) 895-897 MAGNETIC MOMENT ARRANGEMENT IN AMORPHOUS FeOH,Er,,,9Bo,5 K.Szymaiiski, B.Kalska, D.Satula, L.Dobrzyiiski, A.Brofddefalk, R.Wappling, P.Nordblad J.Magn.Magn.Materials 251 (2002) 271-282 MONOCHROMATIC, CIRCULARLY POLARISED RESONANT RADIATION IN THE INVESTIGATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS K.Szymaiiski, D.Salula, L.Dobrzyriski, K.Pcrzyiiska Hypeifine Interactions 136/137 (2001) 165-169 IRON ATOMS IN Cr-Mn ANTIFERROMAGNETIC MATRIX K.Szymariski, D.Satula, L.Dobrzyriski, M.Bicrnacka, K.Perzyriska, P.Zaleski Hypeifme Interactions 141/142 (2002) 231-235 STUDY OF AMORPHOUS FERR1MAGNET Feo.«,Ern i^B,,,., BY MEANS OF MONOCHROMATIC CIRCULARLY POLARISED SOURCE B.Kalska, K.Szymariski, L.Dobrzynski, D.Satula, R.Wappling, A.Broddefalk, P.Nordblad Hyperfine Interactions 141/142 (2002) 169-173 REPORTS ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS OF THE IONISING RADIATION (in Polish) L.Dobrzyriski, E.Droste, W.Trojanowski Report No. 14, Department of Training and Consultation, SINS (2002) SOME PROBLEMS OF HUMAN RAD1OBIOLOGY (in Polish) L.Dobrzyriski, W.Trojanowski Report No. 15, Department of Training and Consultation, SINS (2002) PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS Invited talks HOW ACCURATE ARE THE ELECTRON MOMENTUM AND CHARGE DENSITY MAPS OBTAINED BY THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHOD L.Dobrzyriski XIX Congress of the International UNION of Crystallography, Genewa, August 6-15, 2002 Posters MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ThFe,Aln., POWDER SAMPLES K.Recko, L.Dobrzyriski, K.Szymariski, .. , D. Hohlwein, et al. XIX Congress of the International UNION of Crystallography, Genewa, August 6-15, 2002 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ThFe,Alni ALLOYS K.Recko, L.Dobrzyriski, K.Szymaiiski, D.Hohlvvcin, et al. The European Conference of Magnetism PM'2002, July 1-5 2002, Poinan Poland LOCAL MAGNETIC MOMENTS AND HYPERFINE FIELDS IN Fe,.,Cr,Al A.Go, L.Dobrzyriski, M.Pugaczowa, St.Lipiriski The European Conference Physics of'Magnelism'02, July 1-5 2002 Poznan, Poland A HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPTON SCATTERING STUDY OF HEXAGONAL ZINC Ch Bellin, V.Honkimaki, H.Reniewicz, P.Zaleski, A.Andrejczuk, L.Dobrzyriski, E.Zukowski, S.Kaprzyk VI International School and Symposium on Synchrotron Radiation in Natural Science, June 17-22, 2002, Ustron, Poland LECTURES, COURSES AND EXTERNAL SEMINARS Maximum Entropy Method In Charge And Momentum Density Studies'" L.Dobrzyriski, Seminar of the Polish Physical Society. Biatystok, October, 2002 176 Annual Report 2002 Wave-ParticleDuality of Photons. Electrons and Neutrons''1 L.Dobrzyiiski, Teacher's Continuous Education Centre. Warsaw. May 16, 2002 Course on Physical Principles of Magnetism"1 L.Dobrzyfiski, Faculty of Mathematics anil Physics, University ofBiafyslok, Poland a) in Polish PARTICIPATION IN PROGRAM AND ORGANIZING COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCES CHAIRMENSHIP L.Dobrzyriski, member of the Program Committe of the XIX Congress of the International Union of Crystallography (Geneva, August 2002) L.Dobrzynski, participation as Polish representative in PANS in the PANS' workshop in Dresden, 9-10 November, 2002 PERSONNEL Research scientists Ludwik Dobrzyriski, Professor Ewa Droste, MSc, 1/2 Wojciech Trojanowski, MSc. PhD students Beata Kalska, MSc. Technical and administrative staff Teresa Piotrowska ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT 177 12 ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT PL0400274 Head of Department: MSc. Jacek Pracz phone: (22) 718-05-00, 718-05-02 e-mail: [email protected] Overview The activities in the research and development field of ZDAJ IPJ in 2002 were focused on final realization of the Government-Ordered Project 6/15 MeV Accelerator and work on documentation concerning the CE mark for the ZDAJ products. In the first few short articles we presented results on detailed work on the 6/15 MeV accelerator construction. We presented the results of recent measurements of microwave parameters of a new version of an on-axis coupled biperiodic SW accelerating structure. In comparison to the previous version, the structure was vacuum brazed and the length of some cavities was changed. In the next paper we analyzed the soldering process of accelerating structure. We found how the design of accelerating resonators must be changed to eliminate resonator shrinkage during soldering. Also, detailed analysis of accelerator arm rigidity was performed. Week points of the construction were detected and some improvements were introduced, so the rigidity of construction is now in a safety region with safety coefficient more than 20. The results of improvement of safety features of the accelerator were also presented. The new solution of ionization chamber for the accelerator was designed. The geometry of measuring plates of the chamber were modified and a differential signal from them permits us to use it as a feed back to beam steering coils in order to control the beam symmetry. The new version of the control system of NeptunlOpc accelerator was prepared, in agreement with medicine standards introduced in Poland in year 2002. The solution applied in the oncology center in Poznati was described in detail and implementation was shown. All new accelerators will be equipped with this new system. However, installed machines can be upgraded, too, if suitable decisions are taken in the oncology clinics. 178 PL0400275 Annual Report 2002 12.1 Results of Microwave Test of an Accelerating Structure for the 15MeV Accelerator by J.Ba_bik, M.Charczuk, T.Krawiel. A.Nietupski. B.Osuch, M.Rulkowski, W.Wolski, L.Zyfka A new version of an on-axis coupled biperiodic stop band SB = 2.2 MHz, SW accelerating structure has been built for the quality factor Q = 12440, medical 15MeV linear accelerator. In comparison to o the previous version the two main modifications have structure to waveguide coupling coefficient been made: the structure was brazed, and the length of (3= 1.62, some cavities was changed. In the course of the losses in structure to waveguide coupling fabrication process it has come out necessary to repeat circuit = 4.6 %. several times the tuning procedure after machining of the cavities. The distribution of RF field, as measured by perturbation method, was quite uniform. At present, Recent measurements of microwave parameters assembling of the accelerating section has been have shown following the results: completed and after pumping procedure the structure resonant frequency f^2 = 2998.1 MHz, will be tested in the 15MeV accelerator. first order coupling coefficient kja — 0.04, 12.2 Technology of Soldering the Accelerating Structures for Linear Accelerators by A.B^bik, J.Babik. S.Dabrowski, W.Da^browski, A.Godziszewski, M.GoJ^biewski, K.Gryn, R.Kisiel, S.Kuliriski, W.Lewandowski. J.Marjanowski. F.Szczeblewski, T.TrzepaJko, Cz.Wielgosz, K.Zgutka jCN 18 The technology of manufacturing accelerating after modernization was found to be even only in the structures for linear accelerators, used so far in ZDAJ central part of the oven, where the temperature IPJ was based on the technique of diffusive brazing in gradients were not larger than 20°C/cm. vacuum. The brazing process was preceded by The resonators were divided into two groups. covering the resonator contact surfaces with Ag, then Resonators of each were soldered together in a the resonators were stacked and heated in a vertical separate run, the both structure halves were then vacuum oven. Accelerating structures came out from soldered together. The to-be-soldered joints were the oven in several separate fragments, which had to placed in the central part of the oven. After the process be fixed together by some screws and placed in a the structure came out from the oven shorter by protecting tube. 2.9 mm. The shrinkage was probably the result of New technology of soldering should eliminate reaching the plasticity boundary of the resonator these disadvantages and allow for: material in the vicinity of the soldered joints at the soldering temperature. Distribution of the measured • manufacturing the structure as a single piece length deficit of a resonator vs. stress exerted on that • improving the structure functional resonator by the weight of all resonators on top of it is parameters. shown in the figure below. A long-range goal is to obtain vacuum-tightness of the entire structure-cooling system assembly. 0 A method of dispensing the solder to the joint area 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 had to be developed and the soldering process j| -0,1 parameters (temperature and duration) had to be o 2? -0,2 selected prior to any soldering attempts. Results of the tests have indicated that the optimum temperature for -0,3 the AgCu solder should be 50-70 degrees above the melting temperature, and that the soldering process -0,4 -1 has to last at least half an hour. Stress [N/mm2] The idea of integrating the cooling system within the structure itself (i.e. removing external cooling Fig. 1 Shrinkage of resonators during soldering. system pipes and directing the cooling water into the structure channels) has been verified experimentally. It is concluded that in order to eliminate (or rather to minimize below an acceptable level) the shrinkage In order to solder properly the 6/15 structure of of resonators during the soldering process, the 1400 mm length, the vertical vacuum oven had to be resonator head-on surfaces must be re-designed with upgraded from the point of view of evenness of the the aim to minimize weight load within the structure temperature distribution. The distribution measured joint regions. ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT PL0400277 179 12.3 Rigidity of the 6/15 Accelerator Arm-mount Assembly by J.Bajer, A.B^bik, R.Grabowski, K.Gryn, R.Kisiel, B.Kotodziejczyk, L.KotuIski, P.Kraszewski, M.Kurdej, J.Olszewski, S.Strykowski, M.Wdjtowicz, W.Zawada Accelerator arm and mount rigidity tests were bending indicates that the construction safety triggered by the measurement of the shifts exhibited coefficient is not less than 17. However, in spite of by the accelerator isocenter point at various angular such relatively small strains, rigidity of the positions of the arm. The results are presented in construction turned out to be insufficient. Table 1. The mount construction was reinforced in places of the deepest bending i.e. between 130 and 150 cm Table 1 Accelerator isocenter point shift. from the arm edge. The rigidity tests were repeated. The results are presented in Table 2 and charted in the Range of arm measured value figure below. angular acceptable shift of the shift positions before inside a circle of 2 1.5 1 0°- 180° 4 mm changes mm dia inside a circle of 2 90° - 270° 2 mm mm dia Since the shift measured between 0° and 180° angular positions exceeded the acceptable value, it was decided to measure the bending of the accelerator 50 100 150 200 250 arm-mount assembly. To this end five displacement Distance from an arm edge [cm] sensors were put under the mount in the 180° angular position at the following distances from the arm edge: 8, 108, 139, 164 and 223 cm. The positions were in Fig. 1 Comparison of bending observed before and after places where the accelerator mount cross-section reinforcing the accelerator mount construction. changes and bending is most probable. The collimator was loaded with lead blocks weighing 114, 212 and 317 kg. The load simulated the weight of the lead Table 2 Accelerator isocenter point shift after reinforcing the mount shields and external covers. The highest value of the construction. bending was measured between sensors No. 3 and 4. between measured value For distances below 108 cm and above 164 cm the arm angular acceptable shift of the shift bending was linear (the bend value is proportional to positions the bending force). inside a circle of 2 0°- 180° 0.5 mm The strain in place of the deepest bending was mm dia measured by means of a tensometer. Loading the inside a circle of 2 90° - 270° 1.5 mm mount with 4800 N force caused the strain to reach the mm dia level of about 10 MPa. The steel used for the mount construction is rated for 170-220 MPa strain. The measured value of the strain in place of the deepest PL0400278 12.4 Design Guidelines for an Ionization Chamber with a 4-sector Collecting Electrode by M.Charczuk, E.Jankowski, A.Kazimierski, I.Kasinska, L.KotuIski, M.Mitek, J.Olszewski, J.Uchto, R.Sokot The ionizing radiation measurement chamber sandwiched between two equally spaced biasing cooperating with linear electron accelerators electrodes. The distance between both segments is manufactured in ZDAJ IPJ for medicine consists of equal to 1 mm. two independent segments. Collecting electrode in During exposition the D-like plates are entirely each segment is traditionally split into a pair of covered by the beam and their combined current is symmetric D-like measuring plates (electrode sectors). proportional to the beam dose rate. On the other hand, Vertical axes of both chamber segments and of the the difference between individual currents of both incident electron beam overlap. Geometry of plates is proportional to nonuniformity of the beam electrodes in both segments is mutually perpendicular and may be used to correct that error. Two plate pairs in the horizontal plane. Collecting electrode is generate two differential current signals for 180 Annual Report 2002 perpendicular axes. Such an arrangement of the signals generated by individual measuring plates of measuring plates facilitates two "classic" functions of the modified chamber is shown in the figure below. the radiation measurement chamber: The outer plates are only partially covered by the • to generate a signal proportional to the beam and their signals can not contribute to instantaneous radiation dose-rate in the beam (the measurement of the beam dose rate. However, since signal is fed to the dose gauge circuitry) they are located at the beam boundary, the difference • to generate a differential signal fed back to between individual currents of both these plates is the accelerator V- and H-steering coils and used to proportional to the beam symmetry errors and is used correct the beam nonuniformity errors. to correct the beam location. The measuring plate geometry has now been Since the number of measuring plates in the modified to provide a differential signal, which might ionization chamber has been increased, also the be fed back to the beam steering coils in order to number of signal feed-through sockets had to be control the beam symmetry (beam location). A pair of increased from 6 to 10, which in turn have led to a D-like inner plates in each chamber segment has now small increase of the chamber diameter (by 10 mm). been supplemented with a pair of two additional outer The new chamber design makes possible to fix the plates in the shape of ring fragments spanning 60 beam precisely on the accelerator axis. degree arc each. The geometry and utilization of the steering cc':s H steering coils H steering coils V cigie steering coils V ene'e steerirG coils h Fig. 1 Scheme of modified chamber with a 4-scctor collecting electrode. ESTABLISHMENT FOR NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT PL0400279 181 12.5 Improvement of the Operational Safety of the Neptun lOp Accelerator in Poznan by R.Hornung, K.Jalosinski, W.KuIesz, B.Osuch, J.Trzuskowski, J.Wysokinski, W.Walicki, M.Zajac A new standard for instruments used in medicine temperature correction coefficient, and kp is the (PN-EN 60601 Electrical Instruments for Medicine, atmospheric pressure correction coefficient. It is Part 2-1: Detailed requirements on safety of assumed that the correction coefficients linearly accelerators for the 1-50 MeV energy range) was depend on the compensated variable (temperature or established in 2002. All the previously manufactured pressure). accelerators that are to be still used have to be The circuitry modular construction is based on upgraded to meet the requirements of that standard. VME blocks (modules) gathered in a rack inside the Wielkopolskie Centrum Onkologii assigned the accelerator control console. Two switches and two task of upgrading the Neptun lOp accelerator operated LED diodes have been put on the rack front panel: by them to ZDAJ IPJ. It was agreed that a circuitry • KOMP switch (compensation on/off), accomplishing the following three new functions would be added: • ZABEZ switch (protecting circuits on/off), • normalization of the dose gauge indications • ZABEZ light indicates that the protecting to a standard temperature and atmospheric pressure, relay is activated, • automatic accelerator shut-off in case the • VME light indicates that the VME circuitry dose rate drops below 80% of the nominal level, in on and functioning. • automatic accelerator shut-off in case the The following LEDs have been put on the dose distribution gets distorted. accelerator console front panel: To normalize the dose gauge indications some • ASYMETRIA indicates that the dose calculations must be done. To that end the dose- distribution has been distorted, proportional voltage analogue signal is digitized in an • MOC indicates that the dose-rate dropped ADC and computed in a microprocessor-controlled below the 80% threshold, single-board computer. To adapt the signals to the • SERWIS indicates that the protecting circuits dose indicating circuitry of the Neptun accelerators, have been turned off, the results of computations are converted back to an analogue signal in a DAC and fed to a voltage- • KOMP indicates that the dose normalizing frequency converter. circuits have been turned off. The normalization algorithm is based on the The circuitry is also equipped with a software for following expression: entering values of the normalizing coefficients from an external PC computer linked through a serial port. dDk = dDm- kT kp The attached osterm.exe and terminal.par programs where dDk is the normalized (compensated) dose turn the PC into a terminal, from which an operator rate, dDm is the measured dose rate, kT is the may communicate with the on-board computer. 182 Annual Report 2002 PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS KOLIMATOR AKCELERATORA 6/I5MV K.Gryn, R.Hornung, L.Kotulski, .J.Olszcwski (posler) Konf. Teclmiku Jqdrowa w Przemysle. Medycyme. Rolmclwie i Ochronie Srodowiska, April 2002, IVarsaw. Poland KONCEPCJA PROGRAMU STEROWANIA AKCELERATOREM 6/15 MeV J.Pracz, R.Hornung, EJankowski (poster) Konf. Teclmika Jqdrowa w Przemysle. Medycyme. Rolnicrwie i Ochronie Srodowiska, April 2002, Warsaw, Poland REPORTS KOLIMATOR AKCELERATORA 6/15MV K.Gryn, R.Hornung, L.Kotulski, J.Olszcwski Raport IChTJ. Sena A nr 2/2002 Teclmika Jqdrowa w Przemysle. Medycyme, Rolmcrwie i Ochronie Srodowiska. 1.2, sir. 541 KONCEPCJA PROGRAMU STEROWANIA AKCELERATOREM 6/15 MeV J.Pracz, R.Hornung, EJankowski Raport IChTJ. seria A. nr 2/2002. Teclmika Jqdrowa w Przemysle. Medycynie, Rolnictwie i Ochronie Srodowiska, I. 2, sir. 545 INTERNAL SEMINARS Parts and process identification for factory of medical devices R.Kielsznia,{?ua/iYy standard ISO 9000 in IPJ - Swierk. Zakopane. Poland, March 14-16. 2002 Collaboration between designer and production, cross-functional team R.Kisiel, Quality standard ISO 9000 in IPJ-Swierk, .Zakopane, Poland, March 14-16. 2002 Methodology of CE mark introduction J.Kuczyriski, Quality standard ISO 9000 in IPJ- Swierk . Zakopane. Poland, March 14-16, 2002 Financial and salary documents circulation in factory J.Marjanowski, Quality standard ISO 9000 in IPJ-Swierk . Zakopane. Poland, March 14-16, 2002 Overview of standards for software in medical devices J.Kopcc. Quality standard ISO 9000 in IPJ-Swierk . Zakopane, Poland, March 14-16. 2002 PERSONNEL Research and technical staff: 113 persons among them 34 with university degree Medoi w. Andrzeja So+tana ' »»«S \> ,< V za wyDiTfty wmaa w rozwoj f izyki akceierotorowej w Polsci Nr 2 7 stycznia 2003 dia za wybitny wk+ad w rozwoj f izyki akcekratorowej w Polsce Nr 3 7 stycznia Medal im. Andrzeja So+tana dla za wybitny wklad do f izyki atomowych I rozwoju f izyki plazmy w 533111 19 S Nr 4 7 stycznia AUTHOR INDEX 183 IV. AUTHOR INDEX AdamusM 100, 106 Chmielewski A.G 156 Agora A 48 Choinski J 20, 28, 84 AmzalN 48 CirilloM 88 Anagnostatos G.S 138 Cooper M.J 173 Andrejczuk A 170, 173 CrespoP 62 AttallahF 136 Czarnacki W 60, 61, 65 AubertP 155 Czaus K 83, 85, 87 Augustyniak W 24, 25 Czech B 20 BackT 48 CzyzewskiT 28 BajerJ 179 Da>rowski J 137, 138 BalcerzykM 60,63 Dabrowski S 178 Banaszak A 27, 28, 82, 84 Dabrowski W 178 Banas D 26 Demetriou P 21 Bantsar A 74 Dobrzyriski L 170, 171, 172, 173 Baranowski J 85, 87, 152 Dousse J.-Cl 49 Baronova E.0 81 Droste Ch 43, 44 BatschT 64 Duffy J 173 BabikA 178, 179 Duraes F.0 141 BabikJ 178 Dziedzic A 65 BeckertK 136 EnghardtW 62 Belcarz E 65 FalchM 136 BellinCh 170 Fijal 1 26, 27, 28, 84 Belogurov S 60 Fogelberg B 45, 46, 47, 48 BersetM 49 Fraile L.M 47, 48 BiafkowskaH 101 FranzkeB 136 Biernacka M 171 FreitasE.D.C 63 Bigolas J 162 FynboH 48 BlujM 100, 105 Galkowski A 80 Btocki J 41 Gausemel H 47, 48 BoimskaB 101 GawinJ 124, 125, 126, 127 Bonheure G 84 GawlikG 155 BonillaF.A 156 GeisselH 136 Borsuk S 66 GlazunovG.P 87 Bosch F 136 Glowacka L 20 BoutamiR 48 Go A 170, 171, 173 Boutin D 136 Godziszewski A 178 Bracken P 143 Gokieli R 100, 105 Brancewicz M 173 Goldstein P.P 143 Braun V.M 139 Golijbiewski M 178 Braziewicz J 26 GosciloL 105 Breskin A 63 GottwaldS 139 BressiG 60 Gorny C 65 Budzanowski A 20 Gorski M 105 Bulski W 72 Grabowski R 179 Butler P.A 48 GrajekO 107 Carugno G 60 GrodnerE 43,44 CataniL 88 GrotzschelR 153 CederkallJ 48 Grundland A.M 143 Cederwall B 48 Gryn K 178, 179 CharczukM 178, 179 GuldaK 47 CharubaJ 67 GuzikZ 64,66 ChechikR 63 HageboE 48 Chernievsky V.K 20 HaglerPh 139 Chlopik A 64,66 HaubackB.C 172 Chmielewska D 49 Hausmann M 136 184 Annual Report 2002 HoffP 48 Kupsc A 104 Hoffman J 100 KurccwiczW 47,48 Honkimaki V 170 Kurdej M 179 HornungR 181 KurekK 107 Hoszowska J 49 Kurp 1 125, 126 InfeldE 142 Kyryanchuk V.M 20 Ivanov D.Yu 139. 140 Lagergren K 48 Jagielski J 155 Langner J 88 Jakubowski L 81, 82 Lapicki G 26 Jalosiriski K. 181 Le Paven C 155 Jankowski E 179 Legrand-Buscema C 155 JaskoJa M 26, 27, 28, 84 Lesniewski K 64, 66 J?drzejczak K. 124, 125, 126, 127 Levashov E.A 153 Jungclaus A 48 Lewandowski W 178 Jungwirth K 84 Lindroth A 47 Kaczarowski R 42, 43, 44, 47, 48 Lipiriski S 170, 171 Kalinowska J 157 Litvinov Yu.A 136 Kaprzyk S 170, 173 Lobner K.E.G 136 Kapusta M 60, 61, 62, 65 Lorkiewicz J 166 Karczmarczyk J 124, 127 Liihning J 23 Karpio K 102, 103 LukasikJ 22 Kasiiiskal 179 LynenU 23 Kazimierski A 179 LukaszukL 138 Kerek A 48 Mach H 46, 47, 48 KerscherTh 136 MaillardY.P 49 KepkaC 72 Majewska U 26 Kietczewska D 109, 110 Marciniewski P 104 Kisiel R 178, 179 Marcinkowski A 21 Kisieliriski M 43, 44 MariaiiskiB 21,25 Klamra W 60, 61 Marjanowski J 178 KlepperO 136 MatulM 50,51 Kliczewski S 20 Mauron 0 49 KlinM 63 MezhevychS.Y 20 KlugeH.-J 136 Mielech A 107 Kohler H.S 137 Mikotajewski S 50,51 Kolacek K 85 MitekM 179 Kolodziejczyk B 179 Mokhnach A.V 20 Kopcewicz M 157 MorckT 43,44 Koptev V 40 Mormann D 63 Kordyasz A 43 MorozZ 50 Korman A 26, 27, 28, 84 MoszyiiskiM 60,61,62,65 KoshchyE.1 20 Mrowczynski St 104 Kotlarski A 65 MullcrW.F.J 23 Kotulski L 179 Muntian 1 136 Koval N.N 88 Miinzenberg G 136 Kowalczyk M 43, 44 Mykulyak A 23 KowalikK 107 Mysfek-Laurikainen B 50, 51 KowalskiM 50 NacherE 48 Kownacki J 43, 44 NassalskiJ 101, 107 Kozhuharov C 136 NavarraF.S 141 KozlowskiT 40 Nawrocki K 100 KraszewskiP 179 Nawrot A 64, 104, 106 Kravchenko P 40 NekipelovM 40 Krawiel T 178 Nielupski A 178 Kretschmer W 26, 28 NoldenF 136 Kucharczyk A 164, 165 Novikov Yu.N 136 Kucharski J 52 NowickiL 29 KulaJ 73, 166 Olszewski J 165, 179 KuleszW 181 OsuchB 178, 181 KulinskiS 162, 164, 165, 178 PachaJa S 124 AUTHOR INDEX 185 PachanM 162 Singh B.K 63 PaduchM 83 SiudakR 20 PajckM 26,49 Skalski J 137 Parkhomenko 0 136 Skeldon P 156 Pasternak A.A 43, 44, 80 Skladnik-Sadowska E 85, 87, 152 PatykZ 136 Skorupski A. A 142 Pawlowski M 141 Skwirczynska 1 20 Perkowski J 44 Slapa M 52 PerzyriskaK. 171 Smolanczuk R 136 Petrotchenkov S 124 Snopek M 52 Pia_tkowska A 155 Sobczak J 166 Piechocki W 142 Sobiczewski A 136 Piekoszewski J 87, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157 SokolR 179 PireB 139, 140 Sosnowski R 100 PisarczykT 85 Sowiiiski M 50 Pluciiiski P 126, 127 Srebrny J 43, 44 Ptawski E 162, 164, 165 Stadllmann J 136 Plomiriski M 67 Stanistawski J 87, 152, 153, 156, 157 Ptociennik W.A 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 Steck M 136 Polaiiski A 75 Stepaniak J 104, 109 PolasikM 49 Stonert A 29 PreibiszZ 50 Stras W 52 ProchD 88 Strykowski S 179 ProkertF 157 SujkowskiZ 49, 138 PszonaS 72, 166 Swarzynski J 124, 127 Pugaczowa-Michalska M 170, 171, 173 Syntfeld A 48,60 Rabiriski M 80 Syryczyhski K 106 RaboudP.A 49 SzabelskaB 125, 126, 127 Radon T 136 SzabelskiJ 124,125, 126, 127 Rakowski P 51 Szawlowski M 60, 61 Rappaport M 63 Szczeblewski F 178 RatajczakR 29 SzczekowskiM 64, 100, 106 Recko K. 171, 172 Szczurek A 20 ReniewiczH 170, 173 Szeptycka M 100, 109 RondioE 101, 107, 109 SzleperM 101 RozynekJ 138, 141 Szydtowski A 27, 28, 84 RubioB 48 Szymanowski L 139, 140 Ruchowska E 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 Szymaiiska K 50 Rudchik A.T 20 Szymanski K. 171, 172 RusekK 20,21 SzymczykW 153, 154, 155, 157 RussoR 88 TalejkoM 52 RutkowskiM 178 Tazzari S 88 RybczyriskiM 140, 141 Tazzioli F 88 Rzadkiewicz J 49 TengbladO 48 Sadowski M.J..27, 28, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88 Teryaev O.V 139, 140 SakutaS.B 20 Thompson G.E 156 Sanchez-Vega M 47 TokarskiP 127 Sandacz A 107, 108 Tomaszewski K 83 Sartowska B 85, 157 Traczyk K 67 SatulaD 171, 172 TraczykM 52 Schafer A 139 Traczyk P 105 Scheidenberger C 136 Traulmann D 26 ScholzM 82,84 Trautmann W 22, 23 SchotanusP 60,61 Trippenbach M 142, 143 Sekutowicz J 165 Trzaskowska H 50, 51 Semaniak J 26 Trzcinski A 22, 25 Sernicki J 52 TrzepaikoT 178 SfientiC 23 Trzhaskovskaya M.B 136 ShvedovL 41 Trzuskowski J 181 SiemiarczukT 102, 103 Turos A 29 186 Annual Report 2002 Uchto J 179 WolowskiJ 84 Utyuzh O.V 140 Wqjtowicz M 179 Uzhinsky V.V 75 Wrochna G 105 Van Cao Long 143 WronkaS 101 Walicki W 181 WycechS 138 Waliszewski J 171, 172 Wysocka A 163 WalisL 157 Wysokiriski J 181 Wasilewski A.A 43, 44, 47, 48 YuZ 166 WeismanL 48 Zabierowski J 104, 124, 126 WendlerE 29 Zaja_c M 181 Werner Z 87, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157 Zaleski P 170, 171 WeschW 29 Zalewski P 100, 105 WibigT 125, 126, 127 Zalipska J 109, 110 Wielgosz Cz 178 Zar?baB 72,74 Wilczynski J 41 ZawadaW 179 WiJk G J40, 141 ZdunekK 80 Wilmshurst J 173 ZemtoL 20 Wincel K 72, 74 ZgutkaK 178 Wislicki W 101, 107 Zimek A 84 Witkowski A 72 ZimekZ 27 Wlodarczyk Z 140, 141 Zwiegliriski B 22,23 Wojciechowski M 165 Zychorl 40 Wojtkowska J 50 Zebrowski J 83 Woliiiska-Cichocka M 43, 44 Zukowski E 170, 173 WollnikH 136 Zuprariski P 24, 25 Wolski D 62, 65 ZyliczJ 48 Wolski W 178 Zytka L 178