DOCSLIB.ORG

Developing a Theoretical Model for an Improved Use of Outer Texts in Xitsonga Monolingual Dictionaries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Developing a Theoretical Model for an Improved Use of Outer Texts in Xitsonga Monolingual Dictionaries DEVELOPING A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR AN IMPROVED USE OF OUTER TEXTS IN XITSONGA MONOLINGUAL DICTIONARIES Mangalani Joshua Hlongwane Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Lexicography) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof Rufus Hjalmar Gouws March 2021 i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I, declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof, (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction, and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. March 2021 Copyright © 2021 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT The study proposes a theoretical model for the use of outer texts in Xitsonga dictionaries in order to enhance their quality. Dictionaries in African languages have shown a central list bias and outer texts have not been maximally used as venues to accommodate lexicographic data. The statement of the problem the quality of dictionaries in African languages is outlined in Chapter I. The study also presents a brief profile of Xitsonga that could be used as an outer text in Xitsonga dictionaries. Lexicographic theories of dictionary structures, the genuine purpose and lexicographic functions are also discussed. The study also takes a critical look at outer texts in Xitsonga dictionaries complied over the years, and in the last chapter it proposes a model that could be used for outer texts that can be included in both the front matter and back matter sections of these dictionaries. The concept of high frequency usage of words is also introduced in the last chapter. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ﮲﮲ OPSOMMING Hierdie studie bied ’n teoretiese model vir die gebruik van buitetekste in eentalige Xitsonga woordeboeke om die gehalte daarvan te verbeter. Woordeboeke in Afrikatale lewer bewys van ’n partydigheid ten gunste van die sentrale lys waardeur die buitetekste nie maksimaal benut word in die weergawe van leksikografiese data nie. Die probleem van die gehalte van woordeboeke in Afrikatale word in hoofstuk I aangeraak. Die studie bied ook ’n kort beskrywing van Xitsonga. Dit sou ook as buiteteks gebruik kan word in Xitsonga woordeboeke. Leksikografieteorie ten opsigte van woordeboekstrukture, die werklike doel van woordeboeke en leksikografiese funksies word ook bespreek. Die studie kyk ook krities na die buitetekse van bestaande Xitsonga woordeboeke. Die laaste hoofstuk stel ’n model voor wat gebruik kan word om buitetekste in te sluit in sowel die voor- as die agtertekste-afdelings van hierdie woordeboeke. Die konsep van die hoëfrekwensiegebruik van woorde work ook in die laaste hoofstuk bespreek. iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere gratitude to my promoter, Prof R H Gouws, who made me fall in love with lexicography, and has been very patient with me, as I was only introduced to this field of study at a master's level. I am challenged to be part of a team that compiles Xitsonga dictionaries because of the knowledge you shared with me. Dr M J Baloyi, the current chairperson of the Xitsonga National Lexicographic Unit, thank you so much for putting aside time to look at the initial stages of the study and for your valuable comments. The comments by the editor-in-chief of the Xitsonga National Lexicographic Unit, Dr H T Mashele are much appreciated. Your contribution in lexicography through Towards Corpus Based Dictionaries for Xitsonga will help dictionary compilers produce quality dictionaries. v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DEDICATIONS This study is dedicated to the Almighty God who has given me life that I have received in abundance. My parents, Rev Risimati Francis and Anna Tsatsawani Hlongwane, I could not have asked for better parents. You were not privileged to go to school, but you gave us an opportunity to study. To my siblings, thank you so much for shaping my life in different ways. To my wife Makoti Elizabeth Hlongwane, I appreciate your contribution in my life. My children, Telavukosi, Nxalati, Thembinkosi and Joshua, this is for you. My grandchildren Vunene and Favour, I know you can do better than your grandfather. vi Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION II ABSTRACT III OPSOMMING IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V DEDICATION VI ABBREVIATIONS XIV CHAPTER I 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2 1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 5 1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 6 1.4.1 Aim 6 1.4.2 Objectives 6 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 6 1.6 DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS 7 1.6.1 Data distribution structure 7 1.6.2 Frame structure 7 1.6.3 Outer texts 7 1.6.4 Genuine purpose 7 1.6.5 Lexicographic functions 7 1.7 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 8 1.8 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY 8 1.9 CONCLUSION 9 vii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za CHAPTER II 10 THE PROFILE OF THE LANGUAGE XITSONGA 10 2.0 INTRODUCTION 10 2.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF XITSONGA AND VATSONGA 10 2.2 LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF XITSONGA 11 2.3 DIALECTS OF XITSONGA 13 2.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF XITSONGA AS A WRITTEN LANGUAGE 14 2.5 THE STATUS OF XITSONGA IN THE DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AFRICA 17 2.6 CONCLUSION 19 CHAPTER: III 21 SOME STRUCTURES OF DICTIONARIES 21 3.0 INTRODUCTION 21 3.1 DATA DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURE 23 3.2 THE FRAME STRUCTURE OF THE DICTIONARY 25 3.2.1 The primary frame structure 26 3.2.2 The secondary frame structure 27 3.3 THE DICTIONARY AS A CARRIER OF TEXT TYPES 28 3.3.1 Textual segmentation 28 3.3.2 Outer texts in dictionaries 29 3.3.2.1 Integrated outer texts 32 3.3.2.2 Non-integrated outer texts 33 3.3.2.3 Function-adhering outer texts 34 3.3.2.4 Integrated function-adhering outer texts and non-integrated function-adhering outer texts 35 3.4 THE FRONT MATTER TEXTS 36 3.4.1 The title page 37 3.4.2 Acknowledgements 37 3.4.3 Tables of contents 38 3.4.4 Preface / foreword and introduction 40 viii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za 3.4.5 Guide to the use of the dictionary 41 3.4.6 Summary of the discussion and the importance of front matter texts 43 3.5 THE BACK MATTER TEXTS 44 3.6 CONCLUSION 48 CHAPTER: IV 49 THE GENUINE PURPOSE OF DICTIONARIES AND THE MODERN-DAY THEORY OF LEXICOGRAPHIC FUNCTIONS 49 4.0 INTRODUCTION 49 4.1 LEXICOGRAPHY AS AN INDEPENDENT SCIENCE 49 4.2 THE GENUINE PURPOSE OF THE DICTIONARY 50 4.3 THE THEORY OF LEXICOGRAPHIC FUNCTIONS 53 4.3.1 Lexicographic functions not a completely new phenomenon 54 4.3.2 The importance of lexicographic functions 55 4.3.3 Lexicographic functions: some more detail 56 4.3.4 How is a lexicographic function defined? 58 4.3.5 Types of lexicographic functions 60 4.3.6 The user at the center of lexicographic functions 61 4.3.7 User situations 64 4.3.8 User need 66 4.3.9 Assistance from dictionaries 69 4.4 CONCLUSION 70 CHAPTER: V 71 THE USE OF OUTER TEXTS IN EXISTING LEXICOGRAPHIC WORKS IN XITSONGA 71 5.0 INTRODUCTION. 71 5.1 THE POCKET DICTIONARY THONGA (SHANGAAN)-ENGLISH- THONGA(SHANGAAN) 71 5.2 TSONGA-ENGLISH DICTIONARY 73 ix Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za 5.2.1 The front matter section of the Tsonga-English Dictionary 73 5.3. DICTIONARY OF BASIC ENGLISH/TSONGA 77 5.3.1 The front matter section of the Dictionary of Basic English / Tsonga 77 5.3.1.1. The user guide 77 5.3.1.2 Abbreviations used in the dictionary 80 5.3.1.3 Texts that should have also been included in the Dictionary of Basic English/ Tsonga 81 5.3.2 The back matter section of the Dictionary of Basic English / Tsonga 82 5.4 Tsonga Terminology and Orthography No.3 82 5.4.1 The front matter section of the Tsonga Terminology and Tsonga Terminology and Orthography No.3 83 5.5 SOUTH AFRICAN MULTILINGUAL DICTIONARY 88 5.6 OTHER LEXICOGRAPHIC WORKS IN XITSONGA 90 5.6.1 Tihlungu ta Rixaka (TTR) 90 5.6.2 Outer texts in this dictionary 91 5.6.2.1 The front matter section of the TTR 91 5.6.2.2 Revised orthography and spelling rules for all official languages 98 5.6.2.3 Summary of section 4 99 5.6.2.4 Summary of section 7 106 5.6.2.5 Summary of the front matter section of the TTR 107 5.6.2.6 Lack of consistent guidance in the TTR on how to deal with variant spellings of a lemma 107 5.6.2.7 Lack of guidance in the TTR on how to deal with synonyms 108 5.6.2.8 Lack of guidance to the user in terms of headers 109 5.6.3 The back matter section of the TTR 110 5.7 LEXICOGRAPHIC ACTIVITIES OF THE XNLU 112 5.7.1 Dikixinari ya Xitsonga/English Dictionary 112 5.7.1.1 The frame structure of the Dikixinari ya Xitsonga/English Dictionary 112 5.7.1.1.1 The front matter section of the Dikixinari ya Xitsonga/English Dictionary 112 x Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za 5.7.2 Outer texts of Dikixinari ya Xitsonga/English Dictionary 120 5.7.2.1 Summary of the discussion on the use of superscript numbers and numbers 120 5.7.3 Texts that should have also been included in the Dikixinari ya Xitsonga/English Dictionary 135 5.7.3.1 How to deal with singular and plural form of nouns 135 5.7.3.2 Outer texts of Dikixinari ya Xitsonga/English Dictionary 136 5.7.4 English-Xitsonga Bilingual Dictionary 137 5.7.4.1 Front matter section of the English-Xitsonga Bilingual Dictionary 137 5.7.4.2 Back matter section of the English-Xitsonga Bilingual Dictionary 141 5.8 CONCLUSION 142 CHAPTER: VI 145 DEVELOPING A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR AN IMPROVED USE OF OUTER TEXTS IN XITSONGA DICTIONARIES 145 6.0 INTRODUCTION 145 6.1 PROPOSED OUTER TEXTS OF A MONOLINGUAL DICTIONARY OF XITSONGA 146 6.2 FRONT MATTER TEXTS 147 6.2.1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • I Tsonga Musical Performance in Cultural Perspective (South Africa) 771
    IM LXX t S-& ' J97~S, f?p I 1 1 Tsonga Musical Performance in Cultural Perspective (South Africa) T h o m as F. J o h n sto n The Tsonga, or Shangana-Tsonga, are a Bantu-speaking people number­ ing about 1,200,000 in Mozambique and 700,000 in the Northern Transvaal. They grow maize and, to a certain extent, keep cattle, practise polygyny, and worship ancestor-spirits. I studied their musical system 1968-70 in order to fill gaps in the southern African ethnomusicological chart. Previous studies were, in time order, P e r c iv a l K i r b y ’ s study of the instruments 1934, H ugh T r a c e y ’ s study of Chopi xylophone orchestras 1948, D a v id R y c r o f t ’ s study of Swazi and Zulu music 1954, Y v o n n e H u s k is s o n ’s study of Pedi music 1958, A n d r e w T r a c e y ’s study of Rhodesian mbiras 1961, J ohn B l a c k in g ’s study of Venda music 1962, Ch r is t o p h e r B a l l a n t in e ’ s study of Tswana reed-pipe melody 1965, N ic h o la s E n g l a n d ’ s study of Bushman music 1967, D ie d r e H a n s e n ’s study of Xhosa music 1968, and R o b e r t K a u f f m a n ’ s study of Shona harmony in 1971.
    [Show full text]
  • Apartheid's Contras: an Inquiry Into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique
    Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp20005 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique Author/Creator Minter, William Publisher Zed Books Ltd, Witwatersrand University Press Date 1994-00-00 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Southern Africa (region) Coverage (temporal) 1975 - 1993 Rights By kind permission of William Minter. Description This book explores the wars in Angola and Mozambique after independence.
    [Show full text]
  • [.35 **Natural Language Processing Class Here Computational Linguistics See Manual at 006.35 Vs
    006 006 006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification006 006 [.35 **Natural language processing Class here computational linguistics See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285 *Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 [400 [400 *‡Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific discipline or subject, see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., language of science 501.4 (Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, class in 410, where full instructions appear (Option B: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appear under 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 SUMMARY [401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism [410 Linguistics [420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) [430 German and related languages [440 French and related Romance languages [450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican [460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician [470 Latin and related Italic languages [480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages [490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [401 *‡Philosophy and theory See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.3 *‡International languages Class here universal languages; general
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Description 1.1 Name(S) of Society, Language, and Language Family: Shangaan-Tsonga Culture, the Tsonga Language, Nguni Language Family, Niger-Congo Languages
    1. Description 1.1 Name(s) of society, language, and language family: Shangaan-Tsonga Culture, The Tsonga Language, Nguni Language Family, Niger-Congo Languages 1.2 ISO code (3 letter code from ethnologue.com): Tsonga (tso) 1.3 Location (latitude/longitude): South Africa, Southern Mozambique -23.00/33.50 1.4 Brief history: The name Tsonga comes from the word “Ronga” meaning “from the east”. Some Northern Province Tsonga call themselves Shangana. The others call themselves Tsonga.The Tsonga people have been residing in mostly in regions in southern Mozambique. 1.5 Influence of missionaries/schools/governments/powerful neighbors: The passing of the Bantu Self- government Act (Act 46 of 1959) :The establishment of tribal authorities throughout South Africa; Gazankulu as the homeland of Tsonga-Shangaan. 1.6 Ecology (natural environment):various large rivers, Krugar National Park; the terrain varies between mountainous north and the woodland south. 1.7 Population size, mean village size, home range size, density: About 700,000 Tsongas lived in the rural communal territories in the east of Northern Providence of South Africa by the mid-1990s. The total area is 2,353 square miles 2. Economy 2.1 Main carbohydrate staple(s): not found 2.2 Main protein-lipid sources: not found 2.3 Weapons: Bow and arrow, blowguns?: spears for catching fish 2.4 Food storage: relied on fishing for subsistence, although goats, chickens and cultivation also important. 2.5 Sexual division of production: women play an important role in agricultural labor force and subsistence economy. In the Tsonga community, agriculture is practiced by women.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsotsitaal Special Issue.Indb
    This article was downloaded by: [Vienna University Library] On: 31 December 2014, At: 04:40 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rall20 Language and youth identity in a multilingual setting: A multimodal repertoire approach Anthea Bristowea, Marcelyn Oostendorpa & Christine Anthonissena a Stellenbosch University, South Africa Published online: 23 Dec 2014. Click for updates To cite this article: Anthea Bristowe, Marcelyn Oostendorp & Christine Anthonissen (2014) Language and youth identity in a multilingual setting: A multimodal repertoire approach, Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 32:2, 229-245, DOI: 10.2989/16073614.2014.992644 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2014.992644 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bottom-Up Approach to Language Education Policy in Mozambique Henriksen, Sarita Monjane
    Roskilde University Language attitudes in a primary school a bottom-up approach to language education policy in Mozambique Henriksen, Sarita Monjane Publication date: 2010 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (APA): Henriksen, S. M. (2010). Language attitudes in a primary school: a bottom-up approach to language education policy in Mozambique. Roskilde Universitet. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 RRoosskkiillddee UUnniivveerrssiittyy DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff CCuullttuurree aanndd IIddeennttiittyy Language Attitudes in a Primary School: A Bottom-Up Approach to Language Education Policy in Mozambique Sarita Monjane Henriksen 31-08-2010 LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN A PRIMARY SCHOOL: A BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO 31. august 2010 LANGUAGE EDUCATION POLICY IN MOZAMBIQUE RRoosskkiillddee UUnniivveerrssiittyy DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff CCuullttuurree aanndd IIddeennttiittyy LLaanngguuaaggee AAttttiittuuddeess iinn aa PPrriimmaarryy SScchhooooll:: AA BBoottttoomm--UUpp AApppprrooaacchh ttoo LLaanngguuaaggee EEdduuccaattiioonn PPoolliiccyy iinn MMoozzaammbbiiqquuee SSaarriiitttaa MMoonnjjjaannee HHeennrriiikksseenn 2 LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN A PRIMARY SCHOOL: A BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO 31.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One the Research Question
    CHAPTER ONE THE RESEARCH QUESTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION It is estimated that approximately twenty languages around the world become extinct every year. And this, according to Prof Rusandre Hendrikse, Department of Linguistics at Unisa, (interview, 3 February 2004), is a conservative estimate if one takes into consideration the wide range of communication that takes place through dialects (see also Mail & Guardian, 14 August 2003). In their work, Vanishing Voices, Nettle and Romaine (2002:111) use a poem, written in 1916, to illustrate how fast languages are disappearing: Languages die like rivers. Words wrapped around your tongue today and broken to the shape of thought between your teeth and lips speaking now and today shall be faded hieroglyphics ten thousands years from now. South Africa’s indigenous languages are not immune to this phenomenon, they will soon no longer be heard if the speakers continue to expect the government and statutory bodies, like the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB), to maintain and safeguard these languages. The reasons for the extinction of languages, or language death, range from civil wars, self-genocide by a speech community, language shift, and the appeal of the so-called modern languages to younger speakers. However, the main cause of extinction can be found in globalisation and the pressure exercised on mother-tongue speakers of dominant languages, such as English. Increasing numbers of indigenous language speakers adopt the dominant language or employ code-switching every day. The possible extinction of the indigenous languages of South Africa will mean the disappearance of a rich element of the country’s indigenous culture.
    [Show full text]
  • RESEARCH..Pdf
    CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION Language is undoubtedly of vital importance in the lives of people because it is used, among other things, to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. Important as language may be, one realises that there are some Xitsonga speaking people who take their language for granted, and this leads to a great extent to its marginalisation. However, the symbolic meaning of languages can also have some serious consequences that can cause the people to abandon their languages. There are those who hold the notion that this precious and melodious language is inferior to other languages such as English and Afrikaans. In this regard, some Vatsonga are not proud of their language as they believe that Xitsonga is on the verge of dying out. It is, therefore, crucial to undertake a study in this area to find out other causes that contribute to the demise of Xitsonga and then suggest ways and means for its revitalisation. 1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM The apartheid regime played a contributory role in the undermining of African languages and their speakers because it provided too few resources for the development of these languages. This is why some Vatsonga speaking people are shy to identify themselves as Vatsonga because their language is said to be inferior and not scientific. Finnegan (1994:5) regards language as central to the transmission of culture and communication in general. What one understands from this statement is that each language is unique in the sense that it must be treated with respect and be honoured because it serves its communicative purpose and mould the behavioural patterns of the people of different cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Tsonga / Machangana History
    TSONGA / MACHANGANA HISTORY TSONGA HISTORY PERSPECTIVE BY MANDLA MATHEBULA, ROBERT NKUNA, HLENGANI MABASA AND MUKHACANI MALULEKE [INITIALLY WRITTEN AS A RESPONSE TO THE TSONGA-SHANGAAN KINGSHIP DEBATE] Early History of Tsonga communities in South East Africa Archaeological evidence points to a continuous occupation of the area between St Lucia Bay from at least the thirteen century, probably at 1250. Early Portuguese documents of shipwreck sailors indicate that Tsonga Communities were already based between Maputo and Saint Lucia Bay by 1550. Writings of Perestrello (Santa. Bento-1554), Diogo de Couto (Santa Thome-1589), Lavanha (Santa Alberto-1593) record presence of Ronga chiefdoms between Saint Lucia Bay and the Maputo region in sixteen century. They recorded the names of chiefdoms like Ngomane, Nyaka, Mpfumo, Lebombo (Livombo), Manyisa and Tembe. These names have survived till today. What is significant is that Portuguese documents of the 16th century point to the fact that Tsonga (Ronga) chiefdoms were larger their Nguni counterparts. Actually, Nyaka and Tembe developed powerful kingdoms, the first extending from Delagoa Bay in the north to as far as Saint Lucia Bay in the south and the latter covering the Delagoa Bay region and all land as far as the Lebombo (Livombo) mountains. By the eighteen century, the Maxabane (Mashabane) (which broke away from the Nyaka chiefdom), , Matsolo and Mabota chiefdoms were added to the chiefdoms observed by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. Historically, Tsonga communities stretched from St Lucia Bay in Northern KwaZulu Natal up to the upper Save river in Mozambique, covering parts of Swaziland, Mpumalanga, Kruger National Park and South Eastern Zimbabwe In the 1720s , Portuguese and Dutch identified the Tsonga as linguistically and culturally belonging to one group despite the fact that they belonged to different chiefdoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17886-1 — the Cambridge World History of Lexicography Edited by John Considine Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-17886-1 — The Cambridge World History of Lexicography Edited by John Considine Index More Information Index Aa (Mesopotamian sign list), 31, 34 academies as producers of dictionaries, 304–5, Aasen, Ivar, 476, 738 311, 313, 418, 428, 433–4, 437, 451, 453–4, 461, Abba–Ababus, 270, 273 466–7, 472–3, 474, 481, 486, 487–8, 531, 541, ‘ ı 242 738 543 545–6 548–9 551–2 Abd-al-lat˙¯f ibni Melek, , , , , ‘Abd-al-Rash¯d,ı 234, 739; see also Farhang-i Accius, 90 Rash¯dı ¯ı Achagua language, 556, 706 Abdel-Nour, Jabbour, 425, 739 Adam von Rottwil, 299 Abenaki language, 599, 706 Addison, Joseph, 486, 489, 517 Abhidha¯nappad¯pika¯ı , 77, 78, 143–5 Addy, Sidney Oldall, 512–13, 739 Abhima¯nacihna, 141 Adelung, Johann Christoph, 462–4, 466, 468, Abramovic´,Teodor, 730, 739 469, 470, 739 ı ı 231 739 abridged dictionaries, Ad¯b Nat˙anz¯, , Arabic, 174, 423, 425, 429 Adler, Ada, 254, 258 Chinese, 204, 214 Aelius Herodianus. See Herodian English, 308, 490–1, 498 Aelius Stilo, 90–1 French, 534, 535 Aeschylus, 257 Greek, 96, 99, 251, 257, 263, 297, 298 Afghā nī navī s, ʻAbdullā h, 387 Hebrew, 188 Afranius, 90, 91 Italian, 538 Afrikaans language, 480–1, 528, 679, 706 Japanese, 619 Afroasiatic languages, 706 Korean, 220 Aggavaṃsa, 76, 144, 739 Latin, 90, 269, 271, 272, 275, Ahom language, 404, 706 284, 286 Aitken, Adam Jack, 514, 739 Persian, 385 Ajayapa¯la, 134, 139, 141, 739 545 149 153 155 645 Portuguese, Akara¯ti Nikan˙˙tu, , , , Scots, 514 Akkadian language, 11–35, 40 Spanish, 541 Aktunç, Hulkı, 375, 739 Tibetan, 147 Albanian
    [Show full text]
  • Some Repair Strategies in Xitsonga by Alyssa Vratsanos a Dissertation
    Some Repair Strategies in Xitsonga by Alyssa Vratsanos A dissertation submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics. Supervisor: Professor Maxwell Kadenge 13 March 2018 PLAGIARISM DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is my original work. All outside sources have been acknowledged. It has not been previously submitted, in part or entirety, to any institution of higher learning. _____________________ _____________________ Signature Date i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, my sincere thanks to my supervisor Professor Maxwell Kadenge, without whose support and guidance this study would never have come into being. I am also grateful for the support of my colleagues in the Linguistics and German Departments at Wits University. I would also like to thank my informants, Mick Ndhambi and Ronny Maphali, who so willingly gave up time from their busy schedules to meet with me to discuss their language. I am also eternally indebted to my parents for their emotional and financial support. Thank you also to Clara, Kabir and Pulane for all the tea; Ross, Chloe and Sam for keeping me sane and reminding me of why I did this in the first place; and to Catherine Burns for pointing me in the right direction. Special thanks to Angelique for taking some time to help me proofread. ii ABSTRACT Every language has its own unique set of preferred phonological structures, along with an array of strategies that it can employ to ensure that these structures are maintained. This study examines repair strategies used in Xitsonga in relation to syllable structure and Prosodic Word (PWord) minimality.
    [Show full text]
  • And'identity'in'the'belgian'congo'
    ! ! ! ! ! ! Ghent!University! Master!in!African!Languages!&!Cultures! Academic!Year!of!2014@2015! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Space,'Power'and'Identity'in'the'Belgian'Congo' The'Colonial'Territorial'Homogenization'of'the'Ngbaka' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Supervisor:!Prof.!Dr.!M.!Meeuwis! Co@Supervisor:!Prof.!Dr.!I.!BrinKman! ! ! Master!thesis,!submitted!to!achieve!the!degree!of!Master!in!African!Languages!and!Cultures! by!MARGOT!LUYCKFASSEEL.! ! ! ! In!memory!of!sango!Marcel!(Zolder,!19th!of!May!1928!–!Leuven,!13th!of!March!2015)! Table&of&content& ! ! ! Acknowledgments!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! i! ! 1.!Introduction! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1! ! 2.!Theoretical!foundations!and!comparable!case!studies! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2.1.!Spatiality! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11! ! 2.2.!Coping!with!complexity:!‘Making!sense’! ! ! ! ! 17! ! 2.3.!The!ethnic!scheme! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 20! ! 2.4.!Comparable!case!studies:!SouthHAfrica,!Kenya!and!the!Congo!! ! ! 25! ! 3.!Methodology! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3.1.!Reading!the!colonials!and!the!missionaries:!Elegant!prose!and!! ! 31! biased!positionalities! 3.2.!Conducting!fieldwork:!The!methodological!interface!of!oral!and!! ! 35! spatial!data!collection! 3.3.!Methodological!difficulties:!Combining!the!written!and!the!oral! ! 44! ! 4.!Contexts!and!backgrounds! ! 4.1.!The!Belgian!colonization!of!the!Congo! ! ! 4.1.1.!Leopold’s!private!property! ! ! ! ! ! 49! ! ! 4.1.2.!The!Belgian!government!takes!over! ! ! ! ! 53! ! ! 4.1.3.!The!Belgian!Congo!and!its!unprepared!independence! ! 55! ! 4.2.!PreHcolonial!Ubangi! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 57! ! 4.3.!Bolo!Mbati! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 60! ! 5.!Pecheur’s!territorial!homogenization! ! 5.1.!“La#façon#du#lévain#à#la#pate”:!Pecheur’s!initial!view!of!colonial!! ! 67! interference! ! 5.2.!Legibility!versus!reality:!Pecheur’s!disillusionment! ! ! ! 72! ! 5.3.!Crabbeck’s!continuation!! ! ! ! ! ! ! 78! ! 5.4.!Consequences:!The!narrative!of!a!shared!identity! ! ! ! 84! ! 6.!Conclusions!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 93! ! 7.!Notes! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 95! ! 8.!Bibliography! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 97! ! 9.!List!of!attachments!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 111! ! ! ! ! Acknowledgements.
    [Show full text]