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Floating Plastic Debris in the C Entral and W Estern Mediterranean

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Floating Plastic Debris in the C Entral and W Estern Mediterranean Plastic debris has spread to all the oceans until it reaches their most remote extremes. The Mediterranean Sea is not an isolated case to this prob- Floating plastic debris lem, which could also be reinforced by the scarce renewal of its waters and the high anthropogenic pressure to which it is subjected. This thesis presents in the Central and Western and assesses the current state of the problem of floating plastic litter in the Mediterranean Sea: Central and Western Mediterranean in both ecological and social systems. From the ecological point of view, the omnipresence of plastic waste, especial- current status and ly microplastics, in surface waters was estimated from a spatial-temporal analysis with important concentration points in coastal areas. From the social its social perception point of view, the analysis of key stakeholders in the decision-making process- Sánchez-Pastor es and the insights of the beach users, showed the limited awareness and an Luis Francisco Ruiz-Orejón Sánchez-Pastor absence of information as the main causes that favor the greatest considered Ruiz-Orejón Luis Francisco problem of plastic, the excess. C M Y CM MY CY CMY K current status and its social perception Floating plastic debris in the Central and Western Mediterranean Sea: Mediterranean Western Floating and plastic debris in the Central Ph.D. THESIS 2018 Floating plastic debris in the Central and Western Mediterranean Sea: current status and its social perception Luis F. Ruiz-Orejón Master’s degree (MSc) Doctorate dissertation to obtain the Doctoral Degree in Marine Sciences at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia [Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya] Marine Sciences Doctoral Program Dissertation supervisors: Rafael Sardá (CEAB-CSIC) & Juan Ramis-Pujol (ESADE) May 2018 Barcelona, Spain PhD candidate Supervisor Supervisor L.F. Ruiz-Orejón Rafael Sardá Juan Ramis-Pujol Marine Ecology department Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB) - Consejo Sup. de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Credits Suggested citation for this document: Ruiz-Orejón, L. F. 2018. Floating plastic debris in the Central and Western Mediterra- nean Sea: current status and its social perception. Doctoral thesis. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona. Marine doctoral program from February 2014 to May 2018 Design: Pelopantón Layout: Arancha Lana / Pelopantón Dedicated to All those people who have always supported me, Both family and friends. Inspirational quotes “All men dream - but not equally. Those who dream by night in the dusty recesses of their minds wake in the day to find that it was vanity. But the dreamers of the day are dangerous men, for they may act their dreams with open eyes, to make it possible. This I did.” T.E. Lawrence “It is a curious situation that the sea, from which life first arose, should now be threatened by the activities of one form of that life. But the sea, though changed in a sinister way, will continue to exist: the threat is rather to life itself.” Rachel Carson “El mar sigue cantando cuando pierde una ola” José Ángel Buesa “People ask: Why should I care about the ocean? Because the ocean is the cor- nerstone of earth’s life support system, it shapes climate and weather. It holds most of life on earth. 97% of earth’s water is there. It’s the blue heart of the planet — we should take care of our heart. It’s what makes life possible for us. We still have a really good chance to make things better than they are. They won’t get better unless we take the action and inspire others to do the same thing. No one is without power. Everybody has the capacity to do something.” Sylvia Earle 5 6 Acknowledgments Firstly, my sincere gratitude to my advisors, Dr. Rafael Sardá and Dr. Juan Ramis-Pujol, for their trust and support from the beginning of this journey, as well as, their guidance, their important advices and the mental challenges in the development of this dissertation. I would also like to acknowledge Fundación Innvoción, Acción y Conocimiento (FIAyC), the PLAYA + project of the National Research Plan of Spain in R+D+i (CGL2013-49061), and the KnowSeas + project (201530E018) for their fi- nancial support to conduct this work. I could not forget the crew members: Amador, Toni and Andreu from the R/V Wizard, R/V Rossina di Mare and R/V Pola. Without their help, it would had been impossible to carry out the first part of this work. I could not forget either, three important people who considered me to share discussions and experiences in relation to plastic pollution and also, for the important work they do to visualize this problem from their own areas. Firstly, Dr. Erik Zettler from the SEA Semester institution for his invitation and discussions aboard the SSV Corwith Cramer; Secondly, Carol Campillo from S’Agulla (NGO) for her important effort in the coast of Blanes (Girona); and Thirdly, Elvira Jiménez from Greenpeace (NGO) for her consideration and invitation aboard the Rainbow Warrior in the “Less Plastics, more Medi- terranean” campaign to visualize the invisible. I would like to thank to all the staff at the CEAB-CSIC for their sup- port in the administrative and laboratory processes. My special thanks to 7 Elisabetta Broglio (ICM-CSIC) and Gemma Agell for their incredible trust on me to get involved in Escoles Tàndem and Seawatchers: Plastic 0 projects. I would also thank to all the colleagues and friends in the CEAB-CSIC for their support, help and friendship; and particularly to Gemma Agell (again), Jordi Boada, Jennifer Caner, Danilo Buñay, Leire Gárate, João Gil, Rubén González, Magda Guardiola, Carla Huete, Vicente Jiménez, Maria López, Miguel O’Mullony, Rüdiger Ortiz, Miquel Ribot, Sara Román, Ibor Sabas, Enric Sagristà, Cèlia Sitjà, Héctor Torrados and possibly more people who I have unintentionally forgotten in the inkwell. I would also like to consider those close friends who, by different cir- cumstances of life, are in diverse places of the world but you can always rely on their support: Noelia Abascal, Carlos García, Eduardo Hurtado, Francisco Pastoriza, Ana Payo and Victor Sanz. Finally, I would like to thank my dear family and to my deceased father, who have always supported me from the beginning and allowed me to grow as a person. I would especially like to thank my beloved Nayeli, for providing me the starlight that guides my steps. Without her support, it had been impossi- ble to finish this doctoral dissertation. 8 Abstract Plastics are currently one of the most widely distributed litter in marine ecosystems worldwide. The floating fraction of these debris are estimated to represent about 1% of the plastics that enter into the marine environment where subtropical ocean gyres are considered to be the main convergence zones of floating plastics. The dense social system around the Mediterranean Sea pressures this environment being aggravated due to its semi-enclosed condition. Concern about plastic waste has been increasing in recent years due to the adverse effects it can cause on the Mediterranean ecological systems, its persis- tence in the environment and the consequences for social systems. The problem of plastic pollution has a profound social origin. In this con- text, our work is aimed to assess the current state of the problem of floating plastic debris in the Central and Western Mediterranean in both environmental and social systems. From the ecological point of view, the surface of the Medi- terranean was sampled on three different spatial scales; a regional macro scale in the Northwestern-Central Med. Sea, a regional micro scale in the Balearic Islands (Spain) and a local scale focused on the current MPA of the Menorca Channel (Balearic Islands). In addition, a pilot seasonal study was carried out in the local scale. The distribution and concentrations observed along the sea surface con- firmed the omnipresence and persistence of plastic waste in marine ecosystems, resulting in maximum concentrations of particles off the NW coast of Ibiza Island (Spain) and concentration by weight near to the Gulf of Taranto (Italy). The results of the 139 samples analyzed in total confirm the significant superiority of microplastics over other particle sizes observed in the Mediterranean surface. In general, the concentration of plastic waste was higher in the areas near the coast, 9 with concentrations significantly higher in the Balearic Islands than in the rest of the Mediterranean. However, the seasonal distribution of plastic concentrations seems to be influenced by multiple factors in which particles appear to be directed by oceanographic variables, while the weight by social variables. From a social point of view, the perception and awareness of three key stakeholders in the decision-making processes (experts, public administrators and business agents) and beach users on the island of Mallorca were assessed. Perceptions of the plastic issue were explored by applying a mixed methodol- ogy in three focus groups formed by Mallorcan stakeholders. The participants’ broad view of plastic problems was demonstrated, in which topics covering most of the material’s life cycle were developed. The main problems detected were centered within the social systems, where the excess of plastic used in the production and consumption processes was considered the main problem of plastic by the three groups. However, its approach to the definition of the problem was limited to the areas in which stakeholders were defined. Through a questionnaire distributed on the beaches, the perception and awareness of its users was analyzed. The result showed that users perceived plastics as an important environmental problem whose main causes are plastic excess and lack of public awareness, as well as, present a rejection attitude to the waste found on the beaches that influences the user’s selection.
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