Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581) January 2019, Volume 5, No. 1, pp. 112-115 Doi: 10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/01.05.2019/013 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2019 www.academicstar.us

Prospectives of Zhaylminsk Graben Syncline for Polymetals in Central Kazakhstan

Amangeldy Abeuov1, Mukhtar Abeuov2, and Damir Karim3 1. Karaganda State Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan 2. Joint Stock Company "Aluminum of Kazakhstan", Pavlodar, Kazakhstan 3. National Mining Company "Tau-Ken Samruk", Astana, Kazakhstan

Abstract: The Zhailma graben-syncline, within which there are large deposits of iron (Karazhal) ferromanganese ores (West Karazhal, Ushkatyn-III) and polymetals (Zhairem), is a rift structure formed in the Upper Devonian - Lower Carboniferous and complicated by subsequent orogenesis processes. At the same time, iron and iron-manganese deposits with barite-polymetallic ores are located on the sides of the graben-syncline, and zinc-lead-barite with numerous lenses of iron and iron-manganese ores in its axial part. In them, the ratios of magnetite to hematite are different: magnetite prevails in near-ore ores and hematite - in axial ores, which is a consequence of the geothermal process of dislocation metamorphism on the boards, rather than in the axial (central) part, which differs from the first in tectonics. This ratio of iron minerals led to the discovery of all the “side” deposits by magnetic prospecting, and the Zhairem deposit, located in the erosion window in the axial part, by gravity prospecting. Such an arrangement of the deposits should be a criterion for the search for deep-lying deposits of the Zhairem type in the axial part of the Zhailminskaya graben-syncline under a thick layer of limestone of the lower tour using modern aerogeophysical methods.

Key words: graben-syncline, metamorphism, deposit, iron, polymetals

geological prospecting model based on geological and 1. Introduction paleotectonic positions, spatio-temporal and genetic In Central Kazakhstan there are two deposits of relationships with specific structural-material half-metals with industrial reserves — Akzhalskoe and formations using and combining the results of Zhairemskoe. In the first of these, reserves will soon be geological and geophysical studies of the Zailminsky completely exhausted. The works on strengthening and graben-syncline area. expanding the raw material base in the region of 2. Material and Methods polymetals, and not only them, despite the huge costs, have not been successful in recent decades due to the The Zhailmina graben-syncline (rift zone) is a lack of effective criteria and methods for predicting complexly dissected crest-shaped trough, bounded by hidden deposits located at considerable depths, because intersecting deep faults of the north-western and the fund of deposits located at surface or at shallow sublatitudinal strike. Its length is 140 km with a width depth, completely exhausted. Therefore, to identify of 10-30 km. The rift was preceded by terrestrial hidden fields, we have focused on identifying a Lower-Middle Devonian volcanism of andesite-basalt and rhyolite composition. As the rift developed, it was

Corresponding author: Amangeldy Abeuov, Mining carried out by the association of continental and marine Engineer Geologist; research areas/interests: review and formations, including products of contrasting analysis of the monograph and periodical literature to establish criteria for prospecting for deep-seated mineral deposits. differentiated land and underwater basaltic-rhyolite E-mail: [email protected].

Prospectives of Zhaylminsk Graben Syncline for Polymetals in Central Kazakhstan 113 volcanism, red-molasse, marine siliceous-carbonate From barite-polymetallic objects, the Zhairem and carbonaceous-terrigenous formations of the Upper deposit, which is confined to a brachyanticlinal Devonian - Lower Carboniferous [1]. structure (erosion window) in the central part of the Iron, iron-manganese, zinc-lead-barite ores are graben-sync window, is of practical value in the region. developed at the deposits of the Zhailminskaya and consists of three sections: East, West and Far-West. graben-syncline. They are enclosed in clay-carbonate Ore deposits are represented by pasty deposits, sediments of the upper Famenn and according to consistent with host rocks ranging in thickness from the alternate with the products of the underwater basaltoid first tens of centimeters to the first tens of meters. volcanism of the jasper-diabase formations. On the Along the strike, ore bodies are traced for kilometers, deposits of the upper Famenn there are limestones of by a fall-up to 500-900 m. Their boundaries, as a rule, the lower tour everywhere. The listed rocks are covered are indistinct and are established according to sampling with loose Cenozoic sediments with a thickness of up data. The secant lens-and vein-shaped ore bodies have to 60 m. The ores are spatially combined and their a very whimsical shape, but clear boundaries; their ratios are different. Some deposits are iron (Karazhal) power ranges from a few centimeters to several meters. and iron-manganese (West Karazhal, Ushkatyn-III), Ore changes are relatively weak, expressed by others are lead-zinc with a thick layer of iron ore lying baritization and silicification. Ores are barite-lead-zinc above (Zhairem), the third are intermittent and they form the main reserves and industrial value. iron-manganese-lead-zinc (Arap). According to the The average lead content (in %) is 1.7, zinc is 3.75, content of metals, iron and manganese ores in barite is 37. The main minerals are sphalerite, galena zinc-lead-barite deposits are non-industrial. and barite. The ores also contain about 60 Lead-zinc-barite ores are closely related to the non-accumulating minerals. Reserves are estimated in clay-siliceous-carbonate formation. Ore bodies are industrial categories (in thousand tons): lead - 2602, represented, on the one hand, by reservoir-shaped zinc - 5620 [5] deposits of sedimentary genesis, and on the other, by 3. Results and Discussion crossing lenses and veins, formed in disjunctive disorders in the process of dislocation metamorphism A characteristic feature of the Zhailma of primary sedimentary ores. As a rule, those and other graben-syncline is that the iron-manganese deposits are ore bodies are present in all deposits, but their relative located on both sides of the rift, and the lead-zinc numbers are different. They are composed of rocks of a deposits are on the axial part (Fig. 1). They go to the siliceous-carbonate formation of the Famennian age, erosion slice (under the sediments), due to which they forming an ore-bearing association formations are have become available for exploration and exploration transgressively deposited on more ancient sediments by common methods (Fig. 2). and are overlapped by rocks of the However, the main part (about 90% of the area) of carbonaceous-terrigenous-carbonate formation of the ore bearing rocks of the upper famen, with the Tournaisian and Visean low Carboniferous. In this exception of the erosion “window” where the Zhairem association, facies of various depths are noted: coastal deposit is located, covered with limestone of the lower terrigenous carbonate, reef, silt-depression, tour with a thickness in the axial part of the rift up to siliceous-carbonate with relicts of products of 1200 m, has not been studied because of the basalto-rhyolite volcanism. Mineralization mainly to impossibility of unambiguous interpretation of the deposits of silt-depression facies and their facial joints deep structure methods used at the end of the last with shallow sediments [2]. century.

114 Prospectives of Zhaylminsk Graben Syncline for Polymetals in Central Kazakhstan

1 1 243 5

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1. Lower Carboniferous - limestones, mudstones, sandstones; 2. Famennian Stage - limestones, clay-siliceous carbonate rocks with layers of ferromanganese and barite-polymetallic ores, tuffs, tuffites; 3. Darin suite of Devonian - red conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, lenses of trachidaceous porphyrites; 4. Lower - Middle Devonian - terrigenous-volcanogenic deposits; 5. Lower Paleozoic - metamorphosed volcanogenic-terrigenous deposits; 6. granites of the upper Permian; 7. Devonian granitoids; 8. gabbro-diabases; 9. discontinuous faults; 10. 18-stratiform volcanogenic-sedimentary deposits (Atasui type): 10. iron ore - small; 11. 13-manganese ore: 11. - large, 12. medium, 13. small; 14. 16-ferromanganese: 14 - large, 15. medium, 16. small; 17. 18 - barite-polymetallic: 17 - large, 18. medium; 19. deposits being developed; 20. cutting line; 21. area of possible localization of barite-polymetallic deposits of the Carboniferous deposits. Fig. 1 Schematic geological map of Zhaiylma graben syncline.

I - I 枢mys Àrap 0 kì

-1 kì

-2 kì Experted

II - II Zhomart Zhairem Ushkatyn I

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III - III West Legend: 枢rashoky Àkshagat Karazhal 0 kì 牋牋牋牋? Deposits: 牋牋牋牋?ferrous metals -1 kì 牋牋牋牋?polymetallic (known), 牋牋牋牋?polymetallic (presumed) -2 kì Experted

22. ferrous metals and 23. polymetals (known), 24. polymetals (expected). The map shows: 1. Kartobay, 2. Kamys, 3. Arap, 4. Ushkatyn I, 5. Ushkatyn III, 6. Zhairem, 7. Keregetas, 8. Kentobe, 9. Tamara, 10 . Zhomart, 11. Akkuduk, 12. Altynshoky, 13. Karaoi, 14. Akshagat, 15. West Karazhal, 16. East Karazhal, 17. Bolshaya Ktay, 18. Karashoky; 19. Klych. Fig. 2 Schematic geological sections by lines: I-I, II-II, III-III.

Prospectives of Zhaylminsk Graben Syncline for Polymetals in Central Kazakhstan 115

It should also be noted, and this is especially 4. Conclusion important for search criteria — uneven concentration To search for deposits of polymetals under the of magnetite in hematite ore. In the ores of deposits Lower Tournai deposits, which cover the confined to the rift flanks, in the quantitative ratios of Upper-Famennian ore-bearing rocks throughout the magnetite is much more than in the deposits in the axial entire area of the Zhailma graben-syncline, it is part [3]. This ratio of iron minerals in ores led to the necessary to apply modern technologies in order to discovery of all “side-by-side” deposits of magnetic study the spatial structure and accurately predict the anomalies, and the Zhairem deposit, located in the axial desired objects. These include aerogeophysical studies, part of the graben-syncline far from the sides, was not namely: marked by magnetic prospecting; it is open gravity • electromagnetic survey by the WTEM system survey. This was also facilitated by its location near the in the class of transient processes in day surface in an erosion "window". Integration of combination with high-precision magnetic methods of magnetic exploration and gravity gradiometry to study the spatial structure of the exploration with high-frequency ore seismic anomalous magnetic field and geoelectric exploration in order to search for deep-seated deposits sections of known fields and establish a search did not give the desired effect due to the powerful “image” for them to predict according to the cover of loose Cenozoic deposits [4]. obtained characteristics similar objects on the The marked pattern of distribution of iron minerals whole area; are, in our opinion, a consequence of the • ZTEM audio magnetotelluric method in thermodynamic effect of dislocation metamorphisms combination with aero-gravimetric gradiometry on them Orphism arising in the process of orogenesis, for structures spatial mapping to a depth of 1-2 where it manifests itself more strongly on the sides of km and localizing sources of anomalies for the the rift structure or in the joints of faults, rather than in purpose of targeted drilling. the blocks located far from them. This led to the The use of these methods, combined with the results transformation of hematite into magnetite and the of previous geological exploration, will undoubtedly formation of rich ore pillars in the ore fields of similar lead to the discovery of large deposits like Zhairem deposits of polymetals Akzhal and Uzunzhal within the limits of the Zhailma graben-syncline and (Kaskaaygyr, Zhunda) and manganese Zhezdy multiple expansion of the mineral resource base and (Naizatas). At the same time, the quantitative ratio of improvement of the investment climate in the region. these minerals depends on the intensity of metamorphism, the depth of the ore object and the References chemical composition of the ore-bearing rocks. [1] Metallogeny of Kazakhstan, Ore formations: Lead and Searches by magnetic survey methods that led to the zinc ore deposits, Alma-Ata, Science (1978) 266. discovery of all near-surface deposits and one [2] Metallogeny of Kazakhstan, Ore formations: Deposits of deep-lying Akshagat iron ore deposit within the iron and manganese ores, Alma-Ata, Science (1982) 207. [3] Geology of the USSR, Volume XX, Central Kazakhstan. Zheilminskaya graben syncline are not effective for Minerals. Moscow, Nedra, 1989, pp. 373-428. detecting deep-seated of the Zhairem type deposits due [4] Deep structure and mineral resources of Kazakhstan, to the impossibility of breaking up weak gravitational Metallogeny, Volume II, Almaty, 2002, pp. 41-62. and magnetic anomalies as ore or pedigree. [5] Deposits of lead and zinc in Kazakhstan, Directory, Almaty, 2002, pp. 43-47.