How to Construct Seven Paper Models That Describe Faulting of the Earth By
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Controls of Basement Fabric on Rift Coupling And
1 2 3 4 5 This manuscript is currently undergoing peer-review. Please note that the manuscript is yet to be 6 formally accepted for publication. Subsequent versions of this manuscript may have slightly 7 different content. If accepted, the final version of this manuscript will be available via the ‘Peer- 8 reviewed Publication DOI’ link on the right-hand side of this webpage. Please feel free to contact 9 any of the authors. We look forward to your feedback. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 30 CONTROLS OF BASEMENT FABRIC ON RIFT COUPLING AND DEVELOPMENT 31 OF NORMAL FAULT GEOMETRIES: INSIGHTS FROM THE RUKWA – NORTH 32 MALAWI RIFT 33 34 35 36 37 38 Erin Heilman1 39 Folarin Kolawole2 40 Estella A. Atekwana3* 41 Micah Mayle1 42 Mohamed G. Abdelsalam1 43 44 45 46 1Boone Pickens School of Geology 47 Oklahoma State University 48 Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA 49 50 2ConocoPhillips School of Geology & Geophysics 51 University of Oklahoma 52 Norman, Oklahoma, USA 53 54 3Department of Geological Sciences 55 College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment 56 University of Delaware 57 Newark, Delaware, USA 58 59 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 August 2018 2 73 Highlights 74 • To the SW, newfound strike-slip fault links the Rukwa and North Malawi Rift (RNMRS) 75 • To the NE, RNMRS border faults, intervening faults and volcanic centers are colinear 76 • RNMRS border faults and transfer structures align with pre-existing basement fabrics 77 • Basement fabrics guide the development of normal fault geometries and rift bifurcation 78 • Basement fabrics facilitate the coupling of the RMRS border faults and transfer structures 79 80 81 ABSTRACT 82 The Rukwa Rift and North Malawi Rift Segments (RNMRS) both define a major rift-oblique 83 segment of the East African Rift System (EARS), and although the two young rifts show colinear 84 approaching geometries, they are often regarded as discrete rifts due to the presence of the 85 intervening Mbozi Block uplift located in-between. -
Geology and Structural Evolution of the Foss River-Deception Creek Area, Cascade Mountains, Washington
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF James William McDougall for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on Lune, icnct Title: GEOLOGY AND STRUCTURALEVOLUTION OF THE FOSS RIVER-DECEPTION CREEK AREA,CASCADE MOUNTAINS, WASHINGTOV, Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Robert S. Yekis Southwest of Stevens Pass, Washington,immediately west of the crest of the Cascade Range, pre-Tertiaryrocks include the Chiwaukum Schist, dominantly biotite-quartzschist characterized by a polyphase metamorphic history,that correlates with schistose basement east of the area of study.Pre-Tertiary Easton Schist, dominated by graphitic phyllite, is principallyexposed in a horst on Tonga Ridge, however, it also occurs eastof the horst.Altered peridotite correlated to Late Jurassic IngallsComplex crops out on the western margin of the Mount Stuart uplift nearDeception Pass. The Mount Stuart batholith of Late Cretaceous age,dominantly granodiorite to tonalite, and its satellite, the Beck lerPeak stock, intrude Chiwaukum Schist, Easton Schist, andIngalls Complex. Tertiary rocks include early Eocene Swauk Formation, a thick sequence of fluviatile polymictic conglomerateand arkosic sandstone that contains clasts resembling metamorphic and plutonic basement rocks in the northwestern part of the thesis area.The Swauk Formation lacks clasts of Chiwaukum Schist that would be ex- pected from source areas to the east and northeast.The Oligocene (?) Mount Daniel volcanics, dominated by altered pyroclastic rocks, in- trude and unconformably overlie the Swauk Formation.The -
THE JOURNAL of GEOLOGY March 1990
VOLUME 98 NUMBER 2 THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY March 1990 QUANTITATIVE FILLING MODEL FOR CONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL BASINS WITH APPLICATIONS TO EARLY MESOZOIC RIFTS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA' ROY W. SCHLISCHE AND PAUL E. OLSEN Department of Geological Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964 ABSTRACT In many half-graben, strata progressively onlap the hanging wall block of the basins, indicating that both the basins and their depositional surface areas were growing in size through time. Based on these con- straints, we have constructed a quantitative model for the stratigraphic evolution of extensional basins with the simplifying assumptions of constant volume input of sediments and water per unit time, as well as a uniform subsidence rate and a fixed outlet level. The model predicts (1) a transition from fluvial to lacustrine deposition, (2) systematically decreasing accumulation rates in lacustrine strata, and (3) a rapid increase in lake depth after the onset of lacustrine deposition, followed by a systematic decrease. When parameterized for the early Mesozoic basins of eastern North America, the model's predictions match trends observed in late Triassic-age rocks. Significant deviations from the model's predictions occur in Early Jurassic-age strata, in which markedly higher accumulation rates and greater lake depths point to an increased extension rate that led to increased asymmetry in these half-graben. The model makes it possible to extract from the sedimentary record those events in the history of an extensional basin that are due solely to the filling of a basin growing in size through time and those that are due to changes in tectonics, climate, or sediment and water budgets. -
Geotectonic Model of the Alpine Development of Lakavica Graben in the Eastern Part of the Vardar Zone in the Republic of Macedonia
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UGD Academic Repository Geologica Macedonica, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 87–93 (2013) GEOME 2 ISSN 0352 – 1206 Manuscript received: May 17, 2013 UDC: 551.245.03(497.71/.73) Accepted: October 25, 2013 Original scientific paper GEOTECTONIC MODEL OF THE ALPINE DEVELOPMENT OF LAKAVICA GRABEN IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE VARDAR ZONE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Goše Petrov, Violeta Stojanova, Gorgi Dimov Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, “Goce Delčev” University, P.O.Box 201, MK 2000 Štip, Republic of Macedonia [email protected]//[email protected] A b s t r a c t: Lakavica graben is located in the eastern subzone of the Vardar zone, which during the Alpine orogenesis was covered with very complex processes of tectogenesis. On the area of about 200 km2, in the Lakavica graben, are present geological units from the oldest geological periods (Precam- brian) to the youngest (Neogene and Quaternary). Tectonic structure, or rupture tectonic, is very intense developed and gives possibility for analysis of the geotectonic processes in the Alpine orogen phase. This paper presents the possible model for geotectonic processes in the Lakavica graben, according to which can be generalized geotectonic processes in the Vardar zone during the Alpine orogeny. Key words: Lakavica graben; geotectonic model; Alpine orogeny; Vardar zone INTRODUCTION Vardar zone as a tectonic unit, for the first niki Gulf (Greece), than bent eastward and crosses time, is separated and showed on the "Geological- the ophiolite zone Izmir–Ankara (Turkey). -
2019 Structural Geology Syllabus
GEOL 3411: STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, SPRING 2021, REVISED 4/3/2021 MWF 9:00 – 9:50, Lab: T 2:00 – 4:50 Professor: Dr. Joe Satterfield Office: VIN 122 Office phone: 325-486-6766 Physics and Geosciences Department Office: 325-942-2242 E-mail: [email protected] Course Description A study of ways rocks and continents deform by faulting and folding, methods of picturing geologic structures in three dimensions, and causes of deformation. Includes a weekend field trip project (tentative date: April 15). Prerequisite: Physical Geology or Historical Geology Course Delivery Style: On-campus class and lab Structural Geology lecture and lab will be run as face-to-face classes in Vincent 146. Each person will sit at their own table to maintain social distancing. You will sit at the same table each class. Short videos made by your professor coupled with required reading in our two textbooks will introduce terms and basic concepts. We will spend much time in class and lab applying terms and concepts to solve problems. Most Fridays we will meet outside for a review discussion followed by a short quiz. Please refer to this Health and Safety web page1 for updated information about campus guidelines as they relate to the COVID-19 pandemic. Required Textbook • Structural geology of rocks and regions, Third Edition, by George H. Davis, Stephen J. Reynolds, and Charles F. Kluth. No lab manual needed! Required Lab and Field Equipment 1. Geology field book (I will place an order for all interested and pay shipping) 2. Pad of Tracing paper, 8.5 in x 11 in or 9 in x 12 in (Buy at Hobby Lobby or Michaels) 3. -
Seismic Investigation Ofthe Buried Horst Between the Jornada Del Muerto and Mesilla Ground-Water Basins Near Lascruces, Dona Ana County, New Mexico
SEISMIC INVESTIGATION OFTHE BURIED HORST BETWEEN THE JORNADA DEL MUERTO AND MESILLA GROUND-WATER BASINS NEAR LASCRUCES, DONA ANA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO SANAUGUST1N PASS/ FEET -5,500 FLUVIAL FACIES FLOOD-PLAIN DEPOSITS 3,000 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4147 Prepared in cooperation with the CITY OF LAS CRUCES and the NEW MEXICO STATE ENGINEER OFFICE Albuquerque, New Mexico 1997 SEISMIC INVESTIGATION OF THE BURIED HORST BETWEEN THE JORNADA DEL MUERTO AND MESILLA GROUND-WATER BASINS NEAR LAS CRUCES, DONA ANA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO By Dennis G. Woodward and Robert G. Myers U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 97 4147 Prepared in cooperation with the CITY OF LAS CRUCES and the NEW MEXICO STATE ENGINEER OFFICE Albuquerque, New Mexico 1997 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Water Resources Division Box 25286 4501 Indian School Road NE, Suite 200 Denver, CO 80225-0286 Albuquerque, NM 87110-3929 CONTENTS Page Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction -
Download Preprint
This is a preprint that has no-yet undergone peer-review. Please note that subsequent versions of this manuscript may have different content. We share this preprint to openly share our ongoing work and to generate community discussion; we warmly welcome comments or feedback via email ([email protected]). Rift Flank Erosion & Sediment Routing Paper_____________________________________________________Elliott et al 1 Tectono-stratigraphic development of a salt-influenced rift margin; Halten 2 Terrace, offshore Mid-Norway 3 Gavin M. Elliott*1, Christopher A-L. Jackson1, Robert L. Gawthorpe2, Paul Wilson3,6, 4 5 4 Ian R. Sharp & Lisa Michelsen 5 1 Basin Research Group (BRG), Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College 6 London, London, UK 7 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway 8 3 Basin Studies & Petroleum Geoscience, SEAES, University of Manchester, Manchester UK 9 4 Equinor Research Centre, Sandsliveien 90, Bergen, Norway 10 5 Equinor ASA, Mølnholtet 42, Harstad, Norway 11 6 Now at: Schlumberger Oilfield UK PLC, Schlumberger House, Gatwick, UK 12 *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] 13 1. Abstract 14 In salt-influenced rift basins the presence of a pre-rift salt layer will control the 15 tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the rift due to the decoupling of the sub- and supra- 16 salt faults leading to temporal and spatial variations in structural style. Lateral 17 variations in rift flank structure will control the dispersal and volumes of sediment 18 deposited in rifts and along rifted margins, which in turn impacts facies distributions 19 within syn-rift stratigraphic successions. We here use 3D seismic reflection and 20 borehole data to study the tectono-stratigraphic development of the Halten Terrace, 21 offshore Mid-Norway, a salt-influenced rifted margin formed during Middle to Late 22 Jurassic extension. -
Tectonic Features of the Precambrian Belt Basin and Their Influence on Post-Belt Structures
... Tectonic Features of the .., Precambrian Belt Basin and Their Influence on Post-Belt Structures GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 866 · Tectonic Features of the · Precambrian Belt Basin and Their Influence on Post-Belt Structures By JACK E. HARRISON, ALLAN B. GRIGGS, and JOHN D. WELLS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER X66 U N IT ED STATES G 0 V ERN M EN T P R I NT I N G 0 F F I C E, \VAS H I N G T 0 N 19 7 4 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 74-600111 ) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. GO\·ernment Printing Office 'Vashington, D.C. 20402 - Price 65 cents (paper cO\·er) Stock Number 2401-02554 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract................................................. 1 Phanerozoic events-Continued Introduction . 1 Late Mesozoic through early Tertiary-Continued Genesis and filling of the Belt basin . 1 Idaho batholith ................................. 7 Is the Belt basin an aulacogen? . 5 Boulder batholith ............................... 8 Precambrian Z events . 5 Northern Montana disturbed belt ................. 8 Phanerozoic events . 5 Tectonics along the Lewis and Clark line .............. 9 Paleozoic through early Mesozoic . 6 Late Cenozoic block faults ........................... 13 Late Mesozoic through early Tertiary . 6 Conclusions ............................................. 13 Kootenay arc and mobile belt . 6 References cited ......................................... 14 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURES 1-4. Maps: 1. Principal basins of sedimentation along the U.S.-Canadian Cordillera during Precambrian Y time (1,600-800 m.y. ago) ............................................................................................... 2 2. Principal tectonic elements of the Belt basin reentrant as inferred from the sedimentation record ............ -
Mantle Flow Through the Northern Cordilleran Slab Window Revealed by Volcanic Geochemistry
Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on February 23, 2011 Mantle fl ow through the Northern Cordilleran slab window revealed by volcanic geochemistry Derek J. Thorkelson*, Julianne K. Madsen, and Christa L. Sluggett Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada ABSTRACT 180°W 135°W 90°W 45°W 0° The Northern Cordilleran slab window formed beneath west- ern Canada concurrently with the opening of the Californian slab N 60°N window beneath the southwestern United States, beginning in Late North Oligocene–Miocene time. A database of 3530 analyses from Miocene– American Holocene volcanoes along a 3500-km-long transect, from the north- Juan Vancouver Northern de ern Cascade Arc to the Aleutian Arc, was used to investigate mantle Cordilleran Fuca conditions in the Northern Cordilleran slab window. Using geochemi- Caribbean 30°N Californian Mexico Eurasian cal ratios sensitive to tectonic affi nity, such as Nb/Zr, we show that City and typical volcanic arc compositions in the Cascade and Aleutian sys- Central African American Cocos tems (derived from subduction-hydrated mantle) are separated by an Pacific 0° extensive volcanic fi eld with intraplate compositions (derived from La Paz relatively anhydrous mantle). This chemically defi ned region of intra- South Nazca American plate volcanism is spatially coincident with a geophysical model of 30°S the Northern Cordilleran slab window. We suggest that opening of Santiago the slab window triggered upwelling of anhydrous mantle and dis- Patagonian placement of the hydrous mantle wedge, which had developed during extensive early Cenozoic arc and backarc volcanism in western Can- Scotia Antarctic Antarctic 60°S ada. -
Post-Collisional Formation of the Alpine Foreland Rifts
Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae (1991) vol. 61:37 - 59 PL ISSN 0208-9068 POST-COLLISIONAL FORMATION OF THE ALPINE FORELAND RIFTS E. Craig Jowett Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario Canada N2L 3G1 Jowett, E. C., 1991. Post-collisional formation of the Alpine foreland rifts. Ann. Soc. Geol. Polon., 6 1 :37-59. Abstract: A series of Cenozoic rift zones with bimodal volcanic rocks form a discontinuous arc parallel to the Alpine mountain chain in the foreland region of Europe from France to Czechos lovakia. The characteristics of these continental rifts include: crustal thinning to 70-90% of the regional thickness, in cases with corresponding lithospheric thinning; alkali basalt or bimodal igneous suites; normal block faulting; high heat flow and hydrothermal activity; regional uplift; and immature continental to marine sedimentary rocks in hydrologically closed basins. Preceding the rifting was the complex Alpine continental collision orogeny which is characterized by: crustal shortening; thrusting and folding; limited calc-alkaline igneous activity; high pressure metamorphism; and marine flysch and continental molasse deposits in the foreland region. Evidence for the direction of subduction in the central area is inconclusive, although northerly subduction likely occurred in the eastern and western Tethys. The rift events distinctly post-date the thrusthing and shortening periods of the orogeny, making “impactogen” models of formation untenable. However, the succession of tectonic and igneous events, the geophysical characteristics, and the timing and location of these rifts are very similar to those of the Late Cenozoic Basin and Range province in the western USA and the Early Permian Rotliegendes troughs in Central Europe. -
Using CAD to Solve Structural Geology Problems
Using CAD to Solve Structural Geology Problems Introduction Computer-Aided Design software applications can be used as a much more efficient replacement for traditional manual drafting methods. So instead of using a scale, protractor, drafting pend, etc., you can instead use CAD programs to electronically draft the solution to structural geology problems, or even compose a complete geologic map or cross-section with the application. There are many CAD applications available, costing anywhere from $5,000 to $0 (free), with varying levels of sophistication. Probably the most common is AutoCAD, however, because of the high cost of this software we will instead use a free “clone” that operates (for our purposes) just as well and is very similar in operation to AutoCAD. This application is “DraftSight”, and you may download it at no cost from the below web site: http://www.3ds.com/products-services/draftsight-cad-software/free-download/ (or just “Google” the word “DraftSight”) There are versions for the MacOS and Linux operating systems, however, I have only tested the Windows version (using WIN7 and WIN10) and the Linux version. I have heard from students that have used DraftSight under MacOS successfully but I can’t verify that personally. If you wish to use CAD to solve and/or compose structural geology projects please proceed to download the install file and install it on your system. There will also are several workstations with DraftSight installed in the Earth Sciences department. Before we delve into the details of using CAD please remember this- CAD and other computer applications are just electronic replacements for manual instruments. -
AAPG 2010 Fossen Etal Canyonlands.Pdf
GEOLOGIC NOTE AUTHORS Haakon Fossen Center for Integrated Petroleum Research, Department of Earth Sci- Fault linkage and graben ence, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, Bergen 5020, Norway; [email protected] stepovers in the Canyonlands Haakon Fossen received his Candidatus Scien- tiarum degree (M.S. degree equivalent) from (Utah) and the North the University of Bergen (1986) and his Ph.D. in structural geology from the University of Min- Sea Viking Graben, with nesota (1992). He joined Statoil in 1986 and the University of Bergen in 1996. His scientific implications for hydrocarbon interests cover the evolution and collapse of mountain ranges, the structure and evolution of the North Sea rift basins, and petroleum- migration and accumulation related deformation structures at various scales. Haakon Fossen, Richard A. Schultz, Egil Rundhovde, Richard A. Schultz Geomechanics-Rock Atle Rotevatn, and Simon J. Buckley Fracture Group, Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering/172, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557; [email protected] ABSTRACT Richard Schultz received his B.A. degree in ge- Segmented graben systems develop stepovers that have im- ology from Rutgers University (1979), his M.S. degree in geology from Arizona State University portant implications in the exploration of oil and gas in exten- (1982), and his Ph.D. in geomechanics from sional tectonic basins. We have compared and modeled a rep- Purdue University (1987). He worked at the Lunar resentative stepover between grabens in Canyonlands, Utah, and Planetary Institute, NASA centers, and in and the North Sea Viking Graben and, despite their different precious metals exploration before joining the structural settings, found striking similarities that pertain to University of Nevada, Reno, in 1990.