ADVISORY BOARDS Each issue of HerbaiGram is peer reviewed by various members of our Advisory Boards prior to publication.
American Botanical Council Herb Research Dennis V. C. Awang, Ph.D., F.C.I.C., MediPiont Natural Gail B. Mahady, Ph.D., Research Assistont Professor, Products Consulting Services, Ottowa, Ontorio, Conodo Deportment of Medical Chemistry &P hormocognosy, College of Foundation Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicogo, Illinois Manuel F. Balandrin, R.Ph., Ph.D., Research Scientist, NPS Rob McCaleb, President Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, Utoh Robin J. Maries, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Botony, Brandon University, Brandon, Monitobo, Conodo Mkhael J. Bolick, Ph.D., Director of the Institute of Economic Glenn Appelt, Ph.D., R.Ph., Author ond Professor Botony, the New York Botonicol Gorden, Bronx, New York Dennis J. McKenna, Ph.D., Consulting Ethnophormocologist, Emeritus, University of Colorado, ond with Boulder Beach Minneapolis, Minnesoto Joseph M. Betz, Ph.D., Research Chemist, Center for Food Consulting Group Safety ond Applied Nutrition, Division of Noturol Products, Food Daniel E. Moerman, Ph.D., William E. Stirton Professor of John A. Beutler, Ph.D., Noturol Products Chemist, ondDru gA dministration, Washington, D.C. Anthropology, University of Michigon/Deorbom, Dearborn, Notional Cancer Institute Donald J. Brown, N.D., Director, Noturol Products Research Michigan Consultants; Faculty, Bastyr University, Seattle, Washington Samuel W. Page, Ph.D., Director, Division of Noturol Products, Robert A. Bye, Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Ethnobotony, Center for Fooo Safety ond Applied Nutrition, Food ond Drug Notional University of Mexico Thomas J. Carlson, M.S., M.D., Senior Director, Administration, Washington, D.C. Ethnobiomedicol FieldResearch, Shomon Phormoceuticals, South Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Son Francisco, Colifomio Joseph E. Piuomo, Jr., N.D., President, Bastyr University, Traditional Medicine ond Preventive Health Core Seattle, Washington Jean Carper, Author ond syndicated columnist, Washington, D.C. James A. Duke, Ph.D., Economic Botanist (U.S.D.A., Mark J. Plotkin, Ph.D., Author, Executive Director, Ethnobotony ret.), author, Herbal Vineyard, Fulton, Maryland Jerry Colt, Ph.D., Chief of Phormocologicol Treatment Research ond Conservation Teom, Arlington, Virginia Program, Notionol lnstitute of Mental Health, Rockville, Morylond Norman R. Farnsworth, Ph.D., Research Professor of Eloy Rodriguez, Ph.D., Jomes Perkins Professor of Paul Alan Cox, Ph.D., Professor of Botony ond Dean of General Phormocognosy, Program for Colloborative Research in the Education ond Honors, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utoh Environ men to IStudies , School of Agriculture &Life Sciences, Phormoceuticol Sciences, ond Senior University Scholar, Cornell University, lthoco, New York University of Illinois ot Chicago Lyle E. Craker, Ph.D., Professor, Deportment of Plant ond Soil James E. Simon, Ph.D., Professor of Horticulture and Research Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts Richard I. Ford, Ph.D., Professor of Ethnobotony, Director, Center for New Crops &Plont Products, Purdue University of Michigan Edward M. Croom, Jr., Ph.D., Coordinator, Phytomedicine University, West Lofoyette, lndiono Project, Notional Center for the Development of Noturol Products, David Kroll, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Pharmacology University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi Beryl Simpson, Ph.D., C. L. Lundell Professor of Botony, ond Toxicology, University of Colorado, School of Deportment of Botony, University of Texos ot Austin, Austin, Texos Pharmacy Wade Davis, Ph.D., Author, ethnobotonist, Washington, D.C. S. H. Sohmer, Ph.D., President ond Director, Boton\col Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texos Harriet Kuhnlein, Ph.D., Professor of Nutrition, Steven Dental~ Ph.D., Natural Products Consultont, McGill University Portland, Oregon Barbara N. Timmermann, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology Hardy Eshbaugh, Ph.D., Professor of Botony& Assistant &T oxicology, College of Phormocy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Albert Leung, Ph.D., Pharmacognosist ond Pharmacist, Curator, Willard Sherman Turrell Herbarium, Miomi University, Arizona Glen Rock, New Jersey Oxford, Ohio G. H. Neil Towers, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, F. R. S. C., Botony Walter Lewis, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, Washington Steven Foster, Botonist, photographer, author, Fayetteville, Deportment, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British University, ond Senior Botanist, Missouri Botanical Arkansas Columbia, Conodo Gardens Christopher Hobbs, LAc., AHG, Herbalist, botonist, licensed Arthur 0. Tucker, Ph.D., Research Professor of Agriculture ond Ara Der Marderosian, Ph.D., Professor of acupuncturist, Sonto Cruz, Colifomio Noturol Resources, Delowore Stole University, Dover, Delowore Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy ond Science David Hoffmann, B. Sc., M.N.I.M.H., Medical herbalist, Nancy Turner, Ph.D., Professor ond Ethnobotonist, Sonto Roso, Colifornio Environ men to IStudies Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, James D. McChesney, Ph.D., Vice President, Natural British Columbia, Conodo Maurice M. lwu, Ph.D., Bioresources Development ond Products Chemistry, NoPro Bio Therapeutics, Boulder, Conservation Program, Senior Research Associate ot the Division Andrew T. Weil, M.D., Author, Director of the Program in Colorado of Experimentol Therapeutics, Wolter Reed Army Institute of Integrative Medicine and Associate Director of the Division of C. Dwayne Ogzewalla, Ph.D., Retired Professor of Research, Washington, D.C. Social Perspectives in Medicine of the College of Medicine, Pharmacognosy, University of Cincinnati University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Steven King, Ph.D., Senior Vice President of Ethnobotony ond Robert Rountree, M.D., Physician, Boulder, Colorado Conservation, Shomon Phormoceuticols, South SonFra ncisco, od hoc advisor: California David M. Eisenberg, M.D., Director, Centerfor Alternative E. John Staba, Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacognosy, Fredi Kronenberg, Ph.D., Director, Rosenthal Centerfor Medicine Research, Beth Israel HospitoljHorvord Medical University of Minnesota Alternotive/Complementory Medicine, College of Physicians & School, Bostoo, Massachusetts Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., Deon ond Distinguished Professor Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York of Pharmacognosy Emeritus, School of Phormocy ond T0111 Mabry, Ph.D., Professor of Plant Biochemistry, Deportment Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University of Botony, University of Texas ot Austin, Austin, Texos Phil Weber, M.D., Physician, Boulder, Colorado Aadrew T. Weil, M.D., Author, Director of the Program in Integrative Medicine ond Associate Director of the Division of Social Perspectives in Medicine of the College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
2 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 Educating the Public on the Use of Herbs and Phytomedicines DEAR READER Mark Blumenthal, Executlve Director James A. Duke, Ph.D., Economic Botanist (USDA, ret.) We have wanted to publish this special History of Herbs Author, Fulton, Morylond issue of HerbalGram for several years. I still remember the day in the 1980s when, on the dusty shelves in a used Norman R. Farnsworth, Ph.D., Research Professor of bookstore, I came across two beautiful out-of-print books, Pharmacognosy, Program for Colloborotlve Research in the sold as a pair. Great Moments in Medicine and Great Mo Board of Phormoceutlcol Sciences, University of Illinois of Chicago ments in Pharmacy by George Bender with the beautiful paintings by Robert Thorn, have been a cornerstone of my Trustees Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., Sc.D., Deon and Distinguished Professor medical history shelves ever since. Published by the Parke, of Pharmacognosy Emeritus, School of Phormocy ond Davis pharmaceutical company, these paintings were also Phormoceutlcol Sciences, Purdue University printed as posters that graced the halls and labs of probably every school of medicine and pharmacy in the U.S. A few years ago we received the kind permission from Warner Lambert, now the parent company of Parke, Davis, to re print our choice of these paintings. 1bose selected have HERBAIGRAM some relation to botanical medicine. At one time, Parke, The Journal of the American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation Davis, like most pharmaceutical firms in the 1800s and early Mark Blumenthal Editor /Publisher 1900s, was a grower and processor of botanical medicines. Barbara A. Johnston Managing Editor The history of herbal medicine in western culture is Rob McCaleb Technical Editor beautifully documented in Barbara Griggs' Green Pharmacy, Ginger Hudson-Maffei Art Diredor flfSt published in 1981 and recently revised in a new 1997 Steven Foster Associate Editor edition. Griggs traces herbs in medicine from antiquity to Dawnelle Malone Editorial Assistant the present in a passionate historical narrative. She has gra ciously consented to our reprinting of the chapter on the Contributors "Quack's Charter," aka the "Herbalist's Charter," signed into Dennis V. C. Awang, Ph.D. Peter Landes law by England's King Henry VITI to ensure the right of Francis Brinker, N.D. Evelyn leigh herbalists to practice the healing arts in the face of mount Karen Dean Besty Levy ing monopolistic attempts by other practitioners of the times. James A. Duke, Ph.D. Portia Meares The Herbalist's Charter today constitutes an important ele Barbara Griggs Jay Yasgur ment in British common law, and has resulted in the flour ishing of "medical herbalists" in the UK, Canada and Aus Subscription/Classified tralia-herbalists who have graduated from a four-year post Advertising Manager graduate school (National Institute of Medical Herbalism) Margaret Wright and enjoy a quasi-official legal status. We also present a detailed and masterful account of Wali Stopher Copy Editor the history of botanical medicine in the naturopathic medi Karen Newton Editorial Assistant cal movement in the U.S. Enjoying a significant resurgence Chief Administrative OffKer today with increased consumer interest in natural health, Wayne Silverman, Ph.D. naturopathic history includes elements of Eclectic medicine and other medical sects of the 1800s that relied extensively Lindo Prudhomme Receptionist on herbal medicines, whole foods, and hygienic practices. Vickie Adams Administration Francis Brinker, the author of this article, is himself a gradu Joni McClain Distribution Cecelia Thompson Accountant ate of the National College of Naturopathic Medicine in Gayle Engels Sales Coordinator Portland, Oregon. He is the author of several books and Lauren Holmans Sales monographs on herbs and phytotherapy. Liso L.arousse Sales Herbs have enjoyed a rich tradition as the foundation Lisa Newton Sales of medicine, pharmacy, and folk medicine. We regret that George Solis Shipping space limitations do not allow us to include more about this noble history. Hopefully, we will revisit this topic in H ERBA!GRAM is published quarterly by the American Botanical Council future issues. and the Herb Research Foundation as an educational project. Both are non-profit research and education organizations under IRS code 50 1( c )(3 ). Educational and business offices are at the American Botanical Council, P.O. Box 201660, Austin, Texas 78720. 512/331-8868. FAX 512/331- 1924. www.herbalgram.org Subscriptions: $25/yr; $45/2 yrs; $60/3 yrs. Foreign subscriptions, please add $10 per year. ©1998 American Botani cal Council. ISSN #0899-5648. Printed in the U.S.A. HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 3 The Journal of the American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation Number 42 • Spring 1998 DEPARTMENTS
6 ABC News 14 Research Reviews ABC Receives Plants Donated by USBG; JAMA Study Reports on Positive Results with Commission E Progresses; HERBALGRAM Ginkgo in Alzheimer's; Echinacea Safety Nominated for Award; Progress at Case Mill, Confirmed; Strong Association Between Allium ABC's New Home; Painted ladies; Contributors Consumption and Cancer Protection; Vitex to ABC's Capital Campaign; ABC Receives More Effective Than Pyridoxine in PMS; Nettle Frontier HerbFest Proceeds; ABC Activities; ABC leaf Enhances Effectiveness of Anti Establishes Black Cohosh Education Project; inflammatory Drug; Mahonia Ointment in the Rainforest Update Treatment of Psoriasis; Feverfew Effective in Migraine Prophylaxis; Phytotherapy Aids in 9 HRF News Benzodiazepine Withdrawal New Research Director; South Africa CultivQfion Project in Planning Stages; HRF Activities 21 Plant Patents Hypoglycemic Compounds: Pycnanthus, 10 Herb Blurbs Cryptolepis, Cryptolepine; Ginkgolide Mint, 1998 Herb of the Year; Illegal Bad Breath 22 Legal and Regulatory 11 Research/World News Canadian Regulatory Update; AHPA Seeks Modification of Herbal Extract Provisions; AHP News: Marilyn Barrett Joins AHP, AHP AHPA's Recommended label language for Publishes Monographs, Steering Committee Kava Products Named; Elder of Salish Nation Recipient of Conservation Award; Phase II Study on Saw Palmetto for BPH; Authorization Center for 60 · Ethnobotany Chinese Herbal Medicines; Listen Up Awards; The New Ethnobotany: Sharing with Those Cox Named NTBG Director Who Shared, an Interview with Michael Bolick and Rosita Arvigo
64 Market Report Market Report by Peter Landes; Herbal Products are Driving Supplement Industry Growth; OTC Herbal Medicines Worth Millions in UK in 1996; Top Selling Herb Supplements in Mass Market-1997
66 In Memoriam Margaret B. Krieg; Percival Hezekiah Reynolds; Aaron J. Sharp; Adelma Simmons
68 Book Reviews 72 ABC Catalog Top Ten Book Sales Passionflower, Passiflora incarnata. 73 Letters Photo © 1997 Steven Foster. See research information on page 19. 7S Access 76 Calendar 77 Classified
4 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 FEATU
The Herbalist's Charter Reprinted with permission from Green Pharmacy by Barbara Griggs De natura stirpium libri fres, 1536, courtesy of The Role of Botanical Medicine the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. in 100 Years of American Naturopathy 26 49 by Francis Brinker, N.D. A Pictorial History of Herbs 33 in Medicine and Pharmacy Monastic herb garden. Painting by Robert Thorn Paintings and text excerpted from the book from Great Moments in Pharmacy. published by Parke, Davis & Co.
Cover: The history of herbs in -medicine and pharmacy and its documentation is not only rich in knowledge, but replete with art as well. All of the images on the cover will be found in articles throughout this issue. For further information on art in herbal documentation, we refer you to The Jllustrated Herbal by Wilfrid Blunt and Sandra Raphael, published by Thames and Hudson, Inc. 0 HERBALGRAM is printed on recycled paper. HERaALGRAM No. 42 • 5 ABC NEWS
ABC Receives Plants Commission E Progress at Case Mill, Donated by USBG Progresses ABC's New Home The United States Botanical Garden In an effort to make the final NEW PLEDGE PROVIDES (USBG) in Washington, D.C., closed version of the English transla MOMENTUM temporarily at the end of September 1997 for tion of Commission E publication as up-to Exciting progress has been made on the Capi remodeling. The Garden is slated to reopen . date as possible, ABC has included the most tal Campaign for the Case Mill Homestead in three years. Since there is so much to be recent editorial developments. At this point and on renovations at the site. At the end of done, the project may take as long as four all monographs have been translated and ed January, more than $350,000 in gifts and years. Currently, USBG is giving away ited. They have been cross-referenced to the pledges had been raised toward the first phase many of the plants to various organizations appropriate therapeutic, chemical, and taxo goal of the campaign-$660,000. "We are and private collectors, while some will be nomic indices. Our editors are currently pleased that our supporters have pushed us removed and cared for by the USBG working on completing the extensive Intro past the halfway mark of our campaign," staff until replanted into the refurbished duction (currently over 25,000 words, 40 said Wayne Silverman, Chief Administrative conservatory. pages in final layout form). This introduc Officer. "Now we need to all work together The USBG offered some of the plants tion is an important part of the book and to secure the remaining $300,000 required to ABC. Our special volunteer dug up a large could not be finished until all other aspects for Phase 1." In addition, half of the renova variety of medicinal, edible, desert, and his of the book were completed. The Introduc tions have been completed in preparation for torically significant plants for planting at tion gives an overview of the U.S. regula a move-in date by the end of spring. ABC's new Herbal Education and Research tory situation-the book has, in essence, in Madis Botanicals, a division of Center at the Case Mill Homestead. Many creased in context and relevance. It also PureWorld, pledged $50,000 to the cam of the plants are varieties used in Ayurvedic gives an extensive background on the Ger paign, and has selected the new Annex Build and Traditional Chinese Medicine. These are man market for phytomedicines, the legal ing for a name dedication. Madis!Pure World native to the U.S. and regulatory framework for phytomedi is the second company to contribute at that Dr. Jim Duke's assistant, Andrea cines in Germany, the criteria used by Com level. The Annex will be the focal point for Ottesen, was instrumental in the on-site dig mission E in assessing the herbs, an analysis the public and professional education func ging and transfer of the material to ABC in of the monograph system, comments on spe tions of the new facility until the permanent Austin. As soon as they arrived all the plants cific monographs, and much more. Herbal Education and Research Center is that are hardy in Central Texas were planted We have received peer review feed built. Paul and Natalie Koether, chairman by staff and volunteers. ABC has built a back from three members of Commission E and president of Madis!Pure World respec greenhouse to house those plants that are not and we are currently revising the Introduc tively, said, "We wanted to acknowledge the winter-hardy in the Texas climate. - -Gayle tion to reflect this feedback. Inclusion of the work of ABC by aligning ourselves with a Engels revisions from members of the Commission part of the facility that will move ABC into a will result in a publication with increased new and expanded role. This facility will usefulness and authority. One reviewer, a provide a learning environment for health member of the Commission for 16 years professionals, industry and the general pub since its inception, said, "I want to congratu lic, and we are proud to help create it." Herba/Gram late you on the excellent Introduction to the The first phase consists of renovations Commission E monographs in the English to the 140-year-old house that will become Nominated for Award language. Your book will be very useful not the administration building, the carriage In late 1997 HerbalGram was nominated by only for the U.S., but also for the European house (for storage), the gardens, and the new the editors of the Utne Reader-the leading Community and the World Health Organi Annex Building, the first home of the Herbal publication reviewing the alternative press zation." Education and Research Center. as a finalist in the 9th Annual Alternative Mter we revise the Introduction, we Last year, Enzymatic Therapy also Press Awards in the category of Lifestyle will compile the General Index. The book made a pledge at the $50,000 level. "Key Coverage. Other categories included Best has now grown to an estimated 665-675 leadership in the herb industry is making lead New Title (Herbs for Health nominated), pages, significantly larger than the 450-500 gifts," commented Mark Blumenthal, ABC General Excellence, Reporting Excellence, pages envisioned several years ago at the start Founder and Executive Director. "Although and coverage of science and the environment, of the project. we are expanding the campaign to founda cultural, international, political, social, and Publication of this book will result in tions and corporate giving outside the herbal spiritual topics. The awards were announced a unique, useful, and highly valuable addi industry, we hope other key leaders of the in the January/February issue of the Utne tion to the reference library of herbal knowl herbal and dietary supplement industries will Reader. It reached the newsstands Decem edge. - Mark Blumenthal provide funding to quickly move us to our ber 23, 1997. Phase I goal."
6 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 ABC NEWS
The future is taking shape with Phase IT in the planning stages. In Phase IT, ABC ~~ .. ·~~.-~:-~~.-: - - . . - will build an 8,000 square-foot building fea turing a library and multimedia resource cen ~.Jw.L'~~ -- - -•- - - ter, classrooms and staff offices, and a large The following companies and individuals have made and pledged multi-purpose room. The goal for this next contributions toward Phase 1: The Case Mill Capital Campaign phase is currently $2.5 million. The push for this funding will commence when Phase I is completed and ABC is fully functioning Visionaries- $250,000 and greater in the new site. - Lavinia Baumhoff Architects- $100,000 to $249,999
Builders- $50,000 to $99,999 Painted Ladies Enzymatic Therapy* Madis Botanicals/Pure World* Plans are in the making to paint the 140-year-old Case Mill facility in the Planners- $10,000 to $49,999 "Painted Lady" style to bring out the char Bio Botanica* Pharmaton Capsugel* acter and charm of this beautiful, historic Stryka Botanies Co. Nature's Herbs* Whole Foods Market* building. The Painted Lady tradition was Nature's Way started in the 1960s with the preservation and painting of Victorian houses in San Supporters - $5,000 to $9,999 Francisco using bright, cheerful, tastefully Mark Blumenthal* Henkel Corp. Cosmopolitan TradingKavaCo.* coordinated colors on the ornate wood trim lndena USA ExtractsPlus Lichtwer Pharma US Inc. and moldings. Fetzer Foundation Nature's Bounty General Nutrition Centers (GNC) ABC plans to model the exterior color plan after this style using a complex color Other Contributors scheme, creating a work of art from this land American Ingredients, Metagenics, Celestial Seasonings, Muggenburg Extrakt, mark structure, and involving restoration art Chai-Na-Ta Corp., New Hope Communications, Chemco Industries, Inc., ists in the planning and execution of the NOW Foods, ast Earth Herbs, Pharmanex, Euromed, Pharmavite, Flora Manufacturing project. Case Mill will then be not only a & Distributors, Pharmline, lnc., Steven Foster, PhytoMed International, mecca for students and lovers of herbs, but a Haworth Press, Prince of Peace Enterprises, Healthnotes Online, Pro Pac Labs, compelling and attractive addition to the tour Herb Pharm, Pure Gar, Herbs For Kids, QBI-Quality Botanical Ingredients, lists for visitors to the Central Texas area. Hilary's Distribution, Swedish Herbal Institute, Indiana Botanical Gardens, ABC is looking for an individual, fam Traditional Medicinals, Interweave Press, Trout Lake Farm, Jason Natural ily, or company to underwrite the Painted Products*, Tsumura, Dr. and Mrs. Steven R. King, Wakunaga of America, Inc., Lady project with a pledge of$50,000 (which M.W. International, David W inston, Herbalist & Alchemist, Mark Plotkin, Ph.D. may be paid over one to three years). In ad dition, ABC seeks broad participation with mul tiple $1,000 and $500 gifts for this en * Multi-year pledge deavor. The Painted Lady project is a per fect opportunity for people left. Renovation work with an interest in historic progessing at the Case preservation to participate Mill Homestead, ABC's in the creation of ABC's new administrative new home. Contributors headquarters. may wish to honor or re Photo by Joni McCla in. member a family member or loved one with a beauti ful legacy in living color. Contact Wayne Silverman or Lavinia Baumhoff at An example of a Painted lady, The ABC for information about Steamboat House in Austin, TX. ABC is raising funds to paint the Case Mill participation in this excit Homestead in this fashion. ing project. - Lavinia Photo by Barbara A. Johnston. Baumhoff
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 7 ABC NEWS
ABC Receives Frontier ABC Establishes Block Pharmacy from the HerbFest Proceeds Cohosh Education Proiect Rainforest, 1998-99 tours The American Botanical Council was the In an effort to provide the public with edu The American Botanical Council, in conjunc recipient this year of the profits from the cational materials that address new and ex tion with the Texas Pharmacy Foundation, Frontier HerbFest '97, produced by Frontier panding needs in the area of menopausal International Expeditions, Inc., and ACEER Natural Products Co-op. The $12,500 was symptom relief, ABC has established the Foundation, announces the dates for our up allocated among three ABC programs: the Black Cohosh Education Project. This coming ethnobotanical Pharmacy from the Ginseng Evaluation Program, the production project will consist of a new title in ABC's Rainforest expeditions. Our most popular of the German Commission E Monographs, Botanical Booklet series and an overview of expedition to date, the fifth annual workshop and the new Black Cohosh Education literature related to black cohosh that will in the Peruvian Amazon will be October 31 Project, as recommended by Frontier staff. appear in HerbalGram later this year or early through November?, 1998. In addition, we Designed as a public service, the theme in 1999. are planning to return to Belize in early 1999 of HerbFest "97 was "Preserving the Bal Traditional uses and common knowl (February 21-28). ance-Body, Spirit, Earth." The event, at edge of black cohosh ( Cimicifuga racemosa) Each expedition includes accredited tended by more than I ,400 people, was held for the relief of menstrual cramps and meno workshops and field excursions designed to August 1997 in Norway, Iowa. Frontier de pause dates back to American Indians and to foster an appreciation for and an understand cided that net profits from this event should American colonists. Research over the past ing of the importance of medicinal plants. go to enhance the field of herbal education. few years has confirmed those benefits and These will be led by prominent experts in HerbFest '98 will be August 14-16 in Nor has paved the way for uses to treat other con the fields of phytomedicine, pharmacognosy, way, Iowa. For more information, call 11800/ ditions. As a result, new markets for black and ethnobotanical and ethnobiomedicinal 609-3275. cohosh are being created. Health practitio research, including Mark Blumenthal, Ex "We wanted to acknowledge the ex ners, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, ecutive Director of the American Botanical cellent contribution that ABC makes to the and, ultimately, consumers will benefit from Council, and James A. Duke, Ph.D., retired public, professionals, and this industry. sound, clear, and responsible information on botanist from the USDA. Registered phar ABC's programs enhance the purpose and the benefits of black cohosh. macists can earn a full year of ACPE-ap spirit of Herb Fest," said JeffTripician, Vice Major funding for this project was pro proved continuing education credit for par President of Marketing for Frontier. vided by Madis Botanicals, a division of Pure ticipation in a Pharmacy from the Rainfor - Wayne Silverman World, with additional support from Fron est expedition. tier Natural Products Co-op. For further information about these One of the products of this project, the exciting expeditions, please contact: Ginger Botanical Booklet on Black Cohosh, will be Webb at 512/331-8868 or via email: ABC Activities peer reviewed, scientifically accurate, and
8 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 HRF NEWS
NEW RESEARCH DIRECTOR laid the groundwork for a similar cultivation An additional project goal is to pro The Herb Research Foundation is pleased to venture in South Africa. Under the sponsor tect and preserve native South African plants announce that Stephen Gillespie, Ph.D., has ship ofthe Africa Bureau of the U.S. Agency and the traditional healing system of South joined the staff as Research Director. Dr. for International Development (USAID), Africa by identifying and cultivating regional Gillespie comes to HRF from the University HRF has teamed up with the Agricultural medical plants now endangered by of Wyoming School of Pharmacy, where he Research Council of the South African Min overcollection. Currently, at least 60 percent taught medicinal chemistry and pharmacog istry of Agriculture to develop agribusiness of the South African population relies exclu nosy and developed courses in opportunities in South Africa for crops for sively on traditional plant-based medicines ethnopharmacology and phytomedicines. He which a market is already well established. for primary health care. Most, if not all, of has also served on the chemistry faculties of The Northern Cape has been targeted as these plant medicines are gathered from the the University of Iowa and Indiana an appropriate area in which to research wild. Now, displaced rural people are immi University's Cooperative Program in Malay potential export crops, and test crops are grating to urban areas such as Cape Town sia. His recent research activities include a scheduled to be planted in September, 1998 and Johannesburg, and no longer have phytochemical investigation of Wyoming at the beginning of the South African access to the traditional folk medicines Ligusticum species (including osha root) as growing season. which have formed much of the basis of well as a pilot study of behaviors, motiva At present, there is little or no cultiva their self-care. tions, and patterns of herbal medicine use by tion of medicinal herbs in South Africa. Sus At the same time, the increasing de consumers. tainable herb cultivation will allow small mand for wild South African medicinal plants Dr. Gillespie is the author of numer farmers in South Africa a chance to create a for export and domestic use has created great ous articles and has presented papers at a profitable niche for themselves in the highly environmental pressure on local plant popu variety of international and national medici competitive botanicals marketplace. These lations. This situation has forced the clos nal plant conferences. A registered pharma farmers are currently at a disadvantage, be ing of some areas to collection, further in cist with a keen interest in educating health cause they lack the resources to compete in creasing the pressure on other areas. Exhaus care professionals about herbs, he has writ the well-established fruit, flower, and veg tion of botanical resources presents a threat ten continuing education lessons on botani etable markets now dominated by large pro not only to the environmental well-being and cals for pharmacists and conducted seminars ducers. Sustainable herb cultivation offers the biodiversity of South Africa, but would re~ on using herbs in clinical practice for nurse potential to bolster local rural economies and sult in the elimination of the traditional me practitioners. At HRF, Dr. Gillespie will de improve quality of life for thousands of farm dicinal system on which such a large pro vote his time to botanical research services, ing families. Because of its location in the portion of the population depends. Identifi review and updates of information databases, southern hemisphere, South Africa also has cation and cultivation of threatened plants and literature acquisitions. the opportunity to become one of the only will reduce demand on wild populations and producers of off-season herbal raw materi help preserve the South African traditional SOUTH AFRICA CULTIVATION als, which would be available for sale at healing system by ensuring a continuing sup PROJECT IN PLANNING STAGES a time when world market prices are at ply of native medicinal botanicals. The remarkable first-year success of their peak. - Rob McCaleb and Evelyn Leigh HRF's Malian hibiscus-growing project has
HRF ACTIVITIES: SEPTEMBER 1997- jANUARY 1998 Highlights of presentations and papers by HRF President Rob McCaleb Press Briefing, Natural Products EXPO, Columbia University, College of Physi Seventh on 6th, New York, November 6, Baltimore, MD, September 19, 1997. cians & Surgeons, Botanical Medicine in 1997. Media seminar sponsor:Warner Lambert. Cost Saving Strategies &Advances in Hor Modern Clinical Practice Conference. New Second World Congress on Medicinal and mone Intervention Therapy: Long Term Treat York, NY, October 13-17, 1997. Guest pre Aromatic Plants for Human Welfare. Organized ment & Prevention. Boston, MA, September 22- senter: "Botanical Products: Quality, Sources, by the International Council for Medicinal and 23, 1997. Guest Presenter: "Phytotherapy Resources and Assessment;" and "Botanical Aromatic Plants, International Society for Hor for Menopause." Shop: Sampling Botanical Products." ticultural Sciences, and the Sociedad Argentina Natural Products EXPO. Baltimore, MD, Kaiser Northern California. Vallejo, CA, para Ia lnvestigaci6n de Productos September 18-21, 1997. Guest presenter: October 25-26, 1997. Guest presenter: Aromaticos. Mendoza, Argentina, Novem "Regulatory Update and Good Research Pro "Botanicals in Natural Healthcare: Clinical ber I 0-15, 1997. Guest presenter: "Regis tocols for Botanicals." Evidence, Information Resources, and Prod tration of Herbal Preparations as Drugs" and Herbal Health Media Seminar, New York, uct Sources and Assessment." "Technical and Legal Aspects of the Regula September 30, 1997. Sponsor:Warner Lambert. Exploding Botanical Medicines Market tion of Phytomedicines." Nonprescription Drug Manufacturers of Conference.San Francisco, CA, October 27-29, Botanical Agribusiness in Mali: Focus Canada. Ontario, Canada, October 6, 1997. 1997. Guest presenter: "Leading Botanicals on Hibiscus. Mali, Africa, November 25, Guest presenter: "Emerging Opportunities for for Clinical Use." 1997. Sole presenter at day-long workshop Botanicals in Healthcare." for businesses. Sponsored by USAID.
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 9 HERB BLURBS
~/zt; 1.9.9cf .7Certf'&j' de 3fear Mint (Mentha x piperita L. , Lamiaceae) is many joys of mints, and to provide educa the lntemational Herb Association's choice tional information about the propagation, his for 1998 Herb of the Year. Easily grown in tory, culture, and use of herbs in everyday some variety in every region of North living. IHA encourages member businesses America, mint was selected for its adaptabil and other organizations, garden and herb ity, fragrance, flavor, and use in maintaining clubs, nurseries, garden shops, and children's health. Mint has long been popular world Pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium. groups to join in celebrating herbs through wide for its distinctive flavor, essential oil, Photo © 1996 Steven Foster. out this week. and as a valuable garden decorative. Information packets, which include Mints grow both cultivated and wild ogy, the nymph Mintho--beloved by Pluto fact sheets on mint, recipes, and a source throughout the world, with over 600 named was transformed into a mint plant by Pluto's sheet for plants and other products, are avail species. Mints vary in size from the very jealous wife, Proserpine. As a plant, Mintho able from the International Herb Association. tiny, bright green Corsican Mint (M. lost the beauty of a nymph, but continued to Contact IHA, P.O. Box 317, Mundelein, IL requienii), through the tall, fuzzy, gray-leafed attract men by her freshness and lovely scent. 60060. Ph: 847/949-4372. Fax 847: 847/ Apple Mint (M. suaveolens). Leaf color var Mint will be spotlighted during the 949-5896. Email
Illegal Bad Breath While not quite a case of assault with a A section of the local criminal code deadly vegetable, an Australian man has been defines assault as the direct or indirect ap convicted of breathing on a policeman after plication of force, including gas or odor, in chewing garlic. such a manner as to cause personal discom Local media reported that Jeff Pearce fort-Barbara A. Johnston was convicted of assault in a Perth court af [Commercia/ Appeal, Apr. 21 , 1997.] ter admitting he had deliberately chewed a clove of garlic and then breathed into a Garlic, Allium sativum. policeman's face after being pulled over for Photo © 1 997 Steven Foster. a traffic offense.
B. C. BY JOHNNY HART -c c c c I ~u c.E ..J:: - 0 Q) .....--, c 0 u c"O .Q ~ ~(/) .E ~ ... 0 Q)- UJh a.~ ·~£u L.:O:..::IM:..::CMA::T=-:.:"':::..,::CA:::TL:_:IIIC.:;::______.....IJ•3!
10 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 RESEARCH AND WORLD NEWS
AHP News Phase II Study on AHP PUBLISHES MONOGRAPHS STEERING COMMITTEE NAMED The AHP announces the publication of AHP has also recently established a Saw Palmetto for BPH its first monograph on St. John's wort (Hy steering committee of analytical chemists A Phase II double-blind study of saw pal pericum perforatum). Published by the who will guide the AHP in choosing the most metto for benign prostatic hyperplasia American Botanical Council and distributed appropriate analytical methods for inclusion (BPH), using about 50 patients, will begin as a special insert in HerbalGram No. 40, in the AHP monographs. The committee shortly at centers in four locations in the U.S. this monograph represents 18 months of consists of analytical chemist Glenn Larkin, PharmaPrint,™ the company conducting the work by the AHP staff, its authors, and re M.S.C., referee for the Association of Ana study, submitted the investigational new drug viewers. Reviewers include medicinal plant lytical Chemists Botanical Methods Commit application (IND) to the FDA in July 1997, experts from around the world. This mono tee, Amitabh Chandra, Ph.D., analytical the first-ever submission to the FDA for an graph is the most comprehensive and accu chemist for Nutraceutical Corp., and Jeffrey herbal product based on the PharmaPrint rate review of St. John's wort in English. Hust, Ph.D., Senior Staff Scientist for Process. According to Elliot Friedman, Copies of the monograph are available di Hershey Foods Tech Service. Chairman and CEO of PharmaPrint, the start rectly from the AHP or American Botanical Contact AHP, Box 5159, Santa Cruz, of the Phase II trial marks another important Council with a check or money order for CA 95063 or ABC, P. 0. Box 201660, step toward bringing an entirely new gen $4.95 U.S. to the address below. Austin, TX 78720. eration of herbal medicines to market-cre A great amount of consumer interest ating truly standardized herbal products was stimulated regarding the herb as a result based on the demonstrable bioactive com of an ABC-TV 20/20 special which focused ponents in each botanical. An IND for St. on the widespread use of St. John's wort in John's wort is planned for submission in Europe for the treatment of depression and December of this year. on studies which concluded that St. John's Elder of Salish Nation According to the company, the wort is as effective as standard antidepres PharmaPrint Process provides the technol sant medications for the treatment of mild to Recipient of ogy necessary to I) identify, quantify, and moderate depression, with almost no adverse control the bioactive components of an herbal side effects. Conservation Award pharmaceutical; 2) determine the activity of AHP has begun the development of Indigenous people are custodians of genera each component in a specific bio-assay; and monographs for the botanicals Bilberry tions of wisdom concerning the management 3) ensure the components are present in pre (Vaccinium myrtillus L., Ericaceae) and of natural resources. The Seacology Foun determined quantities for a given manufac Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L., Ginkgoaceae). dation, based in Springville, Utah, seeks to tured herbal batch, using chemistry and bi The process of collecting and translating has recognize and honor those who have faith ology to define specifications for consistent begun. fully guarded and protected plant and ani manufacturing. - Barbara A. Johnston mal poulations. This year's [PharmaPrint award goes to Mary Thomas, an press release. Elder of the Secwepemc Sept. 8, 1997.] (Shuswap Interior Salish) Nation of British Columbia, Canada, for her conservation work and vision in founding the Salmon River HERBAIGRAM Watershed Coalition. Paul Cox, Ph.D., of the Foundation, flew from Sweden to present the Subscribe Saw Palmetto award. The Seacology Founda berries, 4 Issues tion is funded by Nature's Way Serenoa repens. and NuSkin InternationaL Photo© 1998 $25 Barbara A. Johnston Steven Foster. 1-800-373-7105
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 11 RESEARCH AND WORLD NEWS
penetrated the international market, leading Authentication Center for to associated health risks. Cox Named NTBG Director. The Kew Gardens authentication cen Dr. Paul Alan Cox, a botanist who has won Chinese Herbal Medicines ter would play a key role in addressing these international recognition for his work in sav The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of the issues, by helping to ensure the identity and ing tropical rain forests in Samoa, has been world's leading botanical institutions, has de quality of the herbs in use, both in the UK appointed Director and Chief Executive Of veloped a funding proposal for the establish and the West as a whole. Scientific docu ficer of the National Tropical Botanical Gar ment of an "Authentication Centre for Tra mentation of each species will include her den, directing four tropical botanical gardens ditional Chinese Medicine." The proposal, barium specimens, living plants, crude drug and two preserves in the Hawaiian Islands a collaboration with Guy's Hospital, calls for samples, chemical and DNA fingerprint pro and a small estate, The Kampong, in Coco funding to create a center of excellence for files, anatomical slides, and supporting lit nut Grove, Florida. Dr. Cox has traveled the identification of Chinese medicinal plants erature. Included will be representatives of extensively throughout Polynesia for his re in international trade. The center will pro poor quality herbs (e.g., those with low con search in traditional native medicinal uses vide specialist resources and expertise to centration of active constituents), together of plants and ethnobotany-the study of eco identify and check the quality of the 400-500 with substitutes, adulterants, and fakes. De nomic and social uses of plants. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herbal signed for easy access by a wide range of His work in preserving the Samoan species commonly used in the West, where groups including traders, medical practitio rain forest was the subject of a film docu TCM has become increasingly popular in ners, regulators, plant chemists, TCM stu mentary, "Nafanua: Saving the Samoan Rain recent years. Kew Gardens, with its long dents and other researchers, the center would Forest," produced by Scandinature Films history of plant science and the resources of be an internationally important resource for with the Australian Broadcasting Corpora its vast herbarium, library, living collections pharmacognostic identification and docu tion. Dr. Cox also helped gain protective sta and laboratories, is ideally suited to develop mentation of raw materials used in Chinese tus for the Pacific flying foxes, pollinators such a center. The goal of this collaborative herbal medicine. Currently no such facility and seed disseminators for some rare and venture is to build a resource that will pro exists in the West. - Dawnelle Malone important tropical plants. vide a long-term solution to ensuring a safe [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1997. He has specialized in research with tra and ethically traded supply of traditional Funding Proposal. Traditional Chinese ditional medicines, leading to a patent with Chinese medicinal herbs to all those who Herbal Medicine: An Authentication Cen the National Cancer Institution for an anti wish to use them. tre for International Use.] HIV compound. He shared the Goldman With an almost 6,000-year history of Environmental Prize of $75,000 for his work use in China, herbal TCM owes much of its in Western Samoa and is a prolific writer and initial popularity in the West to its effective international lecturer. He is the author of treatment of the chronic diseases eczema and Nafanua, Saving the Samoan Rainforest, just psoriasis, for which Western medicine has listen Up Awards published by W. H. Freeman.- Barbara A. been unable to offer effective long-term so Johnston lutions. A successful "Western-style" clini In January 1998, the audio publication, "The cal trial was reported in the UK in 1992 us Vegetable Chronicles," was mentioned in the ing a TCM formula for treating eczema. Publisher's Weekly roster of 1997 "Listen Up Other medical conditions treated with herbal Awards" for best spoken audio publication TCM include arthritis, asthma, HIV, malaria, in the category for health audios, with tapes and rheumatism, along with numerous gy from the company the top listing in the cat necological conditions, and a variety of mi egory. All other awardees were major pub nor but common ailments, especially stress, lishers. In an award for a specific audio pub insomnia, and fatigue. In addition to the wide lication, Booklist cited "The Medicine Gar range of conditions treated, the side effects den" by producer David Freudberg, in its of herbal TCM are few compared to West "Best of1997" year-end roundup. The Medi em medicine. In the UK alone, over one cine Garden is a set of audio cassettes, fea million herbal TCM prescriptions are writ turing physicians, pharmacy experts, and oth ten every year. Unfortunately, the identity ers who describe the sensible uses-and limi and quality of herbs used can be highly vari tations-ofherbal medicine. The project was able. Lack of adequate herbal quality con funded in part by General Nutrition Centers trol regulations is a factor, as is the over-ex (GNC), Nature's Way, and the Herb Research ploitation of medicinal plants from the wild. Foundation. (See article in Herbal Gram #37, Paul Alan Cox. Photo © Mark Philbrick, Already in some cases, poor quality, adul page 8. The Medicine Garden is available Brigham Young University terated, substituted, and even fake herbs have from the ABC catalog, #701.)
12 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 The HERB REsEARCH FOUNDATION provides accurate up-to-date scientific information on the health benefits of herbs. O ur members include the public, health professionals, researchers, and herb industry manufacturers. Anyone can access HRF information services - call (303) 449-2265. And Jupport the orgflnization that educate«~ the world ahout herhJ HRF is internationally recognized u .a leading source of current scientific information on botanicals. We advocate worldwide plant conservation and sustainable cultivation, and are instrumental in educating legislators and the media about die health benefits and safety of herbs.
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JAMA Study Reports on Positive Results with Ginkgo in Alzheimer's
Results of a multicenter study published in the Journal ofthe Ameri taking placebo, as measured by the Geriatric Evaluation by Relative's can Medical Association (JAMA) indicate that ginkgo extract Rating Instrument (GERRI). In contrast, the GERRI showed that (Ginkgo biloba L. [Ginkgoaceae]) can be of benefit in the treatment 40 percent of patients taking placebo experienced a worsening of of Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia (LeBars et al., their condition, while worsening was seen in only 19 percent of those 1997). The authors asserted that the improvement seen in patients taking ginkgo. with Alzheimer's could be equated with "a six-month delay in the The authors concluded that "EGb appears to stabilize and, in progression of the disease." These results are particularly promis an additional20 percent of cases ( vs. placebo), improve the patient's ing in light of the fact that no satisfactory treatments currently exist functioning for periods of six months to one year. Regarding its for the management of this common and devastating condition. safety, adverse events associated with EGb were no different from The placebo-controlled, double-blind study investigated the those associated with placebo." effects of a standardized ginkgo extract in 309 patients with mild The ginkgo preparation used in the study (EGb 761) is a con to-severe dementia associated with either Alzheimer's disease or centrated leaf extract standardized to 24 percent ginkgo flavonol multi-infarct dementia. Patients were randomized to receive 52 glycosides and 6 percent terpene lactones, the same extract widely weeks of treatment with placebo or ginkgo extract at a dose of 40 used in Europe for the treatment of cognitive and circulatory disor mg three times a day, a total daily dose of 120 mg. At 52 weeks, 202 ders and other conditions. This extract, manufactured by Dr. Willmar patients were included in the endpoint analysis, which was based on Schwabe AG in Karlsruhe, Germany, is currently available in the standard tests of cognitive impairment, daily living and social be United States under the trade names Ginkgold® (from Nature's havior, and general psychopathology. Way Products, Inc.) and Ginkoba™ (from Pharrnaton Natural The researchers reported that 27 percent of patients who pro Health Products). vided data for the 52-week analysis experienced at least a four-point The results of the JAMA study are in agreement with other improvement on the 70-pointAlzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale investigations on the efficacy of ginkgo in senile dementia and Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), compared to 14 percent in the pla Alzheimer's disease. Similar results with ginkgo in Alzheimer's were cebo group. Daily living and social behavior were deemed improved recently reported in the journal Phytomedicine. (Kanowski et al., in 37 percent of ginkgo patients, compared to 23 percent of those 1997. See "Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba extract in Alzheimer's and multi-infarct dementia," HerbalGram 41,17).- Evelyn Leigh [Kanowski S., W.M. Herrmann, K. Stephan, W. Wierich, R. Horr. 1997. Proof of efficacy of the Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpa tients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type or multi-infarct dementia. Phytomedicine, Vol. 4, No.l:3-13. LeBars P.L., M.M. Katz, N. Berman, M. Turan, A.M. Freedman, A.F. Schatzberg. 1997. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. lAMA, Vol. 278:1327 -1332.]
Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba. Photo © 1 997 Steven Foster.
14 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 RESEARCH REVIEWS
Echinacea Safety Confirmed Strong Association Between This review of published and unpublished research conducted on the squeezed sap of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Asteraceae Allium Consumption and (Echinacin® Madaus AG, Cologne, Germany) concluded that the herb is well tolerated and appropriate for long-term oral use. The reviewer considered "all articles in which the presence or absence Cancer Protection of adverse events of the extract of the flowering coneflower or its constituents was reported." Reviewed studies included oral use of Regular consumption of Allium vegetables is widely believed to Echinacin® for up to 12 weeks. The reviewer detected no safety confer cancer-protective health benefits. To elucidate the relation concerns, stating that "no adverse reactions other than aversion to ship between Allium and cancer, the study reviewed 20 epidemio the taste have been reported." The review confirms that echinacea logical studies conducted worldwide between 1966 and 1996 (Ernst, is safe when given orally and even by injection to subjects of all 1997). With the exception of one negative study, the consistently ages, "from infants to adults." Significantl y, the rare side effects of positive results strongly support an association between Allium veg injection therapy-which can include shivering, headache, vomit etables and protection against cancer, particularly cancers of the ing, and fever-are not seen with oral use. gastrointestinal tract. The author concludes by suggesting that "the The effectiveness of echinacea "requires further evaluation," time for randomized controlled trials in high risk populations may but showed a trend toward improvement in those with "slight to be right." moderate depression" of immunity. Little or no effect on normal Eight studies focused exclusively on garlic (Allium sativum immune response was observed in healthy subjects. L., Liliaceae) and the remainder on onion (A. cepa L.) with or with Some of the reviewed studies demonstrated improvements in out other Allium vegetables. Most of the 20 studies reviewed were health among those using echinacea, including reductions in the in case control studies, which, according to the author, are "prone to cidence and duration of colds. For example, one eight-week double various forms of bias," such as imperfect recall of dietary habits. blind, placebo-controlled study in 109 subjects showed a decrease Two major studies avoided this shortcoming. in the frequency of colds, with the placebo group reporting twice as The prospective cohort study known as the Iowa Women's many "pronounced respiratory infections requiring absence from Health Study involved 41,387 women between the ages of 55 and work or bed rest." (Schoneberger, 1992). In another clinical trial, 69. Subjects recorded dietary habits and were followed for five years, however, echinacea lozenges (Echinacin®) produced no significant during which time 212 women developed colon cancer (Steinmetz effect in 47 marathon runners. The reviewer comments: "Since the et al., 1994). Of all nutrients analyzed, garlic demonstrated the stron marathon runners were extremely fit physically ... all of the subjects gest inverse association with risk. No other Allium vegetables were [were] equally insensitive to colds." included in this study. In the Netherlands Cohort Study of 1996, Although controversial, 58,279 men and 62,573 women aged 55 to 69 years some sources caution against use completed a 150-food item dietary questionnaire. of echinacea in autoimmune con (Dorant et al., 1996) During a follow-up period of 3.3 ditions such as lupus and multiple years, stomach cancer was diagnosed in 139 subjects. sclerosis. This contraindication is Statistical analysis demonstrated that onion consump based on speculation that stimu tion had a significant, dose-dependent protective ef lating an overactive immune sys fect against cancer of the non-cardia part of the stom tem seems ill-advised. There is no ach. According to the author of the review paper, the controlled study confirming ad results "imply that the risk of stomach cancer can be verse effects in autoimmune con halved through consuming one half onion or more per ditions. -Rob McCaleb day." [Parnham, M.J. 1996. Benefit-risk as- Various mechanisms have been proposed as ex sessment of the squeezed sap ofthe planations for the cancer-protective effect of Allium purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral immunostimulation. Phytomedi cine Vol. 3, No. 1, 95-102. continued on next page Schoneberger, D. 1992. The influence of immune-stimulating effects of pressed juice from Echinacea purpurea on the course and sever ity of colds. Forum lmmunologie, Echinacea, Echinacea purpurea. Vol. 8, 1-8.] Photo © 1996 Steven Foster.
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 15 RESEARCH REVIEWS
vegetables. The Allium compound diallyl sulfide may raise levels of B6) in 175 women with PMS. Pyridoxine was chosen for purposes glutathione S-transferase, which contributes to the detoxification of of comparison because earlier research indicates that it can be effec carcinogens. Sulfur compounds in garlic and onion have anti tive in alleviating symptoms of PMS, which may include nervous nitrosating and nitrite scavenging properties. Allicin exhibits anti ness, irritability, depression, bloating, breast tenderness, weight gain, bacterial action, possibly reducing bacterial conversion of nitrate to and skin and digestive problems. nitrite in the stomach and limiting the formation of carcinogenic The 175 women were randomized to receive daily treatment nitrosarnines. In vitro, garlic has been shown to kill Helicobacter with one capsule containing 3.5 to 4.2 mg dried Vztex extract (9.58- pylori, a major stomach cancer risk factor. -Betsy Levy and Evelyn 11.5:1) plus one placebo capsule (n=90) or two 100 mg capsules of Leigh pyridoxine (n=85). Duration of treatment was three menstrual cycles. [Dorant, E., P.A. van den Brandt, R.A. Goldbohm, F. Sturmans. 1996. Con Therapeutic response was assessed with the premenstrual tension sumption of onions and a reduced risk of stomach carcinoma. Gastroen syndrome (PMTS) scale, recording of six typical PMS complaints, terology, Vol. llO, No.I, 12-20.] and the clinical global impression (CGI) scale. Treatment efficacy [Ernst, E. 1997. Can Allium vegetables prevent cancer? Phytomedicine, was assessed by both patients and physicians. At the end of the trial, Vol. 4, No. I, 79-83.] 127 subjects were eligible for inclusion in the efficacy analysis; all [Steinmetz, K.A., L.H. Kushi, R.M. Bostick,A.R. Folsom, J.D. Potter. 1994. 175 were included in the safety analysis. Vegetables, fruits, and colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol, Vol. 139, l-15.] In comparison with pyridoxine, Vztex was associated with "a considerably more marked alleviation of typical PMTS complaints, such as breast tenderness, edema, inner tension, headache, constipa tion, and depression." Overall, 77 .I percent of subjects taking Vztex reported improvements, compared to 60.6 percent of those in the pyridoxine group. With regard to physician assessments, 80 percent Vitex More Effective felt that both treatments provided "adequate" efficacy. However, 24.5 percent rated Vztex treatment as "excellent," compared to only 12.1 percent with pyridoxine. Than Pyridoxine in PMS Side effects were reported by five women in the pyridoxine group and 12 in the Vztex group, including headache, gastrointesti Good clinical evidence bears out the strong traditional reputation of nal and lower abdominal complaints, and skin problems. No serious chaste tree fruits (Vztex agnus-castus L., Verbenaceae) in the treat adverse events were seen. Although women wishing to conceive were ment of menstrual abnormalities, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), excluded at the beginning of the study, five women taking Vztex be menopausal complaints, and even infertility. Recently, a team of came pregnant during the course of the trial. - Evelyn Leigh German investi- [Lauritzen, C., H.D. Reuter, R. Repges, K.-J. Bohnert, U. Schmidt. 1997. gators conducted Treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome with Vztex agnus-castus. a controlled, Controlled, double-blind study versus pyridoxine. Phytomedicine, Vol. double-blind 4, No.3, 183-189.] study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a Vztex capsule formula tion (Agnolyt®, Madaus AG, Co logne, Germany) Nettle Leaf Enhances compared to py ridoxine (vitamin Effectiveness of Anti-inflammatory Drug In an open, randomized study, stinging nettle given in combination with a sub-therapeutic dose of an anti-inflammatory drug was as Vitex effective as a full dose of the drug alone for arthritis pain relief (Chaste tree), (Chrubasik et al.,I997). Forty patients experiencing acute arthritis Vitex exacerbations took part in the study, with half taking the full 200 mg agnus-castus. standard dose of the prescription drug diclofenac. The other sub Photo© 1997 jects took 50 mg of diclofenac along with 50 g of stewed nettle leaf Steven Foster. (Urtica dioica L. [Urticaceae]). All subjects ate the same foods dur ing the study and only those with uncomplicated medical histories
16 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 RESEARCH REVIEWS
were included, based on very specific criteria. Exclusion criteria dages at night. Body sides were randomly assigned to Mahonia oint included serious liver, kidney, or heart disease, alcoholism, infec ment or placebo, which consisted of the ointment base. According tion, recent surgery, and therapy with certain drugs, including ste to the authors, their chosen trial design is standard in dermatology roids. research. Researchers used both objective and subjective tests to mea Median length of treatment was four weeks, after which phy sure effectiveness. The objective measure was a reduction in spe sicians and patients assessed treatment efficacy utilizing a three-step cific blood proteins (elevated C-reactive protein), which are related scale: "symptoms unchanged," "symptoms improved," and "symp to joint damage caused by acute arthritis. Subjective measures in toms disappeared completely." Based on patient efficacy assessments, cluded scores for physical impairment, pain, and stiffness. The re there were some statistically significant differences between the sults were impressive: a combination of 50 g nettle leaf with one Mahonia and placebo ointments, but overall, more than half of both quarter of the normal dose of diclofenac was just as effective in patients and physicians judged the Mahonia ointment ineffective. relieving pain as the full dose of the drug alone. The authors noted, Among treatment responders, Mahonia was particularly effective in "50 mg diclofenac is unlikely to produce such a profound effect." moderately severe psoriasis, and the investigators concluded that Previous research has shown that doses of 75 mg diclofenac are in Mahonia bark ointment is "a potent and safe therapy of moderately adequate for arthritis pain relief. The investigators suggest that "fur severe cases of psoriasis vulgaris." Side effects, including itching, ther investigations are needed to find out if acute attacks of arthritis burning, and allergic reactions, were reported by four patients (ap may respond to stewed Herba Urticae dioicae only." proximately six percent of the Mahonia group.). According to the author, the results of this study support those Study shortcomings cited by the authors include unspecific of a 1996 study by Rarnm and Hansen, in which consumption of a inclusion criteria (allowing inclusion of extremely severe and long dried powdered extract of nettle leaf was associated with a 50 per standing cases of psoriasis), a "crude" main effect measurement scale cent reduction in dosage of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that might not be sensitive to small changes, and possible patient (NSAID) without loss of efficacy. -Rob McCaleb errors, such as confusion about the assignment of body sides and [Chrubasik, S., W. Enderlein, R. Bauer, W. Grabner. 1997. Evidence for failure to adequately wash hands between applications of the two antirheumatic effectiveness ofHerba Urticae dioicae in acute arthritis: A ointments. The relatively "high number" of treatment nonresponders pilot study. Phytomedicine, Vol. 4, No.2, 105-108. was attributed to the inclusion of extremely severe cases of psoria Ramm, S., C. Hansen. 1996. Brennesselblatter-extrakt bei arthrose und sis. rheumatoider arthritis. Therapiewoche, Vol. 28, 3-6.] The Mahonia ointment used in this study consisted of 10 per cent Mahonia bark extract in a base of anhydrous lanolin, paraffin, wool wax alcohols, cetyl stearyl alcohol, and white vaseline. The extract and the ointment base were both prepared according to the Mahonia Ointment in the German Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. - Evelyn Leigh [Muller, K., K. Ziereis, I. Gawlik. 1995 . The antipsoriatic Mahonia aquifolium and its active constituents; II. Antiproliferative activity against Treatment of Psoriasis cell growth of human keratinocytes. Planta Medica, Vol. 61, 74-75. Wiesenauer, M., and R. Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. [Berberidaceae]) Ludtke. 1996. Mahonia is frequently cited in traditional herbal literature as an effective treat aquifolium in patients with ment for psoriasis vulgaris, a proliferative skin disorder of uncertain Psoriasis vulgaris - an intraindividual study. Phy etiology. The chronic nature of psoriasis generally necessitates long tomedicine, Vol. 3, 231 - term treatment, and standard therapeutic agents are often associated 235.] with safety concerns. Topical ointments containing Mahonia bark extract are now marketed in Europe for psoriasis. Results of recent in vitro trials utilizing human keratinocytes suggest that Oregon grape bark ex tract as well as the constituents berberine, berbamine, and oxyacan thine have antiproliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory ef Oregon grape, fects relevant to psoriasis (Muller et al., 1995). Mahonia nervosa. Based on this evidence and their own unpublished prelimi Photo© 1996 nary findings, the investigators conducted a double-blind, placebo Steven Foster. controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of an ointment containing 10 percent Mahonia bark extract in psoriasis of all severity gradings (mild to severe) (Wiesenauer and Ludtke, 1996). Eighty-two patients with psoriasis were instructed to apply the Mahonia and placebo ointments two or three times a day, one ointment on the right side of the body and the other on the left, and to wear ointment-soaked ban-
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 17 RESEARCH REVIEWS
Feverfew Effective in Migraine Prevention
A recent study utilizing air-dried feverfew leaf (Tanacetum In addition, the researchers erroneously claim that their study parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. [Asteraceae]) supports its prophylac "is the first to be conducted among patients who had never taken tic use against migraine (Palevitch et al., 1997). The study, con feverfew before." In fact, the Murphy, Heptinstall, and Mitchell ducted at the Hillel Yaffe Hospital, Hadera, Israel, involved 57 pa study of 1988 reported on 59 patients, only 17 of whom had previ tients (47 female and I 0 male), median age 38 (9-65 years), selected ously used feverfew-and only one of the 50 patients involved in at random and treated for two months with daily doses of I 00 mg the Dutch trial of feverfew extract had ever taken feverfew! feverfew leaf (two 50 mg capsules a day). Patients were then di The positive results regarding relief of migraine symptoms vided into two groups and examined for an additional two months are interesting on a number of counts. All the British-grown fever under a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over regimen uti few used in the earlier British trials was likely quite similar, whereas lizing dried parsley leaf capsules as placebo. Significant reducJions the feverfew leaf used in the subject study was obtained from plants were observed in pain intensity and the severity of other typical symp grown from seeds purchased from the Netherlands and grown in toms of migraine headache attacks, such as nausea, vomiting, and Israel. The moderately high level of the sesquiterpene lactone sensitivity to noise and light. No mention is made of any effect on parthenolide (0.2 percent) in the present study, compared with 0.42 the frequency of attacks. percent, 0.66 percent, and 0.35 percent for the previous trial formu The authors of this report were apparent!y unaware of the re lations, suggests that the feverfew was derived from the same sults of the Dutch study using an ethanol extract of feverfew leaves, chemotype. It also points to the non-sesquiterpene lactone comple which yielded no prophylactic effect. (deWeerdt et al., 1996-see ment of feverfew's chemical profile as the probable source of the Herba/Gram 41 , pp. 16-17 .) The authors also incorrectly state in therapeutic principle(s) responsible for migraine prophylaxis-ever their introduction that feverfew preparations "have long been used mindful of the reported ineffectiveness of the Dutch leaf extract as a self-medication in the prevention of migraine .... " Actually, preparation. The 0.2 percent level of parthenolide present in this last such use was only popularized in the 1970s (Johnson, 1984). preparation is quite coincidentally exactly the level arbitrarily es Palevitch and colleagues also incorrectly assert that "Controlled clini tablished by Canada's Health Protection Branch in 1992 as an iden cal trials which encompassed feverfew leaves and extracts (author's tity criterion for efficacious feverfew leaf. emphasis) have been conducted in England (Johnson et al. , 1985; -Dennis V. C. Awang, Ph.D. Murphy et al. , 1988). Both British studies employed whole fever [de Weerdt, C.J., H.P.R. Bootsma, H. Hendricks. 1996. Randomized double few leaf, freeze-dried and air-dried, respectively. No feverfew blind placebo controlled trial of a feverfew preparation. Phytomedicine, extract had been clinically evaluated before the Dutch trial. Vol. 3, No. 3, 225. Johnson, S. Feverfew: A traditional herbal remedy for migraine and arthri- tis. London: Sheldon Press 1984, 19.] Johnson, E.S., N.P. Kadam, D.M. Hylands, P.J. Hylands. 1985. Efficacy of feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Br Med J, Vol. 291, 569-573. . Murphy, J.J., S. Heptinstall, J.R.A. Mitchell. 1988. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of feverfew in migraine prevention. lAncet, Vol. 8601,189-192. Palevitch, D., G. Earon, R. Carasso. 1997. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) as a prophylactic treatment for migraine: A double blind placebo-controlled study. Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 11, 508-511.]
Feverfew, Tanacetum parthenium. Photo © 1 997 Steven Foster.
18 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 RESEARCH REVIEWS Phytotherapy Aids in Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Based on previous research and the author's own experience at a New Zealand medical detoxification unit that has treated more than 500 patients for drug and alcohol dependency, this well-referenced paper discusses the use of herbs in the management of benzodiaz epine withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms related to the benzodiazepine class of anxiolytic drugs (such as Valium®) are gen erally long-lasting and most often include anxiety, insomnia, and irritability. Dizziness, headache, tinnitus, tremor, loss of appetite, gastrointestinal upset, and perceptual disturbances are also common. Many patients present at this clinic had a "polydrug" history of substance abuse, including combination drug and alcohol addic tions. The therapeutic strategy used at the clinic is intended to help alleviate acute withdrawal symptoms while providing supportive treatment for underlying problems such as anxiety, depression, and panic attacks. Most clients receive concomitant treatment with con ventional medications. However, according to the author, "in a sig nificant number of cases the need for additional ameliorative ortho dox medication (especially diazepam and methadone) is avoided through the introduction of phytotherapy, often after consultation between the phytotherapist and medical practitioner." He states that "relatively large doses of appropriate phytomedicines are often re quired to produce a significant effect in alleviating acute withdrawal symptoms in [drug] tolerant individuals." Although the paper does not provide long-term follow-up data, the author considers botani cals particularly useful in helping to safely reduce the anxiety and overall nervous system weakness often associated with recovery from benzodiazepine abuse. The author, a phytotherapist and pharmacist, mentions 28 plants that are effectively used by the clinic for anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, antidepressant, and/or adaptogenic effects. Seven are singled out for detailed discussion: valerian (Valeri ana officina/is L. [Valerianaceae]), kava (Piper methysticum G . Forster [Piperaceae]), passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L. [Passifloraceae]), manuka, a native New Zealand plant also known as broom teatree (Leptospermum scoparium Forster & Forster f. [Myrtaceae]), St. John' s wort (Hypericum perforatum L. [Clusiaceae]), ashwaganda (Withania somnifera (L.) DunaJ [Solan aceae]), and schisandra (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baillon [Schisandraceae]). Part of the author's rationale for using these plants is that some of them contain constituents shown to act as agonists at the central benzodiazepine receptors in a manner similar to the ben zodiazepines themselves. Conventional management of benzodiaz epine withdrawal may involve the use of tapering doses of a long acting benzodiazepine, such as diazepam. Kava, passionflower (P. incarnata and P. caerulea L.), ashwaganda, Matricaria recutita L. Valerian, Valeriano officina/is [Asteraceae], Scutellaria baiacalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae], and Kava, Piper methysticum manuka are among the plants cited as having demonstrated benzo Ashawaganda, diazepine receptor agonist actions. Withania somnifera Part II of this article will deal with the use of herbs in alleviat St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum ing symptoms of opiate drug withdrawal. - Evelyn Leigh Schisandra, [Rasmussen, P. 1997. A role for phytotherapy in the treatment of benzodiaz Schisandra chinensis. epine and opiate drug withdrawal (Part I). The European Journal ofHerbal Photos © 1997 Steven Foster. Medicine , Vol. 3, No. I, 11.]
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 19 uThe Herb Ruearch Foundation iJ one of the modt reliable dourc&J of accurate botanical information available:~
~0. Akerele, MD, former Traditional Medicine Programme Manager, World Health Organization
A worUJ of information at yourfingertip«~
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·Better woriO bealtb tbrougb tbe informed ti.de of berht~ 1007 Pearl Street, Suite 200, Boulder CO 80302 USA PLANT PATENTS
By Karen Dean
During 1997, Shaman Pharmaceuticals re PYCNANTHUS ANGOLENSIS CRYPTOLEPINE ANALOGS ceived three U.S. patents on compounds, compositions, or methods for the treatment Terpenoid-type quinones for treatment of Cryptolepine analogs with hypoglycemic of Type II diabetes, bringing the company's diabetes. Invented by Rosa P. Ubillas, Jolad activity. Invented by Donald E. Bierer of number of diabetes-related patents to five. D. Shivanand, Christopher D. Mendez, Diana Daly City, CA. Assigned to Shaman Phar The company's in vivo studies have identi M. Fort, Joseph L. Evans, and Jian Luo; all maceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA. fied, within a little more than two years, more of California. Assigned to Shaman Pharma U.S. Patent 5,681,958, issued October 28, than a dozen orally active hypoglycemic ceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA. 1997. compounds. In 1997, the company filed an U.S. Patent 5,674,900, issued October 7, Investigational New Drug petition with the 1997. Naturally occurring quindoline and Food and Drug Administration, to take its cryptolepine alkaloids, such as those de lead diabetes compound on to clinical trials. The patent covers novel terpenoid-type scribed in Shaman patent 5,629,319, have Phase I clinical trails began on January 20, quinones obtained from Pycnanthus moved another stage along the product de 1998. Shaman has applied for 19 U.S. and angolensis (Welw.) Warb., Myristicaceae, the velopment pipeline. This patent protects several international patents on hypoglyce processes for obtaining the novel terpenoid novel cryptolepine analogs useful as hy mic agents. Shaman's Type II diabetes re type quinones, and methods for their use as poglycemic agents, methods for their use as search program serves as the basis of its col hypoglycemic agents to treat diabetes. The hypoglycemic agents, for example, in the laborations with Lipha S.A., a wholly owned novel terpenoid-type quinones are obtained treatment of diabetes, and a method for their subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Ger from the leaves and stems of P. angolensis synthesis. The conversion of the naturally many, and with Ono Pharmaceutical Co., and are useful for lowering the blood glu occurring alkaloids into proprietary, modi Ltd., of Japan. cose levels of insulin-dependent (type I) and fied (synthesized) compounds is the key to Shaman Pharmaceuticals shares the non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. successful patenting of a plant or plant-based benefits with local and indigenous people pharmaceutical. with whom it works through short, medium, and long-term mechanisms. The long-term mechanism involves returning a percentage CRYPTOLEPIS GINKGOLIDE PAF ANTAGONISTS of the profits to all the cultures and coun tries it has worked with on all products that Hypoglycemic agent from Cryptolepis. In Treatment of skin diseases using ginkgolide Shaman develops. A pilot trust fund was vented by Jian Luo, Diana M. Fort, Donald PAF antagonists. Invented by Ruth Korth, launched in Nigeria this past fall, to test this E. Bierer, and Reimar C. Bruening all of D-80639, Munich, Federal Republic of Ger process, and will be the subject of future California. Assigned to Shaman Pharmaceu many. Assigned to Ruth Korth, Munich, Herba!Gram reports about this process. ticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA. U.S. Federal Republic of Germany. U.S. Patent Barbara A. Johnston Patent 5,629,319, issued May 13, 1997. 5,605,927, issued February 25, 1997.
This patent covers use of extracts from Treatment and prevention of certain ERRATA Cryptolepis spp., and use of the quindoline skin disorders, including sclerotic, genetic, The "Plant Patents" story on ciwujia alkaloids such as quindoline and cryptolepine and thermic diseases, by the topical or oral (HerbalGram 40, page 23) neglected to contained therein, as hypoglycemic agents, administration of an effective amount of mention the fact that "ciwujia" is commonly as well as methods for obtaining the hypogly natural ginkgolides. The skin diseases that known and sold on the American market as Siberian Ginseng or Eleuthero Ginseng. cemic agents. Preferably, the extracts are respond are those mediated by lyso-plate Use of the plant was popularized in this derived from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta let-activating factors (PAFs) that can be in country in the 1960s by Richard Lucas, who (Lindl.) Schltr., Asclepiadaceae. The agents activated by lyso-PAF antagonists. The in coined the name Siberian Ginseng. The herb are useful for treating insulin-dependent ventor has identified ginkgolides as lyso-PAF has long been sold in tea, extract, capsule, (type I) and non-insulin-dependent (type II) antagonists. The PAFs play a critical role in and tablet forms. The term "ciwujia" which diabetes. the inflammatory process, and therefore in Pacific Health uses to describe the plant is the Chinese name for this plant. It is not the development of these skin diseases. The considered the "common or usual name" bibliographic references cite extensive re (which" is required by FDA for proper la search on PAF receptors and antagonists, and beling) for Siberian ginseng and does not in vitro and in vivo studies of agents that can appear in the American Herbal Products As interfere with the inflammatory process. The sociation (AHPA) list of standardized com strength ofthis patent may relate more to the mon names for herbs. cellular biology research behind it, and to the Page 29, second column, line 17, should read "psyllium seed," not "vitamin identification of one possible mechanism of psyllium seed." action of Ginkgo biloba, than to the patent ing of a plant or plant product per se.
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 21 LEGAL AND REGULATORY
Canadian Regulatory Update
Chanchal Cabrera, MNIMH, AHG Vancouver, BC, Canada
In the late fall of 1997 Health Canada issued ume, dosage form, claims made, and rela products by using a much simpler notifica a public announcement completely repudi tive risk. tion scheme and not the DIN procedure and ating Codex Alimentarius (see HerbalGram So far, under the influence of the Panel, placing the burden of proof on Health Canada #39, page 28), and stating that Canada does a number of concessions have been made by to prove harm instead of on the manufacturer not and will not support Codex at any level. Health Canada and the general tone of the to prove safety. Even if Codex does pass the review proce discussions has been conciliatory and coop The director general of the Therapeu dure in the World Trade Organization erative. The Drug Status Manual which re tic Products Directorate of the Health Pro (WTO), it will not affect the availability of stricted over 60 herbs from sale has been tection Branch has determined that Sched herbal medicines or nutritional supplements scrapped and replaced with the Therapeutic ule A (the list of diseases that a patient can in Canada because, if these are taken for Products Compliance Guide which lists and not self diagnose or treat such as impotence, therapeutic purposes and are not clearly rec restricts only six herbs-Gotu kola ( Centella alcoholism, obesity, and menopause) should ognizable as food items, then they are con asiatica ), Nux vomica (Strychnos nux be scrapped; he will make this recommen sidered to be "therapeutic products" and are vomica), Comfrey (Symphytum officinal), dation to the Health Minister. not regulated under the food guidelines Chaparral (Larrea tridentata), Germander The Standing Committee on Health (a which Codex affects. (Teucrium chamaedrys), and Calamus parliamentary group) commenced public The legal status of herbs in Canada is (Acarus calamus). These may not be sold in hearings in December and is considering the currently undergoing serious scrutiny. The any form. There are 16 herbs listed by the whole issue of natural medicine and how best Advisory Panel on Natural Health Products Foods Directorate as posing a possible health it fits into the current health care model. The has been created by the Health Minister and hazard if consumed regularly as foods-in committee looks likely to endorse the rec given a wide mandate to review and revise other words these herbs would be required ommendations of the advisory panel, made the entire regulatory framework of natural to have a Drug Identification Number (DIN) after careful consideration by all interested health products and to create new regulatory from the Therapeutic Products Directorate parties. The committee report should be guidelines that ensure consumer access to before being permitted for sale in Canada. made by late spring 1998 and then the Health safe and effective products. The panel has They are Chaparral, Ephedra (Ephedra Minister will decide how to proceed. I 7 members with broad representation, in sinica), Germander, Gotu kola, Horsetail A recent nationwide poll showing that cluding five consumer groups, two Western (Equisteum arvense), Kava kava (Piper 70 percent of the population think the health clinical herbalists, a naturopath, two comple methysticum), Khat (Catha edulis), Senna care plan should include herbs and natural mentary M.D.s, a pharmacist, a wholesaler, (Senna alexandrina), Cascara (Rhamnus medicine is bound to influence his decisions. a manufacturer, two Traditional Chinese purshiana) , Calamus, Comfrey, Yellow jes It is not beyond the realms of possi Medicine practitioners, a representative from samine (Gelsemium sempervirens), Magno bility that Canada could adopt and implement the Assembly of First Nations, and an im lia (Magnolia lilijlora), Pleurisy root (Ascl a model of regulation that sets a precedent porter. Panel members have been working epias tuberosa), Stephania (Stephania for other countries to have safe, sensible, and since June 1996. A preliminary report should tetrandra) and Arnica (Arnica spp.). cost effective regulations that ensure freedom be available early in 1998. So far the panel Any herb or natural health product for of choice and consumer safety.O is leaning towards creating a separate regu which a medical claim is made is still sub latory category, within the Therapeutic Prod ject to Drug Identification Number (DIN) [All the documents pertaining to these ucts Directorate but distinct from the drugs regulations. The panel is suggesting that discussions may be obtained via the Internet category, with classification of herbs and structure/function claims and risk reduction by accessing http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpb drugs being based on four criteria: dose vol- claims be permitted on traditional herbal dgps/therapeutldrhtmeng!J
22 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 LEGAL AND REGULATORY
American Herbal Products Association Seeks Modification Of Herbal Extract Provisions by Tony Young and Rob McCaleb
When the Food and Drug Administration and 50 percent of the solvent was removed, included on the concentration of the dietary ("FDA") published final regulations for di then the final concentration shall be stated ingredient in the form y:z, it shall be ex etary supplement labeling there were two as 1:2.5). pressed as a ratio of the weight (in grams) surprises which would seriously impact on of the starting material to the volume (in mil botanicals. First, FDA's final regulation on The American Herbal Products Asso liliters) of solvent. Additionally, the condi extracts from which the solvent has been re ciation (AHPA) has asked that this provision tion of the starting material shall be stated moved1 would require that the botanical be be reconsidered, and that after reconsidera if the starting material is in fresh condition described with its extract, e.g., "dried extract tion, FDA should adopt technical amend (e.g., "fresh dandelion root extract(y:z)"), of ginger." This was immediately criticized ments which AHPA has proposed. and may be stated if the starting material is for two reasons. First, dried extracts have FDA's December 1995 proposal on in dried condition. If a product contains a never before been defined in this fashion. liquid extracts stated: "For any dietary in dietary ingredient that is a liquid extract Second, FDA gave no notice it would im gredients that are liquid extracts, the weight from which the solvent has not been re pose such a requirement. The American shall not include the weight of solvents."3 moved and is labeled in any manner which Herbal Products Association ("AHPA") and FDA requested and received comments on quantifies or claims to contain one or more other trade associations challenged this pro this particular formula. Because the final specific contained constituents of a botani vision as technically inappropriate and un regulation differed substantially from the cal, the constituent shall be quantified on lawful. It is expected FDA will soon with proposal, AHPA challenged its legality. the label by weight on a "per serving" ba draw this provision. However, AHPA appreciates that the sis, in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(iii) The second surprise was the FDA sug agency's intention in promulgating the pro of this section. gestion that for liuid extrects, ingredients vision for liquid extracts may have been · should be listed by weight, and with a ration based on actual and perceived confusion in There were several reasons for the of the weight of the starting material to the the labeling of products in the marketplace. AHPA proposals. solvent, for example, "fresh dandelion root AHPA also agreed better controls are needed extract, x mg (y:z) in 70% ethanol." This in the manner in which certain information 1. The quantity of a dietary supple provision2 affects liquid extracts from which is quantified on some liquid extracts of bo ment that is a liquid extract should be stated all the liquid has not been removed, includ tanicals. However, AHPA told FDA this can in volume, not in weight. ing tinctures. This provision reads as fol best be accomplished by establishing stan lows: dard definitions and calculations for use in Weight measures, AHPA argued, are (B) For any dietary ingredient that is a liq presenting meaningful quantification infor not meaningful to consumers of any food uid extract from which the solvent has not mation, rather than by establishing a single product in liquid form, and may, in fact, be been removed, the quantity listed shall be the form for a ratio statement as a requirement confusing. The Dietary Supplement Health weight of the total extract with information for all products. Indeed, AHPA's standards and Education Act of 1994 ("OSHEA") on the concentration of the dietary ingredi committee has been and continues to work states that the quantity listing requirement ent, the solvent used, and the condition of on definitions and guidelines for herbal ex for each dietary ingredient shall be complied the starting material (i.e. whether it is fresh tracts. with "in a manner which is appropriate for 4 or dried), e.g., "fresh dandelion root extract, As an alternative to FDA's final regu the product." • There is no requirement that x mg (y:z) in 70% ethanol," where x is the lation, AHPA proposed that FDA amend the all quantities be stated by weight. Labeling number of mg of the entire extract, y is the regulations to read as follows: should use language which creates the least weight of the starting material and z is the (B) For any dietary ingredient that is a liq confusion among consumers. Any require volume (milliliters) of solvent. Where the uid extract from which the solvent has not ment to state a weight measure for a liquid solvent has been partially removed (not to been removed, the quantity listed shall not product would simply confuse people. dryness), the final concentration shall be be the weight but shall instead be the vol stated (e.g., if the original extract was I :5 ume of the total extract. If information is continues on next page
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 23 LEGAL AND REGULATORY
2. Solvents that have not been re beginning of the extraction process is only AHPA's objection to FDA's regulation moved from a liquid extract must be included one of several factors which effect the qual is that it is mandatory. By mandating this in the ingredient list. ity or concentration of a liquid herbal extract. information, FDA creates an incentive for A requirement that emphasizes the weight manufacturers to create high ratios when Information about solvents present of the starting material and the solvent to the other factors may be important to the quality (such as alcohol) in many liquid extracts is exclusion of all other information, neglects of the extract. This would create competi useful to consumers, but solvents which have every other element of the manufacturing tive pressures related to a false and poten not been removed from an extract must al process, such as time, temperature, pressure, tially misleading premise. By making this ready be included in the ingredient list. 5 or the quality of the raw materials, and es form of declaration optional, FDA will not sentially denies, on the label, the value of disadvantage those companies marketing 3. Information on the concentration any current or potential proprietary advances their products on a premise different than this of a liquid extract in the form y:z should be in liquid extract manufacturing technology. ratio. optional. At the same time, AHPA believes that the inclusion of such information may, if 4. Quantification of stated constitu FDA's proposed rules did not propose properly calculated, provide useful informa ents of a liquid extract should be stated on a a requirement for stating the concentration tion to consumers. AHPA essentially agrees per serving basis. of a liquid extract and interested parties to with the definition of a ratio expressed in the the proposed rules could not reasonably have form y:z that is included in the final rule, i.e. Some supplement labels claim that the anticipated that the final rule would require that the calculation for a labeled concentra product contains one or more specific .con such information. tion ratio which is stated in the form y:z must stituents of an herb and/or quantifies the AHPA argued, however, that while the be standardized as the ratio of the weight (in amount of the constituent(s). These ingredi use of such information may provide mean grams) of the starting material to the liquid ents are represented both in the form of liq ingful information to consumers, a require volume (in milliliters) of the solvent, and that uid extracts from which the solvents have not ment to state the concentration as described the condition of the starting material (i.e., been removed and in the form of extracts in the final rules is potentially misleading. whether it is fresh or dried) must be stated if from which the solvents have been removed. The weight of the herbal ingredient at the the starting material is in fresh condition. The inclusion of such information is a fairly
A Brief History Of Pharmacognosy
One chimp to another"/ have a tummy ache ... " (In "chimpanzeese," rubbing tummy) 4,000,000 years ago:"Here, eat these bitter herbs!" (In chimpanzeese) 2,000,000 years ago:"Here, eat these bitter herbs and leave some for the Leakey's to find!"(in humanoid sign language) 2,000 B.C.- "Here, eat these bitter herbs!!" (in Arabic and Hebrew). 0 B.C.- "The saviour is borne! Faith alone can heal, but eat the bitter herbs as Food Farmacy, just in case!!" 1,000 A.D.- "Those bitter herbs are heathen. Here, say this prayer!" 1,850 A.D.- "That prayer is superstition. Here, drink this potion!" 1,900 A.D.- "That potion is snake oil. Here, swallow this pill!" 1,985 A.D.- "That pill is ineffective. Here, take this antibiotic!" 2,000 A.D.- "That antibiotic is artificial and toxic, and all the microbes are resistant. Here, eat these bitter herbs. And pray they will help you:• - from an unknown source via email.
24 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 LEGAL AND REGULATORY
recent innovation in the labeling of dietary AHPA's Recommended supplements containing these ingredients. This is very meaningful information-when Lobel Language .for Kava Products it is presented accurately. AHPA therefore suggested, as a means to technically correct liquid constituent dis The American Herbal Products Association Caution: Not for use by persons un closures, that if a product is labeled in a man (AHPA) Kava Committee commissioned the der the age of 18. If pregnant, nursing, or ner which quantifies or names one or more Herb Research Foundation to conduct an ex taking a prescription drug, consult health specific contained constituents, compounds, tensive safety and peer review of Kava. One care practitioner prior to use. Do not ex or group of compounds of a botanical, such of the purposes of the Kava Safety & Peer ceed recommended dose. Excessive con quantification be stated on the label by Review was to determine what, if any, dos sumption may impair ability to drive or weight on a "per serving" basis. 0 age limitations and cautionary labeling lan operate heavy equipment. guage was needed. The AHPA Board of REFERENCES Trustees approved the following on Septem 1. (21 C.F.R. § 101.36(b)(3)(ii)(C),62Fed.Reg.49825,49851 The Kava Safety & Peer Review is (Sept. 23, 1997)) ber 17, 1997, at the Baltimore meeting. available from the AHPA office for $59.95 2. (21 C.F.R. § 101.36(b)(3)(ii)(B), supra) 1) Products containing kava should plus $3.50 for shipping and handling. Also 3. 60 Fed. Reg. 67194,67216 (Dec. 28, 1995) (to be codified be formulated and labeled to limit consump at 21 C.F.R. § 101.36(b)(3)(ii)) available from the ABC Catalog #422. 4. 21 u.s.c. § 343(q)(5)(F) tion of total kavalactones to 300mg per day' $59.95 For an article on this review, see 5. 21 C.F.R. § 101.4(a)(l)(g) 2) Labels of all products containing HerbalGram No. 40, p. 14.0 kava bear the following statement:
...... STEVEN FOSTER GROUP , INC .
eatured in HerbaiGram for over a decade, the photographs of Steven Foster are available for licensing for editorial or commercial projects. Specializing in medicinal and aromatic plants, our stock photo Jiles include more than 40,000 images, including most major...... herbs sold as dietar_y supplements . Steven Foster Group, Inc. Ellen Miller, Vice President, Sales and Marketing P.O. Box 1343 Fayetteville, AR 72702 501-521-5887 fax 501-521-6369 email: [email protected] www.stevenfoster. com
COME TO THE SOURCE
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 25 erbalist's
c HARTER
''Cfa/(f vio[et [eaves, nigfit sfiaae, of eclie ij. fiancfjuf0 cfianwme[[ (jfowres), one fiancfju[ ma[fowes ij. fiancfju[ rose feaves one fiancfju[ swete appufs iii} a mancliet; 'Boyfe a[[ tfise to guetfier in swete my[/(g. tyf[ tliey 6e tetufre ... " begins tfie recipe for J-fenry '1/[II's pouftice, "aevisec£ 6y tfie 'l(jnge.s !Matie at fiampton court. "1
-)
e many a monarch before him, Henry VIII (1491-1547) had a plaster which, the manuscript note claims, "resolves humoures which n amateur interest in medicine: he was "a great dabbler in physic there is swellynge in the legges", and another one intended "to ease ) d offered medical advice on all occasions which presented them- the payne and swelling abowt the ankles". There were other rem ives .... "1 He found the actual preparation and compounding of edies designed perhaps for the same trouble: "a grane oyntement e plasters and ointments particularly fascinating, and no doubt had devised by the Kinges highnes to take awaye heat and Indurations", sown Royal set of apothecary's equipment which went with him and still more "to resolve and ease Payne", "to heal ulcers without n his travels. pain", and "to cool inflammation".3 f A manuscript preserved in the British Museum, written in beau His strenuous sexual life appears to have brought its own prob tiful Tudor script, records a royal collection of 114 favourite recipes lems: the "King's Grace's oyntement" was invented at StJames's, for "piastres" and "cataplasmes", for "balmes ... waters, lotions and "to coole and dry and comfort the Member", and another soothing decoctions". Thirty-two of these are noted as being of "the Kinges ointment "to dry excoriations and cornforte the membre" was de Maties devise", and there seems no reason to doubt that they were vised at Cawood. ("Was not that an episcopal palace? How devoutly composed by the King himself, sending his servants scurrying for was the Head of the Church employed!" commented Horace Walpole two ounces of fme1y powdered red coral or another pint of rose-water, waspishly, two centuries later.)4 and consulting his personal apothecary Thomas Babham on a fine The ingredients Henry used probably reflect fairly accurately professional point from time to time, while he pored over his herb the standard medical practice of his time. Most of them were herbal als and his antidotaries. plants and flowers known since Dioscorides for their soothing, cool Many of the medicaments devised by Henry must have been ing, healing, and softening properties, such as plantain (Plantago for his personal use. His leg with its obstinate ulcerous sore began major), linseed (Linum usitatissimum), fenugreek, (Trigonella to bother him fairly early in his reign, and he experimented with a foenum-graecum ), and marguerite (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum ).
26 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 He used marshmallow (Althaea officina/is), highly thought of by surgeons, or apothecaries-men professionally involved with me the Arab pharmacists as a poultice for inflammations, and the leaves dicinal plants, and anxious to have available in clear concise form of the sweet-scented violet (Viola odorata) which, as Gerard noted all the most important information to be found in the works of Greek, later, were commonly "used in cooling plasters, oyles and comfort Latin or Arab authors. able cataplasms or poultices".5 Authoritative and complete texts of Dioscorides-as opposed Henry also used the sweet yellow flowers of the tall weed to the scrappy and unreliable extracts the medieval doctor had had melilot (Melilotus officina/is), which the country people called King's to rely on-were considered essential, and Latin translations of the clover. Tudor farmers hated it because it took over their pasture lands West's first herbal, often running alongside the Greek original, were and ruined their com, but country herbalists found it very useful: a among the earliest works on medicinal herbs to be printed. Other poultice of melilot "boiled in sweet wine" with "the yo Ilk of a rosted standard classic and Arab authors followed, while a French physi egge, linseed, marshmallow and hog's greece" was the very thing, cian, John Ruellius, produced early in the sixteenth century the com said Gerard, for assuaging inflammation.6 Appropriately for a Tu plete reference work De natura stirpium, in three fat volumes, dor monarch, Henry also used plenty of "oyle of roses" and "wherein he hath accurately gathered all things out of sundrie writ rose-water, probably as much for its sweet smell- perhaps conceal ers, especially the Greekes and Latines".8 ing others less pleasant-as for its medicinal value. But as time went by, it became clear that the great task of As well as plants, he used lead and turpentine for his plasters; clarifying and collating, so far from being nearly complete, was more exotic ingredients such as silver or powdered red coral in which hardly begun; that confusion was, if anything, being made worse by he seems to have had great faith; positively fabulous articles such as so many different attempts to impose some kind of order; and that unicorn hom; and the occasional repellent animal substance-but the world was full of plants which Dioscorides had never seen and carefully prepared for him-such as "the pouldre of long wormes about which he had not a word to say-a situation that at least one well washed and dryed". All of these were heated, stirred, and writer, Petrus Andreas Matthiolus, found so unnerving that he actu pounded together, and given the necessary body by contribution from ally falsified the figures of some of these alien growths "to make the royal kitchens such as manchet or fine wheat bread, freshly laid them agree with Dioscori".9 eggs, capon fat, or veal suet. We may suspect, too, that many of the physicians who wrote There was nothing uncommon in this herbal expertise. Henry so happily and knowledgeably about medicinal plants were pursu VIII was merely doing for fun, and in grand kingly style, what every ing an academic hobby rather than adding to the general knowledge housewife in his kingdom did from necessity. Shakespeare's plays of their profession. Conrad Gesner (1516-1566), whose leisure for are stuffed with knowledgeable allusions to herbs: "give me man years was absorbed by "the great and general worke of plants" he dragora and let me sleep". It was part planned, was professionally far of every gentleman's breeding to be more fascinated by the exciting familiar with them. Every good li fitrbalist' s Ebarttr possibilities of the new chemical brary in the kingdom possessed one of lknrv tiM urn medicine, and wrote a book strenu of the fine new Latin herbals then in ously advocating it as early as ~!~ CrkciiiiiO Qwlrto .... C:rtCIIIIIIO Quhato. lktlrtd urn print, and in 1526-the year that -•-ea.. urn. Jill Jlct C:tt.t PerM••· a.111a no eo .... 1552. Henry's eye first strayed to Anne _,....._, m.v lld•twt.tcr o.rtw.,.. ~ Another well-known writer Boleyn-the Grete Herbal, the first HEI\£ in ~~~~ Parliament laoldrrn at Wectwlnater In 1111 llllrd Yeer or on plants, the youthful prodigy Klnr'a moat ll'•cloua 1\elllft, IIDOnpt oilier Tll l op ~_ror Ill• ..old · English one, was published with the Wr·•1 or Sorurlu, Wltcllcrans, and OU..r lac.oona ..ncoa , II wa1 Valeri us Cordus (1515-1544 ), :,r:rcte1, ~hot no Per1on wltlloln tbo City or Londoa, ·aor wltlain x•on object, like the French work from . .. 0 st e UDII , &laDGid tall:e upon blm to uorclao end DCCUPJ .. Pbyal· spent much of his brieflife collect Clan !" ur~on, ncept bt lat lint eumlned, approwed, and admltt~d by which it was translated, of ~e Bo&laop or l.endoa and oilier, under end upon eel'teln Pelna and Ponti· ing and improving pharmaceutical t1u In lbt aarae Act mtnllontd : Sithence the me kina or wblcll aald Act, "enformyng how men may be holpen llle Company and Followahlp or Sur,.ona or London mlodln1 oaly U..ir formulae. When the physicians of :wn Lucr~s. and nothlnl lbe Proftt or uac or lhc biaeucd or Patltnl, with grene herbs of the gardyn and n~ IUcd, trouble~!, lnd woaed dlwtra honut Peraona u well •• Men Nuremberg enquired if they might U ODien, WbODI \ood hath Indued Willi tlloe knowlodie or tbe Nature wedys of the feldys as well as by kind, and O~rallon or certain Hel'ba, floota, and Watora, and the .,,;,,j see the result of all his researches, aad mlnlat,rtnr of lbtm lo aucla •• Iaten pained willa cwromablo Diac•ac•, costly receptes of the potycaryes pre u Wo-a I lrenta btln1 IOrt, • Pin aftd lila Web Ia ~ · Ere. Uacor.~ra they were so impressed that the ot Handa, lluralnp, ~AIIIIft,. , s..r. Mouth&, tile Slo01o, Slra•1• ry, Saueo· pared".7 lim, and Xt~rphow , •nd aut'h Dlh•r llh DIMn.. : and Jft U.. nld Penona Senate ordered a collection of his ..." not taken anYI!IInl for &laelr Pelna Df' Cu llft ln~o but ha~ talDiatred Not all the herbals published in 1M ume to poor People oaiJ for ,.lllhlaourlaood and God'a ullrc and of PI~•· and Cll•rlt~· : Anil II Ia now well known thai the Sur pan• ~dm l ttcd this and the following century were wid do IIO Cere to a11 y Prraoa but where they ahall bt rewarded wilb • ,...,,., Sua or Reward then the Curt eatrndelb unto: rDf' In cue t h~y intended for home consumption, how -.-Jd mlallltr their Cunnlnt unto aore People anrewarlltd, U..re abould IMl ao rnanJ rat and ~rla!l lD dootllo for Llcll: oe Help or Sur,.., •• delly Herbalist Act, 1542, U.K. from ever. On the contrary, the vast ma do; liMit lhe ,...• ..,.t part ar SurltOIII admitted beta 111ucla more ID be Wam*CI lhaa U... Peraona lllel tlaey troulai*CI, for alllaoup U.. 111oat Natural Healing and Common jority were the work of physicians, Part ol lila Perao111 af the u.ld Crefl of SurJIOftl uwe 11111aU Cunnlnt Law Contracts by John M. Willis Jet 111417 wm tau INti -. of Moaey aad do Utllt U..rdOI'C, aad llr II•-• lhertol the¥ do afttniiNta Impair and hul't llaolr Patlenta, rotber ..... __ .. _ ..... _ --- ~ ·- ~ -- - · · --·· · ...... - - HERBAlGRAM No. 42 • 27 Left to right: John Ruellius; a work by Dioscorides translated by John Ruellius both courtesy of the Lloyd Library, Cinncinati, OH; De natura stripium libri tres, 1536 courtesy of the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA..
Aromatics and Opiates, Confections and Conserves, Cerates, Syr in the local hedgerow. In the preface to his 1542 work on medicinal ups and Electuaries to be printed as the first official pharmacopoeia, plants, the German physician Leonhart Fuchs ( 150 1-1566) took his and it caused a stir in medical circles throughout Europe. "Disgust colleagues severely to task: ing polypharmacal messes", comments a modem pharmacist. "If the physicians and Senate were so favorably impressed with the su "by immortal God, is it to be wondered at that kings and princes periority of this work, one cannot but wonder what must have been do not at all regard the .. .investigation of plants, when even the phy the character of the formulae that had previously been used."10 sicians of our time so shrink from it that it is scarcely possible to As for master surgeon John Gerard (1545-1607), whose very find one among a hundred who has an accurate knowledge of even name is almost synonymous with herbal in England-who can doubt ... a few plants?"12 that if he had lived today, he would no more have thought of going in for medicine than ohpprenticing himself to a plumber? He would William Turner (1520-1568), himself aphysician and a dis have been a landscape gardener, a Peter Coats, a Harry Wheatcroft. tinguished graduate of Cambridge, made the same point in his pref Every line of his enchanting Herbal or General Historie ofPlantes, ace to the Herbal he published in 1551: in his student days, he said, published in 1597, betrays the keen eye, the skill, the patience, and he had found it impossible to learn the names-Greek, Latin, or the enthusiasm of the born gardener. "Talke of perfect happinesse English- "amongst the Phisicions of any herb or tre, suche was the or pleasure, and what place was so fit for that as the garden place ignorance in simples at that tyme" .13 where Adam was set to be the Herbarist?" 11 Professional snobbery is the most likely explanation of this The fact was that apart from a attitude. Perhaps at no time in history few botanizing enthusialits, most phy had the physician's training been so com sicians in the sixteenth and seventeenth pletely theoretical, with its emphasis on centuries were not interested in pursu classical studies. The full degree course ing the study of medicinal plants other at Oxford or Cambridge lasted up to four than on paper, in elegant herbals, and teen years (Thomas Linacre, Henry within the straitjacket confines of the Vlll"s personal physician, was thirty-two humoral approach with its endless cat by the time he graduated), and included egories and subdivisions. It seems to a solid grounding in the classics. Many have occurred to few of them to inves of the wealthy young men who took up tigate for themselves the action of the medicine went abroad to take their de abundant home-grown medicinal grees, rounding off their education in the plants that were available in fresh, re widest possible sense at Paris, liable form, to test them singly on pa Montpellier, Salerno, or Basel. Linacre tients instead of in the combinations of himself was a Padua man, and a meticu dozens of herbs that doctors usually lous classical scholar, who had delved in prescribed, and to make notes of the Italian libraries for obscure early Greek results. medical texts to add to the canons of re Both indifference to and igno ceived knowledge, and published his own rance about their native medicinal recension and translation of them. plants seems to have been almost uni The sheer length of his training versal, confirming Paracelsus's angry must have convinced the conviction that physicians and apoth sixteenth-century physician that all avail ecaries were only impressed by exotic able medical knowledge was now at his imported herbs, while scorning those fingertips. To men like these-a
28 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 L'E o'NHA;R, TVS FVC H. . S!VS,A::ETATIS S.VAE A.N-t10 XLI•
Left to right: Valerius Cordus; Leonhart Fuchs, Conrad Gesner. Photos courtesy of the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati, OH. Bottom of page 28: The Grete Herbal by P. Treueris, 1526, courtesy of the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
well-bred and exclusively educated elite-it was unthinkable that were a mere cog in the wheel of the great and powerful Grocers' anyone less well-trained than themselves should dare to describe Company, who had received their Royal Charter even earlier than himself as a doctor. It was even more unthinkable that the home the barber-surgeons. grown herbs used by amateurs and by vast numbers of illiterate The apothecaries were expected to keep on hand stocks of all quacks might possibly be more effective than the grand compounds the drugs commonly used in medicine, from agrimony to unicorn's taken from Avicenna or Mesue which they prescribed for their hom. But since their most profitable lines-the sugar confections, wealthy patients. spices, syrups and electuaries which kept for months-were always And in the reign of Henry VIII these quacks and amateurs being creamed off their business by the grocers, leaving them with represented real competition to the physicians. It was bad enough deteriorating supplies of costly perishable drugs, many had no choice that, as a result of the flood of herbals, doctoring with simples had financially but to do a little prescribing on the side, and drum up become a fashionable amateur pastime: extra business in that way. Below these ranks of skilled or semiskilled practitioners there "for now [say they] every man without any study of necessary swarmed, according to the preamble in the Letters Patent which gave artes unto the knowledge of Phisick; will become a Phisician ... ev Linacre his College of Physicians, ery man nay every old wyfe will presume, not without the mordre of many, to practyse Phisick."14 "a great multitude of ignorant persons, of whom the greater part had no insight into physic, nor in any other kind of learning; But as well as these presumptuous amateurs, England-and some could not even read the letter on the book, so far forth, that London in particular-was running over with self-styled medical common artificers, smiths, weavers and women, boldly and practitioners of every kind. accustomably took upon them great cures, to the high displeasure of There were, first, the surgeons, who had been making rapid God, great infamy of the faculty and the grievous hurt, damage and strides professionally, since the invention of printing began adding destruction of many of the King's liege people." 16 to their knowledge and resources. Theoretically, surgeons were sup posed to stick to surgery and leave internal medicine to the physi It was, one suspects, those illiterate smiths and weavers who cians, but many of them had quietly been developing into general particularly stuck in the physicians' gullet. But all the same, there practitioners under the very noses of the physicians. The brand-new was an obvious need for some form of supervision or control over scourge of syphilis had brought them plenty of profitable business, this seething mass of practitioners, many of them foreigners. And as well as a new class of customer, since syphilis cases were com although everyone could see it was unrealistic to insist on over-rigid monly referred to them: ''upon the cure of Venereal disease ... alone", lines of distinction in the country at large-where people simply it was reckoned, "the subsistence of three parts in four of all Sur tended to call on whatever form of medical aid happened to be avail geons in town depended". 15 able-London was another matter altogether, and its exploding popu Hard on the heels of the surgeons proper, who had neither lation, which climbed from 30,000 to 200,000 during this century, Guild nor Charter, came the barber-surgeons, a proud and indepen made it particularly vulnerable to exploitation by quacks. dent City company who had obtained a Royal Charter in 1462; but So it was with the full backing of both Henry and his minister they, in tum, were expected to confine themselves only to the lower Wolsey that the physicians pressed for legislation which would give reaches of surgery-cupping, bleeding and tooth extraction, activi them authority to deal with these abuses, and in 1512 Parliament ties advertised to this day by the bloodred stripes of the barber's passed the first of a series of acts designed to regulate the practice of pole. medicine in London and the provinces. This Act dealt chiefly with Next in actual importance came the apothecaries, who learned London, restricting the practice of medicine within a seven-mile ra their craft as apprentices. The English apothecaries fancied that they dius of London in the future to graduates of either Oxford or Cam knew quite as much about simple and compound medicines as any bridge, unless they had been licensed by the Bishop of London on grand physician. Many of them probably did, but in hard fact, they the recommendation of four physicians.
HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 29 The title plate of Gerard's The Page 31 Left to right: title plate of Herbal/. first edition, 1597. Gerard's The Herbal/, 1633 Courtesy of the Bodleian Library edition, cou rtesy of the Lloyd at Oxford, U.K. Libra ry, Cincinati, OH. The New Herbal, by W. Turner, 1551, cou rtesy of the Hunt lnsititute for Botanical Docu mentation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA; John Gerard, courtesy of the Lloyd Library, Cincinati, OH.
Six years later, in 1518, the Col In an Act worded with bibli lege of Physicians was set up by Letters cal eloquence, it castigated the sur Patent, as the formal regulatory body geons who which such legislation obviously called for; and in 1523 the existence and author "minding onely their own lucre, ity of the College were not mere1y con and nothing the profit or ease of firmed by Parliament but actually ex the di seased or Patient, have tended-at least in theory~ver the sued, troubled, and vexed divers whole country. honest persons, as well men as Neither Wolsey nor Linacre can women, whom God hath endued have supposed for a moment that this sys with the knowledge of nature, tem of control, however sweeping in kind and operation of certain theory, could be made effective in practice. What it did, however, Herbs, Roots and Waters, and the using and ministring of was set up administrative and legal machinery, lacking until then, them, to such as has been pained with customable diseases, by which the worst abuses mentioned in the first Act-those practi as Womens Breasts being sore, a Pin and the Web in the tioners threatening "grievous hurt, damage and destruction" to their Eye, Uncomes of hands, Scaldings, Burnings, Sore mouths, victims--could be dealt with. And this appears to have been the the Stone, Strangury, Saucelim and Morphew, and such intention of Parliament. other like diseases: and yet the said persons have not taken It was not, however, the first object of the physicians, who anything for their pains or cunning, but have ministered following the very first Act of 1512 had almost immediately set in the same to poor people onely for neighbourhood and God's motion the first of a series of demarcation disputes which eventu sake, and pity and charity. ally touched off a sort of domino effect throughout the medical hier archy: the physicians suing the surgeons for practising medicine, This behaviour, the Act continued, was in contrast to that of the surgeons rounding on the barbers for practising surgery, and both the surgeons who allowed many to "rot and perish to death for lack of them occasionally falling on the apothecary. of help" because they could not pay; furthermore, "the most part of In another attempt to straighten out medical matters, Parlia the persons of the said Craft of Surgery have small cunning, yet they ment passed two more acts in the early 1540s, the first of which will take great sums of money and do little therefore, and by reason reconfirmed the authority of the physicians, and gave them control thereof they do oftentimes impair and hurt their patients". over both surgeons and apothecaries; and the second of which for Since the greed and ignorance of the surgeons left a void in mally united the Surgeons and Barber-Surgeons into one grand new medical care for the poor, therefore, the Act proceeded to legalize an Company, and gave them control over surgical matters in an area entirely new class of practitioners: extending one mile around the City. As a sop to the surgeons, how ever, the barbers were now strictly forbidden to practise surgery. "it shall be lawful! to every person being the King's sub These Acts, far from keeping everybody happy, simply pro ject, having knowledge and experience of the nature of duced a fresh crop of victims, since the surgeons, smarting under Herbs, Roots and Waters, or of the operation of same, by their new subjection to the physicians, but at least secure in their speculation or practice within any part ... of the King's do own rights, fell mercilessly upon some of the simple, unlicensed minions, to practise, use and minister in and to any out practitioners they felt were poaching in their preserves-women who ward sore, uncome, wound, apostemations, outward swell had been giving medicine "for helyng of womens papes" or "giving ing or disease, any herb or herbs, oyntments, baths, pultes water to young children to heal cankers in their mouths", and a brewer and amplaisters, according to their cunning, experience and named Margetson ' 30 • HERB ALGRAM No. 42 The final words of the Act were a warning to the physicians, Several herbs, usually with a marked diuretic action, have been in tum, that they could not invoke any powers granted to them under found useful in urinary problems: the herbalists probably prescribed previous legislation to meddle with the newly legalized herbalists: butcher's broom (Ruscus aculeatus). recommended by Dioscorides "the foresaid Statute in the foresaid third year of the King's most for such cases; horsetail ( Equisetum arvense); or the tiny creeping gracious Reign, or any other Act, ·Ordinance or Statute to the con scarlet pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis). trary hereof made in any wise notwithstanding". 18 Ague in Tudor times was almost synonymous with malaria, To schoolboys and doctors this Act has been known ever since which was then endemic in northern Europe. Although it was the as the Quacks' Charter. Modem herbalists, however, have called it milder of the two fonns of malaria, caused by the parasite Plasmo the herbalists' charter, since the insolent greed of a handful of Tudor dium vivax, it was a debilitating disease, characterized by bouts of surgeons not only ensured the survival of their profession, but pro tertian, or recurrent, fever, which often led to chronic anaemia, and vided a flimsy legal roof under which it has sheltered and flourished none of the classic treatments for it were very effective in the days to this day in Britain. before quinine. Plenty of country wise women claimed to have a Three things are immediately remarkable about this Act. The cure for it, though; the nineteenth-century Dr. Thornton in his herbal first is its plain implication that outside the ranks of professional tells the story of an old man who perfonned wonderful cures of ague physicians, traditional medicine still flourished, and there were num and other diseases with the herb tonnentil (Potentilla erecta), and bers of honest people-women as well as men-who were skilled became so celebrated for them locally that Lord William Russell and knowledgeable about herbs, and perfectly capable of providing gave him a piece of land on which to cultivate his miracle herb.9 a much-needed medical service for the poor. The third point, and perhaps the most striking, to be made The second is the quite astonishing range of diseases which about this Act is that it makes plain that however contemptuous phy these practitioners were to be allowed to treat-a range far wider sicians and surgeons may have been of the herbalists with their than that of the surgeon, in fact, since not only could they supply simples, they had powerful friends in high places (Henry VIII in dressings, plasters, and ointments for "outward sores" and other dis cluded) who had a very considerable opinion of their skills, and agreeable skin afflictions, but they could also give drinks-which thought that they deserved protection and encouragement-and pos was internal medicine, the physician's province-for three diseases. sibly patronage too. Any one of these three ailments would be serious enough in our The offhand way in which Parliament, by this Act, legalized time, and two of them were in Tudor days life-threatening: the stone, the practice of scores of illiterate nobodies shook the College to its strangury (or pain and difficulty in urinating), and agues. Few rem foundations, and although the Act had seemed to be directed en edies suggested by sixteenth-century physicians were effective tirely against the surgeons, many of them actually took advantage of against the agonies of the stone (literally, small calculi trapped in its deplorably vague phrasing to extend their practice. the kidney or bladder); patients who had been treated to no avail What was threatened by the Act, moreover-as the doctors could choose either to continue suffering, or to undergo the surgical could see only too well-was the authority of the proud physicians: operation of lithotomy, or being cut for the stone-an ordeal which how could it be otherwise if any old woman with a glirnrnering of even two centuries later, when it had been developed into a highly knowledge or skill should be allowed to take on diseases by which skilled, swift and routine operation, the diarist Evelyn's brother died distinguished scholars and gentlemen, with years of training behind rather than undergo. There are, however, highly effective plant rem them, were defeated? edies for the stone-an insignificant creeping plant called More than a century later Dr. Charles Goodall (1642-171 2), a pellitory-of-the-wall ( Parietana officinal is) being one of them-and Fellow of what had by then been raised to the dignity of Royal Col some of the City practitioners may have built a reputation for cures lege of Physicians, wrote a long account of its gallant struggles against of the stone by using them. "Empiricks and unlicensed Practisers". Largely an exercise in pub- HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 31 Title page of Poradisi in Sole, 1629. Photo courtesy of the lloyd Library, Cinncinati, OH. lie relations, Goodall's book was in firmly back, to "allow either her [or tended to prove that the College had been any other person not qualified accord devoting its energies for decades to the ingly] to intrude themselves into so extermination of unscrupulous and rest great and daungerous a Vocation ... to less quacks, even when these were pro the evident daunger of the life and tected by the hi ghest in the land, as an health of such her Majesties most lov extraordinary number of them in fact ing subjects, as shall be abused by their appear to have been; and some fairly hor notorious and wilful ignorance" Y rific accounts of mercurial excesses and backstreet abortion rackets emerge from The College had their revenge it. on Walsingham for meddling when What is also clear is how seriously five years later, in 1586, he wrote again the College took the challenge to their on behalf of an Empirick, asking them professional status represented by the to have released from prison a man Quacks' Charter, and how savagely they named Not, "forasmuch as both my hounded down the modest practitioners self have heretofore used him, and of traditional herbal medicine. divers other Gentlemen have also re In 1581, for instance, the College ceived good by him". In their reply, pounced on "one Margaret Kennix, an the College mentioned tongue in cheek outlandish, ignorant, sorry woman", that Not "protesteth openly (and that whose practice in ministering to her most infamously as we think and of neighbours and charging for her services fensively to the credit and good name too was stopped by the College.20 It turned out they had caught a of such as admit him to their persons) that he dealeth with none but tartar: this sorry woman boldly complained to no less a person than onely for the Pocks".22 the Queen. Now Elizabeth, as it happened, was just as much inter By the end of the sixteenth century, however, the question of ested in medicine as her father Henry VIII, and just as much given the unlicensed practitioner, though still a nagging preoccupation, to dabbling in pharmacy, having once composed a tonic for heart was no longer foremost in the minds of the College physicians. The and brain containing amber, musk, and civet dissolved in spirit of burning issue of the day-an issue which split the College itself roses, which she sent to the Emperor Rudolf II. into two violently opposed factions-was whether or not they could Elizabeth may have felt an amateur's sympathy for another bring themselves to approve the new chemical medicine, which amateur, she may have suspected that the physicians were needlessly was rapidly making converts among professional physicians all tiresome and overbearing, or she may simply have had a flicker of over Europe.O fellow feeling for another woman struggling to keep her end up in a [Reprinted with permission from Green Pharmacy by Barbara Griggs, pub man's world. Whatever the reason, Elizabeth took a personal inter lished by Healing Arts Press, an imprint ofInner Traditions International, Rochester, est in this case, inquired carefully into the circumstances, and being VT, U.S.A. Copyright 1981, 1997 Barbara Griggs] satisfied that Margaret Kennix was no threat to her subjects' lives, directed her Secretary of State, Walsingham, to write to the physi REFERENCES cians. It was, he duly wrote: I. Sloane ms 1047 (BM), cited Blaxland Stubbs, "Henry Vlli and Pharmacy: Part I", The Chemist and Druggist, 27 June 1931, p. 794. 2. LaWall, p. 210. "her Majesty's pleasure that the poore woman shoold be 3. Sloane ms 1047, op. cit. 4. Walpole, Correspondence with the Rev. William Cole (ed. Lewis and Wallace), p. 332. permitted by you quietly to practice and mynister to the 5. Gerard, Herbal, cited Grieve, p. 828. curing of diseases and wounds, by the meanes of certain 6. Ibid, pp. 525-6. Simples, in the application whereof it seemeth God hath 7. Preface to the Grete Herbal/, printed PeterTreveris 1526, cited Rohde, pp. 68-9. 8. Gerard, Herbal, "To the Reader". gieven her an especiall knowledge." 9. Ibid, pp. 525-6. 10. La Wall, pp. 227-230. 11. Gerard, Herbal, "To the Reader". There followed a courteous threat: 12. Fuchs, De Historia Stirpium, preface, cited Arber, Herbals, p. 67. 13. Turner, A New Herbal/, preface. 14.1bid. "I shall therefore desire you ... to take order amongst your 15. Rosebury, Misrobes and Morals, p. 171. selves for the readmitting of her into the quiet exercise of 16. Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry Vll/, 2, pt. II, 4450. 17. Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VI//, 2nd Ed. xvii, 1255, cited Roberts, "The her small talents least by the renewing of her complaint to Personnel and Practice of Medicine in Tudor and Stuart England: Part II, London" MH, her Majesty through your hard dealing towards her, you 1962, VI, p. 223. procure further inconvenience thereby to your selfe." 18. Statutes of the Realm, 34-35, Henry VIII, c 8. 19. Grieve, p. 820. 20. Goodall, An Historical Account, etc. p. 316. ff. 21.. ibid, pp. 317-8. The College was not inclined to take this lying down: they 22. Ibid, pp. 320-1. could not possibly reconcile it with their conscience, they wrote 32 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 A Pictorial History of Herbs in Medicine and Pharmacy ,.... ,. ~ . __ , . l ~ . t' . ;e. ' \ C:• 'r p._,_-. r 71' ··- #~' -~ Excerpted from Great Moments in Pharmacy: A History of Pharmacy in Pictures Published by Parke, Davis & Company 1966 Stories by George A. Bender Paintings by Robert A. Thorn Reprinted by permission of Warner-Lambert Company (Original text by George Bender modified by Herba!Gram staff) HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 33 Before the Dawn of History From beginnings as remote and as simple as these came the proud profession of Pharmacy. Its develop ment parallels that of humankind itself. Ancient peoples learned from instinct, for observation of birds and beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud were their first soothing application. By trial, they learned which served them best. Eventually, they applied this knowledge for the benefit of others. The wise man or woman of the tribe, whose knowledge of the healing properties of herbs and plant had either been gathered from experience or handed down by word of mouth from progenitors, was called on to attend the sick or wounded and prepare the remedy. It was from the methods of preparing the substances thus employed for the treatment of an injury or a disease that the art of the apothecary originated. Recorded history as it pertains to the art of the apothecary takes us back forty to forty five centuries. Though the cavepeople's methods were crude, many of today's medicines spring from sources as simple and elementary as those which were within reach of early humans. Pharmacy in Ancient Babylon Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary. Medical treatment was similar to treatments found in the Egyptian papyrus but their documents, written in cuneiform, date from an earlier period than those found in Egypt. Some practitioners of healing of this era (ca. 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist, and physician, all in one. Also there were separate priest-physicians who treated some diseases with religious incantations and psychosomatic remedies whereas there were some secular physicians who employed drugs and what we would call rational therapies. Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods. Among the drug substances which they used were oils of cedar (Cedrus spp.) and cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), myrrh (Commiphora spp.), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), honey, poppy juice (Papaver somniferum), nutgalls all of which are still in use. Early Babylonian science of drugs, their preparation and combination, spread far from the Tigris and Euphrates basins, and influenced Pharmacy's beginnings for many centuries. A Pictorial History 34 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 Pharmacy in A ncient China Chinese Pharmacy, according to legend, stems from Shen Nong (ca. 2000 B. C.), emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. Also known as the Blazing Emperor, he is reputed to have tested many of them on himself, and to have written the first Ben Cao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs. Still worshipped by native Chinese drug guilds as their patron god, Shen Nong conceivably examined many herbs, barks, and roots brought in from the fields, swamps, and woods that are still recognized in Chinese Pharmacy today. Among the herbal drugs Shen Nong is reputed to have discovered is MaHuang, or Ephedra (Ephedra sinica). In the background is the "Ba Gua," a mathematical design symbolizing creation and life. Medicinal plants include rhubarb (Rheum spp.), ginseng (Pana.x ginseng), cassia bark (Cinnamomum cassia), and, in the boy's hand, MaHuang. Shen Nong is a symbol of belief in empirical knowledge, which has been so characteristic an aspect of China's pharmaceutical practice through the ages. Herbs in Medicine and Pharmacy HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 35 Days of the Papyrus Ebers Though Egyptian medicine dates from about two or more echelons: gatherers and preparer 2900 B.C., the best known and most impor of drugs, and "chiefs of fabrication," or head tant pharmaceutical recorded is the "Papyrus pharmacists; a special room in the temple, the Ebers" (1500 B.C.), a collection of 800 asi-t, was provided for the head pharmacist's prescriptions, mentioning 700 (mostly plant) work. They are thought to have worked in the drugs. Formulas for gargles, snuffs, inhala "House of Life" or a medical training center. tions, suppositories, fumigations, enemas, In addition, it appears that there were poultices, decoctions, infusions, pills, troches, individuals known as "conservators of drugs," lotions, ointments, and plasters are included responsible for proper storage of medicinal with beer, milk, wine, and honey as common substances. In a setting such as this, the vehicles for most of the compounded drugs. Papyrus Ebers might have been dictated to a Pharmacy in ancient Egypt was conducted by scribe by a head pharmacist as he directed compounding activities in the drug room. A Pictorial History 36 • HERB ALGRAM No. 42 Theophrastus - Father ofBotany Theophrastus (ca. 300 B.C.), among the greatest early peculiarities of herbs. He also knew of and made use Greek philosophers and natural scientists, is called "the of the ability to change the character of plants by father of botany" due to the completeness of his work. cultivation, transforming, for instance, wild mint He most definitely and systematically fought the (menthrastrum) to tame mint (mentha). He lectured to superstitious ideas and dogmatism rife in his time, informal groups of students who walked about with replacing them in his writings on botanical and other him, learning of nature by observing her treasures subjects with his own observations and logical firsthand. He immortalized himself to Pharmacy for inferences. Thus scientific observers began to take the having put the sciences of pharmacology and pharma place of, or to question the infallibility of, the school of cognosy on a rational basis. In his hand in the picture philosophers whose utterances were based upon purely he holds a branch of belladonna (Atropa belledonna). speculative or theoretical musings. His observations Behind him are pomegranate blooms, senna, and and writings dealing with the medical qualities and manuscript scrolls. Slabs of ivory, coated with colored peculiarities of herbs are unusually accurate, even in beeswax, served students as "slates." Writing was cut the light of present knowledge. In his History of Plants into the surface with a stylus. he deals especially with the medical qualities and Herbs in Medicine and Pharmacy HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 37 The Royal Toxicologis Mithridates VI Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (ca. 100 B.C.), though he battled Rome for a lifetime, found time to make not only the art of poisoning, but also the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning, subjects of intensive study. The science of toxicology had in Mithridates one of its early promoters. Unhesitatingly, he used himself as well as his prisoners as "guinea pigs" on which to test poisons and antidotes. A formula for "Mithridatum," his famed formula of alleged pan antidotal powers, alleged to have been found by the Roman general Pompey among the possessions of Mithridates, gradually gained a reputation as an antidote against all kind of poisons, and later as a cure all. Whether the reputation was true or not, it remained great. The most important modification made was during the first century A.D. by the physician to the ceuticalliterature. This formula was popular for over a Roman Emperor, Nero Andromachus, who added thousand years. Behind Mithridates in the picture are vipers and increased the portion of opium (Papaver rhizotornists, offering fresh, flowering aconite (Aconi somniferum). It was this form that was approved by tum apellus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and gentian Galen (130-200A.D) and became the model of the (Gentiana lutea). At lower right is a crater-a two class of compounds known as theriac in later pharma- piece forerunner of the champagne bucket. Terra Sigillata -An Early "Trademarked" Drug People learned early of the prestigious advantage of trademarks as a means of identification of source and of gaining customers' confidence. One of the first therapeutic agents to bear such a mark was Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth), a clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C. One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian hillside in the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries. Washed, refined, and rolled to a mass of proper thickness, the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then sun dried. The tablets were then widely distributed commercially. From a modern point of view, the ingredients (silica, aluminum, chalk, magnesia, and traces of oxide of iron), indicate that this clay might be expected to act as an adsorbent. In the early days, and even up to the early nineteenth century, Terra Sigillata was used as an antidote for poisons as well as in the treatment of dysenteries, internal ulcers, hemorrhages, gonorrhea, pestilential fevers, complaints of the the sale of these troches brought caused people in kidneys, and eye infections. The most striking feature almost every country in Europe to look for similar of this drug, however, was the way in which it was earths. This trademarking to protect the rights of seller marketed, and the method of identifying it and and buyer today has behind it the sanction and ap warranting its origin from a definite source. The great proval of some 2,500 years of man's experience in demand for Terra Sigillata and the good business that world commerce. A Pictorial H istory 38 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 Galen and Drug Compounding Of the men of ancient times whose names by mechanical means-galenicals. His He was a pillar of medicine; the first are known and revered in both the formulas indicate a most intelligent use of important pillar in the millennium of Greek professions of pharmacy and medicine, opium, hyoscyamus, hellebore, grape juice, domination of the medical world. Physi Galen (130-200 A.D.), a top-flight scientist wine, and cold compresses. To further his cian to the emperor as well as commoners in his day, undoubtedly, is the foremost. knowledge of the action of drugs, and to in the Roman empire, he traveled exten He practiced and taught both pharmacy assure more dependable and accurate sively, lectured widely, and wrote prolifi and medicine in Rome; his pri nciples of results form his treatments, Galen devel cally. Among his many and varied preparing and compounding medicines oped many methods for mixing, extracting, publications are no less than 30 books ruled in the Western world for I ,500 years. refi ning, and combining drugs. These touching on pharmacy. The great Greek He is remembered for his extremely ideas carried over into the late eighteenth was a shrewd observer who gained much complex prescriptions, sometimes century, and have their counterparts today experience through experimentation. His containing dozens of ingredients. He in compounding, both at the retail phar theories were not called into question until prepared his medicaments himself, and his macy and in the large manufacturing the more realistic approaches of the treatises dealing with the preparation and laboratory. sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth use of drugs contain a profusion of centuries. He was the originator of the formulas. Formulas of this type make up formula for a cold cream essentially the class of pharmaceuticals compounded similar to that known today. Herbs in Medicine and Pharmacy HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 39 Dioscorides- A Pictorial History 40 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 In the evolution of all successful and enduring systems of knowledge there comes a time when the observations of many people, or the intensive studies of one person, transcend from the level of trade of vocation to that of a science. The Greek physician, Pedanios Dioscorides (first century A.D.), contributed mightily to such a transition in pharmacy. In order to study materia medica, Dioscorides accompanied the Roman armies throughout the known world. He recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for the collec tion of herbs, their storage, and use. His texts were considered basic science as late as the sixteenth century. Of a keenly sCientific turn of mind, he recorded what he observed, as he observed it, without compromise with or deference to the persistent myths and wrong guesses of the day. The highly critical Galen ( 130-200 A.D.) stated, "In my opinion, he is one among the various authors who has presented the most perfect discus sion of the drugs." Many authors consider him to be the most important representative of the science of herbal drugs in antiquity, the greatest of all the men concerned, and a genuine natural scientist who observed and examined the reports conveyed to him. He described the herbs exactly and arranged his descriptions methodically, becoming the accepted teacher of pharmacognosy. A Scientist L ooks at Drugs Herbs in Medicine and Pharmacy HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 41 M onastic Pharmacy During the Middle Ages remnants of the Western knowledge of pharmacy and medicine were preserved in the monasteries (fifth to twelfth centuries). These sciences are known to have been taught as early as the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries in cloisters in England, Ireland, France, Switzerland, and Germany. The first attempt at systematizing this endeavor was made by Marcus Aurelius Cassiodorus (490-585), Chancellor to the Ostrogothic King Theodoric and his successors at Ravenna. The materia tnedica of the monastic apothecary was mainly drawn from the vegetable kingdom. At first, the neighboring woods and fields furnished most of the herbs and simple remedies. The monks gathered such herbs and simples in the field, or raised them in their own herb gardens. These they prepared according to the art of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured. Gardens such as these still may be found in monasteries in many countries. To the monk-apothecaries, who linked healing of the soul with healing of the body, who preserved the records of the past and carried forward the light of learning and investigation, pharmacy indeed owes much. A Pictorial H istory 42 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 The First Apothecary Shops The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician, establishing in Baghdad late in the eighth century the first privately owned drug stores. Destruction of many libraries and schools, which had begun in the conflicts between the Romans and the Christians, and was later carried on by invading Vandals, Longobardi, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths, had reduced Western knowledge of the sciences largely to that remnant preserved and kept alive in the seclusion of the monasteries. The Arabs preserved much of the Greco-Roman wisdom, added to it, developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters, and alcoholic liquids. Persian, Indian, and Chinese herbs unknown to all kinds, confections, and conserves. Distilla the Greco-Roman world, such as camphor, cassia, tions of aromatic waters and alcoholic prepara cloves, cubeb, musk, nutmeg, rhubarb, sandal tions became almost a monopoly of the Arabian wood, senna, and tamarind, were described in the pharmacists. In the picture the apothecary is treatises of authors writing in Arabic; and in crude examining logs of sandalwood offered by a form or in preparations compounded therefrom, traveling merchant, while children indulge their filled the shelves and drawers of the newly taste for sweets with stalks of sugar cane. When established apothecary shops. Sugar cane grew in the Moslems swept across Africa, Spain, and the areas occupied by the Arabs, and sugar was southern France, they carried with them a new produced at a reasonable price, giving rise to a pattern of Pharmacy which western Europe soon number of new types of pharmaceutical prepara assimilated. tions requiring the skill of the experts: syrups of Avicenna - the ''Persian Galen" Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine during the Arabian era was one genius who seems to stand for his time-the Persian, Ibn Sina (ca. 980-1037 A.D.), called Avicenna by the Western world. Pharmacist, physician, poet, philosopher, and diplomat, Avicenna was an intellec tual giant, a companion of Persian princes and rulers. He wrote in Arabic, often while secluded in the home of an apothecary friend. During his 58 years, he traveled extensively, studying, teaching and writing about 200 books and treatises while administering for the state as a Vizier. It was his main medical work, his Canon Medicinae, which can be regarded as "the final codification of all Greco-Arabie medicine." A large part of this Canon, so important to Pharmacy, was written after his escape from political imprisonment. In this, he paid much attention to the right ways of preparing drugs. His pharmaceutical teachings were accepted as authoritative in the West until the 17th century; they still are dominant influences in Asia, where reliance on tradiitonal "energetics" concepts precede Galen. Herbs in Medicine and Pharmacy HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 43 Louis Hebert, Apothecary To New France (Canada) Nowhere is the intrepid spirit of self-sacrifice and service to fellow humans which has marked the lives of many pharmaceutical pioneers better exemplified than in the life of Louis Hebert-first pharmacist in Canada, and probably the first to practice his profession on the North American continent. Young Parisian Apothecary Louis Hebert answered the call of the New World in 1605, when he helped de Monts and Champlain build New France's first settlement, the Habitation, at Port Royal (Nova Scotia). Hebert looked after the health of the pioneers, cultivated native drug plants, and supervised the gardens. At the waterfront, he examined specimens of drug plants offered by friendly Micmac Indians. These included Eupatorium (Boneset), Verbascum (Mullein), Arum (Jack-in-the-Pulpit), and Hydrastis (Golden Seal). When the Habitation was destroyed by the English in 1613, he returned to his Parisian apothecary shop. The lure of Canada was strong, however, and in 1617, he and his family returned with Champlain to Quebec where Hebert's "green thumb" gained him lasting fame as the first successful farmer in what is now Canada. He provided free medical attention to the settlers and employees of the Association of Mer chants, but was enjoined from entering into trade either with natives or colonists-so his days in an apothecary shop were ended. Medieval Italy owed its economic blossoming mainly to the circumstance that the wares of the Orient had to pass through Italian hands before they reached other European countries. It was particularly Florence, Genoa, and Venice which dominated the European The First Official Pharmacopeia trade in oriental herbs and spices. The confusion of different views and varying interpretation on com pounding drugs brought about demands for some standard that would warrant uniformity in kind and strength of drugs prescribed by physicians and dispensed by pharmacists. The idea of a pharmacopeia with official status to be followed by all apothecaries originated in Florence. The Nuovo Receptario, originally written in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498. It was the result of collaboration of the guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society-one of the earliest manifestations of constructive interprofessional relations. The professional groups received official advice and guidance from the powerful Dominican monk, Savonarola (seated, foreground), who, at the time, was the political leader in Florence. The content of the Nuovo Receptario was based entirely on the Greco Arabie drug therapy of the time. Some 50 years were to elapse before the example of Florence was followed and official pharmacopeias began to appear in other political jurisdictions. A Pictorial H istory 44 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 Serturner-First of the Alkaloid Chemists Swedish pharmacist Carl W. Scheele paved the way for isolating organic plant acids; but it remained for a young German apothecary, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serttimer, hardly having finished his five years of apprenticeship, to probe opium's secrets, to give the world opium's chief narcotic principle, morphine; and to recognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic substances: alkaloids. His first announce ments challenged, Serttimer in 1816 conducted a new series of bold, startling experiments in his apothecary shop in Einbeck, including a series of physiologic tests on himself and three young friends. Recognition and fame followed. Relocating in an apothecary shop in Hameln, Serttimer continued organic chemical experimentation and discovery throughout his life. His greatest tribute, however, lives in today's highly developed field of alkaloidal chemistry, for which he laid the basis. Caventou, Pelletier, and Quinine Taking their cue from Serttimer's alkaloidal experi ments, two young French pharmacists, Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788- ) and Joseph-Bienaime Caventou (1795-), isolated emetine from ipecac root (Cephaelisip ecacuanha ) in 1817; strychnine and brucine from nux vomica (Strychnos nux vomica, ignatia bean) in 1818. Then in their laboratory in the back of a Parisian apothecary shop, they tackled the problem that had baffled scientists for decades-wresting the secrets of the Peruvian barks that were so useful against malaria. In 1820 Caventou and Pelletier announced the methods for separation of quinine and cinchonine from the cinchona barks (Cinchona spp.); prepared pure salts, had them tested clinically, and set up manufacturing facilities. Many other discoveries came from their pharmacy-laboratory, and high honors were accorded them. But in making known his methods of prepara- tion of quinine, and especially of its sulfate, Pelletier refused, for the sake of humankind, to exploit this discovery as a monopoly. The research activities of this pair of pharmacists did not stop with their success with quinine. They went on, as a team, individually and in collaboration with others, to make further discoveries; but it is for quinine that they are best remembered. Herbs in Medicine and Pharmacy HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 45 The Shakers and Medicinal Herbs The most unique of American sectarian ventures into drug plant cultivation, and by far the most important, was undertaken by the Shakers. Begun about 1799, and commercially important by 1830, the medicinal herb industry flourished, hit its peak in the 1860s, then waned at the close of the century. The medicinal herb industry was a natural outgrowth of the Shakers' early interest in gardening and agriculture, necessary to the self-sufficiently of their communities. The "physics garden" at New Lebanon, New York by 1850 occupied about 50 acres, given over chiefly to cultivation of henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), belladonna (Atropa belladona L.), dandelion (Taraxacum o.fficinale G. H. Weber ex Wigg.), aconite (Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.), poppy (Papaver sommiferum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), marjoram (Origanum majorum L.), dock (Rumex crispus L.), burdock (Arctium Lappa L.), valerian (Valeriana o.fficinalis L.), and horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Extract of taraxacum was an important product. Nearly 200 varieties of indigenous plants were collected, and 30 or 40 varieties were brought from the South, West, and Europe. The Shakers gathered or cultivated 248 varieties; dried, chopped, and pressed them into "bricks"; wrapped, labeled, and sold them to pharma cists and physicians the world over. Tons of solid and fluid extracts also were produced. The Shaker label was recognized for reliability and quality for more than a century. Henry Hurd Rushy - Wresting the jungle's Secrets Expeditions in search of new medicinal plants probably are as old as Pharmacy. Scientific adventurers, such as Henry Hurd Rushy (1855-1940), opened vast new horizons for the advancement of Pharmacy and Medicine late in the nineteenth century. Sent by Parke, Davis & Company in 1884 to Peru for supplies of coca leaves, Dr. Rushy crossed the Andes and journeyed down the Amazon to the Atlantic amid incredible hardships. He returned with 45,000 botanical speci mens. Among them were many new drug plants, including cocillana bark, pharmaceutical preparations of which are still important to medicine. Dr. Rushy later became Dean of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia University. (See HerbalGram No. 39, pages 57-61 for a related story.) A Pictorial H istory 46 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 George Bender (1.) and Robert Thorn (r.) The Artist - The Concept Robert Thorn, painter and illustrator, spent nearly 20 years in "One day I discussed my dream project with Bob," said collaboration with writer George A. Bender and the American Insti Bender. "In a way characteristic to him, Bob took off for Chicago tute of the History of Pharmacy in researching and developing the and the Field Museum, which had a series of dioramas of mankind, two series, Great Moments in Pharmacy, and Great Moments in Medi beginning with the cave period. A few weeks later, Thorn came in cine. He estimated that he and Dr. Bender traveled nearly a half with the caveman painting-the first one in the history of pharmacy million miles in seeking information and rechecking paintings and series. We took the caveman painting and our outlines to the APhA stories for the 85 subjects in the pharmacy and medicine series. [American Pharmaceutical Association] Convention in 1949. There, For example, when researching in the Oriental Institute (Uni at a private dinner Thorn and I unveiled our painting and our ideas. versity of Chicago) for production of the painting on the beginning From that meeting came sufficient encouragement for us to con of Chinese pharmacy, it was suggested by an advisor that the pair tinue our efforts. Little did we realize that it would be two years consult with a Dr. Eliza Veith, recently arrived from Germany, who before the first story and picture would be reproduced!" was knowledgeable on early Chinese medicine. The advisor did not The original material is devoid of binomials and footnotes know where she lived, but sent them to a building where they might since, according to Bender, "It was our aim to tell our story through find her, since she had a class scheduled that afternoon. the eyes of as many people as possible-not to try to hide it behind According to Dr. Bender, "Since historical research is much folds of style. I was not writing for historians, but for the broadest like doing detective work, Thorn and I set about the task locating a possible reading audience." good-looking German blonde on a campus populated by thousands Robert Thorn and his wife Nelli, while visiting their two sons, of students and faculty. At the appointed hour, we entered the build were killed in an automobile accident in southern Michigan during ing, and its elevator. A lady approximating the description given us the Christmas holidays in 1980. also entered. She got off at the right floor, and entered the right Professor George Bender, author of the original text, was a room. As the class had not yet started, Thorn entered and asked her pharmacist, editor, advertising executive, author, and teacher. His if she would good enough to step out into the hall. She came-her torical work had been a major interest for him since the late 1940s, eyes round with fear. 'How did you find me?' was her first question. culminating in the two volumes, Great Moments in Pharmacy and It took a couple of minutes to reassure her that this was not a Ge Great Moments in Medicine . This work earned for him the 1976 stapo operation, and that all we wanted was to make an appointment Edward Kremers Award of the American Institute of the History of to consult with her at a convenient time." . Pharmacy. After presumably retiring to Arizona, he launched into · When Thorn contacted a prominent rug merchant in Detroit academic work at the University of Arizona, as Professor (teaching for possible backgrounds for the painting of Avicenna, they were the history of pharmacy) and as Administrative Aide to the Dean of stuck with his resemblance to the portraits furnished by the Iranian the College of Pharmacy from 1970 to 1974. He died at eighty, in Embassy, so he became Thorn's model in costume for reference pho September 1985. tos for the painting. Herbs in Medicine and Pharmacy HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 47 Books of Historical Interest Available from the American Botnical Council's Herbal Education Catalog PHARMACY: KREMERS AND URDANG'S AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY HISTORY OF PHARMACY by David Cowen and William He~and. 1990. by Glenn Sonnedecker. Revised 4th edifion. 300 illustrations, 151 in full color, which vividly 197 6. Comprehe nsive history and leading portray pharmacy's varied and intriguing orfifacts textbook in U.S. colleges of Pharmacy. and parap hernalia, its shops, laboratories, heroes, Originally published in 1940, Softcover. curiosifies, foibles, and triumphs. Includes aspects 571 pp. $20.#8073 of phormaceufical lore and history. Hardcover. 272 pp. $75. #8107 GREEN PHARMACY by Barbara Griggs. 1991. Afascin afing account of the ideas, personalities, advances, and vicissitudes that have shaped the course of herbal medicine and pharmacy. Focuses with candor and clarity on the professional, economic, and social forces that have periodically consigned herbal medicine to near oblivion, and presents a strong case for the cyclical emergence of alternafive medicine at times when some conventional methods of treatment have lost their safety and efficacy. Softcover, 379 pp. $19.95. #B 187 Order these books or copies of this article directly from ABC: Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-7105. Fax your order 24-hours/day 512/331-1924 See the Herbal Education Catalog in the center of this H ERBALGRAM for over 200 books, video, and software products related to herbal information, research and history. For more Herbal Educatio'n You can receive a sample issue ofHERBALG RAM for $6 or an Herbal Education Catalog for $2.50. Our catalog contains over 200 books, video, audio tapes and software programs, as well as other publications produced by the American Botanical Council. Please send check or money order to: American Botanical Council, P.O. Box 201660, Austin, TX 78720-1660. Credit card orders call toll free: 800/373-7105. We are glad to receive your comments by email: [email protected] Learn more .. about ABC on the world wide web: http://www.herbalgram.org ~ERI(}'J\J BoTf'NICAL COUNCIL Educating the public on the use of herbs and phytomedicinals ABC is a non-profit education and research organization under IRS code 50l(c)(3). 48 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 The Role of Botanical Medicine in 100 Years of American Naturopathy by Francis Brinker, N.D. TO ALL TRUE J.'RJ:EXDS FROM HYGIENICS AND Tms wonK Thomsonian doctors developed which in PHYSIOMEDICALISM Is R ESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, 1852 came to be known as TO NATUROPATHY physiomedicalism, a term denoting The introduction of naturopathy into America TOE .d.UTHOR. "nature's medicines." This group was was a development of the Gennan nature cure founded in 1838 by Dr. Alva Curtis, who in a new land where it succeeded similar hy established its first school in Ohio the next gienic and herbal systems. The combination year. Its basis of practice was epitomized of water cure and other natural methods was not unfamiliar in by Dr. William Cook's Physio-Medical Dispensatory published in America. The American hydropathic movement of using water in 1869. The physiomedicalists emphasized the use of sanative, or the treatment of disease was centered in New York in the mid-19th nonpoisonous, botanical remedies to balance functions and enhance 5 6 7 century. Its major practitioners and teachers included Dr. Joel Shew, vitality. • • They promoted nutrition of tissues and excretion of waste, Dr. Russel Trail, Mary Gove and her husband Dr. Thomas Nichols, restoration and maintenance of proper tone of diseased tissues, and and Dr. James Caleb Jackson. Hydropathy evolved into removal of obstacles to vitality. Obstructions to health were per hygeiotherapy when Dr. Trail incorporated popular health refonn ceived as irregular action of the nervous and/or circulatory systems. ideas such as temperance, vegetarianism, and avoidance of drugs These deranged functions led to a loss of equilibrium and chemical from such promoters as Sylvester Graham, Samuel Thomson, and destruction of tissues, manifesting as disease symptoms. others. The Water Cure Journal, established in 1846 by Shew, was Physiomedicalists used combinations of herbal remedies to assist in renamed the Herald of Health by Trail in 1863. The momentum of the correction of these pathological imbalances. 8 However, with the the hydropathic and hygienic movements dissipated with Trail's death death of Alva Curtis in 1881 physiomedicalism began its decline in 1 2 in 1877. • John Harvey Kellogg (1852-1943) had been a student of America.5 Trail's who afterwards pursued a conventional medical education. Benedict Lust (1872-1945) was a German immigrant to He practiced and taught "biological living" in his books, the Sev America in 1892 when he contracted tuberculosis. After being cured enth Day Adventist magazine Health Reformer, and in his sanitarium in Gennany by Kniepp's treatments, Lust returned to the United at Battle Creek, Michigan. Dr. Kellogg was largely responsible for States in 1896, commissioned by Fr. Kniepp to spread his methods the eventual acceptance of rational hydrotherapy and of water treatment combined with herbs and simple electrotherapeutics in conventional physiatrics. 2 lifestyle changes.1.3·4 Lust established a sanitarium, Meanwhile, empirical water cure experienced a re store, and the magazine Amerikanische Kneipp surgence in the 1890s due to the influence of the Blatter in New York. He had also examined other Gennan priest, Fr. Sebastian Kniepp ( 1824-1897), nature cure institutions in Gennany and had obtained 3 4 and his book, My Water Cure. i. • an osteopathic degree in New York in 1898. He com- Samuel Thomson (1769-1843) had initiated a rebellion against depleting, "heroic" medical prac tices in America in the early 1800s by combining simple herbal remedies with steam baths and enemas. His system placed heavy reliance on two chief herbs: Above, dedication plate of King's American Dispensatory from the American Botanical cayenne (Capsicum spp.) and lobelia (Lobelia Council library. left: Samuel Thompson, photo injlata). A botanic medical refonn movement ofNeo- courtesy of the Lloyd Library, Cinncinati, OH. HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 49 - c...... PllY81CHiliD!CAL DISPENSA'!ORY: TBIIIArEUTICS, JIA.TIJU! llniOA, AND PBARIIACY • .• Left: Sebastian Kneipp, courtesy of the National College of Naturopathic Medicine, Portland, OR. Center: Physio-Medicol Dispensatory, by William Cook, 1869. Courtesy of the Lloyd Library, Cinncinati, OH. Right: Benedict Lust, Courtesy of the Notional College of Naturopathic Medicine, Portland, OR. bined all natural methods together under the distinctive term natur and practical connections between the former physiomedicalism and opathy. Thus, his English-language magazine The Kniepp Water emerging naturopathy were evident. 8 Cure Monthly was renamed The Naturopath & Herald of Health in 1902. That same year Dr. Lust established the Naturopathic Society HERBS IN EARLY NATUROPATHY of America and the American School of Naturopathy, functioning as The first issue of the first volume of The Kneipp Water Cure Monthly, president of both (prior to, and following, name changes) until his begun in 1900 and edited by Benedict Lust, included an article en 1 4 death. • titled "Herbs and their Healing Power." It stated, "As a first help in Contemporary and complementary to the establishment of all diseases, herbs should be in every household; and once there, naturopathy, an elaborate explanation of the principles of natural they will be valued very highly." Over 20 herbs were specifically healing, The Philosophy ofPhysiomedicalism by Dr. J. M. Thurston, mentioned (camomile, chickweed, coltsfoot, common elder, dwarf was published in 1900. The enhancement of vitality was paramount elder, juniper, peppermint, bilberries, anise, fennel, aloes, fenugreek, for physiomedicalists, and herbs were only used to draw out poten blackthorn, nettles, eyebright, ribwort, rue, shavegrass, St. John's tial vitality, not produce it. The human organism was perceived as wort, yarrow, chicory, and violets ). 14 In 1902 certain of these and essentially a realm dominated by vital force expressed as functional other herbs were described in The Naturopath in the article "Kniepp's actions. In disease conditions its nature is inherently resistive, elimi Popular Healing Remedies and Their Application."15 The medicinal native, and restorative. For instance, vital action of the body was importance of small amounts of nonpoisonous plants in mixtures seen as the most powerful antiseptic; so while fever was controlled, was described in Lust's 1908 article "Science of Herbo-Therapy." it was not subdued. Cleansing the cellular environment by assisting The plants were grouped according to organ system or activity. He elimination was deemed necessary before nutritive processes and emphasized that plant cure is not a separate system but is "supple restoration could begin. While herbs could assist healing, overpre mented by the other factors of nature cure, as light, air, water, gym scribing by amount or number of remedies was considered counter nastics, massage and mental influence." Lust stated that plant cure productive, since the body responds better to being coaxed than is more rapid and radical because it supports the healing power in driven. Various botanicals were condemned as neural poisons in the body more than any other method, and it eliminates from the any amount. These included aconite, belladonna, cannabis, conium, body substances that produce disease.16 Dried herbs or "teas" made 14 15 16 datura, digitalis, hyoscyamus, nux vomica, opium, physostigma, stro from them were the only forms recommended. • • phanthus, tobacco, and veratrum.9 A guest article by Dr. Karl Kahut of Berlin entitled "Phyto In 1910 the only physiomedical college remaining in America Therapy (Plant Cure)" was included in the same 1908 volume of was the College of Medicine and Surgery in Chicago, Illinois, 10 which The Naturopath. He told how the old physiatric nature cure used by 1912 had merged with a regular medical school. 11 A 1902 gradu only external applications of physical agents without medicines. He ate of this college, Dr. Swinburne Clymer, after acquiring an osteo insisted that if medicines are not poisonous and contain only sub pathic degree practiced for sixty years in Pennsylvania. 12 His book stances similar to those in the body, then they agree with the nature Nature's Healing Agents, written in 1905, describes nonpoisonous of the body. He thereby defended plant cure as part of nature cure. herbal remedies being used by what he called the "natura physi However, he noted that some natural substances such as arsenic, cian." In his natura system, or newer science of medicine, diet and mercury, and strychnine can be poisonous and destructive, and these plant remedies supply the chemical needs of the body that, when are not used by nature cure. 17 unmet, lead to disease. He also utilized the steam bath, wet packs, In 1916 The Naturopath began a regular Phytotherapy De and enemas from the old Thomsonian system. 13 The philosophical partment (subtitled "The American Herb Doctor"). It was edited by 50 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 NATURE'S THE PHILOSOPHY HEALING AGENTS PHYSIOMED ICALISM .... R SWJNBURNI!! CLYJIKR M.D. lJ1U.'fO d l't.!',l Frill d JI(JU' JO:f~flrll IUM.a (W 'rilE 1'11".!£. l.'f'f'.. IUT'f' 01' 1'11 .. lll:• .t.'i' f"llltU..tti6JI A~D .1. !fttJJI.U JI.F.Dit:Al. F.IUC'J1'IO:r WITIJ-.A#'f~nl.\ll'rlU"''IOJOS .,!,:0> 11'111 A:CAt.rT:IC 1'UI..O 1111 C0\.0118 -~ ·--~ ·-g,.. Left: Philosophy of Physiomedicalism Center: Nature's Healing Agents Right: John Uri Lloyd . Photos courtesy of the Lloyd Library, Cinncinati, OH. M. G. Young and discussed human ailments and medicinal herbs.18 They were also respectful of the native American traditions associ So it was in 1921 that an editorial was deemed necessary to address ated with this famous mineral springs that was sacred to tribes the concern in a profession claiming to be drugless as to whether throughout the Great Plains. Anna incorporated into her practice herbs are drugs. It stated: ''The principle behind the use of these the use of herbs which she learned from a local healer known as simple remedies is quite different from the administration of poi "Indian John."22 Naturopaths respected Indians' knowledge of herbs, sonous and metallic drugs which contain no vital principle and can including the ability to counterbalance toxic botanicals given inter not be metabolized by the animal body.... It is not therapeutic sub nally. The similarities in Indian usage of American plants compared stances or treatments that cure but the forces of the body through its with Old World uses of herbs of the same genera were noted ap natural power of reaction. Cure is brought about through the elimi provingly.25 Naturopaths also learned innovative native American nation of encumberance [sic] and the raising of vitality .... Herbs applications of indigenous plants.26 supply the different glands of the body with vital, organic material In an ongoing association of herbs and vegetables as naturo to so chernicalize the accumulated wastes that they are readily elimi pathic remedies, a series entitled "Food Remedies" by Florence nated .. .. lf"medicine" has extracted their active principles and con Daniel appeared in the magazine Nature 's Path beginning in 1927. cocted therefrom poisonous, life-destroying drugs, shall we condemn This publication was started and edited by Benedict Lust as an out the herbs? Reason is all that is required in this matter." 19 reach to educate the public. Among the food remedies described Another important spokesperson for naturopathy had a differ were apple, asparagus, celery, cresses, cinnamon, coffee, fig, garlic, ent view. Dr. Henry Lindlahr was also an American immigrant from grape, lavender, lemon, nettle, nutmeg, olive, onion, orange, pars Germany whose rnidlife treatment by Fr. Kniepp for diabetes re ley, pineapple, plum, prune, radish, rhubarb, sage, spinach, thyme, portedly saved his life and restored his health. Lindlahr then spent a tomato, and turnip. In the same volume after Lust condemned the year at other nature cure establishments in Germany before return use of pharmaceutical medicines advertised for ordinary ailments, ing to America. In Chicago he studied osteopathy and received a the use of wild spring herbs as food and medicine was advocated. license in drugless healing in 1902 before obtaining his medical de Dandelion, horseradish, mustard, dock, leek, wild turnip, burdock, gree in 1904 from the National Medical University. There he ran a cowslip, catnip, sarsaparilla, peppermint, wintergreen, and wild gin sanitarium, started the Lindlahr College of Nature Cure and Oste ger were discussedP In response to the question, "Are herbs drugs?" opathy, and wrote a number of influential books on natural thera the early naturopathic belief was, simply stated, "Herbs are veg peutics. 1.4·20 A staff member at his sanitarium wanted to sell a num etables."19 ber of German herb teas in the supply department, but Dr. Lindlahr replied, "No, I will not agree. Though I am in sympathy with the FROM DRUGLESS PRACTICE TO HERBAL MEDICINE use of these preparations in many cases, my great aim is to emanci Naturopaths began identifying with herbs and expanding their herbal pate people from the dope idea, and we will never do that so long as repertoire more in the rnid-1930s. One of the first articles to docu we give or sell medicine to any extent."21 ment medicinal herbs of the Southwest used by Indians and Hispan Even Lindlahr's students did not necessarily share this atti ics appeared in Nature's Path in 1933. It discussed hierba cota tude. Dr. Anna Abrahams Bingesser was a graduate of Lindlahr's (Thelesperma gracile), mastranza (Mentha rotundifolia), ocotillo college.22 Her husband Carl, also a naturopath, was director of the (Fouqueria splendens), hierba de la piedra (grey lichens or "rock best known sanitarium in Kansas, located at Waconda Springs.23·24 weeds"), contra hierba (Kallstroemia spp.), mariola (Parthenium They had worked there together since their marriage in 1907 and incanum), gobernadora (Larrea tridentata), and canutillo (Ephedra provided naturopathic care typical of their own German heritage.24 spp.) among others, and described teas made from them.28 In 1935 a HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 51 Far left and left: herbal preparations created by the Lloyd brothers. Photos courtesy of the Lloyd Library, Cinncinati, OH. column entitled "Herbs" became a regular monthly feature in this Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Conium maculatum (hem magazine, but it covered only their use as teas internally and for lock), Helleborus niger (black hellebore), and Solanum dulcumara poultices, salves, and baths externally. Articles on "Nature's Herbs (bittersweet) were listed as dangerous in 1940.37 However, the next and their Remedial Values" 29 and "Herb Foods and the Kingdom of year articles by Dr. Norman Budove outlining the use of Solanum 30 31 Life" • appearing in The Naturopath from the mid- to late-1930s dulcumara, Gelsemium sempervirens (yellow jessamine), and Cro illustrate a contrast in ideas about how herbs are considered. While cus sativus (saffron), potentially toxic plants, also appeared. He teas are mostly recommended, a few tinctures began to be mentioned described the preparation of teas from these dried herbs.38 •39 Articles in the context of remedies, as distinct from foods. 29 on "medical herbalism" taken from presentations by Drs. Enoch and Dr. William Turska recalled beginning his naturopathic prac Carroll Mather to the National Association of Naturopathic Herbal 40 41 tice in Oregon after graduation in 1933 from the Seattle College of ists of America were published in 1942. · For hepatic dysfunction Chiropractic and Naturopathy. "Naturopathic physicians were us such potent remedies as Chelidonium majus (greater celandine), ing crude drugs and making tea out of them and calling it herbology. Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple), Veronica virginica (leptandra), I introduced Lloyd's tinctures which I had been studying for years. Iris versicolor (blue flag), Euonymus atropurpureus (wahoo) and Since 1925 at age 15, I had been studying herbs and tinctures and Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot) were recommended along with eclectic medicine. These Oregon naturopaths said, "Oh no, we can't the more gentle Chionanthus virginicus (fringe tree), Carduus use tinctures or fluid extracts, those are drugs. They constitute medi marianus (milk thistle, syn. Silybum marianum), Taraxacum cal practice." A tincture and an herb-they're still the same thing? officinalis (dandelion), and Berberis vulgaris barberry). 40 These Well, they finally "evolved" and considered that tinctures were an plants, potentially toxic or otherwise, were all characteristic Eclec 32 34 42 43 herbal form and a drugless form of practice so that was adopted." tic medicines. • • An article on echinacea in The Naturopath in 1936 recommended the use of Specific Echinacea.33 Specific Echinacea was a pharma ECLECTIC MEDICINE ceutical extract produced by the Lloyd Brothers, Pharmacists, Inc., Eclectic medicine developed from the medical reform movement Cincinnati, Ohio, a company associated with Eclectic medicine.34 begun by Dr. Wooster Beach ( 1794-1868), a contemporary of Samuel By the end of the decade, continuing the use of the term "drugless" Thomson. Beach, in contrast to Thomson, believed in medical col to describe naturopathy was even being questioned by an official in leges and hospitals and the use of all effective botanical remedies, the American Naturopathic Association.35 but opposed patent medicines. The basis for his approach to medi In the 1940s it was stated in Nature's Path that "herbalists cine had been delineated in his American Practice of Medicine in were the original nature cure practitioners." The ingesting of any 183!.5·44 Beach stated, "The reformed or American Practice com thing had generally been opposed on the grounds that most people bines everthing useful of every other system, and maintains that the would prefer to swallow a remedy rather than exercise or work con physician is to act as the servant of nature."45 While rejecting devi structively on their health. Though nature cure taught that medicine talizing practices and medications of his day such as bleeding and was unnecessary, many difficult cases responded well to calomel, he credited "root and Indian doctors" with possessing valu nonsuppressive herbs. Herbal simples encouraged elimination of able remedies. By the mid-19th century the movement became known waste through gentle stimulation of excretory organs, and also sup as Eclectic medicine, and its motto was "sustain the vital forces." plied cells and glands with nutrition in small doses that could readily Discoveries by Dr. John King (1813-1893) led Eclectics to develop be assimilated. 36 The fundamental difference between the medical concentrates of their medicines, designated as resinoids. However, and naturopathic approach to using herbs lay in their preparation. most of these were either found relatively ineffective or too 5 7 46 Conventional medicine used preparations made by laboratory meth harsh. • .44· ods, extracting the most active constituents, which could transform King was a colleague at the Eclectic Medical Institute in Cin many relatively safe herbs into toxic drugs. Naturopaths used herbs cinnati of Dr. John Scudder, who devised a method of prescribing or their simple extracts in their natural, whole state.25 single botanical medicines in small amounts according to particular Articles identifying poisonous herbs began to appear in The empirical indications. This practice became popular with the publi Naturopath. Taxus baccata (yew), Hyoscyamus niger (henbane), cation of Scudder's Specific Medication in 1871. King and Scudder 52 • HERBA LGRAM No. 42 Left: Drugs and Medicines of North America, part of a series produced by the Lloyd brothers, from the American Botanical Council library. Center: John Scudder. Right: Wooster Beach. Photos courtesy of the lloyd library, Cincinati, OH. looked to a brilliant young pharmacist named John Uri Lloyd to all cooperate with nature and aid her in restoring the correct work develop top quality preparations of their botanical extracts. These ing of all the vital processes of the human body, and the synthetic, were then produced by the Lloyd Brothers Pharmacists under the chemical or artificial remedies all obstruct and hinder nature, slow designation Specific Medicines. With an innovative method of pre up, or stop entirely Mother Nature's vital house-cleaning processes scribing and state-of-the-art medicines, Eclecticism prospered into of elimination."50 While differing in emphasis, Eclectism and natur the 20th century. The publication of Kings American Dispensatory opathy shared many principles.45 in 1897, revised by Lloyd and Dr. Harvey W. Felter, was a milestone 5 7 46 in scientific and clinical scrutiny of indigenous American plants. • · FROM NATUROPATHY TO NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE Benedict Lust, the founder of naturopathy, himself obtained a medi With the death of Benedict Lust in 1945, the trend toward divergent 14 cal degree from the Eclectic Medical College of New York in 1914. • approaches to practice became apparent in the naturopathic profes However, the Eclectic profession declined following the harsh criti sion. The naturopaths in the Eastern group sought to retain tradi cism of its medical schools in the Flexner report of 1910. Flexner tional limits on the profession in opposition to the more progressive had depicted the profession as "drug mad" due to its emphasis on Western faction.4 By 1951 the American Naturopathic Association botanical medicine. All but one of its colleges, the Eclectic Medical (ANA) succeeded in changing the official naturopathic definition in College in Cincinnati, had closed by 1920. In spite of extensive the Dictionary of Occupational Titles published by the U.S. Depart financial support from the Lloyd Brothers, Pharmacists, it followed ment of Labor. The old definition had been: "Doctor, Naturopathic. 5 7 46 suit in 1939. • · A Healer. Treats patients with a system of physical culture and The evolution of Eclectic remedies had been through clinical drugless treatment of disease by methods supposed to stimulate or experimentation in human diseases (not on healthy animals) with assist Nature." The new definition was: "Doctor, Naturopathic. native American plants. It furthered the empiricism of the past by Naturopath. A Healer. Diagnoses and treats patients to stimulate and refining extracts of herbs but still viewing and using them as whole restore natural bodily processes and functions using a system of prac remedies. According to John Uri Lloyd, the greatest number of or tice that employs physical, mechanical, chemical, and psychologi ganic remedies had no one dominating chemical structure that could cal methods: Utilizes dietetics, exercise, manipulation, chemical be isolated, so single fragments did not adequately represent the ac substances naturally found in or produced by living bodies, and heal tion of the herbal drug as a whole.47 After their history with the ing properties of air, light, water, heat, and electricity ... N aturopa inadequate resinoid concentrates, excepting podophyllin, Eclectic thy excludes the use of major surgery, X-ray and radium for thera physicians' clinical experience validated the use of whole extracts peutic purposes, and use of drugs with exception of those substances of good quality. The superiority of refined tinctures or extracts of which are assimilable, contain elements or compounds which are properly cultivated plants such as homeopathic mother tinctures or components of bodily tissues, and are usable by body processes for Eclectic Specific Medicines over the active constituents of plants maintenance of life."51 like digitalis, cannabis, or bryonia was evident to the experienced As part of the evolution of the profession, the ANA had ap prescriber. The major active constituent typically provided only pointed a committee in April, 1947, chaired by Dr. A.W. Kuts partially the activity found in its established parent plant medicine. Cheraux to investigate, compile, and edit a compendium of natural However, Eclectics became increasingly more attracted to isolated remedies common in naturopathic practice. The divergence of views alkaloids as time went on and commercial manufacturers aggres proved to be confusing and non-collaborating. Naturopathic knowl sively promoted them.48 edge of herbal remedies at that time varied widely among practitio Eclectics clung to their belief in the superiority of natural ners, many using only common names to identify plants. With the medicines over mineral or synthetic medicines. Organic matter from help of pharmaceutical chemists and other qualified persons, scien plants, they believed, had converted the inorganic crystalline forms tifically accurate information was accumulated and organized. Af of chemicals into colloidal substances that were more compatible ter two years 310 botanical entities were covered according to com with the living cell. The plant was seen as a bridge between the position, preparation, physiological action, and therapeutic uses. mineral and animal natures, making the elements of one more as Incorporation of toxicology information was also planned. 52 It took similable by the other.49 "The plant remedies or nature's remedies five years to complete the manuscript which was published in 1953 HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 53 Right: Title page of Specific Medication by ~ :'-::;~, John M . Scudder. Far right: King's ' AMERICAN DISPENSATORY\ American Dispensatory by John King, 8th SPECIFIC MEDICATION edition, 1870. From the American Botanical Council library. .~ ·: t~JfF.£:~...;:.;=-==~·--;;::=::' cnrcur.N.&T J ' . ' 'WU.ft&m~. a.u.mru • oo.. :ranromu. \ Clli'OI:!r¥.&.,.1 : :·· l i'JL \iiLS'J:A.OH, BALD\VIN & lfo;,. ::./ ...... 1.41 • L~~~~· . ·~ t ··. and also included vitamins, minerals, and hormones. According to The naturopathic doctors in the Northwest were determined Dr. H. Riley Spitler, the text, Naturae Medicina and Naturopathic to establish a new naturopathic school, but a debate ensued over the Dispensatory, was destined to be the Magna Charta of the profes name. Drs. Martin Bleything, William Turska, and other progressives sion, presenting the uses of natural medicines "with the naturopathic insisted on the inclusion of the word "medicine" in the name to de philosophy of the laws of cure in mind."53 scribe the education and the profession. Former graduates from In Naturae Medicina some of the most potentially toxic medi Lindlahr's school and others from the "drugless" tradition opposed cines known and used by the Eclectics were included. Preparations this. (The Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics eventually be from Aconitum napellus, Amanita muscaria, Atropa belladonna, came part of the National College of Chiropractic in Chicago which Conium maculatum, Datura stramonium, Delphinium staphisagria, granted its last naturopathic degrees in 1952.) The progressive fac Digitalis spp., Gelsemium sempervirens, Strychnos nux-vomica, tion won out, and the National College of Naturopathic Medicine Physostigma venenosum, Pilocarpus jaborandi, Strophanthus spp., (NCNM) was established in Portland, Oregon, in 1956 and opened 4 32 58 and Veratrum spp. were listed. However, the dosage given for these a Seattle, Washington, branch in 1959. • • preparations was extremely small, often less than one drop for liq In the mid-l950s Dr. William Turska, who had taught at West uid extracts, following the clinical practice established by the Eclectic em States College, held and communicated strong views on the ad doctors rather than conventional medical prescriptions. Even more vancement of naturopathic practice. 58 "Naturopathy as living sci interesting is the inclusion of several isolated compounds such as ence is subject to evolution and change of application and advance the alkaloids atropine and quinine and the volatiles camphor, men ment.... The modus operandi of application and administration of thol, and thymoJ.5 4 Notable medicines excluded were the opiates healing agents has altered slightly from that as it was practiced 50 or 4 and antibiotics. 5 The absence of antibiotics is surprising, since their 20 or in some instances even two years ago; but the tenets and con use had been addressed positively by Dr. John Bastyr in an ANA cept of the philosophy is the same. The progress of science in the journal article in 1950. He discussed in detail penicillin, streptomy understanding of chemistry and physiology necessitates this vari cin, aureomycin, bacitracin, polymyxin, neomycin, terramycin, and ance from the practices of former years.... This evolutionary pro others. These products were considered by Dr. Bastyr to be appro cess is an indication of progress .... Today we are embarked upon a priate, since they were organic in origin, being derived from lower new phase of administration of old principles, modem research has 5 plant life forms according to the classifications of that time. 5 opened natural potencies for us, in order to realize the maximum By 1955 only two schools approved by the renamed Ameri benefits from these potencies and healing agents, they must be ad can Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP) remained: Cen ministered in the manner best suited in the particular instance .... In tral States College of Physiatrics in Eaton, Ohio, and Western States the administration of parenteral therapy when indicated, there is no College School of Naturopathy in Portland, Oregon.56 That year the effective substitute."59 Some naturopathic doctors went so far as to Western States College enrollment was 41% naturopaths and 59% advocate the use of purified active principles such as alkaloids and chiropractors. Following two years of basic sciences, the naturo glucosides as the preferred means of accurate prescribing.60 pathic students were taught an intensive course in phytotherapy be ginning in the third year. Tinctures, elixirs, powders and tablets NATUROPATHIC BOTANICAL MEDICINE were used in the clinic. Stress was placed on correct dosage and In contrast to some of his more medically oriented views, Dr. Turska combinations of herbs. The natural substances used were adminis did not approve of exchanging herbs for alkaloids or medication for tered orally, topically, or by rectum, but injections were not taught at wholistic treatment. "We cannot discard botanic medicine, it is natu the college.57 The teaching of herbology was the only distinction ral medicine, it is our forte; botanic medicine is a time honored between the school's broad scope chiropractic and naturopathic cur method of treating and curing the ills of mankind. Their proper ricula. 58 Political pressure from the chiropractic profession had be usages have been lost in the shuffle of the medical arts by those who gun in the late 1940s to force chiropractic schools to relinquish pro became separatists like ... the towel and bucket brigade on one hand, grams granting naturopathic degrees. After threatening loss of ac and the eclectics on the other who were the fore-runners of present creditation, the National Chiropractic Association finally forced day allopathy as it is, in an attempt to isolate the alkaloids. I dare Western States College to drop its School of Naturopathy in 1956, say if it were not for this 'alkaloidism,' the present farce of chemo 4 3258 and it became exclusively Western States Chiropractic College. • therapy, ... naturopathy or any of the cults and isms of healing would 54 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 Left: Herold of Health, January 1958, Courtesy of Bastyr University, Seattle, WA. Right: John Harvey Kellogg, Courtesy of the National College of Naturopathic Medicine, Portland, OR. Soim IIUIIIllur Dr. ~~. ~ ...... f."'"" ·---'·."1.11.1 . · - ~ - ~· 111nl'llflslilaiBar.yiiiiW - lJttil CAJ,_..._ ('._..,_.._. r_,;.,.. liN P~ llr lltroW of laltll " "·""- ··· ·~ .. ~ ....._...~.:· Afisitlltllllnwi:oo~ r Socioty .,..._ · - · - ...... ,_ 1- ._ "'-•- , o.-~ ,...... _~ in tincture form .... At all times when prescribing a certain so-called innocu ous medicant, to hasten the action de sired it is necessary to add a synergist of a more active botanical to obtain a de sired end result.. .. It will be noted that never have gained a foothold. Let it be stated, botanic medicine is some of the botanies are "toxic" in large doses, but their usage is only an adjunct to the practice of naturopathy. Do not forget your condoned due to the fact that here lies the key to open the door of auxiliaries and corollaries and other adjuncts. You are treating the innocuousness into action, the activation of the potential which lies body-the constitution-not the symptom of or the particular mem dormant in most of the innocuous medicines .... It shall also be noted ber of the organism. This is basic constitutional naturopathic medi the toxics are never used specifically, nor are they ever used in doses cine."61 that would bring about anaphylaxis or any untoward reactions .... In the late 1950s and early 1960s a regular column, "Botani The enlightened botanic medicalist uses the toxics (so-called) only cal Medicine (Phytotherapy)," appeared in the Journal of Naturo in minute doses and then only as synergists to activate the more pathic Medicine featuring articles on this aspect of practice. One inactive ones to achieve a particular action in a given instance."61 such article compared the effects of crude botanical drugs such as Such formulas had been a part of later Eclectic medical practice.65 powders, infusions, decoctions, and tinctures with isolated substances Naturopaths treated many infectious diseases without the use derived from the plants. Medicinal components are released more of antibiotics. This was not due primarily to the development of slowly from crude preparations which helps prevent side effects bacterial resistance to these wonder drugs, but because of the dis encountered with the sudden release of purified substances. So ruptive effect these powerful medicines had on helpful bacteria in called "inert" material plays a part in the therapeutic activity due to the intestines. In preference naturopaths used other natural meth its effect on active principles, and so the complex mixture of sub ods of destroying germs and stimulating natural immunity that did stances acts differently as a whole than as isolated ingredients. Many not disturb the natural flora. Horseradish (Annoracia cochlearia) of the active components in vegetable drugs such as enzymes may and fresh watercress or garden cress (Nasturtium spp.) were found defy chemical analysis yet are indispensable in their own regard. to be effective antimicrobials.66 In 1950 Dr. John Bastyr noted the Minute quantities of associated mineral components can also be of antibacterial efficacy of allicin from garlic (Allium sativum) and great importance. Standardization of botanical drugs to contain a extracts of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata),juniper (Juniperus com specified percentage of active principle is the safe way to prescribe munis), buttercups (Ranunculus spp.), and California Spanish moss toxic botanicals precisely. Otherwise, unrefined botanical prepara (Ramalina reticulata), if antibiotics were inadequate or a change of tions should be preferred to chemically manipulated ingredients or therapy was required. 55 Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) was long synthetic equivalents.62 considered one of the best naturopathic remedies for infections and The most appropriate handling and use of botanicals depended septic conditions both locally and systemically because of its inhibi on each individual plant. Harvest times for particular plants, appro tion of staphylococcus and stimulation of the glandular system.33·67 priate preservation, and the optimal form for administration all re quire study. Digitalis should only be given in standardized, calcu FALL AND RISE OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE lated doses because of the danger of overdosage. Since certain bo The precipitous decline in interest in naturopathic medicine is evi tanicals need to be given in liquid form, water and alcohol or glycer denced by the small number of graduates from NCNM during the ine were considered the most appropriate and useful solvents for period following its establishment. From 1956-1973 a total of 29 extractions. Certain plants were preferably used green, while others degrees were awarded.5 8 Many practitioners felt that the money in needed to be dried.63 Homeopathic tinctures made by macerating vested in the college had been completely wasted. However, the fresh plant parts in solvent were often found more effective when existence of the school was enough to keep naturopathic legislation drying a botanical caused some loss of value. The method of using alive in a number of states.68 During this time Kuts-Cheraux's the fresh plant in tablets or pills was believed to warrant more inves Naturae Medicina and Naturopathic Dispensatory was the required tigation. 26 One naturopathic approach to botanical treatment was text for the botanical medicine course at NCNM. Dr. John Bastyr administration of solutions via the rectum or colon.64 functioned as executive director of the college and as one of the Dr. Turska advocated an approach to botanical medicine lecturers at the Seattle campus during this period.69 prescibing which combined physiomedical-type formulas with a In 1973 following a greater number of applications for admis potent Eclectic activator. "We will treat the crude botanic substances sion, NCNM associated with regular accredited colleges to provide HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 55 Right: William Turska (left) and Francis Brinker (right) Photo courtesy of the author. Far right: John Bastyr, courtesy of National College of Naturopathic Medicine, Portland, OR. 8 78 79 80 the first two years of basic science instruction. 5 The Herb Book by ture. • • Some of these were excerpted from A Textbook of Natu Dr. John Lust, nephew of the founder of naturopathy, became a popu ral Medicine, co-authored by Dr. Murray and Dr. Pizzomo, a land lar reference text when it was released in 1974, covering over 500 mark comprehensive review of naturopathic philosophy and diag herbs and their use as teas and tinctures.70 In 1975 NCNM estab nosis, botanical pharmacology, and the application of naturopathic lished a clinic in downtown Portland, and a four-year campus was therapeutics.81 re-established by 1978.58 During these years Dr. William Turska Important support for the schools and the profession came from had taught clinically at NCNM, and in 1978 upon retiring from the corporations producing botanical medicines that were founded and school, Dr. Turska was given the honorary title of Professor Emeri run by naturopathic physicians. Foremost among these in the 1980s 82 83 84 tus of NCNM. The next year Dr. Bastyr was similarly bestowed the were Naturopathic Formulations (NF) and Eclectic Institute (EI). • • title President Emeritus of NCNM for his contribution to the school NF popularized the practice of adding complementary vitamins and in Seattle.32 (These two former classmates from the Seattle College minerals to botanical products. Dr. Bruce Canvasser, a 1977 gradu of Chiropractic and Naturopathy both passed away in 1995.) From ate of NCNM and President of NF, had been director of the teaching 1973-1979 IIO Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine degrees were clinic, instructor in botanical medicine, and board member at NCNM awarded at NCNM. In the meantime John Bastyr College of Naturo and a member of the Oregon Naturopathic Board of Examiners. NF pathic Medicine was established in Seattle in 1977 by recent NCNM provided the re-organized professional association, the AANP, with graduates Dr. Joseph Pizzomo (President) and Dr. William Mitchell. thousands of dollars of funding for public relations outreach.83.85 The Ontario (now Canadian) College of Naturopathic Medicine was Founded in 1982 by Dr. Edward Alstat, R. Ph., NCNM pharmacy begun in 1978.58 The healing crisis for the profession was begin director, and Dr. Michael Ancharski, NCNM clinical director, EI ning to resolve. contributed over $250,000 to NCNM prior to 1990, and played an active role in the school's success. It supported the profession in RECENT BOTANICAL DEVELOPMENTS numerous other ways, such as financing clinical studies of botanical 46 84 IN NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE medicines. • EI has also made important contributions to the larger The naturopathic colleges continued to develop their botanical medi herbal community in the area of botanical publishing. A subsidiary cine texts and curricula. In 1979 Dr. John Sherman compiled The company, Eclectic Medical Publications, reprints classic Eclectic Complete Botanical Prescriber from Eclectic and naturopathic texts to perpetuate their valuable information.46 In addition to older sources used in his education at NCNM. It provided a therapeutic texts, in 1989 Dr. Alstat compiled recent writings of Dr. Wade Boyle, index with prescription indications and dosages and a Toxicology herbalist Christopher Hobbs, and this author on the history of Ameri section added by Dr. Bruce Canvasser.71 Dr. Bill Mitchell wrote can botanical medicine, traditional clinical uses, toxicology, and Naturopathic Applications ofthe Botanical Remedies in 1982, docu modem scientific botanical research, all of which were published in menting knowledge he had acquired from Dr. Bastyr and was pass the first volume of The Eclectic Dispensatory of Botanical Thera ing on to new naturopathic students in Seattle.72 In the early 1980s peutics.86 both NCNM and John Bastyr College (JBC) were offering special A number of other natural products companies were founded electives in Chinese/Oriental medicine which covered the use of herbs and are owned by physicians who graduated from NCNM and JBC. 73 74 in these traditions. • By the late 1980s JBC had developed a de By the early 1990s these companies also supported the naturopathic gree program in Oriental medicine, including extensive study of herbs profession monetarily and educationally while providing botanical used in traditional Chinese medicine.75 medicinals for doctors. Tyler Encapsulations co-founder Dr. Cory In the late 1980s both NCNM and JBC were involved in on Resnick served on the Board of Directors at NCNM for over ten going original clinical research involving botanical medicine. The years. Combining nutritional and botanical ingredients in many of NCNM research on freeze-dried nettles (Urtica dioica ) for allergic their products, the company motto is "Science and Art in the Service rhinitis was accepted for publication by the prestigious European of Health."87 Bezwecken Transdermals is owned by Dr. David 76 77 journal Planta Medica. • At this time referenced review articles Shefrin who is also part-owner of Tyler Encapsulations and is active by Dr. Michael Murray, botanical medicine instructor at JBC, docu in naturopathic politics, teaching, and practice. Bezwecken devel menting positive clinical results from herbs and their chemical com ops topically applied women's health care products.88 Among other ponents began appearing in naturopathic and natural medical litera- projects the company contributed $15,000 for NCNM and JBC re- 56 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 Far left: Joseph Pizzorno, left: William Mitchell, photos courtesy of Bastyr University, Seattle, WA. search on a phytoestrogen herbal formula for menopause89 and pathic physicians in private practice also participated in research $30,000 to the Institute for Naturopathic Medicine.90 Botanical Phar such as a clinical study on plants containing anti-HIV alkaloids.98 maceuticals founder Dr. Silena Heron has taught botanical medicine The latter trial was conducted by Dr. Peter D' Adamo and published at four naturopathic colleges over many years including six years at in the Journal ofNaturopathic Medicine of which he was editor. He JBC. Her company provides consultations and customized formu observed that a freeze-dried (Helidonium majus) and greater celan lations.91 dine bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) combination together with Still other botanical companies and their naturopathic physi Glycyrrhiza glabra solid extract resolved persistent generalized lym cian owners have supported the naturopathic professional associa phadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) in eight of eleven subjects.99 tion while developing their own product line niche. Scientific Bo This re-established journal also published original research on the tanicals founder Dr. Ed Madison, who has been a clinical instructor use of botanical medicines in HIV infections and AIDS-related-com at JBC, produces botanical concentrates based on pharmacologic plex patients. These studies featured botanical treatment (Glycyrrhiza investigation of the scientific literature.92 Wise Woman Herbals glabra, Lomatium dissectum isolate, Hypericum perforatum [St. founder Dr. Sharol Tilgner served as pharmacy director at NCNM. John's wort], and the Chinese patent medicine formula "Astra 10") She now manufactures an extensive line of her own botanical ex in the context of naturopathic therapy, and the effects of glycyrrhizin 93 100 101 102 tracts. Pure Encapsulations, owned by the married team of naturo and bitter melon (Momordica charantia). • • Extensive litera pathic doctors Jacqueline Germain and Enrico Liva, also a regis ture reviews have regularly been published by the Journal ofNaturo tered pharmacist, produce nutritional supplements and standardized, pathic Medicine on the application of botanicals in the prevention concentrated botanical extracts without fillers for doctors.94 Dr. Eliza and treatment of conditions such as hyperthyroidism, respiratory beth Burch, co-founder of Earth's Harvest with her herbalist hus allergies, and cancer.103·104·105 band Dan, is a leader in the naturopathic profession in obstetrics. The recent publication of books on botanical medicine writ The company provides topical botanical products and specializes in ten by naturopathic instructors at the American colleges have con rectal and vaginal suppositories.95 tributed to the scientific examination of the subject. Clinical review Many other botanical products companies not owned by articles including those noted above were also incorporated as part naturopathic doctors have maintained a supportive association with of the second volume of the Eclectic Dispensatory of Botanical the profession and contributed to naturopathic education and research. Therapeutics by this author. These were compiled with scientific Those funding specific services and national or state initiatives in research summaries on individual herbs and discussions of plants support of naturopathic medicine include Phyto-Pharmica, Herb used historically by indigenous peoples and pioneers in the Ameri Pharm, Gaia Herbs, Thome Research, Metagenics, and Murdock can West. The portion entitled Formulas for Healthful Living, also Pharmaceuticals. Other contributions have involved the companies published separately, puts herb use in the context of holistic naturo Yerba Prima, Progena, Amazon Herb Company, Bioactive pathic treatment of systems. 106 Calling for future development and Nutritionals, Ayush Herbs, Frontier Cooperative Herbs, Nutri-West regulatory reform, Dr. Don Brown presents the scientific validation Pacific, and Standardized Botanical International. 87·88·92·96 of 18 important botanical remedies commonly prescribed in Euro pean medicine in his text Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health. CURRENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANICAL PROGRESS He expands on these core herbs in categorizing various herbal rem Botanical research at the naturopathic colleges continued apace. A edies by both activities and applications. 107 Dr. Michael Murray, in small, preliminary placebo-controlled menopause study using a for addition to his many other texts on natural therapeutics, has added a mula with licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), burdock (Arctium lappa), second edition of The Healing Power of Herbs. Following the Ger dong quai (Angelica sinensis), motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), and man Commission E model for evaluating efficacy, like fellow JBC wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) in capsule form for the treatment group graduate Dr. Brown, he emphasizes the use of phytomedicinals stan showed a reduction in symptom severity and an increase in symp dardized to a particular active constituent content whose specific toms affected over the placebo group.97 A controlled trial of the applications have been verified in controlled scientific studies. 108 Dr. horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) saponin escin in the treat Jill Stansbury, botanical chair at NCNM, has written her book, Herbs ment of contusion was conducted at JBC, while botanical for Health and Healing, to help educate the public on basic naturo bronchodilators in aerosolized form were tested at NCNM. Naturo- pathic uses of herbs. 109 HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 57 PROGRESS CONTINUES previously effective to embrace only the fashionably new. Just as The naturopathic profession continues to grow and advance naturopathic physicians continue to use water treatments, manipu natural therapeutics in the context of a holistic philosophy. After lation, and fasting, so powdered herbs and teas remain a part of their many naturopathic practice laws had been sunsetted in the decades nutritional and medicinal therapies. In addition, modem sophisti of the 1950s and 1960s, three states passed new licensing laws in cated approaches and products take their place alongside the time 110 111 1996 (Utah, Vermont, and Maine), · totaling five in the last five tested traditional forms of natural therapy. The German/American 113 years (Montana in 1991 and New Hampshire in 1994).112· With roots in nature cure and phytotherapy have grown and branched to federal recognition of an accrediting agency for naturopathic col develop the umbrella of naturopathic medicine under which all forms leges in 1987 114 full accreditation was achieved by JBC in 1987115 of holistic natural therapeutics can come together, complementing and NCNM in 1991. 116 As a consequence, applications/freshman one another as well as conventional medical options. enrollment have increased annually at NCNM from 94/50 in 1991 to 243/90 in 1995, 263/106 in 1996 and 307/113 in 1997. 117 Accom REFERENCES plishing a crucial step in the accreditation process, candidacy status I. Baer, H.A. 1992. The Potential Rejuvenation of American Naturopathy as a Consequence of the Holistic Health Movement. Med. Anthropol., 13:369-83. was awarded to the newly established Southwest College of Naturo 2. Schwarz, R.W. 1970. 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J. Am. Assoc. Naturop. I I5. Pizzorno, J.E. 1987. JBC: A Major Role in Accreditation. AANP Quan. News/ell., 2(5):8- Phys., 9(Jan.): 5,17. 60. Blea, J.B. 1955. The Woody Fibers of Plants: What Good? J. Am. Assoc. Naturop. Phys., 9. S(Dec.): 14,18. 116. Anon. 1991. School Reports- National College. AANP Quan., 6(2):24. 117. Anon. 1995. Admissions History. NCNM Notes, 1(1):1. 61. Turska, W.A. 1956. Botanies in Diseases of the Heart. J. Am. Assoc. Naturop. Phys., 9(Feb.): 118. Anon. 1994. Big News. Naturop. Phys .. 9(3): I. 6-9,22. 119. Anon. 1995. Canadian College Now a Candidate for Accreditation. Naturop. Phys .. Hl(3): I. 62. Steinmetz, E.F. 1960. Crude Vegetable Drugs And Their Galenical Preparations Versus 120. Anon. 1994-95. The News. Naturop. Phys., 9(4): I. Active Principles Derived Therefrom. J. Naturop. Med., Mar., 18-20. 121 . Anon. 1995. Proposed Classical Chinese Medicine program a "first." NCNM Notes, 1( 1):2. 63. Jones, W. 1950. Botanical Healin g. J. Am. Naturop. Assoc., 3(Sep.): 15, 17. 122. South>l·est College of Naturopathic Medicine & Health Sciences Catalogue, 1994-1995. 64. Bliss, F. 1959. Botanical System for Direct Medication. J. Naturop. Med.. Aug.,24-5. Scottsdale. Ariz. 65. Wilson, C. 1935. Useful Prescriptions, Lloyd Brothers, Pharmacists, Inc., Cincinnati. Oh. 123. Anon. 1995. Really Big News. Naturop. Phys., 10(1):1. 66. Koegler, A. 1959. Can Naturopathic Medicine Take the Place of Antibiotics? J. Naturop. 124. Anon. 1993. Legislative Alert. Naturop. Phys., 8(3):3. Med., Aug., pp. 11-3. 125. Anon. 1995. Access to Medical Treatment Act re-introduced in Congress. Naturop. Phys., 67. Schramm, A. 1957. Echinacea. J. Naturop. Med., Feb., 15. 10(2):1. 68. Farnswort, G.R. 1959. Report on the National Coll ege of Natu ropathic Medicine. J. Naturop. 126. Bylaws of the Botanical Medicine Academy. 1996. Seattle, Wash. Med., Aug., pp. 26-7. 69. National College of Naturopathic Medicine Calendar, 1965-66, 1967-68. Portland. Ore./ Seattle, Wash. Francis Brinker, N.D., obtained bachelor degrees in biology at the 70. Lust, J. 1974. The Herb Book, Bantam Books, Inc., New York, N.Y. Univ. of Kansas and in human biology at Kansas Newman College, and 71. Sherman, J.A. 1979. The Complete Botanical Prescriber, private printing, Corvallis, Ore. a doctorate in naturopathic medicine at NCNM. After a two-year resi 72. Mitchell, W. 1980. Naturopathic Applications of the Botanical Remedies, private printing, dency, he also received postgraduate certification in General Practice & Seattle, Wash. 73. NCNM, The National College of Naturopathic Medicine Bulletin, 1982-84. Portland, Ore. Botanical Medicine at NCNM. He has taught botanical medicine at NCNM 74. John Bastyr College Catalog, vol. 5, 1985. John Bastyr Coll ege of Naturopath ic Medicine, and SCNMHS. Co-author of Eclectic Dispensatory of Botanical Thera Seattle, Wash. peutics vol. Land author ofEDBT vol. II., Dr. Brinker works as a con 75. Catalog- Bastyr College, vol. 7, 1988. John Bastyr College, Seattle, Wash. sultant, editor, and writer. 76. Standish, L.J. 1988. Report from the Bastyr College Research Department. AANP Quan., 3(4):14,16. 77. Anon. 1989. National College Research Report. AANP Quan., 4(1):20. 78. Murray, M.T. 1988. Serenoa Repens (Saw Palmetto) Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyper plasia. AANP Quart., 3(4):20-1. Books mentioned in this article 79. Murray, M. 1989. Panax ginseng: Adaptogenic and Anti-stress aspects. AANP Quart., 4(2):10-1. Available from ABC's 80. Pizzomo, J.E, M.T. Murray. 1986. Allium Sativum (Garlic), Allium Cepa (Onion). Townsend Herbal Education Catalog Lett. Doctors, (38):167,169-71. 81. Pizzorno, J.E, M.T. Murray. 1986. A Textbook ofNatural Medicine, John BastyrColl. Pub., Seattle, Wash. ECLEOIC DISPENSATORY 82. Anon. 1988. The AANP is pleased to announce its new corporate sponsorship program. Of BOTANICAL THERAPEUTICS, VOL 2 AANP Quan. News/ell., 3(3):3 83. Weeks, J. 1987. Naturopath ic Formulations Grants $3,000 For PR Project. AANP Quan. by Francis Brinker. 1995. Compilation of articles including News/ell., 2(3):1. historical peJSpectives, pharmacognosy, ond clinical 84. Advertisement. 1989. Eclectic Institute Donation Record. AANP Quart., 4(3): 16. opplicolions of boto nicol medicines in vorious condilions, 85. Weeks, J. 1990. Dr. Bruce Canvasser: A Salute to Years of Commitment. AANP Quan., os well os botonicol medicine research summaries. Binder. 5(1);25-6. 86. Alstat, E. (comp.) 1989. Eclectic Dispensatory ofBotanical Therapelllics, vol. I, Eclectic 507 pp. $125. #8184 Medical Pub., Portland, Ore. 87. Anon. 1990. Five New Corporate Sponsors. AANP Quart., 5(3):8-9. 88. Anon. 1991. Corporate News; Founder's Club. Naturop. Phys., 6(3): 13,15. 89. Anon. 1992. Bezwecken funds frrstjoint National-Bastyr study. Naturop. Phys., 7(3):41. 90. Anon. 1994. Bezwecken, Shefrin, contribute $30,000 to INM. Naturop. Phys., 9(1):9. 91. Anon. 1991. Botanical Pharmaceuticals Becomes Corporate Sponsor. AANP Quan., 6(1):6. 1OOth Anniversary! 92. Anon. 1990. Convention Success Stimulates Four New Corporate Sponsors! AANP Quan., 5(1):7. KING'S AMERICAN DISPENSATORY 93. Anon. 1993. New Corporate Sponsors. Naturop. Phys., 8(2): 19. by H. W. Felter, M.D. ond l U. Uoyd, Ph.D. Two-volume 94. Anon. 1992. Corporate Sponsors. Naturop. Phys., 7(3):17,19. 95. Anon. 1992. Corporate Sponsors. Naturop. Phys., 7(2):13. set, 1898. The most complete text ever compiled on 96. Anon. 1993. Corporate Leaders and Sponsors. Naturop. Phys., 8(1):17. American medicinal plonts ond herbal phormocy. 2,172 97. Bettenburg, R. 1993. Research at National College. Naturop. Phys., 8(4):27,29. pages of medicinal properties ond clinical odministrolion of 98. Anon. 1991. Research in Progress. Naturop. Phys., 6(4):41. hundreds of medicinal plonts in detoil. Hardcover, 2,229 pp. 99. D' Adamo, P. 1992. Chelidonium and Sanguinaria alkaloids as an ti-HIV therapy. J. Naturop. Med., 3(1):31-4. s250. #BD22 100. Standish, L., J. Guiltinan, E. McMahon, C. Lindstrom. 1992. One year open trial of naturopathic treatment ofHIV infection class IV-A in men. J. Naturop. Med., 3(1):42-64. I 0 I. Zhang, Q.C. 1992. Preliminary report on the use of Momordica charantia extract by HIV To order, credit card holders patients. J. Naturop. Med., 3:65-9. 102. Mori, K., H. Sakai, S. Suzuki, Y. Akutsu, M. Ishikawa, K. Tada, M. Aihara, Y. Sawada, call toll free 800/373-7105 M. Yokoyama, Y. Sato, Y. Endo, Z. Suzuki, S. Sato, H. Sasaki, S. Yokoyama, T. Hayashi, or see the Herbal Education Catalog T. Uchida, K. Hiwatashi, N. Ishida, M. Fujimaki, K. Yamada. 1993. Effects of glycyr rhizin (SNMC: Stronger Neo-Minophagen CR) in hemophilia patients with HIV-1 in in the center of this issue fection. J. Naturop. Med., 4:2-9. HERB AL GRAM No. 42 • 59 ETHNOBOTANY The New Ethnobotany: Sharing With Those Who Shared: An Interview With Michael Balick And Rosita Arvigo HerbalGram's Managing Editor, Barbara Johnston, recently inter ciding on their behalf what would help bolster their profession and viewed Drs. Michael Balick and Rosita Arvigo about their ethnobo help them individually, we asked them to help us develop some of tanical studies in Belize, specifically about their book, Rainforest the objectives of this project. We also were completely open in in Remedies: One Hundred Healing Herbs of Belize, and the program forming them of the implications of this work, e.g., what would hap they have developed for supporting traditional healers from the pro pen to the information and materials that would be collected during ceeds of their book. this project. HG: You work from the bottom up rather than developing your HG: What does the work of the ethnobotanist, who studies the program from the top down? relationship between people and plants, involve? BIA: We met a number of traditional healers and learned that Balick/Arvigo: In the past, ethnobotany frequently focused on there was a common theme in many of their requests-to produce a exploration - a scientist paddled up a remote river to visit a tribe, book that could be used by them for teaching their children and also and gathered information on plants that the people said they used. serve as a reference that would in some way help support the valid Today, there is much more of a mutual exchange between the ethno ity of traditional healing and help reestablish its importance in the botanist and their indigenous teachers and more often the work is contemporary world. There had not yet been a definitive book done with people who have been exposed to outside civilization, to vary on the medicinal plants of Belize detailing uses, common names, ing degrees. Both partners need to receive something substantial Latin names, research results and illustrations. A well produced out of the research that is being carried out. So, the dynamic of the record of their home remedies as recorded by ten traditional healers interchange is much more balanced than ever before. When we be seemed a good contribution to make to the development of this na gan the Belize Ethnobotany Project in 1986, we really committed to tion. developing a project that would give back as much or more than we would receive in exchange, and help strengthen the community of HG: But the outside world, the "modem" world, how was tra traditional healers in Belize, as well as help the individual healers ditional healing viewed by that group of people? and bushmasters (persons quite knowledgeable about the rainforest) B/A: Many in local communities in Central Americ~ and else that we worked with achieve their own goals. And rather than de- where are not convinced that this ancient healing art has a place in Miss Barbara Fernandez: 65, the HowTra.ditional Healers Use most well-known traditional healer of the Creole culture in Belize. Aun~ Barbara, as she is known, has a herb stall in the Belize Their Royalty Payments City Market where she administers to the en A Commentary by Rosita Arvlgo tire country at one time or another. Her only daughter, Blossom, died four years ago and left Aunt Barbara with five school age grand children to raise and educate. Aunt Barbara's royalty money goes towards clothing, fOod, Antonio and Juana Cue: Both are and books for her grandchildren. 80-plus "grannie healers" who raised 15 chil dren; they are the primary care providers for Mr. Thomas Green: 9Q..year-old up to 200 family members including children, bushmaster, dorry maker and village healer grandchildren, great- and great-great-grand of Duffy Bank, Cayo District, is now too old children as well as countless nieces and neph to work as a canoe guide which was his only ews. The last check was spent on new farm source of income for a decade. His royalty ing tools for Mr. Antonio and a new dress payments go toward his_personal needs such and kitchen supplies for Miss Juana. The next as food and clothing. check will be spent on the rethatching of their house. 60 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 contemporary society. Therefore, our commitment to the healers leagues, Norman Farnsworth, provided us with information from was to produce a simple, inexpensive, carefully written book with the NAPRALERT data base which helped us track down clinical information on the use of plants in the context of the local beliefs, information that might be available for the book. Jim Duke pro but also containing clinical information, where available, on the ef vided us with information on chemical composition of the plants ficacy of the plants. In this way, we hoped to establish greater un from his data base. In addition, we searched The New York Botani derstanding of the work and importance of the traditional healers of cal Garden Library and other sources of information on traditional Belize. clinical uses of some of these plants, such as from other cultures, and this was all included in the book. We then approached Mark HG: How did you go about producing the book they wanted? Blumenthal for advice on how best to get the healers' message out B/A: In 1987, we began to gather information from 10 tradi to an audience that went beyond the Belizean community. Mark tional healers who chose to work with us during the early years of introduced us to our publisher, Santosh Krinsky, of Lotus Press and the project. These included: Dona Juana Cue and Sr. Antonio Cue he became very excited about this effort and agreed to publish Rain of San Antonio, Cayo, patriarchs who have cared for many genera forest Remedies: One Hundred Healing Herbs of Belize, and help tions using traditional plant remedies; Miss Barbara Fernandez of support our work through its publication. Belize City, who has an herb shop in the Belize City market that is well known and respected throughout the country and who has HG: The people that you wrote the book for-the healers and authored Medicine Woman: The Herbal Tradition of Belize, a book their students and patients, as well as other people in Belize- are on medicinal herbs; Mr. Thomas Green, of the Cayo District, who they using this book? learned his trade in the chicle, rubber, and mahogany camps, and is B/A: Belize is a country of high literacy. It is also a country an accomplished canoe craftsman as well; Mr. Winston Harris, of where English is the primary language, as a former English colony. Cristo Rey, Cayo District, known as a master of jungle survival (bush We decided to make the first publication in English. We have had master), as well as a snake bite healer; Don Eligio Panti, originally numerous requests for a Spanish version from traditional healers from the Peten of Guatemala, former resident of San Antonio, Cayo and primary health care providers from many Central American coun District, now deceased but who was the most famous of all tradi tries, and we are in the process of translating it and are looking for a tional healers in Belize; Mr. Andrew Ramcharan, Ranch ito, Corozal publisher for that version. The book is to be found in many house District, known as the most accomplished snake bite healer in all of holds-we were delighted to find that it is so widely used by local the north of Belize, a crucial skill in an area covered with sugarcane people in Belize. Interestingly enough, both German and Dutch fields that harbor many snakes; Miss Hortense Robinson, of publishers picked up the book and it has been translated into these Ladyville, Belize District, who has been a midwife for over 50 years, two languages. We also hope it will be published in Spanish . and works as a general practitioner specializing in ailments of women and children; Mr. Polo Romero, an accomplished snake doctor and HG: What is the crossover of this book with other regions in bushmaster who learned his craft while working in rubber, mahogany, Central America? and chicle camps; and Dona Juana Xix, of Sukkotz Village, Cayo BIA: That is an interesting question. We found that many of District, who is a primary health care specialist and midwife to resi the plants used in traditional healing in Belize are also found in ar dents of many of the surrounding villages. eas such as Mexico, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Panama, and We also worked with a very talented artist, Laura Evans, who elsewhere in the Caribbean. What is fascinating is the cross-cul drew black and white illustrations for the book. One of our col- tural comparisons of the uses of plants in traditional healing in other Winston Harris: 55-year-old re Mr. Andrew Ramcharan: 90-year nowned bushmaster of Belize, uses his roy old snakedoctor and village healer who lives alty to feed and educate his 12 children in alone but close to his family in the village of the village of Cristo Rey. Mr. Winston's Ranchito in Corozal. He has a great-grand only source of income is from his work as daughter whose mother died a year ago. She a bushmaster. Being named in the book requested to stay with Mr. Andrew and his has given him prestige in his village -now royalty check helps to keep her in high school. he and the others have been elevated by Without this money either she wouldn't be their community to healers, doctors, and experts in their field. able to go or he would have to rely on a mem ber of his family to help him. He has inde Don Elijio Panti: l 03 years old pendence and self-reliance at the age of 90 when he died in 1996. This was the because of these payments. only source of income other than our monthly stipend for him so it meant Miss Hortense Robinson: A 67~year that he was not a charity case in his old herbal midwife and traditional healer of last years. The royalties were paid to , Ladyville. She has been trying to build a his grandson who was able to purchase birthing center for 20 years with no success the basic needs of the aging healer un because of the lack of finances for materials til he died. For Don Blijio it was a great source of pride that he was and labor. She takes only what her clients can able to provide for himself up until the end. The healers voted to afford to pay and most of the time has a house allot his royalty payments to Miss Beatrice Waight. hold of up to eight persons to provide for by herself, since she has no husband. So, her roy- HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 61 countries both in the region and elsewhere. For example, working As a result, a signifi cant percentage of the royalties derived from with one of the healers, Mr. Andrew Ramcharan, who is of East this book have gone directly to a fund to support the traditional heal Indian descent, we found that a number of the plants that he uses are ers who so graciously collaborated with us in Belize. They did not also used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine in India. So, a signifi ask us for this kind of long-term financial support at the beginning cant percentage of these plants can be found used elsewhere around of the project, but this is one of the aspects of the "new ethnobotany" the world, thus helping to show their efficacy. where traditional peoples receive benefits from the work as well Dr. Jim Duke found that a vine used for birth control in Belize after all, it is their information. Benefits should be afforded one's was used for the same purpose with the exact same dosage in Peru. collaborators at several levels. In this project, there are immediate A good 25 percent of the plants in Rainforest Remedies can be found benefits, including job creation, development of a community of throughout the Americas-such as roses, lemon grass, gi nger, ba healers, educational opportunities, travel and attendance at sympo nana, mango, avocado, and many more. So, this makes it a very sia, to name a few. useful book for people in many different countries and cultures. Benefits at the second level of benefits are mid-term, such as Americans who study herbs have been fascinated to find some very the traditional healers fund that is supported by royalties from the uncommon uses and names for their own common plants. For in book. By early 1998, $16,754 had been raised for these 10 people stance, the red hibiscus, (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Malvaceae) is who used the money in various ways (see box). We have structured thought of mostly as a decorati ve plant wherever it grows in gardens the royalty payments as follows: 15 percent of sales in Belize-not or pots. Few are aware of its use in traditional healing to staunch the profits-go to the healers fund. This is an important distinction. flow of post partum hemorrhage, to heal skin conditions, and its Each of the healers has been assigned a certain number of shares fame as a food to replace iron in the blood. one, two, or three shares, depending on how much time, effort and knowledge they contributed to the project. From books sold in the HG: If the reader wants to delve more deeply into the lives of U.S. at our lectures, 10 percent of sales goes to the healers fund. some of the traditional healers that have provided information in Lotus Light, the publisher, has pledged 10¢ per book sold to the this book, is there a reference that they can go to? fund. The healers are paid by check every 6 months-in June and B/A: Yes, Rosita Arvigo recently published the story of her December. apprenticeship with one of the most distinguished of the healers we The third level is the long-term benefits, such as any income have worked with, Don Eligio Panti. Sastun: My Apprenticeship that might come from a drug discovery program. This is a possible with a Maya Healer, is available through the ABC Catalog (#B087. outcome through our collaboration with the U.S. National Cancer $14.00) Also in the ABC Catalog is Plants, People and Culture: the Institute and other groups, such as Shaman Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Science of Ethnobotany (#B 196, $32.95), co-authored by Michael who have made reciprocity an important part of their way of con Balick and Paul Alan Cox. The book includes much additional ducting business. information on traditional healing and ethnobotany. HG: Would you call this the new paradigm of ethnobotany? HG: How did you actually publish and distribute Rainforest BIA: Yes, we consider this a new type of relationship with the Remedies? people who teach us ethnobotanical knowledge. Traditionally, such B/A: Basically, we took loans secured by our homes to pay for books might be published with a press run of a few hundred and the its publication. This might seem a bit risky, but we had a reason - books might be priced in a way that they were not be accessible to to use our own funds rather than go to a fo undation or other source, the people who actually needed them the most and were interested in order to have more say in how the book royalties are distributed. in using them. What we tried to do with this book was to make a alties have greatly assisted the building process. Each check goes to a special aspect of her new birthing center-a washroom, a set 'Jf windows, part of the roof. the septic tank, etc. One of her adopted children recently ran up a clothing bill at a store where she worked Miss Juana Shish: Village and the owner threatened to slap a lien on Miss Hortense's property, healer of Sukkotz in Cayo District. so her last check actually went to pay off that bad debt to keep her She raised 15 children and has one land title clear or she might have lost all! She told me last year that disabled daughter still living at if she couldn't get this birthing center finished, she would stop de home -and her youngest who is livering babies. For the p;~St 50 years she has birthed them all on her about to be m.arri~. Her royalty own bed and slept on the floor next t9 them. checks have helped her start a business. With this money and the help(){ her sons she has set up a Mr. Leopoldo Romero: "Polo" as he is widely known, i& a restaurant and one guest cottage known as Las Palmeras. Vtsiting 55-year-old accomplished bns4- seminar groups spend a few hours with her and enjoy her wonderful master and snake collector of me cooking. So the royalty payments have given her financial ~urity dicinal plants. Using the royalty and a future in the growing tourism market of Belize. paymeeents over the past few years he has constructed a new home, one step at a time, using one pay ment. for example, to buy cement blocks, another to build the roof. 62 • HERBALG RAM No. 42 single inexpensive publication with as large a print run as possible, barium cases to herbaria in Belize that desperately needed state of in order to make the information accessible to teachers and practi the art curatorial facilities for the plants we collected, as well as a tioners of traditional healing, as well as the academic community. computer system donated to the Belize Center for Environmental Often we see beat-up, dog-eared copies of the book in the hands of Studies to serve as one of the local repositories of data for the col students, healers, housewives, and teachers. That is a most gratify lections and checklist of the flora. ing experience. HG: Who has supported your work in Belize? HG: What was the print run? BIA: The Belize Ethnobotany Project has been an endeavor B/A: The first print run was 10,000 copies which sold within a bringing together a coalition of people and funders who believe in couple of years. Since that time the book has been reprinted and we the idea that grass roots efforts aimed at reviving traditional healing expect shortly after this issue of HerbalGram comes out that the are crucial priorities. We have had a constituency ranging from the second edition of Rainforest Remedies, updated and expanded with Rex Foundation (formed by members of the Grateful Dead), The new information, new clinical studies, and a source list for the herbs, Nathan Cummings Foundation, The Edward John Noble Founda will be published by Lotus Press (available from the ABC Book tion, The Gildea Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, The store). Philecology Trust, The John and Catherine T. MacArthur Founda tion, to The U.S. Agency for International Development, The Na HG: What are some of the other publications and results of tional Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, and The Met the Belize Ethnobotany Project? ropolitan Life Insurance Company, as well as many other groups BIA: Rainforest Remedies was one of the early products of the and individuals. These institutions all came together to fund this Belize Ethnobotany Project. Other products have included Color project in pursuit of a higher level of knowledge about the relation ing Book of the Maya Rainforest, a bilingual educational activity/ ship between plants and people and the potential use of plants as coloring book in English and Spanish for children to put them in new therapies for diseases such as AIDS and cancer. touch with their traditions and the use of plants; a video, Diary of a Belizean Girl: Learning Herbal Wisdom from our Elders, used in HG: Would you consider this work a model for other ethno many schools in Belize to teach the importance of traditional knowl botanical projects elsewhere? edge; and within a year, a checklist of the vascular plants of Belize B/A: There is something to be learned from any endeavor with annotations on their common names and uses will be published what we have tried to do is create a project based on sharing of both by The New York Botanical Garden, co-authored by Michael Bal scientific knowledge and financial resources. In talking to many of ick, Michael Nee, and Daniel Atha. A major resource to appear our colleagues elsewhere, we are gratified that there is increased from this project will be the book that we are now working on, Mes understanding of the need to give back more than is asked for in sages from the Gods: The Ethnobotanical Wealth of Belize. In this return. We are delighted to see greater numbers of projects becom publ ication, we expect to have an encyclopedic treatment of some ing involved in organizing opportunities for traditional peoples to 850 plants and their uses in traditional practices in Belize, as well as have a stronger hand in conservation of both their traditions and a dozen or so chapters on the relationships between plants and people. biodiversity. Perhaps that philosophy can serve as a model for other Of course there are many thousands of herbarium vouchers, on which projects. We have also learned a great deal from our colleagues as the information can be verified, and a computer data base that re well as our critics, and our ideas and activities have grown as a re sulted from this work. Through other funding sources, The New sult of the project. York Botanical Garden was able to donate $14,000 worth of her- If you wish to lend your support to the traditional healers men tioned in this article you can do so by sending your contributions to: Traditional Healers Foundation, Ix Chel Farm, San Ignacio, Cayo District, Belize, Central America. (Certified mail suggested.) Beatrice Waight: 49-year-old mother of nine, village healer, women's group organizer, and community health Learn more about these healers, their care volunteer worker who spends her roy resources, and remedies in the book alty payments on books, uniforms, and Available from ABC's ...... school fees for her children. Her husband Herbal Education makes a small salary at the local saw mill Catalog and would not be able to send all of his RAINFOREST REMEDIES: ONE HUNDRED children to secondary school and feed the HEALING HERBS OF BELIZE household as well. The toyalties are by Rosita Arvigo ond Michael Bolick. 1993. Awindow into the sacred enough to pay for books and uniforms for world of troditionol Moyon healers who know thot the rainforest holds two of her high-school-age children. within its grasp oil the ingredients thot hove sustained it ond its people.lllus., Softcover, $15.95. #8053. 2nd Edition includes: source lists preparations CREDIT CARD ORDERS CALL TOLL FREE Photos courtesy of Michael Bolick, 800/373-7105, OR SEE THE CATALOG The New York Botanical Gorden, Bronx, NY IN THE CENTER OF THIS ISSUE. HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 63 MARKET REPORT by Peter Landes use less because it's expensive), this is not problem discussed was one of stagnant or the case in developing countries which are even reduced supply just at a time when de large per capita users of spices (and they have mand is exploding, especially in the U.S. SPICES: Most of the action in the spice very large capitas so they are a factor). With European demand for botanicals is also very markets for the period covered by this report currency chaos and drops in value many or strong but on a more predictable upward is really a result of action in another very dinary consumers in Indonesia, Malaysia, growth curve than in the U.S., where demand active market: currencies, particularly those Thailand, India, etc., have found that they has increased exponentially this year. Take of Asia. Readers who follow the financial suddenly possess one-third or less money St. John's Wort, for instance. The total U.S. news are surely aware of the precipitous than they did a few months ago and these market for this useful herb was probably in drops in the values of various Asian curren hapless victims will cut back on luxury the 25-50 ton range for many years. This cies, particularly the Malaysian ri~ggit, the items-like spices. It's hard to imagine for year the demand in the U.S. alone may well Indonesian rupiah and the South Korean many Americans, but, yes, an item that's free be in the many thousands of tons. One sup won. Korea really doesn't impact much as a on every restaurant table in America is con plier has increased production from 780 tons spice producing country, but has some ef sidered an expensive luxury in many parts last year to about 1,500 tons this year and fect as a spice consuming country (more on of the world. still cannot possibly meet demand. Saw this at a later date). Malaysia and Indonesia So-what will happen to spice prices? Palmetto has gone from a low of about $1.45 on the other hand are very large producers The short-term immediate effect has been a per lb. at the beginning of the crop year to of tropical spices, particularly Black and precipitous price drop in items that are not about $7.00 per lb. at the time of this writ White Pepper, Nutmeg, Mace, Cloves, and otherwise affected by supply-and-demand ing. Quality is also a continuing problem, Cassia (cinnamon in the U.S.). There is a factors --crops that are already in or are be as also predicted. Last year's Chilean St. large worldwide trade in these commodities ing harvested now (like Black Pepper) and John's Wort had a high hypericin content and this trade is mostly denominated in U.S. not known to be short in quantity. Cassia is around the desirable 0.3 percent. This year's dollars. This creates both a problem and an perhaps the hardest hit of these: crops are production, due to unusual weather condi opportunity for producers and exporters of normal to large and prices have plummeted tions caused by the El Nifio phenomenon these items. The problem for the farmer down about 50 percent from recent highs. (we're planning on blaming lots of stuff on comes from deciding when to sell produce Your cinnamon bun should be much cheaper El Nifio ), is running at less than a third of to an exporter for the national currency, next year. that. A challenge for manufacturers-and an which is sinking daily (sometimes even The effect on crops known to be in expensive one at that. Prices up, quality hourly). Do you sell now, take the currency short supply has been the opposite, as down, and demand outstripping supply: a and pay off some debts or buy some much strongly held stocks are parceled out grudg purchasing agent's nightmare. Many for needed food, cloth, or cigarettes or do you ingly by exporters--crops such as Nutmeg, merly cheap and readily available items are wait a little and perhaps get several thousand Mace and White Pepper. After all, what scarce and expensive this year such as more rupiahs per kilo for your produce will the exporter do with the money he re Golden seal, Barberry, European Vale even though on the world market those sev ceives that's better than owning an appreci rian, Juniper, and Cascara. The list goes eral thousand more rupiah are worth the same ating commodity? The choices are to con on and on with new additions almost daily or even less than a few days before? For the vert it to a rapidly sinking currency or maybe and little relief in sight as countries that used exporter buying in rupiahs and selling in U.S. to deposit it in a very shaky, technically in to export botanicals become net importers dollars the problem is even more complex: solvent bank (and pay the taxes on it). Not of these former hard currency earning com does he hold onto his stocks, which after all, too appealing. modities. are climbing in rupiah-denominated value Mediterranean spices such as Laurel, Care and patience will be required in daily, but take the risk that they will soon Basil, Marjoram and Oregano continue to these markets----:care in purchasing quality bring less U.S. dollars-or take the money languish in the doldrums. We can only wait botanicals from reputable producers, export and run. He could then repay loans and put for the too-cheap-for-too-long syndrome to ers, and importers (e.g.,. the present author's the profit in a bank that begins to seem more manifest itself yet again and for farmers and firm) and patience in letting market forces and more shaky and insolvent every day as gatherers to finally say (for instance), "What? work. Inevitably, markets respond to de the full extent of the bad loans that bank has Basil? Fennel? Mrujoram? For that price? mand, even sudden demand, and as these made become apparent. Quite a quandary. The hell with it, I'll grow something else." items become more available, qualities will On top of these currency problems Then the inevitable shortages and commen rise in response to purchasers' requirements there are, of course, the same basic supply surate higher prices will prevail and there will and the cycle will start anew. and demand considerations that have always be money in growing Basil again-and then existed in trading markets. While demand the overproduction phase will come again. POTPOURRI ITEMS: Same as last for spices has always been considered inelas Around it goes .... issue-qualities good, prices cheap, export tic in Western consumer countries, such as ers desperate to sell. Will this worm tum? the U.S. and Western Europe (after all, no BOTANICALS: These markets be Probably-and probably soon. If anyone body in these countries will use more Black came very active, as we predicted in our last cares, they should buy now. Pepper because it's cheap and nobody will report. Faithful readers will recall that the 64 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 MARKET REPORT Herbal Products Are Driving Supplement Industry Growth OTC Herbal Medicines Based on the proliferation of research and Finally, emerging segments such as Worth Millions in U.K. the growth in sales, herbal-based supple children's herbal formulas and St. John's Market research by Mintel estimates that the ments, now represent a solid and growing Wort contribute to the popularity of herbal total market for complementary medicines category. supplements. Herbal products packaged and in the UK in 1996 was worth £72 million. Reviewing SPINS Distributor Infor promoted for children showed greater than This figure excludes products sold as supple mation, both the herbal formulas category, 100 percent growth in dollar sales for the ments, e.g., vitamins, minerals, royal jelly, defined as items that contain more than one first six months of 1997 vs. the same period ginseng, and garlic. It actually covers the type of herb, and the herbal singles category in 1996. St. John's Wort, increasingly popu sale of licensed herbal medicines, homeo have experienced impressive growth for the lar for its reported benefits to relieving de pathic remedies, and essential oils. first six months of 1997 vs. the first six pression, increased sales more than fivefold Herbal medicines accounted for £38 months of 1996. during this period. -Laurie Isenberg million of sales, representing 53 percent of Herbal formulas grew by 19.3 percent the market, by far the largest share. It is cal in dollar sales, and herbal singles, represent Laurie Isenberg is VP of sales and culated that sales of the complementary ing almost twice the sales of herbal formu marketing for SPINS, a San Francisco medicines referred to in this survey have las, experienced a 76.7 percent dollar sales based provider ofmarketing information for increase for the same period. the natural products industry. For more in grown by 36 percent since 1991 . Mintel pre Among all herbal products, certain formation about SPINS and its services, dicts that they will be worth£ 104 million by segments are driving overall category call 4I 5/284-0546 or e-mail the year 2001. [As of 1/13/98 the exchange growth. Cold and flu/immune system prod HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 65 IN MEMORIAM Margaret B. Kreig authentic book regarding the ethnobotanical approach to drug dis covery put out at the time. Unfortunately, she was unable to get the 1922-1998 publisher to let her update it during the 1980s. She was a good researcher and she did a great deal of research to demystify or clarify Margaret Kreig, author of Green M edi some statements in classical pharmacognosy and some textbooks cine: the Search for the Plants that e.g., the discovery of quinine from Cinchona-some myths that go Heal, died January 12. Green Medi back to the 16th century." cine told of the scientific quest for natu Mrs. Kreig researched her topics by traveling with scientific ral remedies in tropical rain forests as expeditions to such places as South and Central America. She was well as in up-to-date laboratories. In one of the first Americans to tour medical centers in China, travel the 1960s and '70s she was a regular ing there in the early 1970s in preparation for her writings on Chi attendee at the annual meeting of the nese medicine. She served in the Marine Corps Women's Reserve American Society of Pharmacognosy in World War II. She attended the University of Illinois at Urbana where she became acquainted with Pro Champaign, the University of Chicago, and Northwestern Univer fessor Varro Tyler. "Her book, Green Medicine, was very important sity. In the late 1940s and '50s she researched the spread of drug because it called the public's attention to the significance of phar abuse among middle-class youths in the U.S. and worked at a drug macognosy at a time when professional interest was waning," says treatment center in Lexington, Kentucky. Kreig was a public rela Tyler. tions consultant to pharmaceutical companies, and was a staff writer According to Professor Norman Farnsworth, 'This book stimu and editor at Parents ' Magazine. Under her pen name of Peggy lated a great deal of interest-mainly by graduate students-in the Craig, she wrote murder mysteries and television scripts about crime. pursuit of drug exploration. It is probably the most interesting and -Barbara A. Johnston Percival Hezekiah "Sledge" Reynolds 1929-1997 "He was the sunshine in every In 1965 his ambition paid off and he became a Plumbing In room, the highlight of every structor at the Vocational Training School in Belize City. He was party. He brought laughter in given the opportunity to study abroad at Stout State University in times of sadness. " Michigan. He then transferred to the Belize Technical College, where he Percival Reynolds, a respected herbalist and traditional healer, continued to successfully prepare the students for the City & Guilds will be remembered for the laughter he brought to his family, rela exam. There he served until retirement in 1987. tives, and friends. Most of us who knew Sledge would best describe In 1979 after he had helped many people with ailments that him as friendly, outgoing, jovial, kind, loving, intelligent, and very doctors had given up on, he established Triple Moon Herbs, so named ambitious. because he harvested his plants in three moons, first quarter, last Percival was born at Sitten River, Belize, May 5th, 1929, the quarter, and the full moon. He felt that this was essential to guaran fourth of six children. He attended classes up to standard three when tee a longer shelf life for his 35 different medicinal formulas. After he began in the world of work. He moved to the west in 1949 where retirement he refused to sit back; he began in-depth studies on herbs, he was a laborer at a number of properties. After six months he spending much time reading books and investigating plants found moved back to Sitten River but did not go alone, for in the west he in the forest. Percival also joined the Traditional Healers Associa met and began a 46-year union with Gertrude Alford. He and his tion and took part in many exhibitions. He had a great love for family of four returned to Cayo and began working with Mr. Clive sports. He was also actively involved in the local governing body of Hyde. In 1958 he began at Central Farm where he gained much the village and up to the time of his death was a member of the hands-on experience working with machinery, planting, and garden Belize Creole Council. ing. To complement the normal skills he began to build himself He is survived by his wife, Gertrude, nine children, an adopted academically through ICS correspondence courses. son, 45 grandchildren, five great-grandchildren, three brothers, and numerous nieces and nephews. -Rosita Arvigo (from a presenta tion at his memorial in Belize) 66 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 IN MIEMO!RIAM Aaron 1. Sharp 1904-1997 Dr. Aaron Sharp was considered by many the leading international Born in Plain City, Ohio, he gradu authority on moss. He found identical ancient mosses in Japan, ated from Ohio Wesleyan University in Mexico, and Appalachia that had not evolved for millions of years, 1927, received his M.A. from the Univer which conformed to theories that large tectonic plates on the earth's sity of Oklahoma in 1929, and his Ph.D. surface had moved apart. He founded one of the world's best known from Ohio State University in 1938. He wildflower events, the annual "Wildflower Pilgrimage," held the last taught at the University of Tennessee from weekend in April in the Great Smoky Mountains for 53 years. 1929 until his retirement in 197 4 and was Japan awarded Dr. Sharp the Order of the Rising Sun for his head of botany from 1951 to 1961. He findings on the relationships of ecosystems of Asia and the Ameri served on the board of governors of the cas. He was one of three editors of Moss Flora of Mexico, pub Nature Conservancy from 1955 to 1961. lished in 1994 by the New York Botanical Garden. - Barbara A. Johnston Adelma Simmons 1903-1997 Most of us who knew Adelma Simmons of Caprilands Herb Farm and they invariably were published in England. Adelma began col remember her earth-colored beanie and cape. She looked, I thought lecting all the herb books she could find. Ever the superb ~usiness when I first visited Caprilands, like a small, cheery, but purposeful woman, she again recognized the potential of such material and be elf. gan writing and marketing her own books. Folklore and history had Adelma organized a small group of friends to study herbs and long been one of her many interests. Herb lore, pagan and Chris began to treat the group to modest herbal lunches. As her culinary tian, was a specialty, and she skillfully wove it into her writing. treats grew more elaborate the group invited friends. Friends at Many of Adelma's admirers, who are now in herb businesses tracted more friends. Soon Adelma felt the need to charge for the of their own, credit her for inspiring them to start a business. lunches. Herb gardens in various forms began to sprout around the The compliments, smiles, stories, and her dramatic flair for house. As things continued to mushroom Adelma recognized the telling them explains in part the charisma that everyone mentions potential for an herb-related business. when they speak of Adelma. "She made you feel good to be around Once she started to grow a business, Adelma sought out her," say those who fell under her spell. large-scale herb grower Sal Gilbertie, now the largest herb grower Just the day before she died Adelma signed her last will and in New England, as a main source for her herb plants. testament specifying that her Caprilands Herb Farm be made into Adelma was a favored herb speaker at meetings and confer a non-profit foundation for herbal education; a dream which is now ences. She designed authentic herb gardens for historic societies, a reality. museums, and reconstructed villages featuring 18th-century gardens. The Foundation will be a wonderful memorial to a fascinat She was also a prolific writer of herb books. One of the most ing woman whose motto was "Plant an herb garden. Grow a better cherished and frequently used is her A Merry Christmas Herbal, world." Adelma Simmons' contribution to the awakening of inter published in 1968. She started writing, she said, when her herb est in herbs cannot be underestimated.- Portia Meares study group looked around for resource ma Donations to The Caprilands Foun terial and found that the few available books dation may be sent c/o Tolland Bank, 3534 were old, out of date, and often out of print, Main Street, Coventry, CT 06238. HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 67 BOOK REVIEWS ences that gives authoritative information on conceivable area of pharmacognosy and plant names (arranged by Latin binomial), medical botany-over 18,000 entries in all. their geographical origin, and various eco For example, these include, but are not lim nomic uses. ited to, the following types of terms: English Over the past few years, I have occa common name; Latin binomials; German sionally toyed with the idea of putting to common names of both plants, substances, gether a group of herbalists and medicinal and common items used in pharmacy; collo plant scholars to produce a similar publica quial names; chemical compounds found in tion-a dictionary of terms used in modem many plants; and related medicinal plant mis herbal medicine, ethnobotany, and pharma cellanea. cognosy-a book that would meet all, or at The definitions are complete yet con least many, of the needs of people dealing cise. Often, the derivation of the word is with the realities of herbal medicine in the given. Examples of definitions: "drug: crude late 1990s. However, fortunately for all of medicinal substance; usually appl. to dried A Dictionary of Natural Products by us, Professor Hocking has done that. crude drugs (plant & animal); prob. f. Dutch George M. Hocking, Ph.D. Plexus Publish A Dictionary of Natural Products has droog (=to dry); to the layman, usually the ing, Inc. 1997. 994 pp. Hardcover, b/w recently been published and it is a most wel term means addictive narcotic - d. fiend illustrations. $139.50. ISBN 0-937548-31- come addition to the growing field of botani (Americanism): narcotic addict." 6. ABC Bookstore #B300. cal publications. The sub-title of the book The word "coon" is included, short for The increased growth of the herbal provides insight into the scope and range of puccoon, root, referring to the genera San movement is evident almost everywhere, this work: ''Terms in the Field of Pharma guinaria (bloodroot) or possibly Hepatica especially in the sales of herbal products and cognosy Relating to Natural Medicinal and triloba. Under puccoon one finds the fol the proliferation of books and articles deal Pharmaceutical Materials and the Plants, lowing entry: "term appl. by NA [North ing with herbs, phytomedicines, medicinal Animals, and Minerals from Which They Are American] Indians to pis. [plants] furnish plants, and related topics. With more and Derived." ing yellow or red dyes or to pigment; also more literature being published in this field, This book is certainly a welcome and med.; specif. Sanguinaria and Hydrastis one of the most important aspects of the "new necessary addition to the library of anyone [Goldenseal]." Some definitions are exten herbalism" is the need to be able to under interested in herbs and phytomedicines, me sive; for example, Eupatorium requires three stand the language used to describe the dicinal plants, drug discovery from natural entire columns (one-and-a-half pages). Most plants, their chemistry, their actions, and so sources, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and all of the brief information on the herbs is listed on. Consequently, access to a concise yet related disciplines. As such it becomes a under the Latin name; if the reader keys in comprehensive dictionary becomes all the valuable tool for members of the herb, di to the common name, it is usually given with more valuable. The problem that most etary supplement, and pharmaceutical indus reference to the Latin binomial, to which one people have had for many years is that they tries, researchers, writers and journalists, should refer for data. have usually had to look up terms in several health professionals, libraries, even regula I tried an exercise to see how relevant dictionaries and reference books. Botanical tors and public health officials-in short, the the Dictionary is to the field of modern terms in a book about botany (or, occasion entire gamut of those interested in natural herbalism in the U.S. First, the herb test. I ally in a good general dictionary), chemical products. looked up the top twelve herbs sold in the terms in The Merck Index or similar refer This massive tome has almost 888 U.S. market according to the annual survey ence, and terms describing physiological pages of definitions plus additional pages of published by Whole Foods magazine. I actions in a general or medical dictionary. appendices and related references; the total wanted to check whether Hocking included Wouldn't it be great to find most of these of the entire volume is 994 pages. This com herbs commonly sold in the market or if his terms in one comprehensive book? pares with the 284 pages of the 1955 edi book dealt merely with those botanicals from For years, I have had access to several tion, which now enjoys an honorable place which conventional drugs are derived. Af books that certainly helped me in my re next to the new book-a place almost within ter all, if one were to look at some of the old search. One book I have relied on has been reach of my desk, although I suspect I will textbooks in pharmacognosy, the classic . J. C. T. Uphof's Dictionary of Economic no longer have much use for this longtime plant drugs are always mentioned (bella Plants, published in 1968, a most useful book bibliographic companion. donna, digitalis, colchicum, etc.) but the that was previously out-of-print and then re The range and scope of definitions in herbs of the marketplace used in "folk medi printed about 10 years ago in a limited edi the new volume is staggering. Prof. Hock cine" were usually not included ( garlic, gin- tion. Uphof is one of the classic quick refer- ing has included terms from almost every . seng, ginger, etc.). 68 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 BOOK REVIEWS Here is what I found: Echinacea is herb market? Here's the scorecard on the listed, with the three species found in com following methods: Thin layer chromatog merce, angustifolia, pallida, and purpurea. raphy (TLC), no; gas chromatography (GC), There were definitions for garlic, ginseng, no; high performance liquid chromatography ginkgo, St. John's wort (listed as a synonym (HPLC), no; high performance thin-layer for St. John's blood in the common name list chromatography (HPTLC), no; mass ing; noted under Hypericum perforatum spectronomy (MS), no; nuclear magnetic mainly as a pesky weed, a.k.a. Klamath resonance (NMR), yes! The book does not weed). Saw palmetto is there. Also listed cover many of the analytical techniques in are goldenseal and information under its creasingly prevalent in the field of botanical Latin name, Hydrastis canadensis. So is documentation. aloe, astragalus, and cayenne. Siberian gin This book is authoritative. The author seng is not found but its Latin name has gone to considerable lengths to document Eleutherococcus senticosus is listed and de all sources of information from which the fined. Bilberry is referenced (leaf only). information is derived. Appendix A deals Horticultural Flora of Southeastern There were no definitions for eat's claw or with 2,798 specific references used to pro Australia - Flowering Plants. Dicoty its Latin name Uncaria tomentosum; U. duce the definitions. Appendix B contains ledons. Part 1. R. Spencer. 1997. Univ. gaianensis is listed. In short, the book passes about 130 general references used through New South Wales Press, Sydney 2052 Aus this test. I could try the next most popular out the dictionary. Appendix C provides a tralia. 606 pp. $96.95. Exclusive distribu herbs, but I suspect Hocking would still eas list of "important serials in the field of phar tor in the U.S.: International Specialized Book ily pass. macognosy and related areas, including both Services, Inc., Portland, Oregon. The book passes the herb test. But how continuing and discontinued titles." This about the chemical test? Although I was re includes what most readers might consider Delighted to pick up this nicely illus luctant to test a master like Hocking, for the some of the most arcane references in the trated volume, I was pleased and surprised sake of the reader of this review I gave it a literature; to the inquisitive and comprehen when it fell open to pages 118-119, respec go anyway. As can be expected, the book is sive Professor Hocking this is just business tively marijuana and hops. And that will give replete with information on naturally occur as usual. Related Appendix C-1 lists peri us an idea of how much economic botany ring plant compounds. I looked up chemi odicals devoted to certain economic plants and medicine is therein. Re Cannabis, the cals found in the above-mentioned herbs. or special plant products (e.g., references on author says, "Cultivation of this plant is ille I looked up these compounds found in sugar, cotton, chocolate, citrus, tobacco, cin gal and it is a declared noxious weed for the echinacea: cichoric acid (no), echinacoside chona, and miscellaneous). Appendix D lists ACT, Victoria and New South Wales. Some (no), isobutylamide (no). Garlic: ajoene terms describing properties and therapeutic innocuous (low THC) clones are grown com (yes), allicin (no), alliin (no), diallyl disul uses of drugs, pesticides, and some patholo mercially on a limited scale in Tasmania for fide (no). Ginseng: ginsenosides (no). gies. Appendix E provides diagrams of types fiber production. It has been used medici Ginkgo: ginkgolides (no), bilobalide (no). St. of inflorescences and flowers (as per the pre nally as a sedative. An oil, used in paint and John's Wort: hypericin (yes). Goldenseal: vious edition). Appendix F gives examples soap, is extracted from the seed. But unmen hydrastine (yes), berberine (yes), canadine of plant and animal classification schemes tioned is the sedative activity of hops, legally (yes). Aloe: aloin (yes). Siberian ginseng: according to modem taxonomic systems. sold as an herbal sedative here in the U.S. eleutherosides (no). So, this book gives only Finally, Appendix G lists plants yielding I've always had trouble separating some key compounds in some of the plants natural rubber (also found in the first edi curly dock (Rumex crisp us L., Polygonaceae) listed. This book is clearly not meant to be a tion). -Mark Blumenthal from broadleaf (R. obtusifolius L.), but this comprehensive dictionary of plant chemicals flora keys them out the same way most of and probably for an understandable reason: our U.S. floras do; the curly dock lacks teeth the chemistry of plants is so varied and com on the valves of the fruit, while the broad plex that to provide a systematic listing of leaf dock has teeth. Though less than two phytochemistry of medicinal plants belongs inches tall, the illustrations of the plants to the domain of a separate dictionary of clearly show this distinction. But there were phytochemistry. no medicinal uses. I was disappointed that · The plant chemistry test was a chal- the author does not mention polygodial (a lenge. How about analytical methods, an chemical sesquiterpene) now marketed from increasingly important area in the maturing Australia for yeast, under Drimys winteri, HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 69 BOOK REVIEWS Forster & Forster f., Winteaceae or winter's Greco-Roman times as a source for medi bark, one of the main sources of polygodial. cines today and makes a good case for re Nope. All it said was "USES: Medicinal; the viewing those ancient monographs. For ex bark was once used as treatment for scurvy." ample, he cites Cato the Elder (234-149 Like most of our U.S. floras, such BCE) who maintained "that cabbage treats books are made for the taxonomic special ulcers on the breast, supporating wounds, and ists, those botanists who specialize in nam cancers." Attention of recent has indeed fo ing plants accurately, a rare and endangered cused on members of the Brassica genus breed of botanist, badly needed but in short (cabbage family) which in fact do have anti supply in this day of burgeoning herbal sales. mutagenic activity-however, there is little This is a good book for the taxonomist, but scientific evidence that cabbage or other not of that much use to the U.S. herbalist, Brassica members exhibit antitumor activ unless planning a trip to Australia. Even then, ity when applied topically; if they did, this this, as a horticultural flora, will be of more would give an entirely new meaning to the help with cultivated alien plants in Australia term "Cabbage Patch!". than with the local uncultivated Australian Finasteride is sold under the trade plants. Local floras deal with the native name of Proscar® by the pharmaceutical plants; horticultural floras deal with the cul logical effectiveness whose properties have giant Merck. Its discovery as a treatment tivated things from all over the world. Thus, been forgotten until recently." (Page 2) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was this will be useful to herb, flower, and crop the product of the rational application of growers of similar climates around the world, This 100-page book is a compilation medicinal chemistry as a theoretical deduc where many of the same plants are cultivated. of seven essays by scholars in their respec tion of basic endocrinological research. This -James- A. Duke tive fields. is all fine and good, but a couple of thou sand years ago Dioscorides wrote about 1) Overview: Prospecting for Drugs in nettle (Urtica dioica) and its ability to "re Ancient and Medieval Texts (Bart K. Hol lax" the lower abdomen and bring on urina land) tion. As a consequence of his researches 2) The Medicines of Greco-Roman Urtica root was employed throughout the Antiquity as a Source of Medicines for To Middle Ages as an agent that promoted uri day (John M. Riddle) nary flow. Prospecting for Drugs in Ancient and 3) The Medicines of Medieval and Because of Urtica 's use in folk medi Medieval European Texts: A Scientific Renaissance Europe as a Source of Medi cine German scientists conducted a double Approach. Bart K. Holland, Editor. 1996 cines for Today (Anne VanArsdall) blind study, in 1993, of U. dioica root and Harwood Academic Publishers. Cloth, 100 4) An Example of a Primary Source: Pygeum africanum bark in patients suffer pages. $65.00./SBN: 3-7186-5928-X. ABC This Booke of Sovereigne Medicines (Eliza ing from BPH. Compared with placebo, pa Catalog #B327 beth R. Macgill) tients on the herbal blend showed significant 5) What's in a Name: Identifying improvement in urinary flow, residual urine, "There is an extremely large and Plants in Pre-Linnaean Botanical Literature and urinary volume within six to eight weeks. readily accessible body of traditional medi (James L. Reveal) Furthermore, laboratory tests, at least ini cine, describing a wide range of plants and 6) From Plant Lore to Pharmacy: A tially, assert that this herbal combination other substances, that has not recently been Prototype of the Process (Thurman Hunt) works the same way as does finasteride investigated systematically. I refer to 7) How Shall We Determine Whether namely, that some yet unidentified phy premodern western medicine, embodied in a Treatment Works? (Bart K. Holland) tochemical causes the inhibition of 5-a re the writings of ancient Greece and Rome ductase. through the Middle Ages and the Renais Thus outlined, allow me to delve more Another interesting piece of informa sance. Many of the reported remedies have deeply into the essays by Riddle and Van tion is the fact that finasteride promotes the been dropped, of course, because they were Ansdall in order to provide the reader with growth of hair. Hippocrates (not preposterous .... But the Greek and Latin her the flavor of this interesting and varied work. Dioscorides) noted this same peculiarity in baria and materia medica do contain, in some John M. Riddle of the North Carolina his patients who received nettle, U. dioica. cases, descriptions of plants of pharmaco- State University discusses the remedies of If only the pharmaceutical scientists had read 70 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 BOOK REVIEWS the ancient texts they would have run across a useful and inexpensive source of potentially these worthwhile morsels of potentially prof therapeutic compounds. (p. 2) itable information! An entirely different aspect of research Modern science is willing to trust an is discussed by Anne VanArsdall in her piece. thropologists who find a single native, espe She states that little comparative work has cially if he or she is a rainforest shaman, as been done in order to ascertain remedies nominators of drugs to test for medicinal which have persisted from Greece to Rome values. This is well and good, but we are to the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and then neglecting thousands of years of human ex into the modern historical period. For this perience elsewhere. In some cases, useful she offers the example of treacle: empirical experience was gained by highly ... Venice treacle is a good example intelligent, educated observers, such as of what moderns disdain in ancient medi Galen, who are ignored. (p. 13) cines-but what was in it and why it was -Jay Yasgur popular for centuries, until as late as the nine teenth century, is not understood. Treacle is Jay Yasgur is a licensed pharmacist a medicinal compound first used in Rome as with an M.Sc. in Allied Health. He currently feet art. In Germany, the use of plant drugs a remedy against poison, then for centuries works as an independent retail pharmacist, is a science." Phytomedicines can be sold as a preventive and cure-all. Numerous reci and is a member of the HPCUS ( Homeo "provided there is absolute proof of their pes for it exist: about 70 drugs were pulver pathic Pharmacopoeia Convention of the safety and reasonable certainty of their effi ized and reduced with honey to an electuary, United States). cacy." a medicated paste prepared with honey or Praising Germany's Commission E other sweet substance and taken by rubbing monographs, originally published in German on the teeth or gums. Compounding and use in the Bundesanzeiger, the counterpart of the of treacle from Rome into the Renaissance U.S. Federal Register, Tyler says, perhaps and beyond has been documented. Whether prematurely (I received my copy of January any or all recipes for treacle are bogus has 21, 1998) that the summaries have been pub not been established except in non-scientific lished in English translation by the Ameri literature, where the recipes are cited as ex can Botanical Council in Austin, Texas, al amples of the absurdity of older formulas. though I am assured that this publication is However, no one appears to have studied Rational Phytotherapy: A Physician's imminent. Tyler goes on "Of the hundreds whether there is any scientific basis at all for Guide to Herbal Medicine by Volker of medicinal plants used therapeutically in the very long life that treacle enjoyed. (pp. Schulz, Rudolf Honset and Varro E. Tyler. Europe today, a relatively small number ac 26-7) 3rd ed. 1sf English Edition. Translated by count for a very large percentage of the total Terry C. Telger. New York: Springer-Verlag. sales. Interestingly, those enjoying the great Riddle and Van Arsdall offer more 1998. Harcover. 306 pp. $49.00. ISBN# est popularity are those which, by and large, examples as do the other essayists in this 3-540.02648-4. ABC Catalog # B326. have been most thoroughly investigated. short but interesting volume. I found myself I was pleased to receive my first 1998 These are the ones that are discussed in de pondering why the observations of the an book, signed by Varro Tyler, so pleased that tail in this book." cients haven't been more thoroughly inves I'm reviewing it right off the bat. I've always Targeting skeptical physicians (I be tigated. jokingly called Tip (Varro Tyler's nickname) lieve), the book purports to tell us how many Perhaps the time has come to make a a Germanophile since I first heard him talk therapeutic trials have been conducted, the relatively small investment in the systematic at an Economic Botany meeting circa 1972 dosage, whether controlled, double-blinded, re-examination of therapies mentioned in in Oxford, Mississippi. So what he says in and placebo controlled. Perhaps that's why Greek and Latin medical texts, through a dia the Preface to the English Edition does not Tip says "In the truest sense of the world, logue between pharmacologists on the one surprise. Speaking of phytotherapy, herbal Rational Phytotherapy may be called the hand, and classicists, medievalists and his treatment, or botanical medicine, he suggests world's first qualitatively complete, science torians of medicine on the other. Such coop that "throughout most of the world, and es based herbal in the English language." eration, which would link ancient texts with pecially in the United States and the United After an in-depth introduction, the modern standards of testing, might result in Kingdom, the practice is at best an imper- book goes on to present rational therapies for HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 71 BOOK REVIEWS Top 10 Sellers of ABCBoo kStore September through November 1997 Previous standing shown in ( ) 1. German Commission E Monographs: Blumenthal, Goldberg, maladies, by chapter, of the CNS, cardiovas Gruenwald, Hall, Riggins, and Rister, eds., Klein and Rister, trans. (1) cular system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary tract, skin and connective 2. Herbs of Choice: Tyler (3) tissue. There is a chapter devoted to gyne 3. Herbal Medicine: Weiss (8) tied with cological indications and another to agents 3. Herbs for Your Health: Foster (new listing) that increase resistance to diseases 4. Botanical Safety Handbook: McGuffin, Hobbs, Upton and Goldberg (adaptogens like ginseng and Siberian gin (new listing) seng, Eleutherococcus), immune stimulants 5. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: Bertram (6) like coneflower (echinacea) and mistletoe, 6. Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health: Brown (5) and botanical antioxidants like grapeseed, green tea and pinebark). Finally there's an 7. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals: Newall, interesting appendix detailing the 100 most Anderson and Phillipson (4) commonly prescribed herbal medications in 8. Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses: Bown (2) Germany. Of these the 52 most commonly 9. The Hones~ Herbal: Tyler (10) prescribed single herb products can be re 10. Cancer and Natural Medicine: Boik (back after a short absence) duced to 27 herbs, and plant parts. "Based on its pharmacologic actions See the Herbal Education Catalog il the cent• of this issue for these and clinical effects, ginkgo extract is closely and over 300 oth• titles! related to the class of nootropic drugs, i.e. agents that act on the central nervous system and tend to improve cognitive performance." "Most of the 36 controlled clinical studies therapeutic categories (e.g. psychotropic ac ABC ACTIVITIES on the use of ginkgo special extracts in pa tions) and which herbs have been approved continued from page 8 tients with cognitive deficits .. . were con by Commission E for use in these areas (i.e., ducted in the 1980's. (F)ew of the studies .. hops, kava, lavender, lemon balm, passion .would meet minimum requirement from a flower, St. John's wort, and valerian) . covery in the Rainforest"; Western States methodologic standpoint, and none could Curiously, the book begins with a Chiropractic College, Fort Lauderdale, FL, provide statistical evidence rigorous enough chapter that deals with various "Herbal Medicine: A Continuing Trend"; to confirm efficacy. This accounts for the phytotherapeutic dosage forms (e.g. teas, Gulf Coast Society Health System Phar extremely negative attitude of clinical phar extracts, etc.) and then devotes considerable macists, Houston, TX, "Assessing the Safety macologists in particular toward the use of space to medicinal teas, an area that may tend and Efficiency of Herbs & Phytomedicines: ginkgo products. Meanwhile, tens of thou to put off a conventional medical type. But I The Issue of Phytoequivalence"; Eastern sands of practicing physicians have had posi think the important point here is that in Eu Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, "Health tive experience with ginkgo therapy over the rope herbal infusions and decoctions (i.e. Remedies"; Herb Business Winter Get past 30 years." teas) are still an important mode of adminis away, San Antonio, TX, "Politics of Herbs: This book is replete with charts show tration for traditionally used herbs with docu Role of Herbs in the U.S. Market"; Stanford ing overviews of clinical studies conducted mented safety and effectiveness, in addition Review Special Report, M. Blumenthal and on a number of select phytomedicines, the to the more elegantly pharmaceutically pre D.Malone, "Review of Clinical Studies authors and year of each study, plus number pared standardized herbal extracts, an area Documenting Claims for Popular Herbs in of patients in each. This data is useful in where the Germans have pioneered the herbal the U.S. Market," a Special Report for communicating to health professionals that sciences. Stanford University; book chapter "Issues despite the current myth that no scientific Tip, what a nice way to start the New and Aspects on Herbal Safety" in Poisoning data exists to document the safe and effec Year! Thanks for your help in steering & Toxicology Compendium. tive use of leading herbs and phytomedicines, America from the herbal ice ages through the that there is in fact a growing body of com centennial synthetic and antibiotic century pelling evidence being conducted by German towards the phytotherapeutic millennium that researchers. Other charts explain various surely comes. -James A. Duke 72 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 LETTERS ONE READER'S COMMITMENT tilizers and/or are hybrid "delicates." These TO WILD NATURE then must be acclimatized to my growing This is a good afternoon to write to you. This conditions. I lose some and gain some; on morning I walked to the village for supplies the average it takes me 1-2 years to achieve as usual. First roadside stop was at a small my Whitewall seed. grove of wild cherry trees with abundant fruit Tough patience demanding physical just ripened these past two weeks. It has labour: one could readily become depressed, taken a full two years and two months for certainly well frustrated, by the demands of these trees to return to their natural vigour this total environment. I tell you this: no and fertility after the climatic stress of hurri amount of St. John's wort by ingestion canes Louis and Marilyn, both within ten Belladonna, (anti-depressant quality) would achieve Atropa belladonna, var. lutea. days. The fruit is delicious and I plan to col much success. lect as much as I can this weekend. It is a And so, HerbalGram, I am very matter of competing with the local birds and pleased with your publication. For years I as I, as human, can readily obtain sustenance, have used as reference Dertel-Bauer's not so with the birds and so I leave them a Heilpjlanzen Taschenbuch, 1908 (from the large percentage of nature's own bounty. No as well as the plants of the Swiss Mountains family ancestral library) and Lust, John B., humans around these parts are even aware and other areas of the world wherever my The Herb Book, © 1974 (my own purchase that these trees are in fruit: 1. do not get to travels have taken me. In 1985 I acquired in Toronto, Canada). know the land; 2. dismiss the country as just some land with a stretch of seashore that I I shall post all Monday ... a walk bush-and-goat-piss; 3. given the opportunity have subsequently slowly restored from its one-way of some four miles from this south to locate such trees, they (the trees) would eroded state and labouriously by hand and west point of the island of Statia. I antici be chopped down for use as a one-week foot enriched the soil including the pate many hours of instructive reading with Christmas-tree (in the name of tradition). shoring-up of the cutting trough in the your publication. Further down the road, a surprise stop: flash-flood-run-off ravine which descends Hortus Studerland (M. Vera Studer) for the first time in all these years of walk from the upper side of the dormant volcano Netherlands Antilles ing I noticed midst the mass of roadside ditch in my backyard to the cliff-edge out here vegetation (&garbage) a beckoning flower some 50 meters above sea level. head [St. John's wort], HerbalGram No. 40 Despite four years of severe drought, live and swaying in the Caribbean clime! ravages of Hurricane Hugo 89, and double Where did the plant seed come from?; blasts of Louis & Marilyn in 95, today I can wind-blown from where? The plant is grow look at trees that offer shade plus other ing in proximity with Coralita, Woodrose, growth whose height serves also as shade and Ipomoea, and Grasses. I collected one wind-breaks, all from seed and/or cuttings branch ... and intend to quietly observe the according to plant. COMMENTS ON CANALOLIDE plant for seed and perhaps even locate an All labour on this one hectare of land I enjoyed the "Herbs in Practice" feature by other plant so that I can effect a successful is by hand and foot (of one person-me) us Larry Kincheloe (HerbalGram #41 ). Also, total plant transplant. ing manure and compost. Soil conditions are please tell Barbara Johnston that Calanolide Yes! The first time I see and collect poor, land structure is porous (thereby loss A is not the only anti-HIV herb to be at an St. John's wort from Nature. I have been of rainwater is immediate as well as leach advanced stage of testing. SPY-30 (boxwood observing plants for a lifetime, initially in ing of nutrients); area is exposed to sea-blast tree extract) has completed clinical trials in my birthland of Northern Ontario above the and sun heat reflected from the 160-degree France and has a moderate anti-HIV effect. weeping willow treeline, then the southern water surface exposure. In short, it is tough Nicholas Mulchay parts of Ontario & Quebec, then the mag physical work. Furthermore, most seed from New York, NY nificent land and sea plants of the Caribbean other parts is either from areas that use fer- [Duly noted- Ed.] MOVING? Our mail permit does not allow us to forward Herba/Gram. If you move or change your mailing address, please notify us immediately so you will not miss any copies. Send your change of address notice to Margaret Wright, Circulation Manager, American Botanical Council, P.O. Box 201660, Austin, TX 7872().1660. 512/331-8868, Fax: 512/331-1924. HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 73 LETTERS "Mozzie" Blocker The leaves of Lepto-spermum [Ed. note - The letter from Mr. Hall I've just finished piece in the latest liversidgel emit a continual citronella barrier brought the following responses. HerbalGram 41, page 18, on the citrosa which confuses the mosquito. The barrier From our copy editor: "The question, plant hoax. I thought you'd find the blocks the insect's attack mechanism, which 'By the way, do carnivorous plants eat veg following piece interesting. Out with the was how the plant got its nickname. It etables?' was intended as a slightly humor "mozzie buster," in with the "mozzie reaches a height of almost 2 feet and can be ous aside, calling for the response, 'Why, of blocker!" No mention of the plant's range of effectiveness though the implication is grown indoors as well as outside (in the Aus course not!'" that a plant or two will protect house and traliaffasmania area).] _ From peer reviewer, Nancy Turner, home. Perhaps we could consider Ph.D., "and herbivorous if it ate plants only!" surrounding the whole house with a hedge From peer reviewer Robin Maries, or better still carry it around with us a Ia Ph.D., "Although plants that obtain nitrogen garlic. It remains to be seen if this plant CARNIVORE OR OMNIVORE? from captured insects or other invertebrates does what it's supposed to do. In the I don't know who is responsible for page 14 are called carnivorous, plants that feed on meantime it will be a great marketing tool in HerbalGram 41, but whoever asked "By other plants are called 'parasitic' rather than when "mozzie blocker" appears on labels. the way, do carnivorous plants eat veg herbivorous. Thus 'omnivorous' is not re Ho hum! etables?" has an intelligence problem. A ally appropriate for plants either. I don't Kim Fletcher plant that eats vegetables wouldn't be "car know of any plants that are both carnivorous Tasmania nivore" but "omnivorous," if it ate meat also. and parasitic, but given the incredible diver The answer to her [Marilyn Savant's] ques sity of adaptations to be found in nature, I [Ms. Fletcher's letter refers to an ar tion is "zero." I read her column [in Parade would not be willing to categorically rule out ticle titled, "Dealing with mozzies just takes magazine] for the same reason that I used to the existence of such a survival strategy."] a little common scent," mozzie being an an listen to Mortimer Snerd. tipodal nickname for a mosquito. The ar John H. Hall, Jr. ticle appeared in the December 12, 1997, is Shenandoah, Texas sue of the Sydney Morning Herald. Accord ing to the author, Amanda Phelan, Leptospermum liversidgel, known as the 111 "mozzie blocker," prevents mosquitoes from 4 lnternlltionlll Herb Symposium homing in on their prey, even at night. Hor Traditional & Modern Uses of Herbal Medicine ticulturists say that the plant works by re }UM 26-28, 1998 leasing citronella from its leaves, which acts as a block to the carbon dioxide signals re • Speakers from 8 Countries • Vegetarian Meals and leased by warm-blooded animals, including • Traditional & Scientific Comfortable Lodging humans. Uses of Herbs Provided on Campus After four years of research, by Bill • More than 50 Workshops • Located at Lovely Molyneux, a Melbourne-based horticultur for Beginner to Advance Wheaton College ist who went in search of the insect-baffling Students Outside of Boston plant following a challenge by a Japanese • Herb Walks, Herbal Market • Easy Access to Boston's colleague came up with a natural mosquito Place, Dance & Other Logan International repellent. Molyneux tracked down the plant Fun Activities Airport in the Australian state of Victoria's coastal swamps. He says it is the leaves which con Over 35 well-known herbalists include: Dr. James Duke, Eliot Cowen, tain the active ingredient. Anne Mclntrye (tnglantl) , David Hoflman,Juliette de Baircli lay ((tzores), "The mozzie blocker is such an adapt Dr. Tieraona Lowdog, Francois Couplan (france), Cascade Anderson Geller, able plant that as long as it's given plenty of Rosenwy Gladstar, Dr. Svevo Brooks, Barbara Griggs (Englantl), Matthew Woods, Susun Weed, Herbal Ed Smith, Dr. Afolabi Epega (/Vigeria), Christoper water, it can be grown from Darwin to Hobbs, Karta Sing Khalsa, Ven Dhyani Ywahoo, Chanchel Cabrera (Canada), Hobart," he said. Mindy Green, Rocio Alarcon (tcuador), and many others ... The Herb11l E11mt oftbe Ye11r - Don't Miss B! sponsored by S{xmsorfd by Herb Pbarm, Frontier Natural Producls Cooperaliue & Nature~ AII.M!r A beneftJ conference for Uniled Plan/ Savers Cusl: $.BS plus rnum and hoard. Fur infunnaliun \\rile In: IllS. P.O. Bo\ -.~n. Ea'l Barre. \T OS6-.9 Tel: KIUI-.79-?KH: t'ax: (Kill) -.76-37U 74 • HERBALGRAM No. 42 ACCESS In this department of Herba/Gram, we list resources such as publications, organizations, seminars, and networking for our readers. A listing in this section does not constitute any endorsement or approval by Herba/Gram, ABC, HRF, or the HRF Professional Advisory Board. Alternative Medicine Refe"al Service, a resource Living With Herbs Institute, modem herbal edu Pharma Marketletter, weekly worldwide phar of licensed and credentialed holistic and alterna cation with an ancient spirit. Featuring lectures, maceutical information at your fingertips. Cov tive health practitioners serving the greater Wash classes, and the nine month training program erage includes worldwide markets, legislation and ington, D.C. area. Free service for prospective "Fundamentals of Herbalism." Contact Living healthcare, environmental matters, biotechnology, patients. Call3011220-HEAL. With Herbs Institute, 931 Monroe Drive, Suite research and development, and more. Published 102-343,Atlanta, GA30308. Ph: 404/361-0587. in London. Contact Marketletter (Publications) American Herbal Products Association (AHPA), Email 1997 JUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, the first -ever published list of vascular plants recorded ON-LINE as globally Rare, Vulnerable, Endangered, or Ex Atv\ERICAN tinct. Published by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Available through the New York Bo BOT,ANICAL www.herbalgram.org tanical Garden. Ph: 718/817-8721. Fax: 718/817- 8842. Email HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 75 CALENDAR March 16-18: American Herbal Products mations. Contact Professor G. Sariyar, Istanbul more. Contact Yvonne Perks, Academic Confer Association's 2nd International Symposium, University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34452 Beyazit, ence Dept., Royal Society of Medicine, I Anaheim, CA. This comprehensive international Istanbul, Turkey. Ph: 90 212 526 0737. Fax: 90 Wimpole St., London WlM 8AE, UK. Fax: 44 symposium will cover the science and history of 212 519 0812. 171 290 2977. Email St. John's Wort, as well as the practical issues of · EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH PROJECTS OF THE AMERICAN BOTANICAL CouNCIL HerbalGram ABC has launched a campaign with two stages: the Case Mill HERBALGRM! is a scientific, Homestead Capital Campaign and the Herbal Education and peer-reviewed, quarterly publication that Research Center Capital Campaign. The Case Mill Homestead includes feature-length articles, research Campaign will provide funding for renovation of the 140-year-old reviews, conference reports, and book reviews. historic building for use as ABC's administrative offices; an annex The focus is on herbs and medicinal plants, building to be the first home of the Herbal Education and Research the history of their use, ethnobotany, modem Center; improvements to the extensive herb gardens and green clinical research that confirms historical usage, house; as well as other improvements to the grounds. In the future, and legal and regulatory developments ABC will launch a Campaign to provide funding for the construc regarding the marketing, and sale of medicinal plant products. This tion of the Herbal Education and Research Center. This will include highly acclaimed journal of the American Botanical Council (ABC) a botanical laboratory, an auditorium, lecture/classrooms, a and the Herb Research Foundation (HRF) has received wide multimedia resource center, and staff offices as well as fund the acknowledgment for its accuracy, credibility, scope of subject matter, conversion of the annex into offices and further improvements of and beauty. Each issue of HERBALGRAM is peer-reviewed by the the herb gardens and grounds. Advisory Board of ABC. This board consists of some of the leading These campaigns will provide opportunities for groups and scientists in the area of medicinal plant research in the United individuals to work together through gifts, grants, partnerships with States, as well as scientists in related professions. In this way, we other organizations, volunteerism, and in-kind contributions. ABC maintain a high level of accuracy and credibility. ABC makes encourages organizations to take part in its innovative recognition HERBALGRM! available to journalists, editors, and free-lance writers and donor dedication program. for scientific, medical, health, pharmacy, and garden publications. Estimated readership at the end of 1997 was over 50,000. Assistance To Media A vital aspect of ABC is its increasingly important role as a Case Mill Homestead Capital Campaign source of herbal information for writers, publications, and the ABC has purchased the Case Mill Homestead in Austin, Texas, media. Venues to which ABC has provided assistance include Cable as the future home of ABC and an Herbal Education and Research News Network, Longevity, Reader's Digest, American Health, The Center. This facility will be the first of its kind in the U.S. and will New York Times, The Washington Post, The Chicago Sun-Times, expand ABC's mission to increase public awareness and professional Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping Consumer Reports, Family Circle, knowledge of the historical role and current potential of herbs and and Newsweek. ABC has also been active in providing articles for the plants in medicine. health retail and trade press, including Natural Foods Merchandiser, ABC ON-LINE Communicate with the Al'ilerican Botanical Council Via the World Wide Web. The American Botanical G:O:un,.C:ilV\ftt~was incorporated in Ask questions about re~ear¢hprbjed$ , send November. l986, as a ooripf9fit;~~t'research an~~u(icF letters to the ~it~r. 01 HeR8At{$~/get tiona~ orgaoi~ation. information abOut or(Jerlhg any;,qt~' ABC's goals are to educate.t~~t)i.lghc abo_ut beneficial herbs products ABC offers hi ()@"r to fund · and plants andto promotettjeJ~afE! , an,d~ ~ffective use of me education and research PtoJe~ts. dicinal p1ants: ll\tl fotlowing -obJeett':"~~ tu~lp us attain oor ~ts: HERBAlCRA¥ ·wb!lcHptfoh, book inquiri~, and ordeting information; Jt. Disseminate accurate, responsible, sc.ientiflc mfpr!Tlation on ]lf#~ and custserv@he. rbafgra~; erg herbat research to the public, gOvernmental agencies~.thepn,)fessionaf _ and scientific communities. · · Pharmacy trom the Rain~orest 01' it' Advance consumer health interests in the use of medicinal ~ products. Pharmacy Contin~ing ~o~ation: ~ Increase public awareness and professional knowl~e of the hi$lork:.rofe gingerw@herb?lt;r,ij.~ i q,~ : and current potential of plants in healing and'ri'ledkine. · Case Mill Campal$n 1(;)rsupport it- Contribute information to professional and S<;itmtlf~ Hterature that hAl~ for other pro;e~~ f ·. establish accurate, credible toxicological and pharmacological d~ta on waynes@herbiJig~am~rs numerous types of plants and plant materials. ' ,._ Promote understanding of the importance of preserving nati\te indigenou Letters or editoria,l inqiJirie.s 1P MEitaAt.CiiAM· cultures and plant populations throughout the world. . bj@her~alaram' .org · ·· 3t Provide the public with original research and repr1qfs ~t pl~nt.~tated ar General information I!Nnail: ticles, audio/video tapes, books, and other ~ucational m;,~t~rtals. abc@herbalgram:or& 3f- Assist the. Herb Research Foundation trr achleying i~ noo-profit research and educational goals. See OlHWhole catalog ~t ·World WideW~domaioJtddres~; YJI.ifw.-heroalg"m ,ot8; Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-71 05 Herbal Education C atal og fax 512/331-1914, for questions call512/331-8868 1 Spri ng/Summer 1998 e-mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form Delicious!, Health Food Business, Let's Live, Whole Foods, and Third Party Literature Uigetarian Times. In addition, ABC's Executive Director has ABC produces and distributes third party literature as provided appeared on more than 200 radio and television talk shows in the for in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 past eight years. (D SHEA). Section 5 of the Act permits, for the first time, the use of information from books, publications, and scientific literature in Ginseng Evaluation Program connection with the sale of dietary supplements if the information is In 1993, prompted by concerns over possible mislabeling and not false or misleading, does not promote a particular manufacturer adulteration, ABC initiated a study of commercial ginseng products or brand, presents a balanced view of the scientific information, is sold throughout North America-the Ginseng Evaluation Program physically separated from supplements if displayed in a retail store, (GEP). This is the first time a study of this magnitude has been and does not have any other information appended to it. ABC is a conducted on ginseng or any popular herbal product. Through GEP, leader in providing this type of literature. Offerings include the ABC seeks to set a standard for future studies, increase consumer Botanical Booklet Series, eight-page booklets profiling twelve confidence in the natural products industry, and increase awareness individual herbs; the Research Review Series, four-page color reprints and responsibility on the part of the manufacturers of natural of "Research Reviews" from H ERBALG RA.'I; literature reviews on products. echinacea, tea, and kava; and Common Herbs, a peer-reviewed color Working with two leading university laboratories, ABC pamphlet describing 29 medicinal plants and their uses. developed cutting edge methodologies for analyzing ginseng and CATALOG CONTENTS established strict administrative and testing protocols to ensure American Botanical Council's Goals and Projects ...... 2. confidentiality and accuracy. When published in 1998, GEP will HerbaiGram Back Packs ...... 22 have analyzed hundreds of commercial ginseng products for content HerbaiGram Cumulative Index ...... 22 and verification of manufacturers' claims of ginseng levels. The HerbaiGram Subscription ...... 22 results will be published in H ERBALG RMl and disseminated through HerbaiGram Back Issues ...... 24 an extensive program of public education and scientific papers. Book Catalog ...... 4 Africa ...... 17 Amazonia/Rainforests ...... 14 German Commission E Monographs Asia ...... 15 In the spring of 1998, ABC will publish the German Commis Back List ...... 19 sion E Monographs. The Commission E of the German Federal Central America ...... , ...... 17 Health Agency is the group responsible for researching and Cancer Research ...... 12 regulating the safety and efficacy of herbs and phytomedicines (plant Clinical/Therapeutic ...... : ...... 18 Essential Oils ...... 11 medicines) in Germany. ABC and many of the leading medicinal Ethnobotany ...... 9 plant experts in the U.S. are strongly convinced that the availability Field Guides ...... 8 of these monographs in English will have a strong impact on Food and Nutrition ...... 9 increasing the acceptance of legitimate medical uses of phytomedi General Botany ...... , ...... 8 cines among physicians, pharmacists, regulators, journalists, the General Herbals ...... 4 pharmaceutical and herbal industries, and the general public. Ginseng ...... 13 Init iated by ABC in the summer of 1993, the work features the Hemp ...... ~ ...... 12 History ...... 8 translated text of the monographs as well as reference tables of India ...... 14 pharmacological actions, clinical indications and contraindications, Individual Topics ...... 5 and taxonomic cross-references. Middle East ...... 17 Mushroo~s ...... 13 Pharmacy Continuing Education Native American ...... 16- 17 In a historic development in 1996, ABC began offering home Pacific ...... 14 Pharmacognosy ...... 12 study courses, approved for pharmacy education credit for pharma Pharmacopeias ...... 12 cists from anywhere in the United States. The program, "Herbs Psychoactive ...... 11 and P hytomedicines," includes three modules that provide an Research ...... : ...... 7 overview of herbal medicines, includirtg the history of their use, how Specific Herbs ...... 6 they are assessed, and ways in which various countries view their Technical Works ...... 10 importance. The module called "Popular Herbs in the U.S. Market: US Regional ...... 16 Therapeutic Monographs'' is a collection of 26 monographs based Women's Topics ...... 5 Multi Media ...... 20 on a combination of recent resources, including the American Special Reports ...... 26 Herbal Product Association's Botanical Safety Index rating for each Special Publications ...... 26 herb. ABC has also been hosting ethnobotanical trips offering Pharmacy Continuing Education ...... 28 educational credit for courses set in the rainforests of Costa Rica, ESCOP Monographs ...... 28 Belize, Africa, and Fhu, for a full year of continuing education Note Cards ...... 27 credit. ABC also provides direct training and resource materials to Third Party Literature ...... 27 Botanical Booklet Series ...... 27 pharmacists associated with mass market corporations. Commission E ...... 21 Pharmacy From the Rainforest ...... 29 Gift Ideas .. , ...... " ...... 30 The cover is a seedling of Genii ana lutea, rendered by Edmund Martinez. Order Form ...... 31 Herbal Edu mlion Catalog Credil cord holders o.der loll free 800/373-7105 Spring/Summer 1998 fox 512/331-1914, for gueslions coll512/331-8868 see poqe 31 for o.der form e-mail: [email protected] GENERAL HERBALS HERBS FOR AN ELDERS'· AN ELDERS' A BIBLICAL HERBAL THE GREEN PHARMACY YOUR HEALTH HERBAL HERBAL by Blair by James A. by Steven Foster. by David Montogue-Oroke. Duke. 1997. ~. 1996. Designed as Hoffman. 1993. 1997. Through Zentries that irt a quick reference Addresses the out history many dude more than guide to the 50 unique concerns of the herbs and most common~ of people 120 health COit spices with bibl~ used herbs approaching fifty col connections dJtions and available in the years of oge ond hove played on sc:ores of not\r U.S. as dieloiy o.lder, offering importunt role in rol remedies supplements. Profiles include common and specific herbol remedies for conditions including the culinary, me that con replace botonicol nome, brief history of traditional hypertension, insomnia, brondliti$, 't'Oricose di sole of herbs in the A S.n.iblf Gudo 1o ttu monogra phs of folklore of herbs, usage. 12 4 plant Uvo!.l+o""" .."!I'I•Ui f'CI Rc.rn•.., U.S. Covers over medicinal pion~ . grasses, fungi, species covered. 100 commonly VARRO E TYLER Pt.D therapeutic action and shrubs, ond trees 45 line drowings, used herbs, properties of herbs, preparations (tinctures, with their sc:ienflfic color nlustroflons, B;W photos, color photos. provides botonicol informoflon, folk uses, liquid extracts, poultices, essential oils, etc.), use as known for the limes. Softcaver, 2 Adossilied resources list for sources of seeds discussions of sofety, and therapeutic ond British legal requirements. Hardcover, vol. set, 902 pp. S19 .90.#B 139 or plants. Softcover, 234 pp. $l? .. 95#B052 effectiveness. Softcover, 375 pp. $17.95 474 pp. $43. #8213 #BOOS THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINAL PLANTS HERBAL EMISSARIES HOME HERBAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HERBS AND by Andrew Chevollier. 1996. Profiles more thon by S. Foster and C. by Penelope THEIR USES 550 k:ey meddnal Vue. 1992. Supplies Ody. 1995. A by Oeni Bown. plants, specific techniques lor practical fam l995. Published systematically ruhivoting 44 Chinese ily guide to by the Herb Soci detoiling their herbs and flowers in making ety of America. histoty, cultivation, Western gardens, More than 1,500 key constituents and providing scientific herbal rem photographs, actions, research, edies for com verification of their token in herb co~ ond trndilionol and ~--14 1 effectiveness, liS well mon oil· lectians all aver current uses. Shows ...... _____, os history, toste and ments. Step the world, combined with desc:riptians of over how to make · ' character, uses, by step in· 1,000 species, varieties, hybrids, and culti different types of herbal preparations ond dosage, warning, d~, distribution, structions, full color photographic index of vars. Listed alphabetically by genus, contains recommends safe, effective remedies for a wide harvesting, Jl(oeessing, additional species, and 60 medicinal herbs, and information on information on growth and halVes!, culinary, range of common health problems. Fulliolor other uses. Softcover, 356 pp. S16 .95. #8190 growing indoors and outdoors. Hardcover, aromatic, medicinal, and economic uses. illustrations throughout. Hardcover, 336 pp. 144 pp. $19.95. #B175 Hardcover, 424 pp. $39.95. iB156 $39.95. #8250 THE COMPLETE ~~~~ THE COMPLETE IIS~EP HERBS FOR ---~·7!£==r POTTER'S NEW MEDICINAL ILLUSTRATED HEALTH CYCLOPAEDIA HERBAL HOLISTIC -...!P-·11111 AND HEALING Her~ OF BOTANICAL by Penelope Ody, HERBAL by Kathi Keville. for DRUGS AND foreword by Mark by David Hoffmann. 1996. Herbal PREPARATIONS Blumenthal. 1993. 1996. Covers formulas for many Healtl1 by R. C. Wren. Practical guide to the treatment of a wide health problems 1988. Alisting of heoliJg propel1ies of range of complojnts arranged by bodily 571 botanical herbs. Historical t.:=~~~ and diS8l!Ses, systems, drugs including uses, theropeuti< gathering herbs ond ifl51ruclions on how common nome, uses, ports used, chemical constituents, preparing remedies, 1o make preporotions, discussion of specific botanical name, 250 remedies, safety preooutions. 120 olphobelkol herbal featuring more than llarbs for women's, men's, and children's fomi~, synonyms, habitat, desc:ription, port color photos. Honlcover, 192 pp. $29.95 200:helbs, and over 300 fulliolor health issues, he!bol first aid, cautions and used, constituents, medicinal use, ond #B039 pictures. Siiftcover, 256 pp. $24.95. considerations, aromotheropy, skin ond hoir regulatory stotus. Softcover, #B236 care, and cooking with herbs. Hardcover, 862 pp. $29.95. #BO 11 374 pp. $27.95. #B235 Cr.J11 oo..d holdei'S o..deptaff,.. Boo/373-7)05 H~1 ~ ':,~lion Catalog fax 511/831-1924, fOP 'lueslions call5u/331-8868 4 s,fPinq/Summer 1998 · ~mol l ;. Clll!se,.,[email protected] see paqe 31 for order form MEDICINAL PLANTS: CAN UTILIZATION INDIVIDUAL TOPICS AND CONSERVATION COEXIST? by J. Sheldon, M. Bolick, and S. Laird. 1997. Examines the coses PLANTS OF DRUGS OF of severol plant species valued in tmditionol ond contemporary LOVE NATURAL medicine, and the romifiartions of their over-harvesting. Explores by Christian ORIGIN Rotsch. 1990. by Anthony Artuso. the impact of discOVeiY and utilization of these and other medic~ Detailed, beau- 1997. Gives ode nol plants by the herbal and pharmaceutical industries, and makes tifully illus toiled model of the recommendations for using these resources wisely. Softcover, trated listing of value of wild biolog~ 104 pp. $14.50. #8289 more than l 00 col resources for phor- _.~::::::!!!W plants gives full rnoceuticol research 1 STRESS AND NATURAL HEALING information on and development. Presents seveml decision models by Christopher Hobbs. 1997. Addresses the workings of the their specific aphrodisiacal properties, and onolyticol techniques that con be used to as nervous system, the ways that stress offeds ~. and the plus dozens of ogiHlld recipes for bever sess the economics of biochemical prospecting ef potential health problems 1IHJt con result. Natural woys 10 ages, ointments, pills, incenses, and forts whether you're port of o private corporation, promote reloxofion by using proven dietary and herbal snuffs. Sofkover, 205 pp. Sl9. 95. nonpr~ research institute, developing country gov programs, as well as visuolizotion, conscious breathing, #B321 ernment, or international organization. Saftl:over, 201 pp. $24.95.#8304 meditation, and eliii'Cise, ore explored. Softcover, PASSION FLOWERS 240 pp. $16.95. #8287 by John THE BOOK OF Vondetplonk. TEA 1996. 2nd by A. Stella, N. BEAT DEPRESSION WITH ST. JOHN'S WORT ed'rlion. The Beoutheoc, 6. by Steven BroiTnon. 1997. Eosi~ readable yet solid~ re most Brochord, ond (. Beat searched, ond bosed on the experiences of his patients as comprehensive Donze!, tronsloled by and beautiful~ Depression well as the results of dinirol studies worldwide, Dr. Brotman Deke Dusinbene. illustmted guide 1992. Hocus lht --with explains what St. John's Wort is and how~ wO!ks, its record mthis of success without dangerous side effetts, how to determine if hisloly, myth, and St. John's speciOOIIor rituals of tea growing and &inking from the tea it may be effective for you, and where to buy it and what to genus ever published. Documenls over 150 gardens of Asia to the tea rooms of London. Wort look for on the label. Sofkover, 212 pp. S12. #8299 species, including important changes to !he Beautiful photogmphy ond design. Includes taxonomy, sections on rultivotion and •guide to Ieos ond blends that provides hybridization, on idenlifiootion by.. more thon 8'l8fYihing one needs to know to r..y BOTANICAL 100 leaf drawings, and 120 color ~the rklrless ood infinite uiety li THE SCIENCE photographs. Hardcover, 224 pp. $40. SAFETY HAND· AND ROMANCE tea.llordcover, 256 pp. $55.#8185 #8249 BOOK: GUIDE· OF SELEOED DIETARY ,...-----. TONICS 0 N l LINES FOR HERBS USED IN SUPPLEMENT HEALTH .....,..~~~ by Robert SAFE USE AND MEDICINE AND AND EDUCATION AO: Bomett. LABELING FOR RELIGIOUS A LEGISLATIVE 1997. More HERBS IN CEREMONY HISTORY AND than 60 es COMMERCE by Anthony Andoh. ANALYSIS soysond Ed. by M. 1987. Scientific by I. Scott Boss en! 125 l8dpes McGuffin, C. Hobbs, dossification of many of the plants used Anthony Yoong. 1996. In- ~...-. _____. about spe R. Uplon, and A. throughout !he world for -!heir medicinal depth discussion of the cilkfoods Goldberg. 1997. Provides sofety dote on more value or their religious ond spiritual FDA's enforcement and regulotory octivities from ondherbs than 550 herbs as guideUnes for produd labels, significonce, induding the herbs used in 1938 to 1994 regonfing vilomins, minerals, and that benefit health. Integrates the sd including contmind'Kotions, side effects, and spe Santeria religious C818m00y. Provides dielory supplements; consumer demand for legislative ence li modem oofrilioo with tmc& cial warnings. Each herb is classed as con be centers of oMIISily, common and change; and the subsequent passage of OSHEA. tionol herbal medicine in oprocticol, sofely consumed when used OJIIIropriotely, herbs vernacular names, somatic chromosome lndudes complete text of OSHEA and bills eosy-fo1Jse cookbook. Sofkover, with the following restrictions, for external use numbers and genome constitution, preceding it. Sofkover, 319 pp. $99. #B220 336 pp. s1 5. 18271 on~, or not to be used during pregn Sofkover, 256 pp. $39.95. #827 5 LIVING LIQUEURS by James A.~. 1987. ~ informll' --- lion on the culture, L------....l use, fonoolos, and folklon! of plants in various herbal drinks. Une drowing illustrotions. Sofh:over, 11 Q pp. $15.18010 , " J Education Cataloq C.eJif ca..d holdei'S .,.deP fofl fl'ft BCJ0'373-7l05 PJ'f* umrne• 1998 fax 5121331-1924, for qUQSfions caii5TJ/331-8868 see paqe 31 for .,.d.,. form e-mail: cuslserv®herbalqrom.opq SPECIFIC HERBS ST. JOHN'S WORT: THE MOOD ST. JOHN'S ENHANCING WORT: VALERIAN PERILLA HERB NATURE'S BLUES Ed. by Peter Ed. by H. Yu, K. KOSlliiG, by Christopher BUSTER Houghton. and M. Hoga. 1997.1& Hobbs. 199 7. Pre by ltylo (ass. Ex· 1997. Acom dudes articles descn1ling sents the exci~ng plains what depres· prehensive the cultivation, traditional research and clinical sion is, possible ben and contem and modern applications, experience that sub efits that St. John's porary over· and the chemical, phor· stantiates the use 0· ~-~ wort con offer, infor· view that in mocologicol, •ol and St. John's wort for motion on its use, in dudes ethno- .--. clioicol sl!ld"res of this easing depression cluding its combination with other horns. Re botany, plont ond ils active com and anxiety and views the studies done on the plant as well chemistry, phontfOc{)jogy, theropeu· pounds. The ceO cuhure- of Perillo, the genetk deepening sleep. Also discusses natural pro as facts on synthetic antidepressants. Dis· tics, cultivation, analysis, and commer· control of the plonf, 'ond the. isolation and grams to help reduce stress, examines cusses St. John's wort's nutritional cofoctols ciol aspects of the genus Valeriano. structural elucidation of o number of its active other time-honored moolklnhoncing herbs, and makes lifestyle recommendations con Hardcover, 142 pp. $80. #8307 compounds such as terpenoids, phenolics, gly and provides resources for ordering herbs CAl'S CLAW: KAVA: KAVA-THE CRC HANDBOOK HEALING VINE MEDICINE PACIFIC OF MEDICINAL OF PERU HUNTING IN ELIXIR MINTS by Kenneth Jones. PARADISE by Vili under· -- the chemistru,"I• ID>IIIIJ~u.m~1 r"'v beneficiol af· camp""'" standing the metabolism, and search, ond feels on the hensive mechanism other aspects of benefits body, the latest text and site of teo polyphenols and their opprKOtions. green teo use os on on- research, and gathers action of Explores the many useful propelties« tioxidont in fl1e .prevention of coil' case studies in o copsoidn, its significonce in the study green teo thot hove been sdenlifmly car, heort ~. and stroke; its people who single volume ill-deptfl information of pain ond development of novel investigated, soch os inhibition of tooth ability to promote longevity; its use hove been helped by ginkgo. FOIIIlS on composition, processing, COli- onolgesic ond onttinflommotory decoy, effects on chemoprevention of as o digestive aid; its many ben- that ore o~'ihere you con find sumption, health effects, ond epide- drugs. Hardcover. calon cancer and inlestinal microfloro, ond efits to women's health; and its it, how you can dleose among the miologicol•lotions for the 286 pp. $78. 181 04 ontioxllnnt and deodorant properties. role' in fighting cavities and gingivi- available products, how much you methylxonthinfl and Hardcover, 250 pp. $125.00 #8276 tis. Softcover, 186 pp. $9.95. should toke, and how you should toke foods. Hardcover, 374 pp. $99.95. ------~~~· So er p $ ~ 'IMIESIIMYCI IBICIIALIUIIISCI_. GINKGO IILOIA by Dogna laJge and Uwe -AGLOIAL Sdlippmoon. 1997.1h5 s1Udy, con IIWUIE Miad on blhal of lhe ..., Ed. by T. 11ori et II. AIGEWU:A ,. NtllaliJfzdesaiJas .. nallanal 1997.lolastW SCIIIIIIC APPIOACII and illamaiiOIIGISIIUChllls rllhe ings af I8Sah on a ., .... Balis. 1997. The liD il plant ... An--af bsddltyaxpMIIionci lila • species idaAiified, lhei broodlhor iKUie ..... celliol-· - .. warks. Demomlnllas lmde CCIIIIIIIIIdlie and 11585 is gMn. ogy, biadlemislly, ...... The Clldysis of iqJariS and uporls marphologr, paleo ,...... from 1991to 1994 8lqlhaslzes the •• 8IIVinJnmnll anginaelilg and CIIIMal ~ -~·liS. Mlllat nlleaf&er lisluiY, as well as possllle _.in ...... chemisiJy and mecbe. Exlllnsift billlognt ...... dais. lllllnyinthe -....., ,._ UU5.18214 inlemcJ. liJ.IIonlcMr, 427 "-S99. 18297 llonallmde -CIOIYFOI ...... Safttavar, ..£11ALPWIIS 128- pp. VA'DOll S12. '------..J br M.lasplnk, A. &niger, and 182S2 u. SdWnann- 1996. Aims at pro6g inlannotion far poky DVE RSE mas, sclenllsls, Clld technical EFFECTS experts In the management of OF HERBAL mecbol plant rasourteS. Pro DRUGS vides infannation on more than VOL. 3 200 netwarks, orgollzalions, and pnJjlcls warldlidl dealing with raseorch, management, poky INikllg, 111111 mawatlan. Kay jollniB and dotaboses In !he field 011 h~. Softmver, 156 pp. S12.18253 ADVIISIIfRC1S. IIIUL IIUIS YOL S ft "'Donald .... by De Smat, Ilk, Hcnel, en! FOIES1IY N.D. 1994. A a... 1997.fW*an -37: QIIIIIRiaiSive glide coqnhetiSive ~ obaut IIEDIOIIAI. Ill Clllllllf lnfonnolian specfic naliciD labs IIIII plant AIID illlllllm hdme. constilals ...... lhei AIOMA1IC IAcWasl&lldl IIOI1ialt place In~ PIAIRSIX (e.g., ltlliriRrspp.), thd Ed. !JrY. P. S. --...ill ..ci ,... tlliaJI af upedalio!IS ...... ll$j. 1996. llllllian, laiD polllnlid (e.g., ~spp.), Snyaflhe llllbe and nallld IIIII recant COIIIIIIIaboll 0 seRous RKIIIt lillnllln lallllme,framw adverse lllldion (e.g., TMriP on tlsbiMion, 3,000 pnialiald ...... clrtmJBys). Soflartw, 250"' inporlance, COIMIIIIicnJIIIOPOfllion, 1994: $85.18122; 7995: $85.18176; $74.95.18231 ~11or., 11ssua • slides a 1996: $85.181768; 7997:$85. 18176( the in WilD prockdon af--mediciJal on p armaceu ca compounds in vonous species. Hardcover, 414 pp. $339. #8230 ~f.clucolion Caloloq C.J;t corJ hoiJers o.Je• loll f.ee800'373-71 05 · c/, urome• 1998 7 fax 512/331-19.24, for questions coH 5'12/331-8868 5Be poqe 31 foP o.Je.. form e-moil: cuslserv®herbolgrom.oPCJ FIELD GUIDES FIELD GUIDE TO FIELD GUIDE TO MEDICINAL WILD EDIBLE WILD FIELD GUIDE TO A HANDBOOK OF PLANTS PLANTS EASTERN/ EDIBLE WEEDS by Bradford Angier. by Biodford Angier. CENTRAL by James A. Ouke. 1978. From Amaranth 1974. Fulkolor MEDICINAL 1992. Contoins 100 to Yucca, the fomi~, illustrations, family, PLANTS by Steven plants with a detuUed common, and latin common andlatin Foster and James description, ports used, names, history, names, description, Duke. 1990. Pocket hobitut, region, safety distinguishing distribution, and size guide identifying J!!8(001ions, histolkal choracteris1ks, oreo grown, and medical uses edibili1y guidelines 500 medicinal plants, use, curient use, and of 108 wild medicinals which ore individually on 100 wild food plants across the United their uses, remedies, illustration of each illustnrted in fuH color for easy identification. Stutes and Conodo. Softcover, 2 ~5 pp. line drawings, over 200 color photos. From the plant. Hardcover, 246 pp. $49.95 Sofh:ovar, 320 pp. $18.95. #8209 $16.95. #8210 Peterson Field Guide Series®. Hardcover, 366 pp. #8024 $26 #B096 WILD ROOTS HERBS EDIBLE WILD PLANTS: By Doug Elliott. 1995. A by~ Affll'nness. 1994. More than A NORTH AMERICAN FIELD GUIDE forager's guide to the ed l ·:lSQi}~ illustrations of over by Thomas Elias and Peter Dykeman. ible and medicinal roots, 700 s6eOes from around the world 1990. Comprehensive, precise, and filled tubers, corms, and rh~ tnoke this one of the most with drawings, mops, and newly 400 zomes otliorth America. comprehensive guides to herbs photographs, this is osuperior guide to. 69 roots 1isted, ourlining ovoilable. Combines a concise identifying, harvesting, and preparing ~er botankal, family, and description with annotated 200 healthful plants from rt._ hobitut, photographs to highlight 1lte herb's Sofh:over, 286 pp. $16.95. #lf240: · edible distinguishing features HI TORV TRYING TO GIVE EASE TOADS AND TOADSTOOLS OF PEOPLE AND PLANTS by John Crellin and Jane Philpott. by Adrian Morgan. 1995. by Maurice Messegue. l991.A 1989. The life, practices, and ac Compendium of art history.' combination of colorful anecdotes cumulated knowledge of the late cmtuml anthropology, from the .life of France's most A.l "T ommie• Boss, a Wide~ jlhdmiocology, herpetology, renowned herbalist. Detuiled known and admired Appolochion mycology, ethnology; history, and information about the use of herbalist. Speciol attention is religion concerning the curious specific plants in treating a wide given toioool resources tho! connection between ofungus ond variety of ailments. Comprehensive shape a~emofive medicine, the oo amphibian . High~ detuiled appendices descn'be preparations backgrounds of h$rbQI practitio f61or drawings throughout. and provide recommendations for ners, and the cultural curTI!fKY of s~ 208 pp. $24.95. use of plants for optimal health. medical concepts once central tu professional medicine and #8296 Softcover, 328 pp. $12.95. now less common. Sohtover, 335 pp. $16.95. #Bj22 #8288 ,C,Jit co..d hokl~PS~fii;.J~II f~ _ soo/373-7105 fqx-50/331-19.24, foP CJ~ions ri:JI51;&'331-88~ 8 e-moif: ~stserv®herbalqrom.OF OFFICIAL HERBS GREEN PHARMACY by Wode Boyle. 1991. by Barbaro Griggs. 1991.2nd HISTORV herbs in the US PhafTTII1COII8kl edition. Afoscinofing account of were native American plants which THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE the ideos, personalities, odvonces, LONG EXPEDITION TO THE were inlroduced into phormocy ond ond vicissitudes that hove shaped medicine by westward-moving the course of herbal medicine ond ROCKY MOUNTAINS 181 9·1820 by Howard Evans. 1997. The first scienfific settle!s who were unable to obtoin phormocy. Focuses with condor European-based medicines from ond clarity on the professional, ex~orotion of the Looisiono Tenitorv to be accompanied by !mined noturolists ond crt- physidons on the Eost Coost. This economic, ond social forces !hot isis, during which 140 "new· species of volume meticulou$ly documents the rise ond foil of herbs hove periodically consigned herbal medicine to neor os official drugs in America according to their listings in plants were discovered. Bosed primori~ on oblivion, ond presents o strong case for the cyclical the expedition members' reports ond diaries the US Phormocopeias from 1820 to 1990. Softcover, emergence of oltemative medicine at fimes when beoutiful~ illustrated with crisp reproductions of Tilion . 77 pp. $20. #8180 ollopathic methods of treotment hove lost their sofety and Poole's and Samuel Seymour's ort. Softcover, 268 pp. ond efficacy. Softcover, 379 pp. $19.95. #B187 s1 5. 95. #8272 JW fducolion Catalog Credit cmJ holders o..deP toll free 8ocv'373-7105 pl'l,o/511mlfl order toJtfpee Soo/373-7105 1-fet.bal Educolion Coioloq ~1-1924, for quesliORs mll512/331-8868 10 Spring/Summer 1998 .j, n~<~il: ~uslse..V@herbalqram. orq see poqe 31 for order form PLANTS PHARMACOTHEON BUZZ: THE · /'SVCHOACTIVE OF THE GODS by Jonathon Ott. SCIENCE AND by Richard Schultes 1993. The most LORE Of THE CHEMISTRY Of and Albert Hofmann. comprehensive ALCOHOL AND MIND-ALTERING 1992. Ninetyi>ne multi-disciplinary CAFFEINE DRUGS: HISTORY, hallucinogenic plants book on the suit by Stephen Broun. PHARMACOLOGY, with vivid deto~ on ject of shomonic 1996. Explores re AND CULTURAL 14 having profound inebrionts and cent advances in nett CONTEXT by Daniel significance for h~t- their omve agents r()S(ience which fie. Perrine. 1996. Arigor mons. Over 100 and artificial cous quen~y contradict ous, scienfificolly objec- convenfionol wisdom: color iUustrotions, plus rore photographs-many ins. Featuring o tive, and thorough~ doc~t published for the first fime--1>f plants and the bibliography of alcohol is much more complex thon just o mented exposition of ocute phormocologicol ond simple depressant, ond caffeine is' not the a~ people, ceremonies, sculpture, paintings, pottery, 2,440 sources, psychological effects of nearly eYIII'f known suit and weovings reloted to ritual use of sacred holht this culmination of twenty yems of reseordlls rect sfimulont it wos once thought to be. Also stonce thot affects human consciousness. Provides cinogens. Softcover, 192 pp. $22.95.18165 lfle reference book spedolisfs hove long reports on recent findings which support pre~ on occessible explonotion of dlllltfeceptor interoc is ous~ unsubstonfioted folk needed and yet written in a style that wisdllm.llord- lkln and organic chemical structures, OS weft OS de- CONSUMING makes it accessible to the layperson. cover, 214 pp. $15'. #8259 saiplions of the discovery, isololion ond syntheses HABITS Softcover, 639 pp. $40. #B 160 of the chemical substonces responsible for drug oc· Ed. by Jordon tivity. Softcover, 480 pp. $39.95. #8292 Goodman by Paul lovejoy. 1995. Co~ DRUGS AND lecfion of originol es· NARCOTICS soys ex~oring the IN HISTORY rich onolyticof cat Ed. by Roy Porter and egory of psychoactive JAikulos Teich. 1995. substances from cho~ Collection of new ~ lenging historical and soys explores ltle com anthropological perspectives. Chapters focusing Pex and contested his· on opium, cocaine, heroin, coffee, teo, tobacco, torias of drugs and kola and betel nut, from prehistory to the twenti narcotics in societies eth century. Hardcover, 244 pp. $60. #8152 from ancient Greece to the present. Softcover, 227 pp. $19.95 #8153 ...CliiCAI...... , by Jane Buckle. 1997. Canllils .. iHIIplh· dliallsec tianWigwilh !he RIIIIJII8II1U II CliiiiiiiGII !loblems such as iliedian aad paiR,_...... "' wtt~~• mightbealilllllllllllf...... ,_.nwrnsplllccW CIIIspeciak CillsiiiR M1700 .. ... SoflaNer, 219 pp. $39.95.11298 ...... • A~ " lrt t Wt IIIII M. --lillln. 19t5.lll*s .W.IIIIIIisllrly ...... ·~._...... illfldlls ...... ~ ...... IIIII af ...naJ. IIIII o111111111 me 1co IS ng origins and uses of common~ owiloble essen1iol oils. S4itcover, t:Wr.d fJucotion Cotalocf 156 pp. $14.95. #8179 Credit cord holders ordeP toll free 80Qf373-7105 pt;J1o/'.Summer 1998 11 fax ·512/331-1924, for questoons call512/331-8868 ·see flO¥ 31 for order form e-mail: cusfse,_,@herbolgram.orq CANCER RESEARCH CANCER AND NATURAL MEDICINE CAMPTOTHECA ACUMINATA DECAISNE, by John Boik. 1996. Known effects of notural therapies on XI SHU: APROMISING ANTI-TUMOR AND key biomechanical processes active during cancer progression. Based on published ANTI-VIRAL TREE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY scientific data obtained from over 1,200 references. Comprehensive review of cancer by Shiyou [j and Kent Adair. 1994. Covers camptothecins: physiology, covering such topics as differen~a~on, angiogenesis, apoptosis, invasion, drug oiSOOvery history, comparisons with toxol, metastasis, and immune and hormonol interoctions. Natural therapies reviewed in mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical tria~ in dude hems, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, cartilage, Chinese medicine, . ~o cancer treotment, antiviral activity, other uses, and drug therapy, antioxidants, flovonoids, and others. Softcover, 315 pp. $4~#BJ~t so111ces. Hardcover, 249 pp. $45. #8145 PHARMACOPEII'.S PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHARMACOGNOSY, PHARMACOBIOTECHNOLOGY PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS PHARMACOGNOSY by Robbers, Speedie, Tyler. 1996. llS 18,;1 by Jean Bruneton. 1995. Organized in foil" paris TREASE & EVANS' PHARMACOGNOSY DRUGS OF NATURAL ORIGIN: on natural product drugs, arranged moirily (primary metabolites, phenols, terpanes and s~ hoi W. _(. Evons. 14th Edition, 1989. Standard ATEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY b; biosynthe~c ond chemical relationships, raids, and olkoloids) . Phytochemical generoh~, text in Great Britain. Amust for the research by Gunnar Somuelsson 1992. Describes the inciOOing distribution, biosynthesis, lilxory and quality oriyin of noturol biotechnology extraction and ossuronce lobs of Tnn.w drug compounds, derived quontita~on methods, phormoceuticols, a and biological properties. herb and dietary (///{{ their chemislly and supplement biochemistry, as comprehensive Origin, identity, produc· companies C"rons · well os their treatment of tion1 composition, :uses; on~biotics, and processing, and optimizn woildwide. PHARMACOGNOSY em~oyment in Ho«kover. 832 pp. medicine. Arranged importont herbal tiOn for each row ~ $78.95 #8015 according to drugs in current use. riot Therapeutical indic!t" biosynthe~c Hardcover, 337 pp. oon ond recommended principles. $45.#8008 usoge specified for 80Ch prodqrt. Hardcover, •• Hardcover, 320 pp. $59. #8093 915 pp. $196.50.8149 rbo l EJu alion C alaloq prinq/Summ€1' 1998 see paqe 31 for orde• fopm THE HEALING POWER Of GINSENG: HOW TO FIND, GINSENG GINSENG AND GROW AND USE THE TONIC HERBS AMERICA'S FOREST GOLD THE GINSENGS: AUSER 'S GUIDE by Paul Bergner. 1996. bploins the by Kim Pritts. by Christopher Hobbs. 1996. smon 1995. Covers the. most famous of Chinese tonk he!bs, history, cultivotion, OISeOSeS ond but pocked with inf01motion, tiMs book will tell you the benefils ond GINSENGS which tonic hems CR effective and pests, harvesting and molkeffrrg, •••AI..I!C't'.SGU!Ot: inexpensive substitutes for ginseng, hunting and conserving wild proper use of 10 kRis of ginseng, which ones when combined with ginseng, ond ~·s place in how to choose on! use the most g ginseng will molc.e ~ more effective, ~ lredxd medicine. potent ond cost-effective products, and which ones, alone or in Softt0¥91')~:Pif. $16;.95. #8217 and summories of huroon dini ------. I ·~ )p 1( ) Sl, Ill· r ~ · l'o p 1 0 Sc II c r ~ · l'o p I 0 Sc II c r s eptember through November 1997-Previous standing shown in () 1. German Commis~ion E Monographs: Blumenthal, S. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: Bertram (6) Goldberg, Gruen~ Hall, ~.,Jgins and Rister, 6. Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health: brown (5) ~s., Klein and Rister, trans.::tf) 7. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Health-Care Profes- 2. Herbs of Choice: Tyler (3) sionals: Newall, Anderson and Phillipson (4) 3. Herbal Medicine: Weiss (8) tied with 8. Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses: Bown (2) 3. Herbs for Your Health: Foster (new listing) '9. The Honest Herbal: Tyler (10) 4. Botanical Safety Handbook: McGuffin, Hobb W. Cancer and Natural Medicine: Boik (back after a Upton and Goldberg (new listing) short absence) Herbal du~hon C..alci:J C..J;t ca.J holdePs o.deP toll fHe · 373-7105 ~Surnme• 1998 13 fax 612/331-1924, foP quesfrons mlt512J331-8868 see paqe 31 fOf o..deP foPm e-mail: cusfseev®he.balqrom.Of!J AMAZONIA I RAINFORESTS THE HEALING AMAZONIAN ETHNOBOTANICAL ONE RIVER: NON-TIMBER FOREST DIOIONARY EXPLORATIONS PRODUCTS by Richard E. by James Duke and AND FROM TROPICAL Schultes and Rodolpho Vasquez. DISCOVERIES IN \iii;,_..~"'~ • FORESTS Robert F. Roffouf. 1994. An excellent THE AMAZON fd. by Daniel 1990. Field resource book on RAIN FOREST ~~~ ~ Nepstad and Stephan reseorch spanning the wealth of by Wade Davis. Schwartzman. a half-century in botanicals in the 1996. The story of 1992. Volume 9 of the Northwest Amazon. Usts uses two genemtions of l.::~~~j the Advances in Eco- Amazon. Over ond common names scientific explorers, nomic Botany series 1,600 species lis!od. The modern classic on of~ of this normtlve follows subtiHed Evaluation of o ConseMJHon and Amazonian ethnobotany. 8/W photos, illus., plonts. IUus., Softcover, 21~ pp._$4f.95 . the tmvels in South Development Stmtegy. Contains 14 papers Hardcover, 486 pp. $69.95. #8002. #8071. America that Davis ond Tim Plowman pursued covering the biological and political context, over a 15 month period in 1974-75.1ncludes social tind economic context in Amozonio biogroph,ical chapters concerning Richard Evans ond in Africa and Asia, borriers ID"GIId siTat egies lor expanding llOil'limber forest JXod 537 pp. $27.50. uct extraclion. Soflmver, 164 pp. $18.95. THE PACIFIC 18274 A HAWAIIAN FLORillGIUM: THE AIAIDOIIID NARCOTIC: ROIAOFAUSTRAIJA, IOTANICAL POITIAITS lAVA All» CUIJUIAI. ¥01.16 FLORA OF FROII PARADISE IIISTAIIITY Ed. by Ordlonl oOO McCarthy. AUSTRALIA llluslrotad by Mary Griersoo, text by IN MELANESIA 1995. The fist of two vobmas 10 Petar Green. 1996. Contains 43 wa by Ron Bllllllln. 1989. TID!g lhe descrbllhe farily PI01aacaae (and Cll8 spedes of tercolols depicting noliw pk1nts of varyilg fOOins of kava on lhe isbJd of lcmJ, Ymda, OS his Hawaii as wei os Polynesian and ~)contains starling point, the aulhor suggests idenlifkolion keys col ful modem iniToduced plants now pravo !Ia kava's abandonment con best desaiplions of 488 taxa il2 lent in the islands. Text COV8IS the buq.iled il tanns of its fomiliesooo7 ... ethnobolony collegeols of the eolly Howobs, taxonomic ossociollon with llllS1al* religious oohs and is port of o lliscussas the offiilies of res8IICh of bolanisls and the hislory that brought such Ill in- brooder prolllem of why 111111Y lnldillord MebJesill sodalies Proleaceae, morphologiml faahns, the foWl record, credible mix of species to lhe islands. Hardcover, Wll8 characlarisliatt highlv uns1able. Hcrdcover, 219 pp. poliJolion biology, n ufiZOiion. HardccMr, s22 pp. 102 pp. $45. #8295 $54.95. #8134 $79.95. #8223 POlYIIESIAIIIIEIIAl 'IOIIUIIIIRIAI.IIEDiml MAORI HEALING MEDICINE by w. Arthur Whisller. 1992. AIID B IAL by W. ArllaJr Whistler. 1992. Provides on overview of lnJcilicJrD by~ Riley. 1994. The filst Discusses the use, post aoo longCII maclcile, ilckJciDJ half of 1his New Zeoknl present, of medkid- in cousolion of hss, medical ethilabota11m saurreboak Tonga, Samoa, TcOti, Howai, col pro~~~ams, n IBfices of priests discusws 85 bi hd1g aOO the Cook lsla..ts. lncbles n 1oy healers. Discusses nu1em haallh topks, frcm IIIJIMble llilgs descriptions, uses, aNI color T019Jn mearme in depth, irKbling Ike arthritis ooo backache 1o 1lll*s p~Jquphs of 90 prMiusly n ~of sickrJm n hldlh, like d~ and IIJIIooiJd. Part amnlly used plants. Sofltover, types of ohnls, oOO two presents - 200 meDICinal 236 pp. $33.00.18205 ~ labol medicine. plants with color phalogqm, d~ ...IShips, lncUies--aNI uses of 77 common~ used extemol oOO intamal uses. HanlcM, 528 pp. $65. #8222 herbs. Soflmr.w, 122 pp. s13.00.18204 INDJ MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE INDIAN MEDICINAL KASHMIR AND LADAKH MATERIA MEDICA PLANTS OF INDIA by M. K. Kaul. 1997. by Dr. Kim Nodkarni. Two volumes. by S. K. Join and Kobert Comprehensive information on 1993. This updated classic, known DefittppS. 2 vol. set. 1991. 111 selected medicinal plants os the AyUivedic Bible, contains Surveys the medicinal plant occurring in the temperate about 2,000 herbs by botanical resources of Indio (including nome, common Indian nome in Nogolond) and Sikkim, ond cold arid regions of the seven languages (including covering 860 species, and Himalayas. Includes o chapter English), habitat, ports use4t listing plants used in Western, on IToditionol knowledge of ,____-'=;;;;;;...... _ _, vorleties, action, and common Unoni, and Ayurvedic heotmg properties in 291 historical uses. Hardcove r, 2,286 medicines. Includes medicinal plants used ethnomedicinolly. pp. s1 00. i807t} common names, botanical 69 color photos. Hordcover, indexes, bibliography, and 133 fulliJoge illustmflons. l73 pp. $40. 18290 Hordcove~ 848 pp. $94.95 Set. #8121 ~it ca..J holders o..JePtoll f.. B00 /373-7105 He. bol Edu lion Caialoq ~ 512/331-1924, for liorh1l due lion Cotaloq C...J;f cmJ ~olders otJn loll f- OQ/373-7105 Sprin HEALING WITH PLANTS IN MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MEDIONAL PLANTS OF ' THE AMERICAN AND THE MOUNTAIN WEST THE DESERT AND =.-..~.=;;; MEXICAN WEST by Michael Moore. 1979. Guide to the CANYON WEST by Morgorito Kay. 1996. identification, preporotion, ond uses of by Michael Moore. 1989. Guide Descripfions of 100 plants including tradiHonal medicinal plonts found in Jo.identifying, preparing, and botanical ond common plont nomes, mountains, foothills, ond uplond oreos. using trodifional medicinal history, contemporary uses, o 120 plant types, covering 1,000 p/qnls. Exposes the ilotonicol it descripfion of how the plont is species with odOWIHtH!orth procficol weolth of the deseJt IIIII the prepared ond administered, ond opprooch. Softcover, 200 pp. $13.95. need to protect it. Softcover, brief phytochemical dolo. Softcover, #8112 184 pp. $13.95. 18113 315 pp. $19.95. #8229 MEDICINAL PLANTS EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL LOS REMEDIOS OF THE PACIFIC WEST PLANTS OF THE WEST byMichael Moore. 1990. Compre by Michael Moore. 1993. Guide to by Gregory Tifford. 1997. Fulkolor hensive text detuibng 172 plonts over 300 species geographical~ photographic guide to the • with primary ond secoodoiy uses ranging from Bojo Colnomio to identification, edibility, and medicinol cross indexed by Sporristl, ~i<, Alosko. Detoi~ whot medicinal uses of more l110n 250 plont ond primoJY names of ecrdr ~ plonts exist, where lo find them, species, growing from A!Qsko to Includes precoufions, usefulness rot· how to idenfify, gother,ond use soiJibem Cotlfmnio, east ocross the ings, dosage, prepomHO!l methods, them. Softcover, 359 pp. Rocky Mountains ond the Northern ond thera peuftc index pping oi~ $22.50. #8114 Ploins to ~Great Lokes. Softcover, ments and complaints with the 239 pp. $21.18278 plonts best suited to treot them. Softcover, 108 pp. $9.95 #8260 _,_.IS fOI Till IROCIUOIS by DOl .... 1982...... Willian it 0 winy lallllook Baslllllll'frl lhl pUlls used lllllicid tt by NoM Mlerialnpaaples. Amllllllile --.~by aJIIIIIIIII cnl baluliall1111115, OS .. OS clasa;lioos lu '-" lhiRIIIIerldenlly lhl pblt in the fiald. tt.daMr, 242 pp. $24.95.18211 '• ((J,J Wders o.dePfoil f-BOQ/373-7105 erbol Ed" co !i n Catalog fd331-1924, for 'lueslions mll5o/331-8868 16 prinq/Sumrr""' 1998 f: cu~fse,.,@~erbolqrom.orq see paqe 3 1f or o.der form MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF AFRICA WEST AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA by Edward Ayensu. 1978. 187 by B. Von Wyk, 11. Von Oudtshoom, AFRICAN ETHNOBOTANY: plonts that occur in West Africa, ond N. Gericke. 1997. 132 POISONS AND DRUGS their uses, locolnomes, ond rnedlcitol plants; over 500 by H. D. Neuwinger. 1994. standord scienlific binomio~. phologrophs of plants, plant ports (~reviews lha Bibt10Qrophy, glossory of medical used ond products; introductory chemical composffion, terms, medical and botonkal · chapters on cultural ospeds of p/tormocology ond toxicology indexes. 127 illus. Hardcover. healing, methods of colleclion ond of more than 240 plants. 330 pp. $39.95 #8094 stomge, methods of preporofion Covers botony, vemoculor ond administration; plant list names, hunting poison, according to oiments; 13 2~rophicol distribution roops; troditionol medicine, chemistry, ZULU MEDICINAL PLANTS: ond comprehensive references for further reading. Honlcover, pltormocology/toxicology, ond litamture. Hardcover, AN INVENTORY 104 pp. $39. #8314 941 pp. $229.95. #8325 Compiled by Hutchings, Scott, MEDICINAL PLANTS lewis, ond Cunningham. 1996. OF NORTH Covers more thon 1, 000 plonls AFRICA based on oStJrvey of the literuture by Loutfy Boolos. from the late nineteen1tl century 1983. Au1tloritotive, to 1tle present. lndudes updated systematic, and wide- · botonicolnomes, synonyms, mnging work, common Enghsh ond Afrikaans Hlustmted"wi1h 103 names, on extensive list of Zulu line dmwi~. Over I1QIIIQS, dolo on the medidnol usoge of lha. iof the Zulu 500 species. ond olher ethnic groups, known physiological effeds, chemical Medical, common TAKING CARE OF SIBO'S GIFTS by Palmer, SOnlhez, CENTRAL AMERICA Moyorgo. RAINFOREST REMEDIES: SASTUN LA SELVA: ECOLOGY AND 1991. An ONE HUNDRED HEALING HERBS by Rosita Arvigo. 1994.A ~ story NATURAL HISTORY OF A environmentol OF BELIZE of American ttemokJgist Rosilo Arv91's NEOTROPICAL RAIN FOREST treatise from by Rosito Arvigo opprenticeship to Don EiJIO Pooti, one of the Ed. by L McDade, K. Bowo, H. Hespenheide Costa Rico's ond Michael kist surviving ond G. HortshorA. Kekiil.di Bolick. 1993. ondmost 1994. The first irlltlgellOUS 2nd edition. A respected comprehensive re Reserve, this window into the !lallilbQ view of over 30 booksllllWS sacred world of halsci years of research ot how1he traditional Be&ze. Set in the Lo Selva ooture roinforest ji1Mies 1he Kekot.di people with Mayan healers the~ reserve ond field everything they need to tl¥8, OS long OS they who know 1tlot Behzeon station in Costa respect SibO's (God's) lows governing 1he !he rainforest minforest !hot Rico, covering m use of notuml resotKces. Income from book holds within its S81VesOSthe mote, soi~, ~ soles goes directly to 1he Kekiildi people, to grasp oHlli. ~hove sustained phonooqof setting, plant lllll.,...le, ond ogriculturaf StJpport their rainforest conservation efforts it ond its people. IIIUs., Softcover. 215 pp. oncient Moyon development ond bid use in nearby oreos. ond their cultuml sd!ool. Sofk:CMK. 96 pp. $15.95. #8053. medicine. Softtover. 90 pp. $14. #8087. Softcover, 486 pp. $28.95 #8261 $12.#8225 HeJ>bal Educoli n Cota~ C..J;t card holde,. o.Je.. loll f- 8bo'373-7105 pring/Summ r 1998 17 fax 512/331-1924, for questKlrlS J512/331-8868 s paqe31 ~~ f.orm e-mail: cusfsei'[email protected]' EaEO'IC DISPENSATORY ECLEcnC HERBAL PRESCRIPTIONS BOTANICAL INFLUENQS OF BOTANICAL DISPENSATORY FOR BETTER HEALTH HERBA L ON ILLNESS OF BOTANICAL PRESCWPTIONS THERAPEUTICS, VOL 2 THERAPElmCS by Donald Brown. 1996. Discusses the by Melvin Welboch, M.D. & Michael by Francis Brinker. 1995. Compilation VOL.2 most well researched herbal medicines I 8ETTtRlHALTII T. Munoy, N.D. 1994. Reviews of by of Ollides including historical Francis J. BMnker. ond effecfive herboltreotments for ...... botonicoltreatments for 60 different perspectives, phormowgnosy, ond N.D. dozens of health conditiont Including ·:: : ·::;::~::::: ..:: · •nesses. Moterio Medico on 26 and common phytornedkines ond clinical oppli~botonicol Edward K. Alstat. vitamins, minerutS;'ond heriJs, each medicines in various conditioos, os well N.D .• R.Ph. prescription covers preparation, dosage, onnototed list of resQUI'ces. os botonicol medicine research ...______, possible side effects, ond cooflons. Extensive references ond Honlcover, 341 pp. $39.95#B074 summaries. Binder, 507 pp. $125. #B184 additional resources. Softcover, 349 pp. $16.00. #B183 HERBS OF CHOICI KING'S AMERICAN SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS by Vorro E. Tyler. 1994. Authoritofive DISPENSATORY SPECIFIC by John M. Scudder. 1994. First text providing informotion of troditionol by H. W. Feilef, M.D. ond J. U. Uoyd, DIAGNOSIS published in 187 4. "Dr. Scudder use, regulototy history, cunent status, Ph.D. Tw~ set. 1898. The most fly,John M. maintained thot there wos o definifive bioocfive constituents, pharmacology, com~~xt ever compiled on Scudd~ relofionship between known drug ocfion current clinkal op~kations, safety American mdeiOnol plonts ond herbol ~...-____. ond known conditions of disease os precautions, ond dosages. Arranged by ~mocy. T,ln poges of medicinol manifested by symptoms, ond upon this theropeutic indication. Hardcover, 209 'JIIOperties and clinical odministrotion of theory bused his ~stly named book. •-editor of the pp. $39.95 #8079; Soflcover, hund!liil$:9,tffiedlcinol plants in detail. Hardcover, Gleaner, 1875. Hardcover. 387pp. ~8. #B085 :$l4.95.18079S 2,229 pp; $285. #8022 ~ ca.d ~old""' oolwloH h Boo/373-7105 erbal Educa li on Catalog ~B0/331-1924, fop qiH!Stl0!1smtl511/331-8868 18 S pring/Summer> 1998 ;t.-ilil:iil: tu.t1snv®~e.balqrom.o"'' see page 31for ordeP fopm BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE BACKLIST AND FORESTRY, VOL 33 Ed. by Y. P. S. Ba~j. 1995. Hardcover, 476 pp.$369. #8194 FLORA OF LOUISIANA HANDBOOK OF NONPRESCRIPTION PLANT ALKALOIDS: by Margaret Stones. 1991 . Hardcover, DRUGS AND NONPRESCRIPTION A GUIDE TO THEIR DISCOVERY THE CHALLENGES 220 pp. $45. #8127 PRODUCTS: FORMULATIONS AND AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE 21ST CENTURY FEATURES '9fr.97 (2 volume set) 11th by Robert Roffouf. 1996. Honlcover, 298pp. Ed. by Boiley, Whitehead, Proctor and Kyle. FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA ed"rtion. 1996. Hardcover {Vol. 1). 77 4 pp. $69.95. #8242 1995. Softtover, 645 pp. $49.95. #8199 NORTH OF MEXICO Softcover, (Vol. 2). 447 pp. $130./set. Ed. by Floro of North America Editorial #8251 PLANTS AND PEOPLE OF THE CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE, Committee. 1993. GOLDEN TRIANGLE-ETHNOBOTAHYOF THE FORMULARY FOR WINDOWS Vol 1: Introduction. Hordrover, 372 pp. HANDBOOK OF PHYTOCHEMICAL THE Hill TRIBES OF NORTHERNTHAilAND By Michael Gandy. llolobose, $495. $75.#8037 CONSTITUENTS OF GRAS, HERBS, by Edward F. ArKierson. 1993. Hankover, #0005 Vol 2: Pteridophyles ond Gymnospenns. AND OTHER ECONOMIC PLANTS 279 pp. $69.95 #8043 Hardcover, 47 5 pp. $75. #8038 . bY Jomes Duke. 1992. Honkover, DATABASE OF BIOLOGICALLY 654 pp. $239. #8026 ACTlVE PHYTOCHEMICAL$ AND FOOD PHYTOCHEMICAL$ FOR PlANTS FOR MEDICINES D. Collins 1990. Hardcover, THEIR ACTIVITIES CANCER PREVENTION, VOL I HERBALISM by J. et. a/. 303 pp. $110. #8164 For IBM (PC compotibles, Word Perfect 5.1 by Huang, Osowo, Ho, Rosen. 1994. by Fronk Upp. 1996. Softcover, 182 pp. required). $239. #8028 Hordcover, 427 pp. $104.95 #8075 $14.95. #8226 RHUBARB: THE DATABASE OF PHYTOCHEMICAL VOL II WONDROUS DRUG HUMAN MEDICINAL by Clifford Foust. 1992. CONSTITUENTS OF GRAS, HERBS. by Huong, OsoMI, Ho, Rosen. 1994. AGENTS FROM PLANTS AND OTHER ECONOMIC PLANTS Hordcover. 371 pp. $49.50. 18167 HlllllaMr, 367 pp. $94.9518076 Ed. by A. Oouglos Kinglun ond Manuel F. for IBM (PC compalibles, Word Perfect "5.1 Bolondrin. 1993. Hardcover, 356 pp. THE SEVEN SISTERS OF SLEEP ~ed).$239.18026A GENTLE CONQUEST $94.95 #8020 by James Reveal. 1992. Hardcover, 160 pp. by Mordecai C. Cocb. 1989. DISCOVERING WILD PlANTS: $39.95. #1!102 Hardcover, 371 pp. $45. #1!013 AlASKA, WESTERN CANADA, ISLANDS, PlANTS, AND THE NORTHWEST by .lonice Schofield. POLYNESIANs- TAXOL* SCIENa AND GROWING GOURMET AN INTRODUcnON TO POLYNESIAN APPLICATIONS 1989. B/W illus. Softcover, 354 pp. AND MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS ETHNOBOTANY Ed. by PW Aloo Cox ond $32.95. #8109 Ed. by Matthew Suffness. 1995. Hordcover, by Paul Stomets. 1993. Soflcover, 552 pp. Sondro Anne Bonock. 1991.1bdcover. 426 pp. $149. #8142 EARTHLY GOODS $39.95. #8238 228 pp. $34.9518042 by Christopher Joyte. 1994. THAI MEDICINAL PlANTS Hordcover, 228 pp. $23.95. #8088. GUIDE TO FLOWERING MUSHROOMS: RECOMMENDED FOR PRIMARY PLANT FAMILIES POISONS AND PANACEAS HEALTHCARE SYSTEM ECONOMIC AND MEDICINAL by Wendy Zomlefer. 1994. Hardcover, by Denis Benjonin. 1995.Scittower, Ed. by N.R. Fornsworth ond N. PlANT RESEARCH VOL 6 430 pp. $55. #8128 422 pp. $34.95.18130 llm,'oprophotsoro. 1992. Hardcover, Ed. by Hildebert Wagner ond Mormon 402pp. $89. 18021 Farnsworth. 1994. Hardcover, HANDBOOK OF AFRICAN ONE HUNDRED AND • Vol. 6: 394 pp. $89. #8146 MEDICINAL PLANTS ONE BOTANISTS TIBETAN MEDICAL PAINTINGS by Maurice M. lwu. 1990. Hardcover, Ed. by Yuri Porfionovitch, Gyunne Oarje, ond ETHNOBOTANY AND THE by Doone lsely. 1994. Honkover, 358 pp. 435 pp. $129. #8025 Fenml Meyef. Two volumes. 1992. SEARCH FOR NEW DRUGS $39.95. #8119 Hordcavar, ~. 505 pp. $195. #8034 Gbo Foundolion Symposium 185. 1994. HANDBOOK OF PEPPERS: Horde over, 280 pp. $84.95. 18095 ALTERNATIVE CASH CROPS THE DOMESTICATED THE USEFUL WILD PlANTS OF by James Duke &.lucfllh duCellier. 1993. TEXAS, THE SOUTHEASTERN AND FIELD GUIDE TO THE FAMILIES AND CAPSICUMS GENERA OF WOODY PLANTS OF Hardcover, 536 pp. S16 9. #804 5 SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES, by Jean Andrews. 1995. 2nd ed. Hord- THE SOUTHERN PLAINS AND NW SOUTH AMERICA (COLUMBIA, cover, 186 pp. $65. #8166 ECUADOR, AND PERU) HANDBOOK OF ARABIAN NORTHERN MEXICO VOL I MEDICINAL PLANTS by Scoolar Cheothom, Morsholl Johnston, ond by Alwyn H. Gentry. 1993. 895pp. Hor~ by Shohina Ghozanfor. 1994. Hardcover, PERFUMERY: Lym MolshoU. 1995. Hardcover, $125. cover, $75 #8044H . Soflcover, $45 265 pp. $125. #8092 PRACTICE AND PRINCIPLES #8135 #8044S by Robert Calkin ond Slephon Jellinek. 1994. Hardcover, 287 pp. $74.95. #8108 FIELD GUIDE TO VENOMOUS HANDBOOK OF AYURVEDIC VALUING LOCAL KNOWLEDGE MEDICINAL PLANTS Ed. by S. Brush ond D. Stobinsky. 1996. ANIMALS & POISONOUS PLANTS PHYTOCHEMICAL RESOURCES FOR by Steven Foster ond Roger Corns. 1994. by L D. Kapoor. 1990. Hardcover, 416 pp. Sofltover, 337 pp. $30. #8195 $295.18023 MEDICINE AND AGRICULTURE Hardcover, 244 pp. $24.95 #8097 Ed. By Hetbert Nigg ond Dovil Seigler. 1992. Hardcover, 445 pp. $135.18138 THE YEW TREE, FIJIAN MEDICINAL PlANTS HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICALLY A THOUSAND WHISPERS by R. C. Cambie ond J. Ash. 1994. Ho~ ACTlVE PHYTOCHEMICALS AND Hoi Hartzell, Jr. 1991 . Softtover, 319 pp. HANDBOOK OF MEDICINAL HERBS by cover, 365 pp. $100. #8178 THEIR ACTIVITIES by Jomes A. Duke. 1988. Hardcover, $19.95 18066 by James Duke. 1992. Hardcover, 183 pp. FLORA EUROPAEA, $1 29.#8027 677 pp. $349.18029 VOLUME 1: PSILOTACAE TO PLATANACEAE Second Edition, Ed. by T. G. Tutin. 1994. Hardcover, 581pp. $2l5. 18078 :Mt Education Catalog C PE THE HERBALIST-VER 2, HERBAL PRESCRIBER TRADITIONAL CHINESE By llovid Hoffmon, Multimedia The Hrrkli!t by Christopher Hobbs. 1995. Disk MEDICINE AND presentotion, 171 color photos, I1IISic lxlsed software. Quid access to over PHARMACOLOGY by Jim Duke, norrotion by llovid 2000 remedies and 30 theropeufic Contains 322 herbs, 137 { -·:--.:-.\ Hoffman. Includes basic principles, i i diets for 450 common anments. Over formulas, color illustrations, full humon system, moterio medico, 250 of the most widely used herbs. text search, photo zoom, glossary, English to Lutin, ond {'_':_e..... <- Searches 9 ways. Resources directory. extensive help system, tracking ---- tuxonomy. CO ROM. PC/IMC hybrid. Requires Windows 3.0 or higher. copobility, printing, copying, $49.95. #COOl Dotobose. $36.95. #0004 bookrnorking, and onnototions. CD ROM, PC/ MAC hybrid, $49.95. #C002 HERBAL REMEDIES GLOBALHERB Medical uses of more than 600 plants in English and Garmon By Steve Bloke. Over 1,200 supplements,'J,OOO supplement with inoiCOOOns, dosage, symptoms, opplicofions, side effem, actions, 6,000 herb names from around the world, 15,000 interodions, controindicotions, reference sources, historical ond chemiall ond organic constituents, 5,700 treatable conditions, botonicol desaiptions, with approximately 800 lofin synonyms and more then 90,000 footnotes from 149 books and journals and relotod plants, over 3700 English common or garden oRfi nked together. Very user friendly, just dick. Dotabose names, 670 drugs/medications with more than 700 different (Wtndows)·$149 #0001 . (Win Editor)·$249 #0002. ingred'tenls. CO ROM. PC $99. #C003 NATUW HEAlTH WITH VID V IIEDICINAL HERBAl Herbal MEDICINE HEllS AND Metlicine HEAliNG AND YOUR HEAlTH anti l..echres by Midllllll Bolick, Mark Bklmenthol, Jomes A. FOODS Your hy fm MuJilck, ~. Vono Tyler, ond Andrew Wail from o conference ot Health Ed lomas Cobnbio lk1ivelsity in 1996. Continuing rnec&col Alsmt, ldJcolion IKiivity worlh up to lr 1/2 hoUJs in Category BokiJ. Phylls llakh, 1cd 1Uword 1f1e AMA Physician's Recognition Aword. ROIIIoll Brucley, line..,., 5-1/2 hem wilh Sludy guide. s150. AldJI Kaiyum, Ed #816 Vldeotopes only. $100. #817 Smith ond N4Jrk Wheeler. 1992. tlncMS 100 pkmts willt health proteding chenisby. $24.95. #81 5 IIATIVE AMERICAN MEDIONI EDIILE WILD PlANTS lrt EM! Ronul, Patsy Cbk, hy Jim ~ ond Jim Meunintl 1988. ldenlifies Theteso Barnes, Jim Melrinck. 100 • wild plonls, herbol18o recipes, 1995. Native Anwiall wisdom on liiCOWIIS AmeriJdiJn ond fult uses, identifies herbal medicile, remedes, health poiscnJus plants, ond men. $24.95. #812 lips, idenlificotion, ond more. $24.95. #814 AUDIO THE MEDICINE GARDEN Written ond produced by David Freudberg. Anew pubtiC radio health special on herbol remedies. Hear some of the world's leading authorities on herbal medicine including physicians, phormocognosists, botonists, and other scientim present the most comprehensive special on the su~ect ever broodcost. Set of 2 l· hour audio topes. $1 US. #70.1 C.eJrt u,.J holdef'S ~!Jkipir rl'ee 8oo'373-7td5 Herba l Education Catalog {qic 5W331-192.4; fo.. £ttle$lions colt 511!331-8868 Spring/Summer 1998 &;.mail: custsen®beotalqram.orq . see page 31 for order form "They represent the most accurate information available in the entire world on the safety and efficacy of herbs and phytomedicines. As such, they are worthy of careful study by anyone interested in any type of drug therapy. Ignorance of the Commission E Monographs is ignorance of a substantial segment of modern medicine." -Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., Dean and Distinguished Professor of Pharmacognosy Emeritus, Purdue University .... HerbalGram Volume II HERBALGRAM BACK ISSUES Volume I HERBALGRAII ISSUES # 18/19-33 COMPLETE YOUR LIBRARY OF (1989-1995) (#25 OUT OF PRINT) INFOR MATION ON HERBAL HERBALGRAM ISSUES # 1-17 $1 05.00 VALUE, ITEM #5508 ISSUES, BOOKS, RESEARCH, ( 1983-1988) $82.50 VALUE, CONFERENCES , LAWS, AND ITEM 1550A RELATED TOPICS. THE BACKPACKS ARE A SET OF HERBALGRAMS FROM OUR Volume III FIRST ISSUE (SUMMER 1983)THROUGH ISSUE#41 HERBALGRAM ISSUES #34-41 (WINTER 1997-98) AND ( 1995 TO CURRENT) INCLUDE AN EIGHT-YEAR $47.60 VALUE, ITEM #5500 CUMULATIVE INDEX. (FOR LISTING OF TOPICS IN EACH ISSUE, SEE PAGES 6-7 OF THIS CATALOG.) SliPCASES CUMULATIVE INDEX I ----~-'1:: INDEX II HERBJtt..GilAN Jt"SUES 1 - 17 ·$250 H ERfMiG.B#Af 'f"SSUES 18/f9':-~ ( 1983 -f989) ARE ( 1989-f995) SAME FORMAT AS ALPHABET~LY INDEXED IN A US,£Jt-FRLEttDLY WAY ·~:~ II $250 BY SUBJI\.CT~ VOLUMf, ANQ PAG£; BY : ~tr~ BINOMIAL, coMiotOlr CV Ut.ATIVE INDEX Ill NAJf!ifArtO,TOfafe; BY AUTHOR HEftBJ!.L~I¥M ISSUES 34-•\f AND REF'I!flEHCE. ( 1995- ESENT) SAME FORMAT AS ITEM #401 :~::·.~II A $250 PROTECT AND STORE VALUA--IC;'fi.UES IN THESE HANDY WftCASESt' ONE lt.fl'CASE HOLDS'! ITEM#CURR OH£''\IOLUME OF BACKPACK. ITEM# 550C Herbal Education Caioloq Credit card ~olders order loll free BOo/373-71 05 Spring/Summer 1998 fax 511/331-1924, for queslions call511/331-8868 see paqe 31 for order form e-mail: cusl serv@~ erbalqram.orq Back Issues OUR BACK ISSUES AREN'T OLD ISSUES • • • UNTIL YOU'VE READ THEM. #1- Summer 83. (4 pp.) Eucalyptus Repels #16 - Spring 88. (24 pp.) FDA/GRAS #24-Winter 1991. (54 pp.) BroccoVBreast Fleas; FDA OTC Panel Reviews Menstrual & Aph Substances;Ginger Juice in Treatment of Kitchen Cancer; Garlic/Soil Acidification; Almond Oil/ rodisiac Herbs; and more. Burns; Interview- Dr. I. I. Brekhman; Valerian Ef Blood Cholesterol; Onions/ Asthma; Desert Plants/ #2-Fall/Winter 83-84. (8 pp.) Appeals Court fectiveness; Fungal Studies; Yew Continues to Diabetes; Antidiabetic Fenugreek; Herbal Treat Overrules FDA on Food Safety; Cancer Cure?; Amaze; Ginseng in Perspective; and more. ments/Diabetes; NIH Hypericin Trial; Antiviral Ef Comfrey Tea Recall; and more. #17- Summer 88. (24 pp.) Sarsaparilla, A fect/Mango Leaves; Spirulina Reduces Kidney #3 - Spring 84. (8 pp.) Flowers and Dino Literature Review; Chinese Herb Products Damage; AstragalusNiral Heart Disease; Ginkgo/ saurs Demise?; Antibacterial Sassafras; WHO Regulated;Interview with Professor H. Wagner; Heart; FDA/OTC Diet Drug Ingredients; Special Studies Anti-fertility Plants; Chinese Herbal Drugs; Herbal Cancer Remedies; Antiviral Alkaloids/ Features: Harvesting Medicinals in the Wild, and Feverfew Migraines; Ginseng as Cash Crop; and AIDS Virus; Indoles; Cardiac Benefits /Tienchi Folklore and Folk Medicines; The Need for Coop more. Ginseng; Antitumor Effects/Sophora; Chinese Ar eration/Modern and Traditional Medicine; and #4-November84. (12pp.) AyurvedicMedi thritis Treatment; and more. more. cine for Sciatica & Arthritis; Synthetic Garlic; Al #18/19 Doubleissue-Falll988/Winter 1989. ternative Approaches to Gout; and more. (48 pp.) Tobacco Regulation in Canada; Chapar #5- Spring 85. (12 pp.) Onions & Hypogly ral; Epazote:Herbal Cure for Greenhouse Effect?; cemic Compound; Fenugreek Reduces Insulin African Herbal Medicine; Herbs Business in China; Need?; Yohimbine for Sexual Therapy; Eleuthero The Hoxsey Film; Benefits of Garlic; AIDS News: & the Liver; and more. St. John's Wort/Retrovirus; Feverfew Headache #6- Summer 85. (12 pp.) Hispanic Folk Research; Guar Gum/Heart; Cranberry Juice/Uri Medicines; Ipecac Abuse; Toxic Clove Cigarettes; nary Infections; Huperzia; St. John's Wort: ARe (64 pp.) Cayenne/Clus New Herbal Sweetener; Milk Thistle Extracts; Gin view; and more. ter Headache; Chinese Herbs/Eczema, part 2; Al seng for Liver Damage; and more. #20- Spring 1989. (52 pp.) Anti-cancer ternative Medicine and "Wonder Cures?"; Herbal #7- Fall85. (12 pp.) Scullcap; Therapeutic Tobacco; Cactus/Blood Glucose Levels; "Secrets Cure/Greenhouse Effect?; Mistletoe; AHPA Peti Ginkgo Trees; Ginseng & Potency; Herbal Cures of the Rain Forest"; Garlic/Bad Cholesterol Reduc tions FDA/Stevia Leaf Sweetener; NLEA Update; for Heroin & Opium; Jojoba vs. IRS; and more. tion; Update/Canadian Herbal Formula Regulation; Cranberry Juice/Urinary Tract Infections; #8- Winter 86. (12 pp.) Call for Govern Compound Q (Trichosanthes kirilowii)/AIDS-re Ayurvedic Anti-diabetic Plant; Spirulina/ ment Sponsored Natural Drug Research, by Dr. Jim lief Search?; New Strategy Against AIDS: Castor Fruitarians; Echinacea/Systemic Candida and List Duke; Ginseng & Ageing; Sweet Wormwood for Bean Complex; NCI/Natural Products Research; eria; Anti-Emetic Effect of Ginger; Healing Art/ Malaria; Feverfew for Arthritis?; Coca Leaf Tea; Garlic/Candida/Cancer; Feverfew: A Literature Richard Solomon;Tea Tree Oil Therapy/Acne; FDA and more. Review; and more. Ban/OTC Weight Loss Ingredients; Botanical In #9- Spring 86. (12 pp.) Canadian Expert #21 -Fall 1989. (52 pp.) In Memoriam: gredient Review; and more. Panel/Herb Use; Herbal Bibliographic Service; Nathan Podhurst; Goldenseal Masking of Drug #27- Summer 1992. (64 pp.) Patented Pep Methods in Phytochemistry; and more. Tests; AHPA & HRF Herb Safety Review Program; per; Sisal Surgery; Rainforest Remedies; The #IO-Summer/Fall86. (16pp.) FDAPolicy Mangoes/Herpes?; Ginseng/Chinese Herbs Cover Badianus Manuscript; U. S. Herb Industry/Self Shift on Herbs; Chernobyi/Herb Supply; Garlic/ age; Podophyllotoxin Complexity; Bupleurum Regulation; Latin American Antimicrobials; Four Obesity & Meningitis; Guar Gum/ Diabetes; Tu Research Update; Astragalus/Killer Cell Activity; O'clocks/Wound Treatment; Health Freedom Bill mor Inhibitor in Licorice; Anti-cancer Effect/ Coltsfoot in Death of Infant; Mistletoe & NK Cells; ; Conservation and Tropical Medicinal Plant Re Mistletoe and Turmeric; and more. OTC/FDA; Valerian: A Literature Review; and search; International Journal of Pharmacognosy; #11- Winter 87. (16 pp.) Plant Drugs in the more. John Uri Lloyd and the Lost Narcotic Plants of the 21st Century; Natural Blood Thinners; Chinese #22- Spring 1990. (52 pp.) Black Pearls; Shawnee; and more. Antitumor Plants; and more. Juglone/Algae and Fish; Search for Soma; #28-Winter 1993. (72 pp.) Arabian Penin #12- Spring 87. (16 pp.) Ayurveda; Thai Motherwort/Heart; Ginkgo for Brain Damage?; sula/Amazonian Basin; Ginseng/Wall Street Jour Medicinal Plants; and more. Natural Oral Contraceptives; Herbal Extract/Frac nal; Regulatory Dilemma; WHO Guidelines/As #13- Summer 87. (16 pp.) Court Ruling/ ture Healing; Tannins as Free Radical Scavengers; sessment of Herbal Medicines; Harvard's Glass Evening Primrose Oil; Court/ FDA DALS; Gin Eclipta Alba Research; "Traditional Herbal Medi Flowers; Mental Function/Gotu Kola; Feverfew's seng/ Anti-aging; Immune-enhancing/Ginseng; cines" in Current Drug Category; Hawthorn: A Lit Potency; Cure for Hepatitis B ?; Moringa Bark; The Anti-ulcer/Germander; Saikosaponin/Kidney Dis erature Review; and more. Pharmacology of Extinction; European/American ease; and more. #23-Summer 1990. (52 pp.) Basil OiVFun Phytomedicines/FDA OTC Drug Policy; NLEA #14- Fall 87. (16 pp.) Anti-diabetic Effect/ gus Protection; Garlic Research; Chinese Moratorium; Herb Industry/FDA/Chaparral Warn Ginseng; Herbal Data Bases; and more. Medicinals; Herbal Burn Therapy; New ing; and more. #15- Winter 88. (24 pp.) Export control/ Irnmunostimulants /Japanese Ginseng; Japanese #29- Spring/Summer 1993. (72 pp.) Ladyslipper; Canada Bans Comfrey Leaf; Fever AIDS Research; Phellodendron Bark/Multiple Echinacea Highlighted/Cold and Flu Remedy; few for Physicians; Licorice Retards Tooth Decay; Anti-ulcer Activities; Chinese Medicine/Brain Oxy Indonesia's Living Apothecary; FDA and Herb In Neem Extract- Natural Pesticide; EP /Use of Her genation; Herb Protectors Against Radiation; dustry Dispute; Antioxidant, Antitumor, and Car- bicide Alach1or; and more. GLQ223™ Update; Special Feature: Chinese Medicinals by Albert Leung, Ph.D.; FDAIOTC; Farnsworth Symposium; and more. #1-5: Credit card holders order loll free 800/373-7105 Herbal Educalion Calaloq fax 512/331-1924, for queslions call512/331-8868 24 Spring/Summer 1998 e-mail: [email protected] see page 31 for order form Back Issues diovascular Actions/Garlic; Ginger and #36- Spring 1996. (80 pp.) ABC Co-spon Atractylodesl Anti-inflammatory; Clinical Proof for sors Garlic Publication;ABC Director Elected to Echinacea; Adaptogen Research; Latest on Ginkgo; Board of ACEER; Consumer Reports, Newsweek Antis tress Astragalus; Botanical Jewelry; Feverfew articles on Herbal Supplements; Kampo Liver For Fever; Special Supplement: Relative Safety of mula vs Liver Cancer; Valerian Safety Confirmed; Herbal Medicines; Food Safety Evaluation; and Cardiovascular Benefits/Green Tea; Anti -cancer ef more. fects of Ginseng, Gotu Kola; Betulinic Acid vs #30- Winter 1994. (80 pp.) Tribute to AI Melanoma; Tea Tree Oil vs Antibiotic-resistant Gentry; Post-partum Pot?; Anti-cancer Effects/ Bacteria; FDA Expert Advisory Committee Hear Herbs; Latest Garlic Research; Medicinal Use/ ing on Ma Huang; Rhubarb Through the Ages; # 24 # 28 # 30 Black Pepper; Argentenian Antimicrobials; New Photoessay-Cardiotonics on Postage Stamps; Natural Insecticide; FDA's Proposed Preconditions Lloyd Library Collection;Special Report: Overview for Health Claims/Garlic Dietary Supplements; of U. S. Botanical Market; and more. German Evaluation/Herbal Medicines;, Medicinal #37- Summer 1996. (80pp.) Public Radio's Plant Stamps/Yugoslavia; Phytomedicines!Westem "Medicine Garden" Available on Audio; Ricin Europe; Literature Review: Echinacea; and more. Toxin from Castor Bean; Milk Thistle Fruit Treat #31 - Summer 1994. (80 pp.) Herbs Top ment for Mushroom Poisoning; Caution with #40-Summer 1997. (72pp. +32pp. supple Growth Category in Supermarkets/Drug Stores; Homemade Oils;Peppermint Oil/Irritable Bowl ment) Rain Forest Diversity; Echinacea in the GLA Proven/Rheumatoid Arthritis; Kampo Medi Syndrome! Antioxidant Effects of Herbs; Artichoke News; Saponins for Immune System Influence; cine Resurgence; Anti-alcohol Effects/Kudzu; Increases Bile Output; Flax Seed for Sex Steroid Course in Medical Herbalism; Botanical Training Phyllanthus/Hepatitis B Update; Flavonoids; Field Action; Echinacea Clinical Studies Reviewed; Anti for Retailers; HRF Produces Safety Review on Museum's Plant Models; Asia's Sacred Groves; HIV Update; Herbal High Products Get Media At Kava for AHPA; Phytomedicines Outperform Syn Amazing Amazon Medicines; Mexican-American tention; FDA Statement on Street Drugs Contain thetics/Enlarged Prostate; Lycopene in Tomatoes/ Herbal Remedies; Tibetan Medical Paintings; Pro ing Botanical Ephedra; Chief Two Moons Prostate Cancer; Citrus Pectin/Prostate Cancer; file of a Traditional Healer; and more. Meridas;Special Feature: Rediscovering Tea; Synergistic Action of Pygeum and Nettle Root/ #32- Fall1994. (80 pp.) Neem Fungicide; Chocolate; Past, Present, and Future; Market Re Prostate Disease; Andrographis vs. Common Cold; Aloe Vera/Mouth Ulcers; Kampo Medicines; Juni port-Survey Indicates Increasing Herb Use; Con Native Foods/Drugs of North America; Plants with per Berries/Diabetes; Pepper Compound/Liver Pro ference Reports--Gaia Herb Symposium, CRN's Antidiabetic Activity; Camptothecin and TaxoV tection; Cranberry/Urinary Infections; Limonene; Antioxidant Conference; and more. Natural Anti-Cancer Agents; FDA Publishes Pro Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act/ #38 - Fa111996. (80 pp.) Wilson Botanical posed Regulations/GMP/Dietary Supplements; 1994; N. American Herbal Regulation; Canadian Garden Hosts "Pharmacy from the Rainforest"; LAPD issues Kava Retraction; Plantain Adulter Advisory Committee on Herbs; Insect Bites/Lycium Satellites Monitor Continued Burning of Brazil's ated; CDSL Releases Draft; Herbal Monographs; Leaf; Review-"Introduction to Herbal Pharmacol Rainforests; Anticancer Effect of Zizyphus Extract; Special Supplement: St. John's Wort Monograph; ogy"; Poisoning by Gordolobo; Urine Tests for Milk Thistle Extracts Reduce Liver Damage from Linnaeus' Garden; Testing Botanicals; Market Re Drug Use; Passionflowers; and more. Psychotropic Drugs; Essential Oils for Headache ports; Book Excerpt- Plants, People, and Culture; #33 - Spring 1995. (80 pp.) Chamomile; Treatment; Antioxidant Protection from Echinacea; and more. Garlic/Cardiovascular Benefits Confirmed; Anti Licorice May Fight Lupus; Influenza Inhibition by #41 -Fall 1997. (72 pp.) Pharmacy on S!l oxidant Effects of Garlic; St. John's Wort Treats Elderberry Extract; Variability in Comfrey PACon fari; 1\mneric Patent Overturned; USP Adopts Gin Depression; Anti-emetic Compounds/Ginger and tent; Plant Patents; National College of ger Monograph; NIH Studies St. John's Wort; Fe Magnolia; "Common Sense" in Supplement Regu Phytotherapy Opens; FDA Has Adequate Power and verfew Trials; Ginkgo Biloba in Alzheimer's; Clini lation; AHPA/Chinese Patent Medicine Policy; Authority to Protect the Public from Unsafe Dietary cal Trial of Fenugreek; Citros Ineffective as Mos FDA/Herbal Industry; Pharmacy from the Supplements; FDA Hearing Portends Uncertain quito Repellent; lmmunomodulating Compounds/ Rainforest, Special Supplement; Plant Drugs, Heal Future for Mahuang; One River, Excerpts from the Traditional Chinese Herbs; Green and Black Teas ing Herbs, and Phytomedicinals; A Ribereiios Me book about ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes; Show Antioxidant Activity; Devil's Claw/Low dicinal Garden; Amazonian Trail of Useful Plants; Fragile Blooms from a Botanical Artist; Ginger as Back Pain; Indian Herb/Chronic Congestive Heart Drug Discovery and Commercial Opportunities in an Anti-nausea Remedy in Pregnancy; Cranberry; Failure; CDSL issues Final Report; When Will Medicinal Plants; Herbs and the Commodities Conference Reports-Monroe Wall Symposium, There Come a Savior?; FDA Proposes Health Market; and more. Plants for Food and Medicine; Market Report- Tra Claim/Psyllium; German Government Limits #34- Summer 1995. (80 pp.) Hawthorn for ditional Chinese Medicines, Natural Business Stock Ginkgolic Acid Levels in Ginkgo; Flora of Louisi Congestive Heart Failure; Melissa Relief for Her Index; and more. ana; Feature: Herbs and Healing on Nicaragua's At pes Sufferers; Saw Palmetto Extract/Treatment of #39- Spring 1997. (88 pp.) "fx": Chemi lantic Coast; Herbal Medicines Reduce Costs in BPH; Ginkgo Biloba Extract/Alzheimer's; FDA cally Adulterated Product Does Not Contain Kava; HMO; The Herbalist's UpS; Goldenseal in World Drops Import Alert on EPO; FDA Approves Taxol; Thyme, Herbalism Thrives in New Mexico; Phar Trade; Sandalwood Oil Crop Suffers; Market Re Canada Approves Ginkgo for Food Use; MaHuang macy Students Study in Belize Rainforest; Meta port, and more. Regulatory Dilemma; Ephedra/ Ephedrine/Caffeine analysis of Clinical Trials on St. John's Wort for Products; Jamaica Ginger Paralysis/1930s; Poison Depression; Bromelain and Musculoskeletal Inju Oak; Cures of the Copper Canyon; and more. ries; Antidiabetic Properties of Bitter Melon; Effi #35- Fall 1995. (80 pp.) Tea Tree Oil/Nail cacy and Tolerability of Kava in Anxiety; Anti-anxi Fungus; Alternative Cancer Therapy Follow-up; ety Effects of Chamomile Compounds; Benefits of Chinese Herbal Combination for Bronchiolotis; Grape Seed Extract; Licorice Extract and Glycyr Seepage4 Ginkgo Use for Tinnitus Questioned; Huperzia! rhizin Activity; Plant Patents; Herbal Petrol: A Hot for ordering Memory Improvement; Rural Mississippi Use of Item; Ma Huang Update; Commission on Dietary RAt P Plant Remedies; FDA lifts Import Alert on Stevia; Supplement Labels Debates Health Benefit Claims; EAPC Petitions for Valerian and Ginger OTC ; Report on the Conference of the Code Alimentarius, AHPA Rescinds Chaparral Ban: Ophthalmology's Special Review: Kava; Profile: Henry Hurd Rushy; For precise indexing Botanical Heritage; The Patenting of Neem; Phar Conference Report-European Phytomedicines; uuonnation,orderour macy from the Rainforest-Belize; Profile: Rosita Market Report; and more. Arvigo; Medicinal Plants of Shakespeare; CUMULATIVE INDEX, Smithsonian/ABC Sponsor Herbal Medicine Con see page 5. ference; and more. Herbal Educalion Catalog Credit cord ~olders order loll free 800/373-7105 Spring/Summer 1998 fox 511/331-1924, for queslions coll511/331-8868 see page 31 for order form e-mail: [email protected] Special Reports Kava.: An Overview KAVA' AN OVERVIEW BY YADHU N. SINGH, A La rahu Review of 1IA PH.~:);; AND MARK BLU ME NTHAL. PUBLISHED IN HEIU\AL0RAM No. 39'. BY R~BJRT L'. GUTMAN, PH.D., AND • 24-I'AGE, .:f'IIU.coLOR, EXTE NSIVELY BEUNG-Ho RYU, PH.D. REFERENCED LITERATURE REVIEW. P UBLI SHED IN H ERBAJ.011AM.tl0.37 EXPLORI!$:j:A'VA'S ORIGIN, BOTANY, AND • REVIEWS THE HISTOR'{, OTANY, CHEMISTRY, GEOGRAPI{tCAL DISTRIBUTION IN O~IA PHARMACOLOGY, A P._tf LTH BENEFITS OF • EXAMINESTR.E SOCIOLOGICAL AI'IO THE ACTIVE IN GREDIENTS IN TEA. CE REMON.JAI, ,Ali)J,E OF KAVGt:! INCLUDING • ~~ttJt~RY OF J>RODOCTI~N. AN.O CONSU MPTION ·ltGENDS (>F ~~~ORIGIN IN U.S. Affll '«?RLO ~~~~EtS '' • DESCRIBES THE CHEMISTR Y, o A !&<-PAG E R£V1EW INCLUDING FOUR-CO LOR PHARMACOLOGY, CLINICAL ASPECTS, PHOTOGRAPHY, A LISTING OF THE MOST AND EFFECTS OF THE ACTIVE 'NOTABLE TEAS, AND EXTENSIVE REFERENCES: CONST1Tl1£NTS IN KAVA. ITEM #5418 ~f!OM THE AMERICAN, HERBAL PHAR MACOPOE JA.h« I\1!D THERAPEUTIC Cq.l'!li'J:!'iDIUM . 3 2-PAG~, FOUJi~O(,O.R. s'fE~IAt ~u PPLE~EJt'f. 'tO · li!RWG~~. t~, 9.1, ,, BY CHRISTOPH ER HOBB S • +ui"MosT cd~PREH.E~i·Y:E ·~f/o UP-TO-DATE I FO RMATION ON. ST. ~;s WORT AVAILABLE PUBLISHED IN H ERBALGRAM No;$() ANYWHERE. • REFERENCED IN THE DIETARY • INDEPENDENT REV11ii,11f.OF ALL ASPECTS OF Tlitt S UPPLEM,ENT HEALTH AND EDU CATION THE RAP EUTI C USE; OF ST. JOHN 'S WORT. ACT Off••.f994 • A 16-~AGii REVTEW INCLUDl¥f • CRIT ICAL INFq~t.IAT I ON ON DOSAGES, SIDE F'OUR•CoLOR REPRESENTATIONS .Of EFFECTS , CON.TRAIN DI C~TlONS, Af'IQ Qil~."' INTERACTIONS, QUAL ITY cON·TROL AND MAN UF'AC-· A~ ' NINE SP ECIES. ~~lNG INCLUDI NG MACROS COPIC AND MICRO • OVER '2 0 6;i\tfiR£NcEs. ~COPIC DESCRIPTION AN D ANALYTICAL METHODS. • TABLI!&.Q¥Cti£MISTRY AND PHA RMA • REFERENCED WITH ffiM AR YLITERATURE AND COLOGY .o\9AJLABLE SEPARATELY. PEER-REVIEWED BY INTERNATI ONAL AUTHORITIES. 16-PAGE LITERATURE CHEMISTRY It P HARMACOLOGY TABLES REVIEW $250 ITEM #405-A ITEM #405-8 $2 50 Special Publications HERB SAFETY REVIEW: KAVA (PIPER METHYSTICUM) by Steven DentaL. 1997. Peer-reviewed ingredient safety report provides objecti~ information related to the safety of kava when used as a dietary supplement, and includes pharmacology, toxicology, identified actiV'e :\T\\'! con stituents, their mechanism of action, and known adverse eHects, plus botanical, h illtorical, and ethnographical descriptions. $59.96. Item #422 EAPC GI,..GER P ETITION European-Ame~oan Phytomedicines Coalition Citizen Petition to Amend FDA's Monograph on Antiemetic Drug Products for Over-the-Counter (OTC) Human Use to Include Ginger. 31-page petition includes bac~ground, ch emistry, toxicology, pharmacology, and efficacy of ginger with regard to motion sickness and nausea, and with proposed changes to federal zegulations. 1995. $10.00. Item #413 EAPC VALERIAN PETITION European-American Phytomedicines Coalition Citizen Petition to Amend FDA's Monograph on Night-time Sleep-aid Drug Products for Over-the-Counter (OTC) Human Use to Include Valerian. 24-page petition stating the effic.cy and oliilfety of valerian as a sleep aid and requesting its inclusion in the existing FDA monograph. 1994. $10.00. Item #412 EAPC P ETITION The complete text of the European-American Phytomedicines Coalition Petition to the US FDA. The petition requests inclusion of European OTC Phytomedicine~~ (herbal medicines} to the OTC Drug Review. $10.00. Item #404 EACHBP REPORT 36-page Second Report o/ the E"P"rt Advisory Committe~< (appointed by the Canadian government) on Herbs and Botanical Preparations. Includes I.L.#705 and l.L. #771. Deals primarily with safety concerns of medicinal plants. $10.00. Item #406 THE FARNSWORTH SYMPOSIUM Progres11 on Terrestrial and Marine Natural Products o/ MdiciruJI and Biological Interest, in honor of the 60th birthday of Professor Norman R. Farnsworth.Indudes 19 scientific papers,and 21 abstracts. $29.00 Item #402 P HARMACY FROM THE RAINFOREST A review of the 1994 ABC/ACEER sponsored ecotour to the Peruvian Amazon. Includes: Varro Tyler's keynote address, Kathy McKeown and Ian Hunter's d escription of a Ribereii.os medicinal garden, and Jay Hutchinson's narration of' the Amazonian trail. of useful plants. Beautiful color photography. $2.50. Item #409 PHYTOTHERAPY R ESEARCH COMPENDIUM By Donald Brown and Eric Yarnell. 24-page report produced by Natural Product Research Consultants offers summaries of key laboratory and clinical studies for ten phytomedicines: echinacea, evening primrose oil, hawthorn, garlic, ginkgo, milk thistle, St. John's Wort, saw palmetto, valerian, and vitex. $11.95 Item #418. Credit card holders order loll free BOo/373-71 05 Herbal tducalion Calaloq fax 512/331-1924, for queslions call512/331-8868 Spring/Summer 1998 e-mail: cusiserv@l,erbalgrom.org see page 31 for order form Exclusive Literatu e CAL \ THE EIGHT-PAGE BOOKLETS IN THIS SERIES HAVE REPRODUCTIONS OF EACH PLANT AND PROVIDE CONCISE, \ AUTHORITATIVE, AND ACCURATE INFORMATION ON MAJOR Echinacea MEDICINAL PLANTS. # 301 ECHINACEA # 307 CHAMOMILES # 302 , SIBERIAN GINSENG # 308 AMERICAN GINSENG \ # 303 ASIAN GINSENG # 309 GOLDENSEAL \ Allt2 # 304 GINKGO # 310 FEVERFEW # 305 MILK THISTLE # 311 GARLIC for only # 306 PEPPERMINT # 312 VALERIAN ITEM #300 NOTE! FULL SET INCLUDED IN CONSUMER HERBAL INFORMATION PACKET. BY STEVEN FOSTER -·- CONSUMER HERBAL INFORMA:riON PACKET NOW AVAILABLE! OUR THIRD PARTY LITERA TURE tlONSUM~ PACKAGE PRODUCED Bt THE AMERICAN BOTANICAtCQUNCIL. INCLUDES ALL 12 OF THE BOTANICAL''800KLET SERIES , iESEARCH REVIEW # 1: JiAWTHORN, MELISSA, ITEM #5400 $AW PALMETTO AND GINKGO; RESEARCH REVIEW #.2: GARLI C; ECHIMAC£A ftEVIEW; HERB AND HEALTK $~RiiS It: COMMON HERBS; KAVk AN OY.ERYJEW; ANO REDISCOVERING TEA . NATM AMmiCAN MIDIONAL PLANT Noii CARns #601 PURPLE CONEFLOWER #602 NARROW- LEAVED ECHINACEA 1603 AMERICAN GINSENG #604 GOLDENSEAL #605 PASSI ONFLOWER 1606 AMERICAN MAYAPPLE ITEM #600-C #607 BLOODROOT #608 PINK lADY'S SLIPPER TWELVE DESIGNER CARDS (2 OF EACH) #609 SAW PALMETTO FEATURING COLOR PHOTOGRAPH AND BRIEF WI TC H HAZEL #61 0 DESCRIPTION OF TRADITIONAL USE SET I - 2 EAC H OF: 601 , 602, 604, 606, 607, 608. $6. ITEM #600-A . #611 EVENING PRIMROSE BY BOTANIST STEVEN FOSTER. SET 2 • 2 EACH OF: 603,605,609, 61 0, 61 1, 612. $6. ITEM #600· 8 #612 BUTTERFLY WEED Herbal Ed ucalion Calaloq Cred it cord holders order loll free 800/373-7105 Spring/Summer 1998 27 fax 511/331-1 924, for queslions coll 511/331-8868 see page 31 for order form e-mai l: cusfserv@herba lgrom .org [SCOP MoNOGRAPIIS Prepared by the European Scientific ESCOP monog.raphs are publithed in loose-1811£ Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP) fonn, for insertion into a dedicated ring binder. They are available only in "fascicules" (volumes) a group of herbal experts from academia of 10 monographs each. ESCOP employs the and industry in the European Union. traditional pharmacopeial name of the herb as the These monographs contain indications, title of each monog.raph. contraindications, side effects, dosage, interactions, and many other important therapeutic parameters of 50 leading herbs phytomedicines in Europe. Well and PER FASCICULE FOR ALL FIVE FASCICULES referenced. A must for physicians, ITEM #421 pharmacists, naturopaths, herbalists, industry, researchers. FOR A COMPLETE LISTING OF MONOGRAPHED HERBS AND FASCICULE DIVISIONS, SEE PAGE 34 OF HERBALGRAM 140. Phar:macy Continuing Education 9 Popular ller~s MonograpJhs "ller~s anJ PhylomeJtdnes ! an educational overview of herbal medicine for the Pharmacist c:Sponsorecfby :Jhe 7/merican 2JolanicalGounc1 and 7.£e 7exas :?.harmaay !Joundalion NEW SERIES TAKEN FROM ABC'S CLASSIC BOTANICAL REPRINTS: MODULE I "OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND OF HERBS IN PHARMACY" ACPE# 188-154-95-090 [0. 2 CEUS] (ABC ITEM # 901) MODULE II "OVERVIEW OF THE ASSESSMENT, USES AND EFFICACY OF HERBS IN PHARMACY " ACPE# 188-154-95-093 [0.2 CEUs] ( ABC ITEM # 902) COURSE FO R P AR ACIS TS COVER ING 6 HERBS OPULA R MODULE Ill "OVERVI EW OF RAINFOREST RESEARCH ISSUES " S MARKET A 0 PH :RMACIES. INCLUDES ACPE# 188-154-95-094 [0. 15 CEUS] ( ABC ITEM # 903 E AND RELATED EACH MODULE COSTS $30 AND COMES WITH AN ANSWER SHEEt TO BE RETU RNED FOR PHARMACY CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDI T. UING ED UCA TI ON ORDER SETS NOW USING THE FOR M ON PAGE 31. - -- - s \\T sI 0 I )IlL "II I lm JMERIGAN Texas Pharmacy Foundation BoT,ANICAL The Texas Pharmacy Foundation is approved by the American Council on COJNCIL Pharmaceutical Education as a provider of continuing pharmaceutical education. Credit card holders order loll free 800/373-71 05 Herba l Ed ucolion Catalog fax 512/331-1924, frn' queslions ca ll 512/331-8868 28 S pring/Summer 1998 e-mail: cuslserv@herbo lgrom.org see page 31 fop order fopm 'Ihefimerican C/Jotanical Council, in conjunction with 'Ihe 'Texas cJ>harmacy Jtoundation and International expeditions, presents: A journey Deep into the Amazon Rainforest Our ethnobotanical adventure in the Peruvian Amazon Amazon begins as we land in the city of October 31 - November 7, 1998 lquitos, unofficial capitol of the Peruvian Extension to Andes/Machu Picchu Amazon region, just four degrees south of the equator. No roads or highways medicinal and ritual plants, carefully cul link lquitos to the outside world-the city tivated and maintained in the middle of is accessible only by air or water. From the rainforest. lquitos we travel by riverboat and spend After a hike through the rainforest the rest of our stay at Explorama Lodge, from Explornapo toACEER,ascend over Explornapo Camp, and the Amazon Cen I 00 feet into the tropical rainforest ter for Environmental Education & Re canopy, a realm of nature previously in search (ACEER). Experience the incred accessible to humans. Newly built is the ibly rich biodiversity and sensory plea extraordinary canopy walkway, the only sures of the tropical plants, beautiful one of its kind in the Western Hemi flowers, and exotic wildlife of the sphere. The walkway provides a unique rainforest. Visit the garden apothecary opportunity to experience firsthand the of local shaman Don Antonio Montero, breathtaking splendor of the rainforest who will take us on a guided tour of canopy ecosystems. Your trail from the Explornapo Camp to the ACEER. Photo© 1997 Ginger Hudson The coast of Belize Photo by Michael Karchesy, /995 workshop participant Mayan Medicine Adventure Explore the natural history of healing in Belize and Tikal (Guatemala) the magnificent rainforests, reefs, and February 21-28, 1999 ancient Maya ruins located in the beauti ful Caribbean coastal country of Belize. by participating in an exciting afternoon The diversity of its people, natural re of field collection of medicinal plants. sources, habitats, and archeological sites Finally, a special Medicine Woman Forum form the backdrop for this exciting ex will provide an opportunity for partici pedition experience. pants to interact with local midwives. The expedition highlights include At the coast, explore the largest a hike along the Mayan Medicine Trail with barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere Rosita Arvigo at lx Chel Tropical Plant and discover important research efforts Research Centre where we will learn coming from this underwater rainforest. about the medicinal plants and Mayan At Cockscomb Wildlife Basin, seek the "Rainforest Remedies" taught to her by elusive jaguar at the world's only jaguar the late great Mayan healer Don Eligio reserve. And discover the ancient heal Panti. Also, gain firsthand insight into the ing secrets of the Maya at Tikal, their initial step in plant-based drug discovery famous ceremonial site in Guatemala. Accredited workshops and field excursions, designed to foster an ap For further information about these exciting expeditions, preciation-for and an understanding of the importanc~ of medicinal plants, will be led at each location by prominent experts in the fields of please contact, or send your mailing address to: phytomedicine, pharmacognosy,ethnobotanical and ethnobiomedicinal Ginger Webb at The American Botanical Council research, including Marl< Blumenthal, Executive Director of the Ameri can Botanical Council, and james A. Duke, PhD, retired botanist from P.O. Box 20 1660, Austin, TX 78720 the USDA. These workshops can provide pharmacists with ACPE ap TEL: 512-331-8868 FAX: 512-331-1924 pnwed CE credits, and physicians with CME credits. [email protected] HePbal Educolion Cololoq CPedil co.d holdePs o.deP loll fpee 800/373-7105 SpPinq/SummeP 1998 .29 fox 512/331-1924, fop queslions coll512/331-8868 see poge 31 foP o.deP foPm e-moil: cuslserv®hePbalqPom.opq Gift Ideas K gift from the American Botanical Council would be a great way to show someone that you really care· about them. KIDZERBS, A KID'S THE LANGUAGE GARDEN KIT FOR · OF HERBS GROWING by Sheila Pickles. 1996. MEDICINAL PLANTS Alovely book about by Seno Cech. 1997. commonly grown herbs Written, illustrated, whkh presents historical designed anddevelope d FIELD GUIDE TO EDIBLE WILD points of interest gleaned from by 13-yeor-Qidsecond PLANTS/FIELD GUIDE TO old herbals os well as beautiful generation herbotlst Seno MEDICINAL WILD PLANTS illustrations. Scented with lavender and Cech, ond complete with 13 pockets of GIFT SET IN SLIPCASE contained in its own slipcase, a treat for the organically grown herb seeds from her own Keep them together on your shelf or use os collector or ideal for introducing a friend to o handy carrying case. See page 8 for garden. This is the perfect way to nurture herbs. Hardcover, 95 pp. $22.95. #G003 any child's curiosity about or love for descriptions of books. $34.95 #GOOS growing plants. Includes growing instructions, informationon medicinal uses of plants, and recipes. S14.95. #GOO 1 HERBALIST r ;'x: ONE DAY IN OF YARROW COLORING BOOK . .. -.,-.'.(,. .· I •.i / .. r :~.--~ · ' -~J THE TROPICAL by Shotoyo de Ia Tour. f· ...... OF THE MAYA RAIN FOREST 1994. Cleverly :··,,, .4 • •. • r RAIN FOREST by Jean Craighead introduces children to " Text by Dr. Rosita Arvigo, George. 1990.A herbs and their healing properties illustrations by Tessa timely overview of through owonderfully engaging tole ' Fairweather. 1992. Written in the rainforest's vital role in with lovely color illustrations. both English and Spanish, this the earth's ecology, told from the point of view Includes recipes for teas, herbal book is a delightful way to learn about the of Tepui, on indigenous Venezuelan boy. Great baths and other healing remedies. useful plants and trees growing in tropical way to introduce children to the flora and fauna Hardcover, 77 pp. $15.95. #G002 areas. locludes space to enter other of the tropical rainforest. Recommended for medicinal plants you find and where found, ages 9-12 but appeals to o much brooder and items you find that ore mode of ~ont range. Hardcover, 56 pp. $14.95. #G004 material. $6. #6006 BROTHER CADFAEL'S HERB GARDEN THE CLASSIC HERB COOKBOOK FS~~~ by Rob Talbot and Robin Whiteman. 1997. Beautifully by Jill Norman. 1997. Recipes for more than 100 ,J~:~-..; ~~':!~':Q.!. illustrated recreation of the garden of Ellis Peters' famous mouthwotering dishes. Easy-to-follow format with fulkolor i .-_--=--:c..:·--.-·"' fictional monk/herbalist/sleuth. Discusses all the plants photographs of the finished product, as well as the necessary mentioned in The Brother Cadfael Chronicles, and explains ingredients. Catolog of herbs illustrates varieties with nates their uses in medieval times, as well os tracing oyear in on their properties and possible uses. Hardcover, 144 pp. Codfoel's life as a healer. 144 color illustrations. Hardcover, $24.95. #6008 200 pp. $29.95. #~07 ~ Gtj CerHficale! •• • for the person who is hard to buy for, a Gift Certific I . ~d us the name~ address and phone number of the recipient along- with a. check or .l\."la.$terCard Ot Visa number for the amount.,£ the. gift to the address Qta the foJl~~-pa,e, and e'U do the rest. We will send them a lovely~ with any message you spe~· c:tlo~ g wi~h the gi certificate, and they can use it fof anythin~ in mrr cata og. C red it card holde rs order loll free 800/373-71 05 Herbal fduca fion C atalog fax 512/331-1 924, for queslions call 512/331-8868 S pring/Summer 1998 e-mail: [email protected]"'l see poqe 3 1 for order form Q: Can I get review copies ol your boolcs? Frequently k No. We ore not the publisher of the books we offer, so we ore not able to provide review copies. ·Asked Ou...._... estions 0: How IOflg will it talce lor me to get my order? k In most cases, orders shipped within the confinentof United Stotes toke 2-3 weeks. Q: Wily Jon't I get., order irt 2 Jays wiHNr I onler It 2nJ Day Air? However, since we ore a small nonprofit organization, we sometimes get bocklogged, so it A: 2nd Day Air only refers to the shipping time. It still tokes us as long os a week (~we're not could possib~ toke as long as 6-8 weeks to get your order. Foreign orders toke longer than running behind} to process your order. If you need your order in a hurry, ~ease stole that it is o domestic, especially ~ there ore books involved that we ordinarily hove shipped direct from RUSH order and we will process it right away. There is o$20 charge for rush orders. the publisher. Please be assured that we process your order as quick~ as we con. 0: Wltetll try to access yOflf' web site, wiry do some locations say tiley cannot be l011nd? k Common reasons for not being able to access a "page• ore poor phone connections ond heavy traffic on a server. Aserver is o computer that houses web sites and dolo. If too many people ore accessing at a given time, the server will not be able to handle all the traffic. Please continue to try accessing at different times of the day or night. Order/Donation Form Support the important educational and research work of the American Botanical Council Please consider making a tax deductible gift along with your order. We need your help to continue our exciting projects and activities. Please check the appropriate gift: $50 $100 $250 $500 other amount ~S ______charge to my Visa/Mastercard __ additional check enclosed for donation !Use form below for occount number} __ donation included in order payment As a special way of saying thank you to our individual donors, we offer the following premiums. If you wish to receive a premium with your gift, ~ check the appropriate box. (for tax deduction purposes, subtract the fair market value of the premium from your gift.) __ for a gift of $50, Herba/Gram sample sent to the person of your choice lStJ .AMfRJUN __ for a gift of Sl 00, both sets of Native American Medicinal Plant Note Cords P:oTfoNICAl __ for a gift of $250, a full4-issue Herba/Gram subscription COJNCIL QTY Item(s) # Description Price Total Credit Card holders call toll free: 800/373·7105 24 hrs/day FAX this form: S12/331·1924 EMail: custserv@ herbalgram.org Payment: 0 I enclose my check or money order (US funds only, must be drawn on a U.S. bank) 0 Visa 0 MCard Expiration date ------______Account# Texas residents only add 8.25% Sales tax SHIPPING ADDRESS (please: NO P.O. Boxes and include name & country) (Subscriptions include shipping and handling) Shipping Please add $20 for rush orders name TOTAL NEW Shipping rates company profession United Mexico US only Other Sales Talrll Slrltes Canada 2nd Day Europe Foreign phone fax $9-15 4.00 6.00 9.50 10.00 15.00 No 16-20 5.50 8.00 15.00 address 12.50 22.00 PO 21-30 7.00 10.00 16.00 20.00 29.00 city state zip 31-60 8.50 12.00 20.00 25.00 36.00 Boxes 61-100 10.00 15.00 25.00 30.00 42.00 Please country email 101-200 11.50 18.00 30.00 35.00 49.00 201-300 13.00 22.00 35.00 40.00 56.00 Moke checks payable to the American Botonicol Council, 301-400 14.50 25.00 40.00 45.00 63.00 P.O. Box 201660, Austin, TX 7872().1660. Phone 517/331 -8868. 401-500 16.00 28.00 45.00 50.00 70.00 Murch 1998 price list. Prices su~ed to change. HEC.9 Coli for shipping charges on orders over $500.00 Herbal Education Catalog Credit cord ~olders order loll fret? 800/373-7105 Sprinq/Summer 1998 fax 51.2/33 1-1924, for queslions call51.2/331-8868 see page 31 for order form .31 e-mail: cuslserv@~erbolgram.o rq llbRRAl KNOWLbDGb Make These Titles Part of Your Library! ToP 1o Sn L£Rs September through November 1997-Previous standing shown in () 1. German Commission E Monographs: 6. Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health: Blumenthal, Goldberg, Gruenwald, Hall, Riggins Brown (5) and Rister, eds., Klein and Rister, trans. (1) 7. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Health..:Care 2. Herbs of Choice: Tyler (3) Professionals: Newall, Anderson and 3. Herbal Medicine: Weiss (8) tied with Phillipson (4) 3. Herbs for Your Health: Foster (new listing) 8. Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses: Bown (2) 4. Botanical Safety Handbook: McGuffin, Hobbs, 9. The Honest Herbal: Tyler (10) Upton and Goldberg (new listing) 10. Cancer and Natural Medicine: Boik (back after a 5. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: Bertram (6) short absence) able from this cat F=====! American Botanical Council P.O. Box 201 660 U.S. Postage Austin, TX 78720-1660 Paid 51 2/331-8868 Non-Profit Org. Permit No. 1330 Austin, Texas ~ERIC.foN 130TfoNICAL COJNCIL CALENDAR August 2-7: ·XXV International Horticultural agricultural crop. Contact North American Gin October 15-16: Phytomedicine and Consumer Congress, Brussels, Belgium. Scientists will ad seng Association, P.O. Box 127, Roxbury, NY Protection: 5th International ESCOP Sympo dress state of the art horticultural research. Con 12474. Ph: 607/326-3234. Fax: 607/432-3293. sium, London. The symposium will discuss, in tact H. Wilcox, Secretary 25th IHC, c/o Ministry the context of consumer education, the growing of SME and Agriculture, Bolwerklaan 21, 15th September 13-16: Biologically Active Polysac use of herbs or phytomedicines across Europe and Floor, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium. Fax: 32 2 206 charides, Oslo, Norway. Role of polysaccharides their legal status as medicinal products. Speak 7209. Email <[email protected]>. Website in plants, pathology, pharmacology, and more. ers will address current progress in establishing • A listing in this classified section does not constitute any endorsement or approval by Herba/Gram, the America n Botan ical Council, the Herb Research Foundation , or the HRF Professional Advisory Board. Herba/Gram Classified ad rates: $ 1.25 per word; $35 minimum . Contact Margaret Wright, P.O. Box 20 1660, Austi n, TX 78720. 512/33 1-8868. Fax 51 2/331-1924. CORRESPONDENCE COURSES spirit and workshops for all levels on Herbalism Aromatherapy Studies Course/Jeanne Rose. AND SEMINARS & Women's Health. Held at a beautiful retreat Correspondence, certification, in-person center in southern New Hampshire. $245 includes intensives. 160 CEU provided, California Board 11th Annual Women's Herbal Conference - Join workshops, herb walks, meals, camping, and en of RN Provider #CEP 11659. Info: 219 Carl St., Dr. Rosita Arvigo, Juliette deBairacli Levy, tertainment. Cabins are $35. $200 before May San Francisco, CA 94117 or FAX 415/564-6799. Amanda McQuade Crawford, Kathi Keville, Gail 15. Write: Women's Herbal Conference, c/o Katie Ulrich, Rosemary Gladstar, and 20 leading women Pickens, P.O. Box 3000, Wolcott, VT 05680 or herbalists for a wonderful weekend of woman- call 802/888-3736. HERBALGRAM No. 42 • 77 The Business ofH erbs-Comprehensive report Edition, and The Aromatherapy Records. For in OTHER ing, business news, marketing hints, sources, and formation, including a complimentary issue: 800/ resources. Subscription $24/yr. Brochure/SASE 809-9850, Fax 800/809-9808. Discover Mushrooms - Windows-based program from Northwind Publications, 439 Ponderosa to identify mushrooms to the species level. Over Way, Jemez Springs, NM 87025. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants I ,000 species in database. $69 includes shipping. A comprehensive quarterly forum filled with re Charles Samuels, 7805 Linda Lane, Anchorage, HerbalGram - Quarterly journal published by cent research and valuable information about AK 99518. E-mail