SOUTHERN/ AFRIA A Monthly Survey of News and Opinion

Published by the Southern Africa Committee of the University Christian Movement, Room 758, 475 Riverside Dr., New York, N.Y. 10027 Vol. II, No. 3 March 1969

CONTENTS: PAGE NO.

1. EDITORIAL - 'Whly Do We Remember" 2

2. INSIDE SOUTH AFRICA 2 Limehill Rhymes With Sharpeville 2 Opposition in South Africa? 2 Apartheid Incidents and U.S. Visitors 3 U.S. Aircraft and South African Defense Plans 3

3. INSIDE RHESIA 4 Ian Smith Unveils Proposed RHodesian Charter 4 Relations With South Africa 4 Was Sithole Framed? 5 With ZAFU-ANC in Zimbabwe 5

4. U.S. ECONOMIC RELATIONS TO SOUTH AFRICA 5 Sweet-Talking 5 Black Americans Not Welcome 6 Businessman's Paradise 6 Dr. Diederichs Looks for Loans 7 3M 7 Super Dam 7 Why do Tourists go to South Africa? 7

5. EDUARDO C. MONDLANE 1920-1969, by Edward A. Hawley 8 (from Christianity and Crisis, March 17, 1969) WHY DO WE REMMER? WITORIAL

On March 21st, 1960, in response to a Pan Africanist Congress call, Africans gathered outside the police station at Sharpeville, a town about thirty miles south of Johannes burg, the gold mining center of South Africa. They came there to protest the ignominous pass laws which brand black South Africans as so many cattle.

At 1:40 p.m. seventy-five policemen emerged and fired about 700 shots into the crowd, killing 69 Africans and wounding over 180. Most of them fell with bullets in the back. The gory pictures of the massacre splashed around the world. A wave of horror and fear followed. Investors withdrew their funds. For a fleeting moment it seemed that white supremacy would fall.

Apartheid survived. The money returned, the black politicians went to gaol and the government settled more securely and ruthlessly in power. There had been bigger mas sacres. But this one caught the imagination. Africa burst into the world in 1960. A host of countries became independent. A fever of change rippled through the continent. The pillars of empires fell. Anything could happen. It was Africa's year. Sharpeville came at a time flushed with revolution. Who could forget?

Nine years have passed, and illusory optimism has faded. Sharpeville must be remem bered, for it marks the time when South Africa lost its fragile hope of a peaceful revo lution and turn ed onto a road to a violent civil war. Those 69 may have been the first to fall. The monuments of the future will bear their names.

INSIDE SOUTH AFRICA Sash and certain clergymen. (Johannes burg star Feb. 8, 1969) overnment IfLimehill Rhymes With Sarpeville" spokesmen choose to see a problem involv The resettlement area for Africans at ing the movement of some 5,000 people, an Limehill continues to receive attention. musual number of deaths, the outbreak of Members of the opposition discussed the sit typhoid, and general poverty as a propa uation there and criticized the goverment ganda trick, as being created by the oppo during the No-Confidence Debate in the House sition.* of Assembly. The Government's reply to its critics is indicative of the outlook of the Opposition in South Africa? rulers of South Africa. Accusing those who South Africa is not a one-party state. have raised the issue of *playing at poli The Nationalist Party has been in power tics and playing dirty", Mr. V. A. Volker, since 1948 , but there is still an official Nationalist MP, made the following charges: opposition, the United Party. The No "The outcry about conditions at Limehill had Confidence Debate at the opening of Par come in the same spirit as the protests made liament gave the United Party an opportu by Bishop Reeves, Father Huddleston and Canon nity to express its position. A brief Collins during the implementation of other study of that position illustrates wII resettlement schemes. The whole outcry had the scope of political debate in South Af been for propaganda purposes here and over rica. seas. Was it not possible that the name Lime In contrast to apartheid or separate hill had been selected because it rolled off development, the United Party calls for a the tongue much easier than did Vergelegen or federal state. Sir de Villiers araff, Uitval, especially overseas? 'Limehill, after leader of the party, spelled out what that all, rhumes with Sharpeville. This was a per means: "Our goal is a state in which each petrated trick."' This same approach to the racial community or group will control mat problem was taken by the Deputy Minister of ters intimately concerning itself to the Bantu Development, Mr. A. H. Vosloo. He full extent which will be consistent with blamed the entire "scandal" on certain members its stability and welfare of the hole of the opposition in Parliament, certain Eng- ISee also the January, p. 12 and February, i lish-language newspapers, members of the Black I. 8, issues of this newsletter re Limehilli state and each of the other communities. Apartheid Incidents and U.S. Visitors I want to emphasize that as far as we can The United States luxury liner is visiting see ahead, peace and the necessary pro Cape Town, South Africa. An official in the gress of all our people can only be ac Railways and Harbours Administration of the hieved by maintaining the leadership and S.A. government sent a directive to his em political control of the White people. I ployees asking that they use "tact and dip know that I shall be told that this means lomacy" in applying apartheid to the American that there will be equality between the ship's non-white crew and passengers. The various groups which form the federal white railway staff rose up against the order State. Of course there will not be..." and the government department quickly with Under the Federal plan, the position of drew it. In the words of one ticket collec the African would be that he would have tor, "They wanted us to suspend for a few days separate voting rights; he would select 8 a policy which we have fought for for years, White representatives to the House of As just for the sake of a few Negroes on the sembly and six to the Senate. He would liner" (Daily Telegraph, Feb. 11, 1969). also enjoy a high-level of self-adminis Nixon's press officer, Robert J. McCloskey, tration in the reserves. Sir de Villiers when asked about the incident at a recent also pointed out that this structure would press conference, gave a predictable reply: not be subject to sudden change. "...we "The U.S. policy opposing apartheid remains guarantee that no change will be made in unchanged" .. but Americans visiting South the parliamentary representation of the Africa "subject themselves to the laws of Bantu and the other non-White races or that country, including apartheid" (Cape communities without the approval of the Times, Feb. 11, 1969). McCloskey was quick White electorate specifically obtained at to add that U.S. navy vessels do not call at a general election or at a referendum." South African ports except in emergency (Johannesburg Star, Feb. 8, 1969) situations. The fundamental question for both the Nationalist Party and the official oppo U.S. Aircraft and South African Defense Plans sition is how to maintain the position of It appears that in 1966 when the French aviation company, Marcel Dassault, wanted to the white0 The Opposition does not argue that apartheid is unjust, depriving Afri sell fan jet Falcons (Mystere 20's) to the cans of their rights. Rather, they argue South African Air Force, the United States that apartheid will lead to a situation embargoed the sales because Falcon engines that the white government cannot control. are produced by General Electric. Now three Thus the only way to maintain "the secu years later the French have begun demonstra rity of the Republic" is to opt for a tion flights of the fan jet in Johannesburg Federal plan. The official opposition and have even made several flights for South quite plainly does not in any way offer a African Airways. The French company insists viable alternative for the majority of that the plane is geared to a "purely commer the people of South Africa. cial market" and has no military purpose. It is not clear whether or not this year's French CHILD LABOUR sale has been cleared by the State Department, The Zimbabwe News reports on plans but from past sales of Boeing aircraft to being drawn up by the Ministers of South African Airways, it is reasonable to Education and Labour to legalise the believe that Marcel Dassault has received a drafting by white cotton plantation State Department go ahead. It is obvious owners, of black school children. that the effect of U.S. aircraft and parts The plans envisage an extension of sales to South Africa via South African Air ways is a continual abrogation of the beloved the present 1 month school holiday American arms embargo of South Africa. to 3 months during the winter (June to August). It is at this time that (Daily Telegraph, Feb. 10, 1969) the cotton is ready for harvesting, FRELIl4O STATEMENT: "Our pledge is only and this plan will make the children one: to carry on the fight for freedom readily available to work on it and independence of Mozambique, thus vin the estimated weekly payment to be dicating the cause for which our great per child. 55 ngwee (pennies) President died." (Uria T. Simango, The plan is expected to become law President pro tem of FRELIMO, Feb. 7,1969) this ear. ....1 ...13 U ',A,EM ...... ! ; INSIDE RHODESIA of these elected by non-blacks. Of the remaining 16 seats, 8 would be elected by Ian Smith Unveils Proposed Rhodesian voters on the African roll, and 8 would be Charter held by blacks elected by an electoral col Ian Smith has remarked that "if the lege consisting of Chiefs, headmen and British Government goes on being obdurate representatives of African councils. over coming towards us in any way, then It is noted that black representation there is the second road...our own con- would not be limited to 16, but would be stitution." determined by contributions to the National A "leader" in the London Times (2-3-69) treasury. As black contributions as a points out that this "second road" is what whole increased, seats alloted to them con many British MP' s fear will, by cutting ceivably could be increased until there the last ties with the legal 1961 consti- were 50. Thus the new constitution appears tution, finally make negotiation impos- to insure that there will never be black sible. However, it points out too, that majority rule in Rhodesia. With these pro the new constitution appears to have in it posals however, the New York Times suggests all the elements of apartheid, but does that Smith hopes to placate the British suf not institutionalize them. It would be ficiently for them to be prepared for further possible for Smith, if rebuffed by Mr. negotiations. Wilson in new talks, to enact the consti tution and then wait hopefully for a Con- Relations With South Africa servative government to ask him to amend it Reports indicate that the solid South in such a way simply to exclude full apart- African backing of Rhodesia continues. Ex heid - in exchange for lifting sanctions. ports to South Africa are of key importance, For such a long haul, he would have to have because S.A. is in some measure substituting the continued backing of South Africa. Rhodesian for South African production (meat, The New York Times (2/25/69) meanwhile maize, light consumer goods, asbestos) and has given details of Smith's proposed new then exporting the latter. Despite this, constitution which they point out racially there was a small adverse balance on Rhode segregates the electorate, and is designed sian payments last year, and tobacco sport to insure that there will never be black payments to farmers is becoming very infla African majority rule in Rhodesia. In tionary. Nobody knows if the Rhodesian pound Smith's words, the new constitution would is really worth R2 on a free market, but entrench the Government "in the hands of clearly a financial crisis, even financial civilized Rhodesians for all time." A re- pressure from Pretoria, would profoundly af ferendum is scheduled to be held in May to fect Smith's freedom of choice. test the proposal. South Africa, the Londcn Times of 2-3-69 Under this constitution the blacks would womments, would certainly be in favor of a hold about the same number of seats as they quick deal on the Fearless proposals, which do now, with the prospect, though restrict- in the Pretoria view (in the light of South ed, of increasing this number. It provides African experience) would leave white rle for a multiracial parliament - with separ= ate electoral rolls for blacks and non- DOCTORS NEEDED: blacks--and for separate provincial parlia- While there is a general shortage of ments for blacks and non-blacks, doctors for all people in South Africa, The proposals call for an abolition of the situation is much more critical the two present "A" and "B" rolls which are for Africans than for whites. 6,000 based on income and means and are open to doctors are needed to serve the 13 mil all races, though by virtue of qualifica- lion blacks. However, only one medical tions, whites are the majority on the "A" school exists for Africans and it gra roll (which elects 50 members of the pre- duates only 20 doctors a year. (New sent parliament) and the "B" roll (which York Times, 2-19-69) elects 15). Under the new proposals, voters __...... __ would be separated into two rolls, one would intact for long enough to meet its current include whites, coloreds and Asians; the planning for the white man's survival in other would be only for blacks. The central southern Africa and would free South Africa's parliament would consist of 66 members, 50 hands for other purposes (it would be easier to defend Rhodesia against terrorists if is unlikely that the writer of the letter it were legally independent. At present to a friend possessing such marked normal the drain on South African police power characteristics should suddenly abandon is embarrassing.) Mr. Smith's and the them and write in a totally different man Rhodesian Front extremists' intransigence ner, but, if some unusual circumstances is not welcome in Pretoria. But it seems should have forced him to attempt this... that Smith has cards to play in South Af then it is unusual for a person to produce rica itself. For if he leaked out that writing so consistently different without pressure was being brought on him to "sur s metimes betraying signs of his own na render", there would be a ready-made case taral characteristics. On the whole the for Vorster's verkrampters (to the right writing in the assassination letter has of Vorster) opponents to exploit. definite characteristics of its own...and The "'verkramptes" care little for the appears to be the natural unforced produc Rhodesians, but this stick could be use tion of the writer." Pendennis concludes ful for them to beat Vorster's "outward that on the evidence of their forensic ex policy" with. As the New York Times points pert there must be considerable doubt that out, this situation will not last, but un Sithole should now be doing six yearst hard less trouble is brewing far beneath the labor on evidence of a letter that reads surface it seems that in the immediate fu like the fantasy of a child who has seen ture, Smith's position both at home and in too many T.V. movies. South Africa looks relatively solid. WITH ZAPU-A1C IN ZIMBA1BWE Was Sithole Framed? Russell Warren Howe, qecial corres The Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole, the h8-year pondent of the Christian Science Mon old President of the banned Zimbabwe Afri itor, in an article in the Monitor of can National Union (ZANU) was sentenced to March 8, reports briefly on a visit six years hard labor on February 12 on a inside Zimbabwe with the guerrillas. charge of plotting to kill Ian Smith and He reports that the guerrillas now two other Rhodesian rebel ministers. Un face 2,700 South African troops as der the heading "Was Sithole Framed?", well as 3,600 Rhodesians, but that Pendennis of the London Observer (3-2-69) the operations in three distinct strongly suggests that Sithole, as he had areas (northern, western, and cen claimed all along, was wrongly accused. tral) have not been diminished. He According to the Prosecution, Sithole (a accompanied a unit of guerrillas led highly educated man) wrote a letter from by the Algeria-trained officer who prison (where he had been held without commanded the "Wankie raid" in 1967, trial for three years) instructing a friend when the guerrillas carried on a to hire three killers to assassinate Smith. battle of several days against Rhode The letter contains phrases like: "I will sian and South African troops. He make sure that your reward is big all your notes that the local population seems life" and "Don't discuss with Dr. M. about prepared to risk more support for the this serious plan." Evidence of Sithole's guerrillas, although the Zambezi River handwriting was therefore crucial to the still poses problems in infiltration. case. Ronald Blacknore, an ex-chief in spector of the British South Africa Police, who appeared for the Prosecution, said: "It U.S. ECONOMIC RELATIONS TO SOUTH is my opiniol that it would be impossible for someone else to have written the letter." "Sweet Talking' The far more famous and experienced forensic To focus attention exclusively on expert engaged by the Defence was never the giants of American industry and their called to give evidence. penetration of Souther Africa economies is Pendennis called in a forensic scientist to miss the persistent, snow-balling inroads to compare the assassination letter with two made by American businessmen through small letters which Sithole wrote to a friend in firms. Take Albert Tandy, for example, a England. In his report he stated that "It Los Angeles "candy king" (South Africa D s Nov. 15, 1968). He has been teach igThusewives the art of candy manufactur South Africa's Fifth Province ing in the home, a harmless pastime on the On April 1, South Africa will take surface. But he is really "sweet-" talking unto herself a virtual fifth province, the wives into an interest in manufacturing South West Africa (Namibia). On this and consuming candy, a "need" his son Ed day the autonomy that South West Af ward will satisfy next year when he comes rica had through its Legislative As to South Africa "to supply the machinery sembly since it became a South Afri and equipment to his father's clients," i.e. can mandate in 1919 (including finan the housewives whom he has encouraged to cial autonomy, full control over mining, start their own small candy manufacturing agriculture, fishing, posts and tele business. graphs and many other departments which in South Africa are administered by the Black Americans Not Welcome central government) will came to an end. It may be that bon-bons, using the exten The Legislative Assembly ill be re sive supply of South African sugar, will duced to the level of a South African make their way to the U.S.A. via a newly Provincial Council. instigated weekly flight between New York According to the Johannesburg Star and Johannesburg via Rio de Janeiro (South (3/1/69) many whites have privately Africa Digest, Nov. 22, 1968). South Afri expressed misgivings. However, the can Airways received clearances from both 75,000 whites were not consulted. the Civil Aereonautics Board and the Execu The decision was made in the South Af tive Branch of the federal goverment dur rican Parliament and the bill will be ing the Johnson administration. Since it is come law on April 1st. Needless to say doubtful black Americans will be welcomed the opinion of the black majority to make the trip to South Africa despite the would not be considered. fact that magazine advertising encourages all Americans to come aboard, the U.S. gov Businessman's Paradise ernment has in fact sanctioned an extension A survey was recently conducted on of apartheid outside South Africa's terri U.S. and Canadian business attitudes torial limits. This point was underscored toward South Africa (ashington Post, in a demonstration at Kennedy International Dec. 29, 1968). From 65 replies to 254 Airport (New York) upon the arrival of the questionnaires, it was learned that 92% "maiden flight" on February 23. The Ameri felt that South Africa is "not really can Committee on Africa, supported by the subject to serious jeopardy due to racial Southern Africa Committee, will be in touch or economic unrest in the foreseeable with future events related to these flights. future." 55% agreed profit opportunities Readers are encouraged to contact the Ameri were better than in most developed nations. can Comrfittee on Africa in New York, and al 81% said apartheid was "at least an attempt so to oppose this government sanctioned at to develop a solution." tempt to bolster the South African economy Trade figures released by the U.N. with American tourist dollars. underscore these businessmen's attitudes. U.S. exports to South Africa last year were MARCH 19, 1969 - BRITISH PARATROOPERS valued at $426 million, an increase of $26 LAND IN ANGUILLA AND END THE ISLAND'S million over 1966. Earnings by American ATTEMPT AT U.D.I. The Rhodesian investors total some $100 million, with whites, however, are still going stro total U.S. investment set at $750 million, - since 1965. Could the different re according to the Washington Post story. action by the British have something (By the way, each year longish stories to do with the Skin color of the re regularly appear in major newspapers about spective rebels? U.S. investments in South Africa. While (Anguilla formed part of the associated refraining from accusations, this form of state of St. Kitts, Nevis, and Anguilla "news" story became the lively subject of when it was formed in 1967. Britain, a Senate Foreign Relations inquiry showing which retained responsibility for the connections between foreign lobbyists and "foreign relations" of the associated American journalists in the early 1960's.) state, has re-established direct ad The article states: "Few newly arrived ministration. The population of An Americans have difficulty getting settled. guilla is almost a_ b There is no language barrier, the climate is excellent, black servants are plentiful of such dams for the same purpose. (South and cheap.., virtually all the consumer African Scope, Jan. 1969) Engelhard re goods sold in America are available here cently made a gift of $1.25 million to (Johannesburg)." There are currently 6,000 Rutgers University's Graduate School of Americans living in South Africa, most of Business Administration for its $5 million them businessmen and their dependents. expansion drive (New York Times, 1/22/69). The gift was intended to show "how much Dr. Diederichs Looks for Loans Newark has meant to my family and me..., as In a story released by the London Times well as the Engelhard corporation." (2/1/69) it was reported that South Africa's Finance Minister, Dr. Diederichs, had held Why Do Tourists Go To South Africa? top-level discussions in London with U.S. The New York Times recently gave a long financiers close to the Nixon administra list of reasons as to why South Africa was tion. The American Embassy denied the re the country in Africa with the most "drawing port. Diederichs, however, was in the pro power." Reporter Peter Hawthorne writes, cess of negotiating a loan from West Ger "The face of South Africa is rapidly chang many's largest private bank, the Deutsche ing, for the tools of industrial development Bank. A loan of 60 million Swiss francs has and the concrete and steel of 20th century already been successfully negotiated in progress are leaving an impressive path Zurich in October, but was only announced across the veld... It is this blend of breath in early February. While in London Diede less industrial pace, and beyond it, an Af richs conversed with representatives of the rica untouched, that gives South Africa much Bank of England. The need to raise curren of its drawing power for tourists. The chal cy in Europe has been caused by the January lenge in South Af rica's rapid development is 22 announcement by Secretary of the Trea to build the new without affecting the old, to sury, David Kennedy (formerly of Continent preserve the old and unspoiled heritage of al Illinois Bank, one of the 10-member con Africa while amalgamating the clamor for the sortium whose $40 million revolving credit new." arrangement has been the subject of exten Indeed a tourist in South Africa can see sive controversy. As this goes to press, "something different' than what he can see the board of trustees of Princeton Universi in Europe, yet he can enjoy the comforts of ty are deciding the fate of its deposits in home and the security of the English language, that bank.) that the price of gold would re while experiencing the African culture--"in main at $35 per ounce. the game parks, excellent rondavel (round thatched hut) accommodations are available 3 M for only a few dollars." Bert S. Cross called it "fantastic pro Mr. Hawthorne sees only one problem with gress" as he opened the new multi-million South Africa, and that is its Sundays. "Sun dollar Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing day is South Africab dull day, by tradition complex at Elandsfontein near Johannesburg and legislation. Movie houses and public (South Africa Digest, 12/20/68). The 3M bars are closed, and various local by-laws company was a one-room operation ten years prohibit certain types of entertainment. Many ago, but now it employs 500 on a 42-acre travel agents here maintain that if South Af site. rican Sundays were enlivened, its tourist ap peal would be enhanced." "Super Dam' COME TO SUNNY SOUTH AFRICA! However, please No newsletter would be complete without be aware of our police state... Mr. Hawthorne a story on Charles Engelhard. Although he continued: "South Africa's official policy of has poured his energy and millions into racial separation is clearly posted for all South Africa, he seems only to be worth visitors to see. It should be noted that this $168,000 in the "living monument" category. policy is enforced strictly, and so it is a That is the cost of the Engelhard Dam re good idea for prospective visitors to first cently opened in Kruger National Park. acquaint themselves with some of the basic Called a "super dam", it is designed to rules and regulations of the South African store water for dry periods in the park, way of life." The article dispels any fears and will eventually become one of a chain of getting a visa, provided ...... "visas for bona fide visitors are given almost auto Move Against "Petty Apartheid"??? matically." (New York Times, Resort Sec The Rand Daily Mail reports that the tion, March 2, 1969) It would have been Department of Public Works has announced a more honest to simply state that non-whites decision to change the wording of the 'Whites (if they did manage to get a visa) would be Only" signs over all separate entrances and treated like a non-white South African, counters in South Africa's State Buildings. subject to innumerable discriminatory re With the increased number of tourists and gulations concerning such South African in diplomatic officials it was undoubtedly felt novations as the pass laws. The non-white that the more neutral wording "whites" with American would have to prove his right to out the "only" attached was more acceptable. be in any place at any time, watch for signs (New York Times, 2/16/69) and symbols of separate facilities in every part of his travels from restaurants, rail ORISOTHERN AFRIC& OPEN ways, taxis to hotels, post-offices and FOR PUBLIC REGISTER beaches, and if caught violating any parti On March 21, the ninth anniversary of cular regulation would be liable to fines the Sharpeville massacre and del gnated and/or imprisonment. by the United Nations as International Day for the Elimination of Racial Dis Increase in Imnigration crimination, a public register for con The total number of immigrants increased tributions will be opened at the U.N. during 1968. The total in 1967 was 3,259; for "the victims of the policies of in 1968 it was 3,870. apartheid and racism in South Africa-" Where did they come from? United King The register will be open for one week dom - 1,690; Germany - 374; Italy - 159; in the General Assembly Building, and Greece - 125; Netherlands - 103. funds will go to the U.N. Trust Fund Visitors to South Africa during 1968 for South Africa and the U.N. Educa totalled 22,523. Those who came on vaca tional and Training Program (for South tion numbered 17,631; those who came for Africa, Namibia, Southern Rhodesia and business reasons were 3,567; and for study the Territories under Portuguese ad pirposes, 1,326. ministration.) If one cannot be at South Africans who left for visits abroad the U.N. during the week of March 21 numbered 19,776 (16,148 for vacations; 3,548 to make a contribution, send your for business; 80 for study). (South African check by mail to the Treasurer of the Scope, Feb. 1969) U.N., Room 3763, United Nations, New York, N. Y. 10017. made out to either SOUTH AFRICA'S FIFTH PROVINCE or both funds. The U.N. Trust Fund On April 1, South Africa will take provides legal assistance, family and unto herself a virtual fifth province, refugee aid to South Africans oppressed South West Africa (Namibia). On this by apartheid, while the Education and day the autonomy that South West Af Training Program provides funds for the rica had through its Legislative As education of exiled southern Africans. sembly since it became a South Afri can mandate in 1919 (including finan cial autonomy, full control over min EDUARDO C. MONDLANE 1920-1969 ing, agriculture, fishing, posts and telegraphs and many other departments (by Edward A. Hawley, Pastor for Refugees which in South Africa are administered of the Christian Council of Tanzania and by the central government) will come to close friend of Eduardo Mondlane, written an end. The Legislative Assembly will for Christianity and Crisis, March 17, 1969) be reduced to the level of a South Af rican Provincial Council. Eduardo Mondlane was assassinated Feb. According to the Johannesburg Star 3 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. He was (March 1, 1969) many whites have pri the president of Frelimo (Mozambique vately expressed misgivings. However, Liberation Front), the revolutionary ;the 75,000 whites were not consulted. organization committed to driving the The decision was made in the South Af Portuguese out of Mozambique. Mondlane, rican Parliament and the bill will be the son of a Mozambican chief, had been come law on.April 1st. Needless to educated in mission schools and completed say te opnon of the black majority his education with a Ph.D. from North woidIr4---1_ ntb A s 9 fw"A western University in this country. A few facts are known about the disru-I kis ,'ovment and to maku enemies of assassination; he was working in the ichose who should have been his friends. He home of a friend and a package con knew that any day might be his last, but he taining a bomb, set to explode when gave himself to the cause in which he believed. opened, killed him. It probably ie laid down his life - as a life to be lived came through the mails, which makes fully, opnlly, courageously, dedicated to the it almost certain that the assassin truth that man was made for digiity and self will not be found. determination - and in laying down this life Rev. Uria Simango, who was vice to be lived, he laid it open also to the pos president of Frelimo, has been cho sibility of death. He laid down his life for sen to succeed Mondlane by the exe his friends, Greater love hath no man than cutive committee. The committee %,is. also passed a resolution urging I shall not outline his life here, but Mondlane's American wife, Janet, to will say simply that it is a glorious story, continue working with them in Dar es one that will inspire other sons of Africa Salaam. for decades to come. Mondlane was buried Feb. 6 after a Now suddenly, with the story not yet over, State funeral attended by Tanzanian wth victory not yet won, he is gone. The President, Julius K. Nyerere, and strength, the joy, the zest for truth, the leaders of other African states. Rev. faith i, t';-,.iumph of right he imparted to Edward A. Hawley offered the following the stk'ugglE are with us only in memory. words during the funeral service. A Son's Hope for Africa "Greater love hath no man than this, that To his comrades in arms in his own movement a man lay down his life for a friend. ' and those that share the struggle in Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Af Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane was a man rica remains the task to take up the banner with this love. One may protest that he he has so unwillingly dropped. In the heat of did not lay down his life, that it was the struggle they will see again his strong taken from him by a foul and cruel deed; face and his clenched fist and hear his cry this, of course, is true. But the deed I'Viva FRELIMO. Viva Mogambique. Independencia could not have happened had not this ou morte,7 and it will give them strength to go brave man, by his own free act, offered on. Their enemies think this act will divide his life for the sake of his people and, them. It must strengthen instead. To him and in a larger sense, for the redemption of to those in simple graves in the soil of their the soul of mankind from the degrading homeland, death came before liberty, though in slavery of the patterns of the past. one sense a man is truly free once he gives He had all the qualifications to have himself to the cause of freedom. One day, be been a great professor and scholar. He cause of such men, all men of Mozambique will had position, security and salary enough know freedom. to maintain his family comfortably. He But great and important as is the vision of had the ready-made rationalizations at a free Mozambique, that was not the limit of hand: "I can do more for my people by Xduardo Ghivambo Mondlane's dream. I said before presenting their case from a position of that he was a son of Africa, and the hope of an recognized academic achievement than by Africa united, enlightened and free was his also. descending to the hurly-burly of revolu Had freedom come to Mozambique as early as it tionary action." did elsewhere in Africa, or had this brutal But he chose to heed the call of his tragedy not taken him until victory was won, I people to lead a united Mozambique Libe aim convinced th t he would have stood a worthy ration Movement. He made himself the brother to his neighbors and friends, Presidets lightning-rod to draw the wrath of the yerere and Kaunda, as one of the outstanding Portuguese usurpers of his homeland and philosopher-statesmen of our age. lived bravely and courageously in the Yet even this was not the limit of his shadow of death and danger. He knew the vision. He was truly a citizen of the world. peril in which he walked; he knew the He transcended the barriers that divide men in subtle lies and propaganda insinuated to our age, understanding and caring for the -10- people of East and West, while hating in- I do not wish to enter here into the justice wherever it occurred. Men of such long debates that have surrounded this vision are peculiarly vulnerable in our passage, except to say that there have time. Malco m X, Martin LIther King, Rob- been many who, like Mondlane, are filled ert Kennedy, Che Guevara, and now Eduardo with a burning love for the oppressed whom Mondlane. But the American poet-prophet, Jesus loved. Seeing justice long delayed Carl Sandburg, once wrote: and the cruel yoke harsh on the people, they have been willing - against their "The strong men keep coming on. natures - to become violent men. They They go down shot, hanged, sick, seek to seize the kingdom by force, trust broken. ing in God to rework the deeds they saw as They live on fighting, singing, necessary into a larger pattern of justice lucky as plungers. and right. *a**...... Mondlane's was a faith inspired by the Call hallelujah, call amen, call Christ who, speaking of the fake peace deep thanks. that acquiesces in injustice so commonly The strong men keep coming on. advocated by comfortable men today, said: ('Upstream", Co, ete Poems bZ "I have come not to bring peace but the Carl Sandburg, Harcourt, Brace sword." But beyond the sword was always and Co.) the vision of the higher goals - of justice, righteousness, truth and love - and violence From somewhere, the strong men will keep was a regrettable but necessary means to coming on - for Mozambique, for Africa, and these higher goals. the world. We do not underestimate our President Nyerere has rightly said: loss, but we need not let it plunge us into "There is not the slightest necessity for despair. people to study metaphysics and decide whether there is one God, or many Gods, or A Man's Faith no God before they can be socialist. It Finally, behind all this was another, and is not necessary to decide if there is an still wider, view - a view which he did not afterlife, or what kind, before you can be often have occasion to articulate, but which socialist. These questions are important was at the root of the radiant life he knew - to man but irrelevant to socialism., that this fallen world we know, in which Eduardo Mondlane shared this position deeds like this can happen, was ultimately and so was able to work wboleheartedly with in the hands of a just and loving God. This men of many faiths and philosophies and conviction came to him by way of the Chris- world views toward a comon goal. I men tian faith, and he frequently was called on tion it here because to be silent about it to speak to great gatherings of the Christian would be to falsify the whole picture of church. Because of the second great FREL3240 his life and because we are met to comit Congress, held in the homeland last July, he his spirit again to the God who made him had to decline an invitation to address the and gave him to us. World Council of Churches in Uppsala which That he had this faith may be a help was meeting at the same time. to others who feel some inadequacy or in He knew that this conviction could come to completeness in their revolutionary commit men of many faiths - Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, ment, but we all together, whatever our Buddhist - but for him it came through Chris- faith or world view, can only give thanks tianity. Jesus, the revolutionary carpenter to "whatever gods there be" for this life, of Nazareth, chose these words from the Jew- and leave this room committed afresh to ish scripture to characterize his work: "To carry forward with our lives that for which preach good news to the poor, proclaim re- he was called to give his. Praise be to lease to the captives, recovering of sight God, who gives the victory, even the vic to the blind, and to set at liberty those tory over death. who are oppressed." This strange yet com pelling man, who called himself the Son of Man and whom Christians called the Son of God, once said: "The kingdom of God comes by violence, and violent men take it by force." -11-

A "iN 0 U N C I N G - -

Two information kits which have been made available to readers of this newsletter %uho wish more specific information and resources on the following:

(1) SOUTH AFIICA: A MATTER FOR CHRISTIAN ACTION (A kit of information and strategy suggestions for those concerned about South Africa)

Contents:

South Africa: An American Christian Concern? (a pamphlet)

"IRacism in Southern Africa: Challenge to U.S. Policy' (April, 1968 issue of Social Action magazine)

Map of Africa

The Law in South Africa Today

Testimony of the Rev. Kenneth Carstens before the Africa Subcommittee on Foreign Affairs of the U.S. Senate

South Africa: The History of a Nation on the Brink

Proposals for Policy Initiatives

Constituency Projects

Price: (below cost) 500 each

Source: Council for Christian Social Action United Church of Christ 289 Park Avenue South New York, N. Y. 10010

(2) SHARPEVILLE

(A resource kit prepared by the Africa Research Group)

Contents,

"Sharpeville 1960" - background article from Africa and the World

"Armed Strnggle in Southern Africa" - An Introductory Background to the issue, including official statements by ZAPU, FaELI14O, ANC and MPLA "I Am Prepared to Die" - The Text of Nelson Mandela's speech in his defense at the Rivonf.a Trial

"The Epic of Sharpeville Lives On" - from Africa and the World

"South Africa Has Robbed us Of Our Country" - by Toivo Hermann Ja Toivo of SaAPO

"United States Economic Involvement in South Afria' by Richard Thomas -12-

Price: (below cost) 750 each

Source: Africa Research Group c/o Room 924 475 Riverside Drive New York, N. Y. 10027

Southern Africa Committee University Christian Movement Room 758 475 Riverside Drive New York, N. Y. 10027

March 1969