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History of Southern Africa / Edited by Amy Mckenna.—1St Ed Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Amy McKenna: Senior Editor, Geography and History Rosen Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Nicole Russo: Designer Matthew Cauli: Cover Design Introduction by Andrew Barbour Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The history of southern Africa / edited by Amy McKenna.—1st ed. p. cm.—(The Britannica guide to Africa) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN ŻŹźƝųƝŸųŷŵŲƝŵŻźƝŶ ɄƧ **&ƨ 1. Africa, Southern--History. I. McKenna, Amy, 1969 DT1079.H57 2011 968—dc22 2010019433 On the cover: Xhosa boys prepare for a traditional manhood ceremony in South Africa. Per-Anders Pettersson/Reportage/Getty Images On pages 1, 15, 49, 72, 82, 91, 101, 110, 120, 132, 180, 186, 198: A tree towers over the spot where, as legend has it, missionary and explorer David Livingstone’s heart is buried. Hulton Archive/Getty Images 4 CONTENTS Introduction xiii Chapter 1: Early History 1 Early Humans and Stone Age Society 3 The Khoisan 5 San 6 The Khoekhoe Today 8 The Spread of Bantu Languages 8 Food Production 9 The Rise of More Complex States 11 Toutswe 11 Veld 12 Swahili Culture 12 Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe 13 19 Torwa, Mutapa, and Rozwi 13 Small-Scale Societies 14 Chapter 2: European and African Interaction 15 The Portuguese in West-Central and Southwestern Africa 15 The Imbangala 17 The Chokwe 17 The Ovimbundu 18 The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa 18 The Zambezi Valley 19 Other Southeastern African States 20 Maravi Confederacy 21 The Declining Power of the Portuguese 21 The Dutch at the Cape 22 First Khoekhoe-Dutch Contact 22 Boer Expansion 23 29 Slavery at the Cape 23 Khoisan Resistance to the Dutch 24 Xhosa-Dutch Conflict 25 “Legitimate” Trade and the Persistence of Slavery 26 The Continuation of the Slave Trade 26 Effects of the Slave Trade 27 The “Time of Turmoil” 28 Shaka and the Creation of the Zulu 29 Zulu 30 40 Increasing Violence in Other Parts of Southern Africa 31 British Development of the Cape Colony 32 Changes in the Status of Africans 33 Continuing Settler-Xhosa Wars 34 Growth of Missionary Activity 35 The Expansion of White Settlement 36 The Republic of Natalia and the British Colony of Natal 36 Battle of Blood River 37 Voortrekker Republics in the Interior 37 The Orange Free State and Basutoland 38 Minerals and the Scramble for Southern Africa 39 The Diamond Industry 40 50 The Discovery of Gold 41 Cecil Rhodes 42 The Annexation of Southern Africa 43 Portugal in Southern Africa 45 Germans in South West Africa 47 Chapter 3: Southern Africa from 1899 Through Decolonization 49 The South African War 49 The Nature of Colonial Rule 51 The Changing Labour Market 52 Changes for Afrikaners 53 Growth of Racism 53 Basutoland, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland 54 Police Zone 55 Ovamboland 55 Southern Rhodesia 56 Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia 56 57 Settlers in Mozambique and Angola 57 Class and Ethnic Tensions Among White Settlers 58 Land, Labour, and Taxation 59 White Agriculture and African Reserves 59 The Invention of Tribalism 61 Labour and the Mining Industry 62 The Impact of Migrant Labour 63 Urbanization and Manufacturing 64 The African Response 65 62 Royal Family Politics 65 Political Organizations and Trade Unions 66 Christianity and African Popular Religion 67 The Impact of World War II 68 Independence and Decolonization in Southern Africa 70 Chapter 4: Angola 72 Early Angola 72 The Kongo Kingdom and the Coming of the Portuguese 73 Colonial Transition (1820s–1910) 73 Lunda Empire 74 From Colonial Conquest to Independence 69 (1910–75) 76 Independence and Civil War 77 Agostinho Neto 78 Angola in the 21st Century 81 Chapter 5: Botswana 82 Early Pastoral and Farming Peoples 82 Khoisan-Speaking Hunters and Herders 82 Bantu-Speaking Farmers 82 Iron Age States and Chiefdoms 83 Eastern States and Chiefdoms 83 Western Chiefdoms 84 Rise of Tswanadom 84 Growth of Tswana States 84 Times of War 84 Tswana 85 Prosperous Trading States 86 British Protectorate 86 87 Sir Seretse Khama 87 Advance to Independence 88 Botswana Since Independence 89 Chapter 6: Lesotho 91 Early History 91 The Sotho Kingdom (1824–69) 91 Moshoeshoe 93 Basutoland 95 The Gun War 96 103 The Kingdom of Lesotho 97 The First Two Decades 97 Political Crisis 98 Challenges in the 21st Century 100 Chapter 7: Malawi 101 Early History 101 Colonial Rule 104 Postindependence Malawi 104 Hastings Kamuzu Banda 105 The Banda Regime (1963–94) 106 Malawi Since 1994 107 Chapter 8: Mozambique 110 108 Precolonial Period 110 Early Settlement 110 The Rise of the Zimbabwe Civilizations 111 Arrival of the Portuguese 112 Slaves and Trade 113 Colonial Mozambique 114 Consolidation of Portuguese Control 114 Mozambique Under the New State Regime 115 Samora Machel 116 Independence 117 Mozambique as a One-Party State 117 Peace in Mozambique 118 Chapter 9: Namibia 120 Early History and the Beginning of the Colonial Era 120 Basters 122 The German Conquest 122 111 The South African Conquest 125 The Political Economy of a Colonial Boom 125 From Resistance to Liberation Struggle 126 The Road to Namibia 127 Sam Nujoma 128 Independence 129 Chapter 10: South Africa 132 Prehistory 132 The Early Stone Age 133 124 The Middle Stone Age 133 The Late Stone Age 134 Pastoralism and Early Agriculture 135 The Iron Age 136 Iron Age Sites 136 First Urban Centres 136 Europeans in South Africa 137 Settlement of the Cape Colony 137 Growth of the Colonial Economy 139 Increased European Presence (c. 1810–35) 140 British Occupation of the Cape 141 The Delagoa Bay Slave Trade 143 Emergence of the Eastern States 143 The Expansion of European Colonialism 134 (c. 1835–70) 144 The Great Trek 144 The British in Natal 145 Attempts at Boer Consolidation 146 The Cape Economy 146 Disputes in the North and East 148 The Zulu After Shaka 149 Cetshwayo 150 The Decline of the African States 151 Diamonds, Gold, and Imperialist Intervention (1870–1902) 151 Diamonds and Confederation 152 Afrikaner and African Politics in the Cape 153 Gold Mining 154 The Road to War 154 The South African War (1899–1902) 155 Reconstruction, Union, and Segregation (1902–29) 156 147 Milner and Reconstruction 157 Convention and Union 158 Black, Coloured, and Indian Political Responses 159 Union and Disunity 159 African National Congress (ANC) 160 Afrikaner Rebellion and Nationalism 161 Segregation 162 The Pact Years (1924–33) 163 The Apartheid Years 164 156 The Intensification of Apartheid in the 1930s 164 World War II 165 The National Party and Apartheid 166 Resistance to Apartheid 170 Robben Island 171 The Unraveling of Apartheid 172 Transition to Majority Rule 175 Postapartheid South Africa 176 The Mandela Presidency 176 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission 177 South Africa Since Mandela 178 Chapter 11: Swaziland 180 169 Early History 180 Emergence of the Swazi Nation 181 Sobhuza 182 Mswati II 183 Colonial Administration 183 Swaziland Since Independence 184 Chapter 12: Zambia 186 Archaeology and Early History 186 Copperbelt 188 External Contacts 188 Colonial Rule 190 Independent Zambia 193 Zambia Under Kaunda 193 Chiluba Presidency 195 Mwanawasa and Banda Administrations 196 Chapter 13: Zimbabwe 198 176 Early History 198 Portuguese Exploration 198 Great Zimbabwe 199 The British South Africa Company 200 Economic and Political Development 200 Self-Government 201 Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern 202 Federation 202 Robert Mugabe 203 Rhodesia and the UDI 203 207 Independence 204 A New Government 205 The Issue of Land Reform and the Rise of the Movement for Democratic Change 205 Increasing Discord 206 Economic Crisis 208 2008 Elections and Aftermath 209 Conclusion 212 Glossary 214 Bibliography 215 Index 217 INTRODUCTION Introduction | xiii he Southern African region today is societies. Long before Portuguese explorer Ta vibrant mix of people and cultures Bartolomeu Dias rounded Cape Agulhas, with a rich history. Throughout this his- at the southernmost portion of Africa, in tory rests the story of how peoples and 1488, the region was home to a series of cultures have collided during the struggle impressive settlements that rose and to control the area’s great riches—gold, fell between the 7th and 15th centuries. diamonds, ivory, land, and, distressingly, From the 11th century onward, however, the very people themselves—and how the wealth of these settlements relied on these peoples and cultures have risen to more than just cattle and ivory, which had the challenge of finding ways to prosper also become important. Trade in gold and and coexist. copper enriched Mapungubwe, near the Archaeological findings have indi- Zimbabwe border in present-day South cated that Southern Africa is the land Africa, and Ingombe Ilede, in present- from which humankind’s ancestors day Zambia. The impressive stone ruins evolved, between 3 million and 1 million of Great Zimbabwe, located in south- years ago. Indeed, it is probable that the eastern Zimbabwe, are testament to the indigenous San, Pygmy, and Khoekhoe power and technological achievements peoples of Southern Africa are linked of these more complex societies.
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