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The Treaty of Helgoland-Zanzibar : the Beginning of the End for the Anglo-German Friendship? Marshall A

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The Treaty of Helgoland-Zanzibar : the Beginning of the End for the Anglo-German Friendship? Marshall A University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 6-2010 The treaty of Helgoland-Zanzibar : the beginning of the end for the Anglo-German friendship? Marshall A. Yokell IV Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Recommended Citation Yokell, Marshall A. IV, "The treaty of Helgoland-Zanzibar : the beginning of the end for the Anglo-German friendship?" (2010). Master's Theses. Paper 694. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT THE TREATY OF HELGOLAND-ZANZIBAR: THE BEGINNING OF THE END FOR THE ANGLO-GERMAN FRIENDSHIP? Author: Marshall A. Yokell, IV Degree: Master of Arts, University of Richmond, 2010 Thesis Director: Professor John D. Treadway In 1890, Germany and Great Britain concluded the Treaty of Helgoland-Zanzibar, which settled many of their numerous and complex colonial issues in Africa. The territorial exchange of British-held Helgoland and German-held Zanzibar, which was part of this agreement, had a major impact in its finalization. Indeed, without the Helgoland- Zanzibar swap, such a treaty most likely would never have occurred. Many hoped that the Helgoland-Zanzibar agreement would usher in a new era in Anglo-German friendship and, perhaps, lead to a formal alliance. Hence, during the 1880s, the seemingly unrelated questing of a North Sea island and imperialist jostling in East Africa played a significant role in Anglo-German relations. This thesis explores the reactions to the treaty before, during and after its negotiations and examines why an Anglo-Germany alliance never emerged following the treaty’s conclusion and what impact the settlement had upon the events leading to the outbreak of World War I. I certify that I have read this thesis and find that, in scope and quality, it satisfies the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. __________________________________ John Treadway, Thesis Advisor ___________________________________ John Gordon THE TREATY OF HELGOLAND-ZANZIBAR: THE BEGINNING OF THE END FOR THE ANGLO-GERMAN FRIENDSHIP? BY MARSHALL A. YOKELL, IV B. A., University of Richmond, 2001 M.A., Indiana University – Bloomington, 2007 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Richmond in Candidacy for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History June, 2010 Richmond, Virginia ii ©Copyright by Marshall Allison Yokell 2010 All Rights Reserved iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The creation of a project such as this is not easy and takes a lot of help to reach its conclusion. As a result, there is no shortage of people who deserve my recognition and appreciation for without the assistance of these individuals, this work would still be just an idea floating in my head. Professor John D. Treadway, my advisor at the University of Richmond, has spent countless hours guiding me through the process of writing a Master’s thesis – from the initial stages of the proposals and research and then through countless drafts striving to help produce the best product possible. Professor John L. Gordon was also influential in his support of this work and his insight on British history was invaluable as I sought to provide a balanced view on the arguments that are presented. Their words of wisdom and insights as my teachers were profound and their kindness and sympathy as I worked on finishing this project were greatly appreciated. To them I owe them my deepest thanks. A special thanks is also owed to Archivist Herbert Karbach. His knowledge of the German Foreign Office collections, especially during the late nineteenth century, saved me a great deal of valuable research time. Both he and Franziska Fischer were invaluable in helping me locate the necessary document collections and in navigating me through the complex process of requesting documents and having copies made. Without their assistance, my research would not have been so thorough or complete. I also offer my sincere thanks to the University of Richmond for providing funding for several weeks worth of summer research in Berlin. iv To my colleagues and fellow students at the University of Richmond and Texas A&M University, I am most thankful of all the support, encouragement and thoughtful insights you offered throughout this process. As a result of your help, this work has reached even higher than I could have hoped. Most importantly, I wish to extend my deepest thanks to my family. To my sister Mellissa for always being willing to offer kind words of support and guidance when I needed it. To my Senegal Parrot Houdini, I could always count on you to provide kind chirps and cuddles whenever things seemed too difficult and I needed some comfort. To my brother Mathew who provided whatever assistance I needed no matter what time of day and regardless of whatever else was occurring in our lives. Whether it was offering objective criticism, helping to decipher German documents, serving as a sounding board for new ideas, allowing me to vent when I needed to, and even serving as copy-editor when I no longer had the wherewithal to do so. Without such assistance I would probably still be working on this project, far from completion. Lastly, I wish to thank my parents, Marshall, III, and Patricia, whose help and sacrifices up to this point I can no even begin to enumerate. Without their love, support and guidance, I would not have even been able to begin this journey, nor would I have had the courage to continue on during my times of struggle. Words of thanks can only begin to scratch the surface of my appreciation. It is to my family that this work is dedicated. It is my sincere hope that those who read this work will see it as not just my own work, which it is, but also a product of the help that everyone has provided leading up to its completion. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………… iii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………. v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION – BACKGROUND OF THE HELGOLAND- ZANZIBAR TREATY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY……………… 1 CHAPTER II. AFRICAN COLONIZATION AND THE NEED FOR AN ANGLO- GERMAN AGREEMENT………………………………………… 11 CHAPTER III. “PEARL OF THE NORTH SEA” OR “FREEZELAND?”……… 23 CHAPTER IV. GERMAN DESIRES FOR HELGOLAND AND HELGOLAND’S ROLE IN ANGLO-GERMAN DIPLOMACY PRIOR TO 1890… 34 CHAPTER V. THE HELGOLAND-ZANZIBAR TREATY OF 1890 AND THE GERMAN AND BRITISH REACTIONS………………………… 50 CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION – RESULTS OF THE HELGOLAND-ZANZIBAR TREATY AND THE PATH TO WAR …………………………… 81 APPENDIX I. TREATY OF HELGOLAND-ZANZIBAR 1890………………… 86 APPENDIX II. MAPS…………………………………………………………… 95 A. Map of Helgoland and the North Sea B. Map of Africa 1893 C. Map of East Africa Prior to 1890 and the Borders Proposed by the Germans and British BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………. 98 ABOUT THE AUTHOR………………………………………………………… 109 Chapter I Introduction – Background of the Treaty and Historiography The second half of the nineteenth century was an age of fervent imperialism. Many Europeans, especially towards the end of the century, saw themselves on a mission to civilize the world and, in the process, to increase the size and importance of their motherland. This was the age of the “White Man’s Burden.” Many of the imperialistic policies developed in the belief that this would help the less fortunate by expanding wealth, creating new markets and obtaining additional resources. Along with these goals, many countries were swept up by a jingoistic nationalism arising from the acquisition of new territories and resources. None of the European great powers could resist colonial temptations, including an old colonial nation, Great Britain, and the newly united German Reich. The “New Imperialism” witnessed a scramble for colonies throughout the world with Great Britain and Germany among those leading the charge. Nationalistic feelings and imperialistic policies helped to promote the feeling throughout Europe that they and their culture were far superior to any other, fostering these ideas even further. As more and more countries became embroiled in the race for colonies, conflicts were bound to arise, and so they did. Few, if any, countries were willing to go to war over their newly acquired territories, and so European foreign policies soon became intertwined with imperial issues. As Africa and Asia were being divided among the European powers, numerous negotiations occurred to settle colonial differences without going to war. Some of the resulting agreements were essentially spontaneous, while others were forged after many months of sometimes tedious negotiations. 1 2 The Court of St James’ and the Wilhemstrasse confronted each other in Africa and faced several disputes over their borders, especially in the East.1 The Anglo-German Agreement of 1890, better known as the Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty, settled most, if not all, of the complex colonial issues that arose from the ambitions of Great Britain and Germany in Africa. Its main focus was the settlement of colonial boundaries in Africa, but the small islands of Zanzibar and Helgoland (also known as Heligoland), 2 the former located off the coast of modern-day Tanzania and the latter off the coast of Germany in the North Sea, were also included in this accord and had a large role in its completion. Initially, London had no intention of including the island of Helgoland in its negotiations with Berlin, but as time passed the British diplomats and officials offered to cede the island in order to induce the Reich to relinquish its own claims to the island of Zanzibar, which Britain had coveted for many years. Following the settlement of this treaty, many in Great Britain and Germany hoped that a formal Anglo-German alliance would emerge.
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