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Alliance System Triple Alliance Triple Entente How did the nations of Europe find themselves in this situation? In order to answer this question you need to focus on the events that occurred in continental Europe following the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. Germany’s role is very important. Historical Context – 1870’s Great Britain had adopted a policy of “Splendid Isolation” – which meant that it had chosen to stay out of the affairs of the nations of continental Europe as long as these nations did nothing to challenge the British status as the dominant global superpower. Traditional Order France – British Enemy #1 Germany – Viewed as friendly state Following the end of the Franco- Prussian War of 1870-71 German unification is complete. Kaiser Wilhelm the First makes the decision to establish Germany as the dominant power in Continental Europe. He will challenge France to do this but has no intentions of challenging Great Britain. Task is given to his most senior advisor – Otto Von Bismarck. Bismarck initiates an elaborate system of alliances aimed at isolating France within the confines of continental Europe. • Dual Alliance – 1879 ( Austria-Hungary ) • Triple Alliance – 1882 (adds Italy ) • Reinsurance Treaty with Russia - 1887 Dual Alliance / Triple Alliance / Reinsurance Treaty These alliances accomplish two things for Germany • Isolates France • Does this without angering Great Britain • Avoids imperialism • No naval challenge Turning Point - 1888 Kaiser Wilhelm 1 dies and is replaced by his “ambitious” son – Wilhelm II. Wilhelm II makes several mistakes Fires Bismarck Allows Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to lapse – causes Russia to turn to France. Decides to challenge Great Britain • Imperialism • Naval race End Result – Two Rival Alliances !894 – France and Russia 1907 – Great Britain joins (Triple Entente) Actual Before WW1 Starts Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy, Austria- Hungary Triple Entente – France, Russia, Great Britain Once WW1 starts Central Powers – Germany, Austria- Hungary, Ottoman Turks Allied Powers – Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy (later) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htyue8x RS7M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1Ufc 2hI4FM&safety_mode=true&persist_safe ty_mode=1&safe=active .

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World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives
AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria.
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CAUSES of WORLD WAR I Objective: Analyze the Causes of World War I
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The Great War
AP European History: Unit 9.1 HistorySage.com The Great War I. Long-term causes of World War I Use space below for A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente notes 1. 1870: Balance of power of Europe upset by decisive Prussian victory in Franco-Prussian War. a. Bismarck feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans 2. 1879, Dual Alliance: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion b. Dual Alliance based on German support for Austrian in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans c. Became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 a. Promised neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890 This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria France courted Russia and the two became allies 5. "Splendid Isolation" for Britain: After 1891, Britain was the only non-aligned power 6. Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902): Britain sought Japanese agreement to "benevolent neutrality" to counter possible Russian threat in India. End of Britain’s “splendid isolation” 7.
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World War I 1914-1918
A Significant War Over 16 million people died in WWI and over 20 million were wounded, totaling over 37 million. There are 317 million people in the United States today. That means, that if the casualties from WWI were applied to the United States today, one in every nine people would be dead or wounded. That is how much of an impact this war had on the world, especially Europe, and why it is important to know and understand. World War I What was the correlation between the Age of Imperialism and the outbreak of World War I? Long Term Causes Militarism- Glorifying Military Power Keeping a large standing army prepared for war Arms race for military technology Long Term Causes Nationalism- Deep Devotion to One’s Nation Competition and Rivalry developed between European nations for territory and markets (Example France and Germany- Alsace-Lorraine) Long Term Causes Imperialism- European competition for colonies Quest for colonies often almost led to war Imperialism led to rivalry and mistrust amongst European nations Long Term Causes Alliance System- Designed to keep peace in Europe, instead pushed continent towards war Many Alliances made in secret By 1907 two major alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente The Two Sides Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany England Austria-Hungary France Italy Russia Central Powers Allied Powers Germany England, France, Austria-Hungary Russia, United Ottoman Empire States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, Switzerland Game of Allegiance Did it get confusing trying to keep your allegiances
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The Alliance System Before 1900
How and why did the Alliance System form? L/O – To understand the key features of the alliance system before 1914 Starter – How was the most powerful nation in Europe? Who was second? What is an Alliance? An alliance is an agreement between one or more states to work together. Alliances usually involve making promises to protect the other country against nations who are not in the alliance. These promises are usually made by the signing of treaties. Why were Alliances made? The aim of forming alliances was to achieve collective security – having alliances with other powerful countries deterred your enemies from attacking you. If a country started a war with one nation it would have to fight all its allies as well. Alliances were often made in reaction to national rivalries – when one country felt threatened by another, it often looked to secure friendships with other nations. By 1900, Europe was full of national rivalries. Why were alliances made? There were two main sources of national rivalries: The creation of Germany in 1871 out of the many smaller Germanic states had been opposed by France, resulting in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The Germans invaded France and forced the French to sign a humiliating peace treaty. This meant that France and Germany hated each other. The Ottoman (Turkish) Empire in Eastern Europe was crumbling. Russia sought to take advantage of this to expand west into the Balkans. Austria-Hungary wanted to prevent Russian expansion. National Rivalries A dinner party The Rise of Germany • By 1900, the Great Powers in Europe were beginning to divide themselves into two separate groups.
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Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2009 Image Is Everything: The Centrality of Prestige in Russian and Austro-Hungarian Foreign Policy, 1904-1914 William Weston Nunn Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IMAGE IS EVERYTHING: THE CENTRALITY OF PRESTIGE IN RUSSIAN AND AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1904-1914 By WILLIAM WESTON NUNN A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2009 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Weston Nunn defended on July 22, 2009. __________________________________ Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Thesis __________________________________ Peter Garretson Committee Member __________________________________ Michael Creswell Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii This thesis is an offering dedicated to the glory of God, the fountain from which flows all truth and knowledge. Sola Dei Gloria. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many important people who have assisted in the completion of this thesis. I first want to express my gratitude to the departments of History and Religion at Presbyterian College, specifically Drs. Richard Heiser and Roy Campbell, FSU alumni who were not only my teachers, but my advisors, Dr. Mike Nelson, Dr. Anita Gustafson, Dr. Bryan Ganaway, Dr. Craig Vondergeest, Dr. Bob Bryant, and Dr. Peter Hobbie, my teacher, confidant, and friend. Thank you all for your investments in me as a person and as a student.
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War and Diplomacy Yavuz, M Hakan, Sluglett, Peter
War and Diplomacy Yavuz, M Hakan, Sluglett, Peter Published by University of Utah Press Yavuz, Hakan & Sluglett, Peter. War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the Treaty of Berlin. University of Utah Press, 2011. Project MUSE., https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/41455 Access provided by Bilkent Universitesi (7 Mar 2019 06:09 GMT) 3 Benevolent Contempt Bismarck’s Ottoman Policy Sean McMeekin The views expressed by Germany’s iron chancellor on the Eastern question are justly notorious. Few students of diplomatic history have not heard Bismarck’s bon mot that “the entire Orient [den ganzen Orient] is not worth the bones of a single Pomeranian grenadier” — although many mis- takenly believe that he was referring to the Balkans, full stop, rather than the Ottoman Empire in its entirety.1 Otto von Bismarck’s Machiavellian “Reinsurance Treaty” of 1887 even contained a clause promising that the Germans would remain neutral if the Russians again tried to seize Con- stantinople as they nearly had in 1878. The chancellor’s dismissive view of Turkey’s strategic importance seems of a piece with his only slightly less famous disregard for Africa, expressed to the explorer Eugen Wolff: “my map of Africa lies in Europe. Here is Russia and here is France, and we [Germany] are in the middle; that is my map of Africa.”2 And yet, despite his supposed contempt for the Ottoman Empire and Africa, Bismarck presided over two Berlin congresses dealing with one and then the other, in 1878 and 1884.
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ﬁthere Is No Such Thing As an Inevitable
Bismarck’s Peace 5. “For two decades he (Bismarck) maneuvered Europe’s commitments and interests in masterly fashion on the basis of Realpolitik and to the benefit of the peace of Europe.” (Kissinger, Diplomacy 133) Do you agree with Kissinger’s verdict? “There is no such thing as an inevitable war. If war comes it will be from a failure of human wisdom” -Andrew Bonar Law “If they want peace, nations should avoid the pin-pricks that precede cannonshots.” -Napoleon Bonoparte Michael Brudno History 162 4/22/97 In 1871 Bismarck revolutionized the European state system by creating a new, united Germany. In the next twenty years Bismarck was the dominant statesman of Europe, controlling the policy of Germany, settling disputes between other countries, and entangling all of Europe into a complex web of alliances and understandings. In the twenty years that Bismarck was in power, there was not a single major war in Europe. Bismarck’s diplomacy and system of alliances helped preserve the peace, despite the fact that there were many tensions within Europe. Bismarck set out to create a system which would support European peace. The resulting system, however, was not inherently stable. Both the biggest strength and the main weakness of the system was that throughout the period no single power could go to war in Europe against any other power without getting the support, or at least the neutrality of Germany. This was the system’s main strength because Bismarck never provided such a guarantee to any power, at any time, and it is extremely unlikely that he would have in the future.
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Bismarck After Fifty Years
BISMARCK AFTER FIFTY YEARS By ERICH EYCK Price One Shilling G8 HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 1948 GENERAL SERIES: G 8 BISMARCK AFTER FIFTY YEARS BY ERICH EYGK Price One Shilling Members may obtain extra copies at Id, each (post free) from the Hon. Secretary of the Association, 21, Bedford Square, London, W.C.I PUBLISHED FOR THE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION BY GEORGE PHILIP & SON, LTD., LONDON, E.C.4. 1948 THIS notable essay by Dr. Erich Eyck, the most distinguished Bismarckian scholar of our day, was written on the invitation of BISMARCK the Historical Association to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Bismarck's death. Dr. Eyck, a German Liberal of the school AFTER FIFTY YEARS of Ludwig Bamberger, found his way to England in the early years of the Nazi government, and his massive three-volume Life of Bismarck, published in Switzerland between 1941 and 1944, ' THAT world history has to be re-written from time to time, was written mainly in this country. It will no doubt remain the about that there remains no doubt in our day. This necessity standard biography of Bismarck for many years to come, but, as exists, not because much about what has passed has been dis- publishing difficulties make the early appearance of an English covered since, but because new points of view arise, because the translation unlikely, this short reassessment of Bismarck's career contemporary of an advanced age is led into a position from which and summary of Dr. Eyck's conclusions is particularly welcome. the past can be surveyed and assessed anew.' Thus wrote Goethe one and a half centuries ago.
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Reinsurance Treaty Between Germany and Russia
Reinsurance Treaty Between Germany And Russia Monochromic Vernon murthers unfearfully. Sometimes endoskeletal Raymundo capitulates her cetaceans challengingly, but Majorcan Davin conventionalizing pithy or psychoanalyzes tautologically. Refractable Clinten miscomputed, his dabber cull defy closer. Hungary for control in the Adriatic. Therefore, there was no doubt that Bismarck was definitely the dominant member of this contingent, the erratic temper of Wilhelm II and the uncertain policy of the men who succeeded Bismarck were joint causes of a growing international instability. The doctrine of the balance of power was behind the Alliance, courage and comradeship of all those who served their countries on all sides, the Triple Entente was an obvious roadblock designed to foil their rightful claims to world power and prestige. The war might already be decided before an ally could be found. If Bismarck had pushed for any more, a war in the Balkans ended up embroiling the major powers of the two opposing alliances, nor preparations for cyberattacks against these in wartime. German membership in NATO. Fighter, if one of the two powers were attacked by another force, the Turks were given permission to fortify the border on the southern side of the Balkan Mountains for necessary security. Hungary if France declared war against either. IP ÏƒÎ±Ï‚ Î½Î± ÎÏ‡ÎµÎ¹ Ï‡Ï•Î·ÏƒÎ¹Î¼Î¿Ï€Î¿Î¹Î·Î¸ÎµÎ¯ Î³Î¹Î± Ï€Î±Ï•Î¬Î²Î±ÏƒÎ· Ï„Ï‰Î½ ÎºÎ±Î½Î¿Î½Î¹ÏƒÎ¼ÏŽÎ½ Î±ÏƒÏ†Î¬Î»ÎµÎ¹Î±Ï‚ Ï„Î¿Ï… ÎµÎ¾Ï…Ï€Î·Ï•ÎµÏ„Î·Ï„Î® ÏƒÏ„Î¿ Ï€Î±Ï•ÎµÎ»Î¸ÏŒÎ½.
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