South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia & Botswana 2017
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The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia's Colonization Process
The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia’s Colonization Process By: Jonathan Baker Honors Capstone Through Professor Taylor Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa Baker, 2 Table of Contents I. Authors Note II. Introduction III. Pre-Colonization IV. Colonization by Germany V. Colonization by South Africa VI. The Struggle for Independence VII. The Decolonization Process VIII. Political Changes- A Reaction to Colonization IX. Immediate Economic Changes Brought on by Independence X. Long Term Political Effects (of Colonization) XI. Long Term Cultural Effects XII. Long Term Economic Effects XIII. Prospects for the Future XIV. Conclusion XV. Bibliography XVI. Appendices Baker, 3 I. Author’s Note I learned such a great deal from this entire honors capstone project, that all the knowledge I have acquired can hardly be covered by what I wrote in these 50 pages. I learned so much more that I was not able to share both about Namibia and myself. I can now claim that I am knowledgeable about nearly all areas of Namibian history and life. I certainly am no expert, but after all of this research I can certainly consider myself reliable. I have never had such an extensive knowledge before of one academic area as a result of a school project. I also learned a lot about myself through this project. I learned how I can motivate myself to work, and I learned how I perform when I have to organize such a long and complicated paper, just to name a couple of things. The strange inability to be able to include everything I learned from doing this project is the reason for some of the more random appendices at the end, as I have a passion for both numbers and trivia. -
African Dialects
African Dialects • Adangme (Ghana ) • Afrikaans (Southern Africa ) • Akan: Asante (Ashanti) dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Fante dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Twi (Akwapem) dialect (Ghana ) • Amharic (Amarigna; Amarinya) (Ethiopia ) • Awing (Cameroon ) • Bakuba (Busoong, Kuba, Bushong) (Congo ) • Bambara (Mali; Senegal; Burkina ) • Bamoun (Cameroons ) • Bargu (Bariba) (Benin; Nigeria; Togo ) • Bassa (Gbasa) (Liberia ) • ici-Bemba (Wemba) (Congo; Zambia ) • Berba (Benin ) • Bihari: Mauritian Bhojpuri dialect - Latin Script (Mauritius ) • Bobo (Bwamou) (Burkina ) • Bulu (Boulou) (Cameroons ) • Chirpon-Lete-Anum (Cherepong; Guan) (Ghana ) • Ciokwe (Chokwe) (Angola; Congo ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Mauritian dialect (Mauritius ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Seychelles dialect (Kreol) (Seychelles ) • Dagbani (Dagbane; Dagomba) (Ghana; Togo ) • Diola (Jola) (Upper West Africa ) • Diola (Jola): Fogny (Jóola Fóoñi) dialect (The Gambia; Guinea; Senegal ) • Duala (Douala) (Cameroons ) • Dyula (Jula) (Burkina ) • Efik (Nigeria ) • Ekoi: Ejagham dialect (Cameroons; Nigeria ) • Ewe (Benin; Ghana; Togo ) • Ewe: Ge (Mina) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewe: Watyi (Ouatchi, Waci) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewondo (Cameroons ) • Fang (Equitorial Guinea ) • Fõ (Fon; Dahoméen) (Benin ) • Frafra (Ghana ) • Ful (Fula; Fulani; Fulfulde; Peul; Toucouleur) (West Africa ) • Ful: Torado dialect (Senegal ) • Gã: Accra dialect (Ghana; Togo ) • Gambai (Ngambai; Ngambaye) (Chad ) • olu-Ganda (Luganda) (Uganda ) • Gbaya (Baya) (Central African Republic; Cameroons; Congo ) • Gben (Ben) (Togo -
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide:Lessom from the Rwanda Experience
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience March 1996 Published by: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Editor: David Millwood Cover illustrations: Kiure F. Msangi Graphic design: Designgrafik, Copenhagen Prepress: Dansk Klich‚, Copenhagen Printing: Strandberg Grafisk, Odense ISBN: 87-7265-335-3 (Synthesis Report) ISBN: 87-7265-331-0 (1. Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors) ISBN: 87-7265-332-9 (2. Early Warning and Conflict Management) ISBN: 87-7265-333-7 (3. Humanitarian Aid and Effects) ISBN: 87-7265-334-5 (4. Rebuilding Post-War Rwanda) This publication may be reproduced for free distribution and may be quoted provided the source - Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda - is mentioned. The report is printed on G-print Matt, a wood-free, medium-coated paper. G-print is manufactured without the use of chlorine and marked with the Nordic Swan, licence-no. 304 022. 2 The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience Study 2 Early Warning and Conflict Management by Howard Adelman York University Toronto, Canada Astri Suhrke Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway with contributions by Bruce Jones London School of Economics, U.K. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 3 Contents Preface 5 Executive Summary 8 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction 12 Chapter 1: The Festering Refugee Problem 17 Chapter 2: Civil War, Civil Violence and International Response 20 (1 October 1990 - 4 August -
Central African Republic Giraffe Conservation Status Report February 2020
Country Profile Central African Republic Giraffe Conservation Status Report February 2020 General statistics Size of country: 622,984 km² Size of protected areas / percentage protected area coverage: 13% Species and subspecies In 2016 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) completed the first detailed assessment of the conservation status of giraffe, revealing that their numbers are in peril. This was further emphasised when the majority of the IUCN recognised subspecies where assessed in 2018 – some as Critically Endangered. While this update further confirms the real threat to one of Africa’s most charismatic megafauna, it also highlights a rather confusing aspect of giraffe conservation: how many species/subspecies of giraffe are there? The IUCN currently recognises one species (Giraffa camelopardalis) and nine subspecies of giraffe (Muller et al. 2016) historically based on outdated assessments of their morphological features and geographic ranges. The subspecies are thus divided: Angolan giraffe (G. c. angolensis), Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum), Masai giraffe (G. c. tippleskirchi), Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis), reticulated giraffe (G. c. reticulata), Rothschild’s giraffe (G. c. rothschildi), South African giraffe (G. c. giraffa), Thornicroft’s giraffe (G. c. thornicrofti) and West African giraffe (G. c. peralta). However, over the past decade GCF together with their partner Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) have performed the first-ever comprehensive DNA sampling and analysis (genomic, nuclear and mitochondrial) from all major natural populations of giraffe throughout their range in Africa. As a result, an update to the traditional taxonomy now exists. This study revealed that there are four distinct species of giraffe and likely five subspecies (Fennessy et al. -
The German Colonization of Southwest Africa and the Anglo-German Rivalry, 1883-1915
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 7-1-1995 Doors left open then slammed shut: The German colonization of Southwest Africa and the Anglo-German rivalry, 1883-1915 Matthew Erin Plowman University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Plowman, Matthew Erin, "Doors left open then slammed shut: The German colonization of Southwest Africa and the Anglo-German rivalry, 1883-1915" (1995). Student Work. 435. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/435 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DOORS LEFT OPEN THEN SLAMMED SHUT: THE GERMAN COLONIZATION OF SOUTHWEST AFRICA AND THE ANGLO-GERMAN RIVALRY, 1883-1915. A Thesis Presented to the Department of History and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts University of Nebraska at Omaha by Matthew Erin Plowman July 1995 UMI Number: EP73073 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI Blsaartalibn Publish*rig UMI EP73073 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. -
Zoogeography of Digenetic Trematodes from West African Marine Fishes1
192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Zoogeography of Digenetic Trematodes from West African Marine Fishes1 JACOB H. FISCHTHAL Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13901. ABSTRACT: Of the 107 species of trematodes found in West African (Mauritania to Gabon) marine fishes, 100 are allocated to 64 genera in 24 families while seven are immature didymozoids. Many of these genera are located in most of the world's seas with the exception of the polar seas; only five are en- demic to West Africa. The data for the 41 species known from West Africa and elsewhere, and those morphologically closest to the 55 endemic species, indicate that they are very widely distributed, particularly in the Western and North Atlantic, and Mediterranean. Historical and present- day events concerning physical and biological environmental factors and their effects on actual and po- tential hosts as well as on life cycle stages of the trematodes have resulted in the geographical distribution reported. The distribution of marine fishes has been emphasized to explain in part the trematode distribu- tion. Studies on the geographical distribution of (Gulf of Guinea from 5° S to 15° N) and digenetic trematodes of marine fishes in various warm temperate Mauritania have been pre- seas have been presented by Manter (1955, sented by Ekman (1953), Buchanan (1958), 1963, 1967), Szidat (1961), and Lebedev Longhurst (1962), and Ingham (1970). (1969), but West African waters were not included as sufficient data were not available Zoogeographical Distribution until more recently. The digenetic trematodes Of the 107 species of trematodes found in of West African marine fishes (mainly shore West African fishes, 100 are allocated to 64 and shelf inhabitants) have been reported by genera in 24 families while seven are immature Dollfus (1929, 1937a, b, 1946, 1951, 1960), didymozoids of unknown generic status (Ap- Dollfus and Capron (1958), Thomas (1959, pendix I). -
DISSENTING OPINION of JUDGE PARRA-ARANGUREN 1. in 1884
DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE PARRA-ARANGUREN The Anglo-German Agreement of 1890 - The Parties' dijfering interpreta- tions of the 1890 Treaty - Subsequent practice as a rule of treuty interpreta- tion - Subsequent practice of the Parties in the application of the 1890 Agree- ment - The Mandate for South West Africa (Numibia) - Relevant evidencr suhmitted to the Court - Cuptain H. V. Euson's Report (1912) - Joint Report of 1948 (Trollope-Redmun) und Exchange of Lerters between 1948 and 1951 - Mr. R. R. Renew's Report (1965) - Witnesses called by Namibi~r- Evidence presented by Bots,vana - Maps - Aerial photogruphs and satellite images - Peaceful and public use of KasikililSedudu Island hy Masubia Tribes- men from Eastern Caprivi - Conclusion. 1. In 1884 Germany proclaimed a Protectorate over the Coast south of the Cape Colony's enclave at Walvis Bay and some years later, before 1890, expanded its territorial claims in South West Africa, without systematically establishing an effective administration on the ground. The United Kingdom decided to accept Germany's territorial claims in South West Africa, even though it regarded this territory as lying within Britain's natural sphere of influence. 2. The only area in dispute was Ngamiland, north of British Bechuana- land, a territory assigned to neither power and extending from the 20th to the 24th degree of longitude. Discussions began in 1886 but it was only in 1890 after the resignation of the German Chancellor Otto von Bis- marck that the new Chancellor, General Georg Leo Von Caprivi and his Foreign Minister, Baron Marschall, accelerated diplomatic discussions with Britain over Africa. -
The Imperial Map Cape Colony and Later Military Maps of the Cape Colony, South Africa
The Imperial Map Cape Colony and later military maps of the Cape Colony, South Africa. Dr Christopher Board formerly Senior Lecturer in Geography, London School of Economics Abstract Attempts to compile maps for military use in the Cape Colony during the Anglo-Boer War 1899- 1902 left a legacy of incomplete and unstandardised mapping at the scale of 1:250,000 known as the Imperial Map Cape Colony. Aware of the need for good mapping to permit satisfactory administration and defence a congress of interested parties agreed in 1904 to a scheme for topographic mapping South Africa based on geodetic survey. Economic problems put an end to this project, but the War Office considered the NW Cape Colony worthy of a reconnaissance map at 1:250,000 which they would fund. Thus a special section of the War Office’s map of Africa G.S.G.S.1764 was designed and produced in a military version and as sales editions. The paper documents the progress of the survey and compilation of this map using surviving maps and other archival material in the UK. Introduction British military mapping of a large part of the Cape Colony, South Africa was achieved in great haste to meet the requirements of a mobile army in unfamiliar and poorly mapped, mostly open country at the end of the 19th century. The Imperial Map Cape Colony was compiled to meet the need for a map for planning and executing military operations, to deal with guerrilla war in the Colony itself. It was compiled from mapping available in the Surveyor General’s Department, supplemented by local observation and intelligence reports. -
The Arab-Israeli Conflict from the Perspective of International Law
THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Yoram Dinstein* The Washington agreement of September 1993 between Israel and the Palestinians,1 has raised hopes worldwide that the Arab-Israeli conflict which has been raging for many decades (and in fact precedes the birth of the State of Israel) is drawing to a dose. In reality, while the Washington agreement undoubtedly represents a major breakthrough, it is premature to regard the conflict as settled. Many more agreements, not only with the Palestinians, will be required in order to augur a comprehensive peace in the Middle East. In the meantime, numerous issues remain unresolved and there is still much opposition in many circles to the idea of Arab-Israeli reconciliation. The need to study the international legal aspects of the conflict is, therefore, as topical today as it was in earlier days. The following observations on the Arab-Israeli conflict will be based on international law. No attempt will be made to examine “historical rights”. Moreover, no reference will be made here to justice or morality. History, justice and morality are constantly invoked by both parties to every conflict and, as a rule, they are neither helpful nor unequivocal. Being subjective perspectives, they are more conducive to the definition of the problem than to its solution. Unfortunately, the arguments heard on both sides of the Arab-Israeli conflict are frequently grounded on a confusing (not to say confused) combination of law, justice, morality and history. If the conflict is to be probed in a rational and hopefully productive way, it is imperative to identify the level on which the analysis is to be conducted. -
Board Christopher
International Symposium on “Old Worlds-New Worlds”: The History of Colonial Cartography 1750-1950 Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 21 to 23 August 2006 Working Group on the History of Colonial Cartography in the 19th and 20 th centuries International Cartographic Association (ICA-ACI) The British War Office 1:250,000 mapping of Cape Colony 1906-1914 Dr Christopher Board formerly Senior Lecturer, London School of Economics [email protected] Abstract After the second Anglo-Boer War when the two coastal colonies were joined by two new ones previously Boer republics the British were keen to remap the entire territory of South Africa. Despite plans drawn up in 1903 only three projects were begun. There are a few references to similar mapping of the Southern Transvaal and a preliminary paper on the Cape Colony Reconnaissance series by Board. The latter series at 1:250,000 covered the north-west region of the Colony, 35 sheets were surveyed and/or compiled but only 33 were published. The Royal Engineer Survey teams responsible for mapping the Cape Colony were withdrawn in November 1911 leaving most of the rest of the Colony to rely on poor maps of varying accuracy and quality dating to the recent war or before it. This paper not only charts the progress of mapping the series known as GSGS1764 from analysing published maps, but draws on collections in London and Cambridge which contain unpublished compilation material and the elusive model sheet for the series. Its discovery and description throw light on the War Office’s requirements for mapping in the dying days of an era of colonial mapping. -
Creating a Competitive Rwanda
Creating a Competitive Rwanda Professor Michael E. Porter Harvard Business School Kigali, Rwanda June 2007 This presentation draws on ideas from Professor Porter’s articles and books, in particular, The Competitive Advantage of Nations (The Free Press, 1990), “Building the Microeconomic Foundations of Competitiveness,” in The Global Competitiveness Report 2006 (World Economic Forum, 2006), “Clusters and the New Competitive Agenda for Companies and Governments” in On Competition (Harvard Business School Press, 1998), and ongoing research on clusters and competitiveness. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise - without the permission of Michael E. Porter. Further information on Professor Porter’s work and the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness is available at www.isc.hbs.edu Kenya CAON 2007 June-07.ppt 1 Copyright 2007 © Professor Michael E. Porter The Changing Nature of International Competition • Fewer barriers to trade and investment Drivers • Rapidly increasing stock and diffusion of knowledge • Competitiveness upgrading in many countries • Globalization of markets • Globalization of capital investment Market • Globalization of value chains reaction • Increasing knowledge and skill intensity of competition • Value migrating to the service component of the value chain • Improving competitiveness is increasingly essential to Rwanda’s prosperity Kenya CAON 2007 June-07.ppt 2 Copyright -
Country Codes ISO 3166
COUNTRY CODES - ISO 3166-1 ISO 3166-1 encoding list of the countries which are assigned official codes It is listed in alphabetical order by the country's English short name used by the ISO 3166/MA. Numeric English short name Alpha-2 code Alpha-3 code code Afghanistan AF AFG 4 Åland Islands AX ALA 248 Albania AL ALB 8 Algeria DZ DZA 12 American Samoa AS ASM 16 Andorra AD AND 20 Angola AO AGO 24 Anguilla AI AIA 660 Antarctica AQ ATA 10 Antigua and Barbuda AG ATG 28 Argentina AR ARG 32 Armenia AM ARM 51 Aruba AW ABW 533 Australia AU AUS 36 Austria AT AUT 40 Azerbaijan AZ AZE 31 Bahamas BS BHS 44 Bahrain BH BHR 48 Bangladesh BD BGD 50 Barbados BB BRB 52 Belarus BY BLR 112 Belgium BE BEL 56 Belize BZ BLZ 84 Benin BJ BEN 204 Bermuda BM BMU 60 Bhutan BT BTN 64 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) BO BOL 68 Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba BQ BES 535 Bosnia and Herzegovina BA BIH 70 Botswana BW BWA 72 Bouvet Island BV BVT 74 Brazil BR BRA 76 British Indian Ocean Territory IO IOT 86 Brunei Darussalam BN BRN 96 Bulgaria BG BGR 100 Burkina Faso BF BFA 854 Burundi BI BDI 108 Cabo Verde CV CPV 132 Cambodia KH KHM 116 Cameroon CM CMR 120 Canada CA CAN 124 1500 Don Mills Road, Suite 800 Toronto, Ontario M3B 3K4 Telephone: 416 510 8039 Toll Free: 1 800 567 7084 www.gs1ca.org Numeric English short name Alpha-2 code Alpha-3 code code Cayman Islands KY CYM 136 Central African Republic CF CAF 140 Chad TD TCD 148 Chile CL CHL 152 China CN CHN 156 Christmas Island CX CXR 162 Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC CCK 166 Colombia CO COL 170 Comoros KM COM 174 Congo CG COG