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Working of Civilian Governments During the Military Regimes: a Case Study of Zia & Musharraf Era

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Working of Civilian Governments During the Military Regimes: a Case Study of Zia & Musharraf Era WORKING OF CIVILIAN GOVERNMENTS DURING THE MILITARY REGIMES: A CASE STUDY OF ZIA & MUSHARRAF ERA THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. Supervisor Prof. Dr. Iramkhalid Researcher ZahidYaseen Roll No 03 1 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2015 CERTIFICATE It is certified that present thesis entitled ‘working of civilian governments during military regimes: A case study of Zia and Musharraf era’ is written by Mr.ZahidYaseen lecturer of Political Science at government postgraduate college satellite town Gujranwala. For the requirement of Ph.D degree in Political Science, the knowledge of the thesis is based on original research. Prof.Dr.Iram Khalid Department of political science University of the Punjab, Lahore. 2 CERTIFICATE It is certified that present thesis entitled ‘working of civilian governments during military regimes: A case study of Zia and Musharraf era’ is written by Mr.ZahidYaseen lecturer of Political Science at government postgraduate college satellite town Gujranwala. For the requirement of Ph.D degree in Political Science, the knowledge of the thesis is based on original research. Prof.Dr.UmbreenJavid Chairperson Department of Political science University of the Punjab, Lahore. 3 DEDICATED To The layman of this state who is still hopelessly waiting for the prosperity since its independence 4 Table of Contents Chapter Title Page No. # List of tables xi List of abbreviations xii Acknowledgement xvii Abstract xviii CHAPTER ONE 1-35 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Literature Review 3 1.2 Research Objectives 31 1.3 Research Questions 31 1.4 Significance 32 1.5 Statement of the Problem 33 1.6 Research Design And Methods 33 1.7 Place of Work and other Facilities Available 34 1.8 Tentative Plan of Research 34 CHAPTER TWO 2 Theoretical and Evolutionary Process of Civil Military 35- Relations 91 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Views of Critics about Civil Military Relations(CMR) 37 2.3 Components and Variables 38 2.3.1 Military corporate interests 38 5 2.3.2 Professionalism 40 2.3.3 Politicization 41 2.3.4 The disposition and the opportunity to intervention 41 2.3.5 The international environment 42 2.3.6 Comparing relevant propositions 42 2.4 Typology of civil military relations 43 2.5 Evolutionary process of the military 44 2.6 Military Profession in historical perspective 46 2.7 Episode of Athens an Sparta 47 2.8 Roman episode 48 2.9 Categories of the military 48 2.10 First Military coup in the world 49 2.11 Rented Military 49 2.12 A new dimension of military 50 2.13 Democratization of war 51 2.14 The Origin of professionalism 52 2.15 Twentieth century & the Civil military relations 52 2.16 WW II (1939-45) and A new trend of Civil military relations 52 2.17 Classification of the States. 53 2.17.1Classical Nation States 53 2.17.2Colonizing Nation States 53 2.17.3Colonial Nation States 53 2.17.4National Liberation movement nation states. 54 6 2.18 Classification of the World 54 2.19 Status of obedience and legitimacy 56 2.20 Specification of Military loyalty 57 2.21 Military of third world States 58 2.22 Military case of USA & India 59 2.23 Civil Military relations of USA 59 2.23.1Liberal approach of US People 59 2.23.2Constitution of USA 60 2.23.3Theory of separation of Powers in USA 60 2.23.4The power of purse and sword 61 2.23.5 WW II and US army 62 2.23.6 Liberal approach &it’s changing 62 2.23.7 Committee system of congress 63 2.24 Civil Military relations of India 64 2.24.1Nehru’s Services 64 2.24.2Indra Gandhi’s Period 65 2.24.3Professionalism of Indian Army 66 2.24.4Factors of Indian Civil supremacy 66 2.24.5Ethnic composition of the military 67 2.24.6Security pacts of Indian Military 67 2.24.7Military services for the Civil government of India 68 2.24.8Constitution of India 68 2.25 How and why military intervene? 69 7 2.26 Effected states by the military intervention 72 2.27 Different Opinions about military coup in 3rd world 73 2.28 Nature of Military Governments 73 2.29 Military’s Enlightenment and the Society 74 2.30 Horizontal and Vertical Analysis of the Military States 74 2.31 Social Setup of the Third World States 74 2.32 Democratic Traditions of New States 75 2.33 Vision of the Political Leaders 75 2.34 Charismatic leaders 76 2.35 Role of the Religious Leaders 77 2.36 Level of Military intervention 79 2.37 Measures of the military after coup 79 2.38 Civil Actions of the Military Generals 80 2.39 Civil Military Relations of British India 81 2.40 Civil Military relationship Pattern 81 2.41 Military Services for Civil Government 82 2.42 A case study of Pakistan 82 References 84- 91 CHAPTER THREE 3 History of Civil Military working from 1947-1977 92- 127 3.1 Introduction 92 3.2 Civil military working (1947-1958) 92 8 3.3 Internal Political Instability in Pakistan and Military’s role 93 3.4 External Factors and Role of Military 99 3.5 Military’s Direct Role (1958-1969) 99 3.5.1Role of Judiciary in Military Coup 101 3.5.2Basic Democracies of General Ayub 102 3.5.3Limitize the Politicians 104 3.5.4Law Reforms 105 3.5.5Ethnicity issues 105 3.5.6Islamic Approach 105 3.5.7Land Reforms 106 3.5.8Constitution of 1962 106 3.5.9Pak-India War 1965 & Tashkent declaration 107 3.6 Deadlock of Civil Military Relations from (1969-1971) 110 3.7 Turn the tide form 1971-1977 114 3.8 Election of 1977 and the Down fall of Z.A. Bhutto 121 References 123- 127 CHAPTER FOUR 4 General Zia-ul-Haq’s hegemony from 1977-1988 127- 175 4.1 Introduction 128 4.2 Was Military Preplanned about the Coup? 129 4.3 Chaotic situation and the military strategy 138 9 4.4 Postponing the elections 139 4.5 Controversy of General Zia and Z.A. Bhutto 140 4.6 Legitimacy issue 140 4.7 The First Phase 1977-1979 141 4.7.1PNA joined Military 143 4.7.2Z.A. Bhutto’s victimization 144 4.7.3Climax of Jamat-e-Islami 144 4.7.4Nusrat Bhutto Case 146 4.8 Second Phase of General Zia’s regime 1979-1985 147 4.8.1Promises of elections 147 4.8.2Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) 149 4.8.3Majlis-e-Shoora 150 4.8.4Restoration of Democracy 151 4.8.5Presidential Referendum 1984 152 4.9 Third Phase 1985-1988 153 4.9.1Dawn and Dusk of democracy under Zia-ul-Haq 153 4.9.2Revival of Constitutional Order 1985 153 4.9.3Council of Islamic Ideology 155 4.9.4A Federal Council Committee 155 4.9.5Constitution of Pakistan 1973 & 8th amendment with 156 P.M.Junejo 4.9.6Geneva Accord 158 10 4.9.7Explosion in Ojhari Camp 158 4.9.8Dissolution of Assemblies 159 4.10 General Zia’s Local Government system 160 4.10.1Kinds of Local Institutions 162 4.10.2Punjab Local Government Ordinance 1979 162 4.10.3Sindh Local Government Ordinance 1979 163 4.10.4Structure of Local Government system 164 4.10.5Rural and Urban Local Government Institutions 165 4.10.5.1Union Council 165 4.10.5.2Tehsil Council 165 4.10.5.3District Council 165 4.10.5.4Metropolitan Corporation 165 4.10.5.5Municipal and Town Committees 166 4.10.5.6Cantonment Boards 166 4.10.6The Duties of the Local Government Instructions 166 4.10.6.1Union Councils 166 4.10.6.2District Councils 167 4.10.6.3Metropolitan Corporation 167 4.10.7Elections 167 4.10.8Fiscal System 168 4.10.9Miscellaneous 168 References 171- 175 CHAPTER FIVE 11 5 General Pervez Musharrf’s Regime 1999-2007 176- 217 5.1 Introduction 176 5.2 First address of General Pervaz Musharraf to the Nation 178 5.3 Imposition of emergency 180 5.4 Provisional constitutional order of October,1999 180 5.5 Six point agenda of General Pervaz 182 5.6 National security council 183 5.7 Packing of the ex prime minister 184 5.8 Doctrine of necessity 184 5.9 Devolution plan (2000) 185 5.9.1District government or District Assembly 186 5.9.2District Nazim 186 5.9.3City District 187 5.9.3.1District Police 187 5.9.4Tehsil Council 188 5.9.5Union council 189 5.10 PCO & General Musharraf as a president (2001) 191 5.11 Referendum 2002 193 5.12 Legal frame work order 2002 194 5.12.1The main provision of LFO (2002) 195 5.13 The General elections of (2002) 195 5.14 The seventeenth amendment(2003) 197 5.15 President’s another office Act 2004 200 12 5.16 National accountability Bureau 200 5.17 National reconciliation ordinance (NRO) 202 5.18 Presidential elections 2007 204 5.19 State of emergency 2007 206 5.20 Provisional constitutional order 2007 207 5.21 Resignation from office 209 References 211- 217 CHAPTER SIX Conclusion and Reflection 218- 247 References and Bibliography 248- 260 Appendices 261- 319 List of Tables Sr # Pg. No. 2.2 Views of Critics about Civil Military Relations (CMR) 29 4.10.4 Structure of Local Government in Pakistan 126 13 List of Abbreviations AL Awami League ANP Awami National Party APS Airport Services AWT Army Welfare Trust AZO Al-Murtaza Organization BB Benazir Bhutto BD’S Basic Democracies 14 BMR Balancing, Modernization and Replacement BNA Balochistan National Alliance BNP Balochistan National Party BoG Board of Governors BPC Basic Principles Committee CA Constituent Assembly CDA Capital Development Authority CE Chief Executive CENTO Central Treaty Organization C-in-C Commander –in-Chief CJ Chief Justice CJCS Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff CM Chief Minister CMLA Chief Martial Law Administrator CMR Civil-Military Relations COAS Chief of Army Staff COP Combined Opposition Parties COS Chief of Staff CSP Civil Service of Pakistan DCC Defense Committee of the Cabinet DCO’s District Coordinator Officers DMG District Management Group 15 DP Defense Policy EBDO Elective Bodies Disqualification Order EC Election Commission(er) ECP Election Commission of Pakistan FATA Federally
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