AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF POLITICAL PARTIES DURING ZIA ERA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PAKISTAN PEOPLE PARTY (1977-1988) Session (2008-2011) Ph.D. History Researcher Supervisor Imtiaz Ahmed Abbasi Professor Dr. Muhammad Roll No: 02 Akbar Malik DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY The Islamia University of Bahawalpur DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “An Analytical Study of Political Parties During Zia Era with Special Reference to Pakistan People’s Party (1977-88)” is a result of my personal and independent investigation, except where I have indicated my indebtedness to other sources. I hereby certify that this thesis has not been submitted for any other degree nor is it being submitted concurrently in candidature for other degree. Imtiaz Ahmad Abbasi Roll No. 02 Ph.D. (History) Session: 2008-2011 i Certificate I hereby recommended the thesis prepared under my supervision by Imtiaz Ahmad Abbasi entitled “An Analytical Study of Political Parties During Zia Era with Special Reference to Pakistan People’s Party (1977-88)” be accepted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Ph.D. in History. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akbar Malik Department of History The Islamia University of Bahawalpur ii APPROVAL CERTIFICATE This thesis entitled “ An Analytical Study of Political Parties During Zia Era with Special Reference to Pakistan People’s Party (1977-88)” which has been prepared under my supervision, is hereby approved for submission to The Islamia University of Bahawalpur in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Ph.D. (History). Supervisor: ___________________________________ External Examiner: ___________________________________ Coordinator ___________________________________ Chairman: ___________________________________ Date: ___________________________________ iii To My Parents iv Acknowledgement First, I bow my head before Almighty Allah, who give me strength and courage to conduct this study successfully. All respect for His Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) who enlightened our mind to recognize ourselves. It is pleasure for me to express my feelings of gratitude for my supervisor Professor Dr. Akber Malik for his valuable guidance who bestowed me a glorious chance to benefit from his immense knowledge. He has always been very kind, friendly, easy to reach and helpful. Similarly, Dr. Shahid Hassan Rizvi and Dr. Khursheed Ahmed provide me the chance to get their informative company. Moreover, I wish to express my sincere feelings towards my family for their affections. I am thankful to my wife Abida Shaheen, my daughters Khansa Kanwal and Sabahat Imtiaz, and my sons Haris Imtiaz Abbasi, Zargham Imtiaz Abbasi who remember me in their prayers and support me to continue higher studies. Although, all of my Ph.D class was very caring and loving but I am grateful to Mushtaq Ahmed and Syed Tariq Shah whose care inspired me a lot during my research work. I also thank to my friends Professor Jalil Asghar Satti, Sardar Masood Ahmed Advocate, Mahar Javed, Zulfaqar Ali Raja, Muhammad Asim, Zia-ur-Rehman Abbasi, and Abdul Rehman Abbasi, Saffir Ahmad Abbasi whose cooperation facilitate me to complete my research. Imtiaz Ahmed Abbasi Ph.D in History Session 2008-11 v Abbreviations COAS Chief of Army Staff CPC Communist Party of Pakistan HRM Human Resource Management ICJ Intentional Court of Justice JUI Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam JUP Jamiat Ulama-e-Pakistan NAP National Awami Party PDP Pakistan Democratic Party PML Pakistan Muslim League PPP Pakistan Peoples Party SCP Supreme Court of Pakistan TI Tehreek-i-Istiqlal UK United Kingdom UNESCO United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations International Children Emergency Fund USA United States of America USSR United Soviet Socialist Republic Z.A.B Zulfaqar Ali Bhutto vi Table of Contents Contents Page Numbers Abstract 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1 11 The Role of Political Parties From 1947-77 11 Pakistan Muslim League 13 Pakistan Democratic Party 16 Tehrik-E-Istaqlal 17 National Awami Party 18 Jamaat-E-Islami 18 Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam 23 Jamiat-Ulema-e-Pakistan 24 Jeay Sindh Qoumi Mahaaz 24 Communist Party of Pakistan 25 Republican Party of Pakistan 26 Tashkand Agreement And Its Impacts 28 Failure of Democracy And Imposition of Martial Law 1969 31 Martial Law of 1969 And Its Political Consequences 35 Chapter 2 39 Political Activism And The Rise of Pakistan People’s Party 39 Bhutto’s Rising of Power: 39 Bhutto And The Bureaucracy 46 Bhutto's Reforms 49 Agrarian Reforms 56 vii Industrial Reforms 60 Constitutional Reform 63 Social Reform 66 Constitutional Engineering During Bhutto Regime 69 Economic And Social Change During Bhutto Regime 71 Labor Reforms During Bhutto Regime 72 Nationalization Policy of Bhutto 74 Foreign Policy of Zulfaqar Ali Bhutto And His Fall 75 Chapter 3 93 Major Steps of Zia-ul-Haq And Pakistan People’s Party 93 Zia’s Attitude Towards Political Forces 93 PPP’s Leadership And Zia Regime 98 Zia-ul-Haq As President 104 Politicization of Supreme Court 106 Five Year Plan (1978-83) 109 Constitutional Engineering And The Elections of 1985 112 Nussrat Bhutto Case And Its Political Effects 115 Chapter 4 123 MRD: The Revolutionary Movement 123 The Participation of Other Parties in MRD 127 Benazeer’s Exile 143 Election of 1985 And Movement For Restoration of 152 Democracy Chapter 5 The End of Martial Law And The Beginning of Controlled 195 viii Democracy Participation of Other Political Parties 199 Differences Between Zia-ul-Haq And Junaijo 201 End of Zia-ul-Haq Regime And The Elections of 1988 206 Chapter 6 208 Conclusion 208 Appendixes 228 Bibliography 249 ix Abstract Although Pakistan had experienced two Martial Laws before, but the Zia regime was the most crucial in the history of Pakistan where political cleansing was occurred officially with the help of Pakistan Army. Besides Pakistan Peoples Party, policies of General Zia-ul-Haq showed that he was against all the democratic force of Pakistan. And, his such attitude became the reason of starting a Movement for Restoration of Democracy. Although, the rightist political parties were supporting Zia’s policy of Islamization, referendum of 1984 and non-party based elections of 1985, but the popularity of MRD grew up day by day. Junaijo’s demand of getting democratic powers was due to the pressure building by the MRD whose basic objective was to restore parliamentary system in original shape as described in the Constitution of 1973. The results of 1988 election showed that, this movement was against the dictatorial politics of Zia-ul-Haq. This study highlights the role of Pakistan Peoples Party in the politics of Pakistan since its emergence. It covers the issues such as Zulfaqar Ali Bhutto as Foreign Minister during Ayub regime, Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party, Civilian Martial Law Administrator and President of Pakistan, and Prime Minister of Pakistan. Similarly, this study focuses upon the political environment which was designed after the military coup of General Zia-ul-Haq, where workers and leaders of Pakistan Peoples Party were suffered a lot. After the hanging of Bhutto and implementation of Zia’s policies of Islamization, Movement for the Restoration of Democracy started which is the case study of this research. The consequences of this movement on Zia’s referendum of 1984, non-party based elections of 1985 and Zia-Junaijo differences are also observed here. Keeping in view the organization of the study the thesis deals with the introduction consisted of the statement of the problems, justification and objectives of the study, hypothesis, research questions and organization of the study. It is divided into six chapters. Chapter one focuses upon the role of political parties in 1 Pakistan during different regimes since 1947-77. Chapter two highlights emergence and rise of Pakistan Peoples Party since 1967 and presented different policies and reforms under the leadership of Zulfaqar Ali Bhutto. Chapter three defines imposition of MRD as revolutionary Movement. Participation of other political parties, Benazeer’s hardships, Election of 1985 and its effects on the history of Pakistan. Chapter four tries to evaluate the major steps of Zia-ul-Haq and consequences of controlled democracy. Chapter five deals with the ending of Martial Law and the beginning of controlled democracy. Chapter six is based on conclusion, findings and recommendations. 2 Introduction As the Pakistan Movement was based on two-nation theory, the conclusion of the desiring Muslims of British India to establish a separate homeland for the Muslims. This was a movement against British as well as Hindu oppression that did not allow Muslims of India to live freely according to their customs and traditions. On the other hand, the Pakistan Movement was faithfully opposed by some of religious leaders, famously called “Mullahs”. They were against the leadership as well as movement, initiated by the All India Muslim League. After the independence of Pakistan, Liaqat Ali Khan became the first Prime minister of newly independent country while Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General. This newly country was consisted of two wings that was called West Pakistan (including Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, NWFP now (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Tribal Areas, Northern Areas now (Gilgit-Baltistan and Kashmir) and East Pakistan (East Bengal). The government of Liaqat Ali Khan faced several difficulties in East and West wing of Pakistan. In the same year, India and Pakistan went for a War of 1948 that began for Indian illegal claim over the region of Kashmir. Both Liaqat Ali Khan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah were strong-minded to discontinue the riots and the refugee problems, and to make an effectual executive system for the new country. Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan did the revolutionary work for the foreign policy of Pakistan as well taking several initiatives towards the making of new constitution. In 1949, he presented the Objectives Resolution in Constituent Assembly as guided principle for the future constitution of Pakistan.