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Ethno-Nationality and Violence in Sindh: a Case Study of MQM
Global Regional Review (GRR) URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(IV-III).54 Ethno-Nationality and Violence in Sindh: A Case Study of MQM Vol. IV, No. III (Summer 2019) | Page: 501 ‒ 509 | DOI: 10.31703/grr.2019(IV-III).54 p- ISSN: 2616-955X | e-ISSN: 2663-7030 | ISSN-L: 2616-955X Sanaullah* Fakhr ul Munir† Hina Malik‡ Abstract Regionalism has oftenly expressed itself in terms which are opposed to national unity and integrity and challenged the legitimacy of the state while the rulers see it as a threat to development, progress and unity that is the why a regional issue of socio-political representation of Muhajirs has been projected in this paper. As in other states of South Asian region, factors of language and geography contributed a lot in ethnic identification in Pakistan as well which gave birth to various conflicts among different identities in different times and making the process of national integration vulnerable. ‘Two Nation Theory’ and became successful in the existence of Pakistan but usually culture and language do not support only the development of a single ethno-nationalism aspirations in new republics. Clifford Gertz calls it as “old societies and new states”. One of endeavors by an ethnic federation is the re-orientation of ethnic based collective action into non-violent politics. Unity among all peoples, linguistic or racial groups must be obtained and can be found within diverse ethno-cultural environment of Pakistan. Sindh has had long history of ethnic struggle. Key Words: Regionalism, Ethnicity, Muhajir, MQM, Karachi, Violence Introduction The paper primarily focuses on ethnic politics with special reference to MQM. -
ISI in Pakistan's Domestic Politics
ISI in Pakistan’s Domestic Politics: An Assessment Jyoti M. Pathania D WA LAN RFA OR RE F S E T Abstract R U T D The articleN showcases a larger-than-life image of Pakistan’s IntelligenceIE agencies Ehighlighting their role in the domestic politics of Pakistan,S C by understanding the Inter-Service Agencies (ISI), objectives and machinations as well as their domestic political role play. This is primarily carried out by subverting the political system through various means, with the larger aim of ensuring an unchallenged Army rule. In the present times, meddling, muddling and messing in, the domestic affairs of the Pakistani Government falls in their charter of duties, under the rubric of maintenance of national security. Its extra constitutional and extraordinary powers have undoubtedlyCLAWS made it the potent symbol of the ‘Deep State’. V IC ON TO ISI RY H V Introduction THROUG The incessant role of the Pakistan’s intelligence agencies, especially the Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI), in domestic politics is a well-known fact and it continues to increase day by day with regime after regime. An in- depth understanding of the subject entails studying the objectives and machinations, and their role play in the domestic politics. Dr. Jyoti M. Pathania is Senior Fellow at the Centre for Land Warfare Studies, New Delhi. She is also the Chairman of CLAWS Outreach Programme. 154 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2020 ISI IN PAKISTAN’S DOMESTIC POLITICS ISI is the main branch of the Intelligence agencies, charged with coordinating intelligence among the -
Group Identity and Civil-Military Relations in India and Pakistan By
Group identity and civil-military relations in India and Pakistan by Brent Scott Williams B.S., United States Military Academy, 2003 M.A., Kansas State University, 2010 M.M.A., Command and General Staff College, 2015 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Security Studies College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2019 Abstract This dissertation asks why a military gives up power or never takes power when conditions favor a coup d’état in the cases of Pakistan and India. In most cases, civil-military relations literature focuses on civilian control in a democracy or the breakdown of that control. The focus of this research is the opposite: either the returning of civilian control or maintaining civilian control. Moreover, the approach taken in this dissertation is different because it assumes group identity, and the military’s inherent connection to society, determines the civil-military relationship. This dissertation provides a qualitative examination of two states, Pakistan and India, which have significant similarities, and attempts to discern if a group theory of civil-military relations helps to explain the actions of the militaries in both states. Both Pakistan and India inherited their military from the former British Raj. The British divided the British-Indian military into two militaries when Pakistan and India gained Independence. These events provide a solid foundation for a comparative study because both Pakistan’s and India’s militaries came from the same source. Second, the domestic events faced by both states are similar and range from famines to significant defeats in wars, ongoing insurgencies, and various other events. -
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Confrontationist Power Politics in Pakistan : JRSP, Vol
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Confrontationist Power Politics in Pakistan : JRSP, Vol. 58, No 2 (April-June 2021) Ulfat Zahra Javed Iqbal Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Beginning of Confrontationist Power Politics in Pakistan 1971-1977 Abstract: This paper mainly explores the genesis of power politics in Pakistan during 1971-1977. The era witnessed political disorders that the country had experienced after the tragic event of the separation of East Pakistan. Bhutto’s desire for absolute power and his efforts to introduce a system that would make him the main force in power alienated both, the opposition and his colleagues and supporters. Instead of a democratic stance on competitive policies, he adopted an authoritarian style and confronted the National People's Party, leading to an era characterized by power politics and personality clashes between the stalwarts of the time. This mutual distrust between Bhutto and the opposition - led to a coalition of diverse political groups in the opposition, forming alliances such as the United Democratic Front and the Pakistan National Alliance to counter Bhutto's attempts of establishing a sort of civilian dictatorship. This study attempts to highlight the main theoretical and political implications of power politics between the ruling PPP and the opposition parties which left behind deep imprints on the history of Pakistan leading to the imposition of martial law in 1977. If the political parties tackle the situation with harmony, a firm democracy can establish in Pakistan. Keywords: Pakhtun Students Federation, Dehi Mohafiz, Shahbaz (Newspaper), Federal Security Force. Introduction The loss of East Pakistan had caused great demoralization in the country. -
Alternative Narratives for Preventing the Radicalization of Muslim Youth By
Spring /15 Nr. 2 ISSN: 2363-9849 Alternative Narratives for Preventing the Radicalization of Muslim Youth By: Dr. Afzal Upal 1 Introduction The international jihadist movement has declared war. They have declared war on anybody who does not think and act exactly as they wish they would think and act. We may not like this and wish it would go away, but it’s not going to go away, and the reality is we are going to have to confront it. (Prime Minister Steven Harper, 8 Jan 2015) With an increasing number of Western Muslims falling prey to violent extremist ideologies and joining Jihadi organizations such as Al-Qaida and the ISIS, Western policy makers have been concerned with preventing radicalization of Muslim youth. This has resulted in a number of government sponsored efforts (e.g., MyJihad, Sabahi, and Maghrebia (Briggs and Feve 2013)) to counter extremist propaganda by arguing that extremist violent tactics used by Jihadist organizations are not congruent with Islamic tenets of kindness and just war. Despite the expenditure of significant resources since 2001, these efforts have had limited success. This article argues that in order to succeed we need to better understand Muslim core social identity beliefs (i.e., their perception of what it means to be a good Muslim) and how these beliefs are connected to Muslims perceptions of Westerners. A better understanding of the interdependent nature and dynamics of these beliefs will allow us to design counter radicalization strategies that have a better chance of success. 1 Dr. M Afzal Upal is a cognitive scientist of religion with expertise in the Islamic social and religious movements. -
Political Development, the People's Party of Pakistan and the Elections of 1970
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1973 Political development, the People's Party of Pakistan and the elections of 1970. Meenakshi Gopinath University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Gopinath, Meenakshi, "Political development, the People's Party of Pakistan and the elections of 1970." (1973). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 2461. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2461 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FIVE COLLEGE DEPOSITORY POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, THE PEOPLE'S PARTY OF PAKISTAN AND THE ELECTIONS OF 1970 A Thesis Presented By Meenakshi Gopinath Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS June 1973 Political Science POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, THE PEOPLE'S PARTY OF PAKISTAN AND THE ELECTIONS OF 1970 A Thesis Presented By Meenakshi Gopinath Approved as to style and content hy: Prof. Anwar Syed (Chairman of Committee) f. Glen Gordon (Head of Department) Prof. Fred A. Kramer (Member) June 1973 ACKNOWLEDGMENT My deepest gratitude is extended to my adviser, Professor Anwar Syed, who initiated in me an interest in Pakistani poli- tics. Working with such a dedicated educator and academician was, for me, a totally enriching experience. I wish to ex- press my sincere appreciation for his invaluable suggestions, understanding and encouragement and for synthesizing so beautifully the roles of Friend, Philosopher and Guide. -
A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Mishaal Afteb University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected]
University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-2-2019 Decentralization and the Provision of Public Services: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Mishaal Afteb University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Other International and Area Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Afteb, Mishaal, "Decentralization and the Provision of Public Services: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan" (2019). Honors Scholar Theses. 608. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/608 Decentralization and the Provision of Public Services: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Abstract: The effective provision of public services is integral to a functioning democracy as it connects the public to the government and grants it legitimacy. Public services are ones that are provided by the federal and local governments and paid for with constituent taxes. Public services provided by the state are education, health, water/sanitation, environmental measures, security, policing, labor and legal guidelines and so on. Whether the structure of the government is centralized or decentralized is an important factor which impacts the provision of services. Decentralized governments are state or local governments which receive monetary and institutional resources from the federal government. Previous research has shown that decentralized services are more effectively delivered than centralized services. My study examines the impact of decentralization on the provision of two services, health and education, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from 2008-2018. There are two parts to the study. First, I will use process tracing to portray the historical context of decentralization in conjunction with sociopolitical factors of the region of KP. -
Chinese Policy Towards Pakistan, 1969-1979
CHINESE POLICY TOWARDS PAKISTAN (1969 - 1979) by Samina Yasmeen Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania April 1985 CONTENTS INTHODUCTION 1 PART ONE CHAPTER I 7 CHINESE POLICY TOWARDS PAKISTAN DURING THE 1950s 7 CHAPTER II 31 CHINESE POLICY TOWARDS PAKISTAN DURING THE 1960-68 PERIOD 31 Keeping the Options Open 31 Cautious Move to Friendship 35 Consolidation of a Friendship 38 The Indo-Pakistan War (1965) and China 63 The Post-War Years 70 Conclusion 72 PART TWO CHAPTER III 74 FROM UNQUALIFIED TO QUALIFIED SUP PORT: THE KASJ-IMIIl DISPUTE 75 China and the Kashmir Issue: 1969-1971 76 The Bhutto Regime - The Kashmir Issue and China 85 The Zia Regime - The Kashmir Issue and China 101 CHAPTER IV FROM QUALIFIED TO UNQUALIFIED SUPPORT: EAST PAKISTAN CRISIS (1971) 105 The Crisis - India, Pakistan and China's Initial Reaction 109 Continuation of a Qualified Support 118 A Change in Support: Qualified to Unqualified 129 Conclusion 138 CHAPTER V 140 UNQUALIFIED SUPPORT: CHINA AND THE 'NEW' PAKISTAN'S PROBLEMS DECEMBER 1971-APRIL 1974 140 Pakistan's Problems 141 Chinese Support for Pakistan 149 Significance of Chinese Support 167 Conclusion 17 4 CHAPTER VI 175 CAUTION AMIDST CONTINUITY: CHINA, THE INDIAN NUCLEAR TEST AND A PROPOSED NUCLEAR FREE SOUTH ASIA 175 Indian Nuclear Explosion 176 Nuclear-Free Zone in South Asia 190 Conclusion 199 CHAPTER VII 201 PAKISTAN AND THE SAUR REVOLUTION IN AFGHANISTAN (1978): CHINESE RESPONSES 201 The Saur Revolution and Pakistan's Threat Perceptions -
Pakistan, Country Information
Pakistan, Country Information PAKISTAN ASSESSMENT April 2003 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III ECONOMY IV HISTORY V STATE STRUCTURES VI HUMAN RIGHTS VIA. HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES VIB. HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VIC. HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS ANNEX B: POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS AND OTHER GROUPS ANNEX C: PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX D: REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. These sources have been checked for currency, and as far as can be ascertained, remained relevant and up to date at the time the document was issued. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom. 2. GEOGRAPHY file:///V|/vll/country/uk_cntry_assess/apr2003/0403_Pakistan.htm[10/21/2014 9:56:32 AM] Pakistan, Country Information General 2.1 The Islamic Republic of Pakistan lies in southern Asia, bordered by India to the east and Afghanistan and Iran to the west. -
Comparative Constitutional Law SPRING 2012
Comparative Constitutional Law SPRING 2012 PROFESSOR STEPHEN J. SCHNABLY Office: G472 http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~schnably/courses.html Tel.: 305-284-4817 E-mail: [email protected] SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS: TABLE OF CONTENTS Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217 .................................................................1 Supreme Court Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. S-26. An Act respecting the Supreme Court of Canada................................................................................................................................11 INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983) .............................................................................................12 Kenya Timeline..............................................................................................................................20 Laurence Juma, Ethnic Politics and the Constitutional Review Process in Kenya, 9 Tulsa J. Comp. & Int’l L. 471 (2002) ..........................................................................................23 Mary L. Dudziak, Working Toward Democracy: Thurgood Marshall and the Constitution of Kenya, 56 Duke L.J. 721 (2006)....................................................................................26 Laurence Juma, Ethnic Politics and the Constitutional Review Process in Kenya, 9 Tulsa J. Comp. & Int’l L. 471 (2002) .......................................................................................34 Migai Akech, Abuse of Power and Corruption in Kenya: Will the New Constitution Enhance Government -
Makers-Of-Modern-Sindh-Feb-2020
Sindh Madressah’s Roll of Honor MAKERS OF MODERN SINDH Lives of 25 Luminaries Sindh Madressah’s Roll of Honor MAKERS OF MODERN SINDH Lives of 25 Luminaries Dr. Muhammad Ali Shaikh SMIU Press Karachi Alma-Mater of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi Aiwan-e-Tijarat Road, Karachi-74000 Pakistan. This book under title Sindh Madressah’s Roll of Honour MAKERS OF MODERN SINDH Lives of 25 Luminaries Written by Professor Dr. Muhammad Ali Shaikh 1st Edition, Published under title Luminaries of the Land in November 1999 Present expanded edition, Published in March 2020 By Sindh Madressatul Islam University Price Rs. 1000/- SMIU Press Karachi Copyright with the author Published by SMIU Press, Karachi Aiwan-e-Tijarat Road, Karachi-74000, Pakistan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any from or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passage in a review Dedicated to loving memory of my parents Preface ‘It is said that Sindh produces two things – men and sands – great men and sandy deserts.’ These words were voiced at the floor of the Bombay’s Legislative Council in March 1936 by Sir Rafiuddin Ahmed, while bidding farewell to his colleagues from Sindh, who had won autonomy for their province and were to go back there. The four names of great men from Sindh that he gave, included three former students of Sindh Madressah. Today, in 21st century, it gives pleasure that Sindh Madressah has kept alive that tradition of producing great men to serve the humanity. -
Causes and Consequences of PNA's Agitation About the Election of 1977
Pakistan Social Sciences Review P-ISSN 2664-0422 December 2017, Vol. 1, No. 2 [101-112] O-ISSN 2664-0430 RESEARCH PAPER Causes and Consequences of PNA’s Agitation about the Election of 1977: An Analytical Study in Perspective of Print Media Muhammad Afzal1 Dr. Khalil Ahmad 2 Ahmad Ali3 1. Ph. D Scholar Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan 3. Ph. D Scholar Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan PAPER INFO ABSTRACT Received: This research focuses on the PNA’s demands such as restoration August 18, 2017 of democratic government as indicated by the 1973 constitution. Accepted: December13, 2017 Besides this, Freedom and Supremacy of the judiciary and the Online: removal of black laws, state of emergency and different curbs on December 30, 2017 common freedoms were the major parts of its demands. The Keywords: purpose of PNA was to compel the government to dissolve the Pakistan National and all Provincial Assemblies and formed an interim National government to conduct fair and free elections so; this paper is the Alliance, outcome of the detailed demands and agitation of the opposition Pakistan coalition. The focus of this research is also to enforce the political Peoples’ Party, as well as Socio-economic justice. In this research paper, the TahreekNizam-e- authors have also tried to highlight the reasons behind this Mustafa, coalition like annulment of Elections, dismissal of the Chief Corresponding Election Commissioner and the resignation of Prime Minister Author: and the aftermath of this agitation.