DOCSLIB.ORG

Conflict Between India and Pakistan Roots of Modern Conflict

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Conflict between India and Pakistan Roots of Modern Conflict Conflict between India and Pakistan Peter Lyon Conflict in Afghanistan Ludwig W. Adamec and Frank A. Clements Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia John B. Allcock, Marko Milivojevic, and John J. Horton, editors Conflict in Korea James E. Hoare and Susan Pares Conflict in Northern Ireland Sydney Elliott and W. D. Flackes Conflict between India and Pakistan An Encyclopedia Peter Lyon Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright 2008 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lyon, Peter, 1934– Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia / Peter Lyon. p. cm. — (Roots of modern conflict) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-57607-713-9 (ebook) 1. India—Foreign relations—Pakistan—Encyclopedias. 2. Pakistan-Foreign relations— India—Encyclopedias. 3. India—Politics and government—Encyclopedias. 4. Pakistan— Politics and government—Encyclopedias. I. Title. DS450.P18L86 2008 954.04-dc22 2008022193 12 11 10 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Production Editor: Anna A. Moore Production Manager: Don Schmidt Media Editor: Jason Kniser Media Resources Manager: Caroline Price File Management Coordinator: Paula Gerard This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper I Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface, ix Maps, xv Conflict between India and Pakistan An Encyclopedia Abdullah, Dr. Farooq (1937–), 1 Arya Samaj, 17 Beaumont, Christopher Abdullah, Omar (1970–), 1 Ashoka, Emperor (ca. 268–231 (1912–2002), 31 Abdullah, Sheikh Mohammad BCE), 17 Bengal, 32 (1905–1982), 1 Assam, 17 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 33 Abell, Sir George Edmond Assassinations and Attempted Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh Brackenbury (1904–1989), 2 Assassinations, 18 (1947–1984), 33 Advani, Lal Krishna (1927–), 2 Attlee, Clement Richard Bhutto, Benazir (1953–2007), 34 Afghanistan, 4 (1883–1967), 18 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (1928–1979), Afghans, 6 Aurangzeb (1618–1707), 20 35 Air Defenses, 7 Aurora, Jagjit Singh (1916–2005), Biharis, 36 Akali Dal, 7 21 Black, Eugene (1898–1992), 36 Akbar, Emperor (Jalal-Ud-Din Autonomy, 22 Bogra, Muhammad Ali Mohammed) (1542–1605), 8 Awami League (AL), 22 (1909–1963), 36 Ali, Choudhury Muhammad Awami National Party (ANP), 22 Bugti, Nawab Akbar (1905–1980), 9 Ayodhya, 23 (1927–2006), 36 Ali, Choudhary Rahmat Ayub Khan, Mohammed Bush, George Walker (1946–), (1897–1951), 9 (1907–1974), 23 37 Aligarh, 10 Azad, (Maulana) Abul Kalam Alliances and Alignment, 10 (1888–1958), 23 Carter, James (Earl) (1924–), 41 All India Anna Dravida Azad Jammu-Kashmir (AJK), 25 Caste, 41 Munnetra Kazhagam Aziz, Shaukat (1949–), 25 China, 42 (Aiadmk), 11 Chitral, 42 All-Pakistan Mohajir Students Babar (1483–1530), 27 Chundrigar, Ismael Ibrahim Organisation (APMSO), 11 Bagge Tribunal, 27 (1897–1960), 42 Almaty Meeting (2002), 11 Baghdad Pact (1955–1958), 27 Churchill, Sir Winston L. Spencer Al-Qaeda/Al-Qa’ida, 12 Baluchistan, 28 (1874–1965), 43 Amritsar, 13 Bandung Conference (April Citizenship, 44 Armed Forces, 14 1955), 29 Clinton, William Jefferson Arthashastra, 16 Bangladesh, 30 (1946–), 44 v vi CONTENTS Cold War, 45 Goa, 68 Jamaat-I-Islami (JI), 89 Colombo Plan (1950), 45 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna Jana Sangh, 89 Colombo Powers, 46 (1866–1915), 68 Janata Dal, 89 Communalism, 46 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich Janata Party, 90 Confidence-Building Measures (1931–), 69 Jan Morcha, 90 (CBMS), 47 Government of India Act (1935), Jha, L. K. (1913–1988), 90 Coup d’État, 47 69 Jihad (Jihardi), 91 Coupland, Sir Reginald Gracey, General Sir Douglas Jinnah, Mohammed Ali (1884–1952), 47 David (1894–1964), 70 (1876–1948), 91 Cricket, 48 Great Game, the, 70 Johnson, Lyndon Baines Cripps Mission, 48 Great Power Aspirations, 70 (1908–1973), 92 Green Revolution, 71 Joint Defence Council (or Dawn, 51 Gujral, Inder Kumar (1919–), 71 Committee), 92 Desai, Moraji Ranchodji Gurdaspur, 71 Junagadh, 92 (1896–1995), 51 Gwadar, 72 Junejo, Muhammad Khan Devaluation, 51 (1932–1993), 93 Diasporas, 52 “Hair of the Prophet” Revolt Diplomacy, 52 1963, 73 Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul (1931–), 95 Divide and Rule, 53 Haq, Fazlul (1873–1962), 73 Karachi, 95 Diwali, 53 Hindu Mahasabha, 74 Karakoram Nature Park, 96 Dixit, J. N. (1936–2005), 53 Hinduism, 74 Kargil, 96 Dixon, Sir Owen (1886–1972), 53 Hindustan, 74 Kashmir: Origins of the Indo- Drugs, 54 Hindutva, 75 Pakistan Dispute, 97 Dulles, John Foster (1888–1959), Human Rights, 75 Kashmir Study Group (KSG), 54 Hurriyat Conference, 76 99 Durand Line, 55 Hyderabad, 76 Kashmiri Pandits, 99 Dyarchy, 55 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald Dynasticism, 56 Identities, 77 (1917–1963), 99 Indian National Congress (INC), Khan, Abdul Ghaffar East Bengal, 57 77 (1890–1988), 100 East Pakistan, 57 Indian Political Service (IPS), 78 Khan, Abdul Qadeer “AQ” Eisenhower, Dwight David Indo-Pak Joint Commission, 78 (1936–), 101 (1890–1969), 58 Indo-Pakistan Relations and the Khan, Abdul Wali (1917–2006), Emergency (1975–1977), 59 United Nations (UN), 79 102 Ershad, Hossain Muhammad Indo-Pakistan War of 1947–1948, Khan, Agha Muhammad Yahya (1930–), 59 79 (1917–1980), 102 Indo-Pakistan Wars and Conflict, Khan, Imran (1952–), 102 Ferezepur, 61 80 Khan, Liaquat Ali (1895–1951), Flooding, 61 Indus Civilization, 82 103 Indus River, 82 Khrushchev, Nikita (1894–1971), Galbraith, John Kenneth Indus Waters Treaty (1960), 84 103 (1908–2006), 63 Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Kissinger, Henry Alfred (1923–), Gandhi, Feroze (1912–1960), 63 84 104 Gandhi, Indira (1917–1984), 64 Iqbal, Muhammad (1873–1938), Krishak Praja Party (KPP), 104 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 85 Kutch (Cutch), Rann of, 105 (1869–1948), 65 Irredentism, 85 Gandhi, Rajiv (1944–1991), 67 Islam, 85 Ladakh, 107 Gandhi, Sonia (1946–), 67 Ismay, Baron Hastings Lionel Lahore, 107 Gilgit, 68 (1887–1965), 87 Lahore Resolution (1940), 108 CONTENTS vii Language, 108 Operation Gibraltar, 129 Simla Agreement (1972), 147 Lashkar-E-Taiba, 108 Organisation of the Islamic Sind, 148 Liaquat-Nehru Agreement Conference (OIC), 130 Singh, Jaswant (1938–), 148 (1950), 109 Singh, K. Natwar (1931–), 148 Lucknow, 109 Pakistan National Alliance Singh, Karan (1931–), 149 (PNA), 131 Singh, Manmohan (1932–), 149 Macmillan, Harold (1894–1986), Pakistan People’s Party (Shaheed Singh, Rajendra (1922–2003), 111 Bhutto) PPP (SB), 131 150 Mahabharata, 111 Patel, Vallabhbhai (1875–1950), Singh, (Maharaja) Sir Hari Mahajan, Pramod (1949–2006), 131 (1895–1961), 150 112 Pathans, 132 Singh, V. P. (1931–), 151 McMahon Line, 112 Plebiscite, 132 Sipah-I-Sahaba-I-Pakistan (SSP), Menon, Rao Bahadar Vapal Princely States, 132 151 Pangunni (“V. P.”) Punjab, 133 South Asia (and SAARC), 151 (1894–1966), 112 Punjab Boundary Force (PBF), Southeast Asia Treaty Menon, V. K. Krishna 133 Organization (SEATO) , 154 (1897–1974), 113 Putin, Vladimir (Vladimirovich) Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed Mirza, Iskander (1899–1969), (1952–), 133 (1892–1963), 154 114 Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz (MQM), Radcliffe, Sir Cyril (1899–1977), Talbott, Nelson “Strobe” (1946–), 114 135 157 Mohajirs, 116 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli Taliban, 157 Mountbatten of Burma (1888–1975), 135 Tashkent Conference (1966), 158 (1900–1979), 116 Rahman, Sheikh Mujib-Ur Tehrik-I-Istiqlal (TI), 158 Muhammad, Ghulam (1920–1975), 136 Tehrik Nifaz Sharia-I- (1895–1956), 117 Raj, the, 136 Muhammed (TNSM), 159 Mumbai, 117 Ramanna, Dr. Raja (1925–2004), Ten Possible Options for Musharraf, Pervez (1943–), 118 136 Kashmir, 159 Muslim League, 119 Ramayana, 137 Terrorism, 162 Myanmar, 120 Rao, P. V. Narasimha Thimayya, Kodandera Subayya, (1921–2004), 137 General (1906–1965), 162 Narayanan, Kocheril Raman Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Tilak, Bal Gangadhar (1920–2005), 123 (RSS), 139 (1856–1920), 163 Nehru, Braj Kumar (1909–2001), Religion, 140 Truman, Harry S. (1884–1972), 123 Research and Analysis Wing 164 Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889–1964), (RAW), 140 Two-Nations Theory, 164 124 Rowlatt Acts, 140 Nehru, Kamala (1899–1936), 125 Russia, 140 United Kingdom (Britain) and Nehru, Motilal (1861–1931), 125 Indo-Pakistan Relations, 165 Nixon, Richard Milhous Sapru, Sir Tej Bahadur United States and Indo-Pakistan (1913–1994), 125 (1875–1949), 143 Relations, 167 Nonalignment, 126 Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar Uttar Pradesh, 169 North West Frontier Province, (1883–1966), 143 126 Sharif, Nawaz (1949–), 144 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (1926–), Nuclear Weapons, 127 Shastri, Lal Bahadur 171 (1904–1966), 144 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), Objectives Resolution, 129 Siachen Glacier, 145 171 One Unit Scheme, 129 Sikhism, 145 Operation Brasstacks, 129 Simla (Shimla), 147 Wakhan Corridor, 173 viii CONTENTS Wavell, Archibald Percival, First Wilson, Harold (1916–1995), Zamindar System, 177 Earl Wavell (1883–1950), 173 175 Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad Waziristan, 174 Wullar Barrage, 176 (1924–1988), 177 West Bengal, 175 Ziaur, Rahman (1936–1981), 177 Epilogue, 179 Chronology, 183 Appendices, 251 Glossary, 253 Bibliography, 255 Index, 265 About the Author, 277 This encyclopedia is about relations between India and Pakistan from 1947 to today, and it endeavors to trace and account for the principal vicissitudes in Preface these relations in their several dimensions—politi- cal, military, economic, and cultural. It does not purport to be a detailed account of all aspects of India and/or Pakistan in these years, but it does sources or from their challengers, should be treated make occasional reference to earlier history (e.g., of cautiously and with some skepticism, especially Akbar, Babar, or Aurangzeb) when doing so seems about deaths from terrorism or the incidence and relevant to an understanding of more recent or even mortalities from communal violence.
Recommended publications
  • EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Committee on Foreign Affairs

    EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Committee on Foreign Affairs

    EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Committee on Foreign Affairs Brussels, 27 July 2004 REPORT OF AD HOC DELEGATION VISITS TO KASHMIR (8-11 DECEMBER 2003 AND 20-24 JUNE 2004) Introduction As part of the European Parliament's contribution to helping shape EU policy on the Kashmir issue, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security and Defence Policy decided to send a delegation to both parts of Kashmir, and to the respective national capitals of Pakistan and India. The delegation's objective was to meet with a wide spectrum of political and public opinion, to learn their views on current developments and hopes for the future, and to see the situation on the ground at first- hand. For timetabling and logistical reasons, it was decided that the visit to the two sides (Islamabad and Pakistan-administered Kashmir (known as Azaad Jammu and Kashmir - AJK - on the Pakistan side) -, and to New Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir - Indian- administered Kashmir, would have to take place separately. The first visit took place from 8-11 December 2003; the second, originally planned for the spring of 2004 was delayed because of the elections which were unexpectedly called in India, and finally took place from 20-25 June 2004. It was stressed throughout the preparatory phases that the two delegation visits should be undertaken by the same Members - which, with one exception, was the case - and that the two visits should aim to follow similar programmes in order to ensure continuity and for a balanced comparison to be made. The delegation was led by John Walls Cushnahan, and in December 2003 included Bob van den Bos, David Bowe, Glyn Ford, Jas Gawronski, Reinhold Messner and Luisa Morgantini.
  • Conflict Transformation in Kashmir-III

    Conflict Transformation in Kashmir-III

    Journal of Peace Studies, Vol. 12, Issue 4, October-December 2005 Conflict Transformation in Kashmir-III Riyaz Punjabi* [*Professor Riyaz Punjabi is President (Hony.), International Centre for Peace Studies, New Delhi. He teaches in the Centre for the Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.] In the last two parts of this ongoing study, an attempt was made to look inward to locate the roots of the conflict within the J&K state. The study also looked at the political developments which laid an impact on the stateÊs relations with the Union of India. However, the conflict in Kashmir has external linkages too. The present analysis shall deal with the external aspect of the conflict in Kashmir. Backdrop Pakistan has been claiming Kashmir on the basis of ÂTwo NationÊ theory in which the sub-continent was divided on religious lines and the State of Pakistan was created. The Pakistani scholars claim that gradually Kashmir got intertwined in the strategic and defense doctrine of Pakistan. However, this approach ignores the legal arrangements which were evolved to demarcate the boundaries between India and Pakistan as a consequence of the accord to divide the sub-continent on religious lines. That a formula was also devised for the Princely states which were not under the direct control of British government to accede to the either dominion is not taken into cognisance. This approach equally ignores the political developments in J&K state between1940 when Pakistan resolution was adopted by the Muslim League and the 1947 when Pakistan was actually created. It may be mentioned here that Kashmir was not a party to the ÂTwo NationÊ theory advocated by Muslim League.
  • Regime Type Or Political Instability? Why Pakistan De-Escalates Or Enters Wars

    Regime Type Or Political Instability? Why Pakistan De-Escalates Or Enters Wars

    REGIME TYPE OR POLITICAL INSTABILITY? WHY PAKISTAN DE-ESCALATES OR ENTERS WARS Vasabjit Banerjee and Department of Political Science Prashant Hosur Fletcher Hall University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Tennessee 37403 USA Vasabjit Banerjee is an Assistant Professor at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and a Research Associate at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. His research interests are social movements, political violence, conflicts, regime formation, and foreign policy in South Asia, Latin America, and southern Africa. Prashant Hosur is a Ph.D. student at Indiana University, Bloomington. His research inter- distribute ests include strategic rivalries, international conflict, determinants of conflict escalation and foreign policy in Asia. not The recent anti-government demon- Do The Indo-Pakistani rivalry is among Copy - the most hostile in the world strations in Pakistan, coupled with today. This paper provides a new increasing instances of ceasefire viola- explanation for why we observe Proof 2015 variation in hostility levels in this tions on the border with India (July- rivalry. This article studies the September 2014), beg the classic IJWP effects of different regimes—civilian, Author question: Does regime stability affect military, or mixed—and political stability in Pakistan on the decisions inter-state conflicts? With different to enter into or de-escalate from political groups calling for the resigna- crises with India. The findings tion of the current Sharif government demonstrate that Pakistan de- and asking for fresh elections, one Copyrighted escalates from crises if politically stable and enters wars if politically wonders whether the corresponding unstable. However, the effects of escalation in border conflicts with India regime type, civilian, military, or has domestic objectives or international mixed, are inconclusive.
  • Authoritarianism and Political Party Reforms in Pakistan

    Authoritarianism and Political Party Reforms in Pakistan

    AUTHORITARIANISM AND POLITICAL PARTY REFORM IN PAKISTAN Asia Report N°102 – 28 September 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. PARTIES BEFORE MUSHARRAF............................................................................. 2 A. AFTER INDEPENDENCE..........................................................................................................2 B. THE FIRST MILITARY GOVERNMENT.....................................................................................3 C. CIVILIAN RULE AND MILITARY INTERVENTION.....................................................................4 D. DISTORTED DEMOCRACY......................................................................................................5 III. POLITICAL PARTIES UNDER MUSHARRAF ...................................................... 6 A. CIVILIAN ALLIES...................................................................................................................6 B. MANIPULATING SEATS..........................................................................................................7 C. SETTING THE STAGE .............................................................................................................8 IV. A PARTY OVERVIEW ............................................................................................... 11 A. THE MAINSTREAM:.............................................................................................................11
  • The “Anti-Nationals” RIGHTS Arbitrary Detention and Torture of Terrorism Suspects in India WATCH

    The “Anti-Nationals” RIGHTS Arbitrary Detention and Torture of Terrorism Suspects in India WATCH

    India HUMAN The “Anti-Nationals” RIGHTS Arbitrary Detention and Torture of Terrorism Suspects in India WATCH The “Anti-Nationals” Arbitrary Detention and Torture of Terrorism Suspects in India Copyright © 2011 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-735-3 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org February 2011 ISBN 1-56432-735-3 The “Anti-Nationals” Arbitrary Detention and Torture of Terrorism Suspects in India Map of India ............................................................................................................. 1 Summary ................................................................................................................. 2 Recommendations for Immediate Action by the Indian Government .................. 10 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 12 I. Recent Attacks Attributed to Islamist and Hindu Militant Groups .......................
  • USAF Counterproliferation Center CPC Outreach Journal #1005

    USAF Counterproliferation Center CPC Outreach Journal #1005

    Issue No. 1005, 01 June 2012 Articles & Other Documents: Featured Article: U.S. General: As Long as Russia, China Have Nukes, So Will America 1. U.N. Report: Iran Gaining Ground with Controversial Uranium Plant 2. Iran Has Enough Uranium for Five Nuclear Weapons, Claims US Thinktank 3. Iran Plans to Build Two New Nuclear Power Plants 4. AEOI Head: Iran Not Convinced by IAEA to Allow Parchin Site's Visit 5. Iran Delays Launch of Observation Satellite 6. Enrichment 'Not a Step towards a Bomb': Ahmadinejad 7. Iran Produces Software to Detect and Neutralize Flame Virus 8. Russia to Build Second Reactor for Iran - Rosatom 9. Dennis Ross: Saudi King Vowed to Obtain Nuclear Bomb after Iran 10. Syria: West May Be Forced to Seize Bashar al-Assad's Toxic Gas Stockpile 11. Iran Clean-Up Won’t Hamper IAEA’s Bomb Hunt at Parchin 12. US Denies Reports it Parachuted Soldiers into North Korea 13. N.Korea Puts Nuclear Arms in Constitution 14. U.S. to 'Never' Accept N. Korea as Nuclear State: State Dept. 15. Experts Wary of Pakistan Nuke Claims 16. Pak's N-arsenal Deterred India from Carrying Out Attacks: Nawaz Sharif 17. Pakistan Test-Fires Nuclear Capable Short-Range Missile 18. India Declined to Sell Nuclear Technology to Iran, Iraq and Libya 19. Pakistan Test-Fires Nuclear-Capable Hatf-VIII Cruise Missile 20. Borey Submarine Contract Signed - Shipbuilding Corp. 21. Russian Ballistic Missiles to Cover Tracks 22. U.S. General: As Long as Russia, China Have Nukes, So Will America 23. NATO Airstrike Kills al-Qaida's No.
  • Alternative Narratives for Preventing the Radicalization of Muslim Youth By

    Alternative Narratives for Preventing the Radicalization of Muslim Youth By

    Spring /15 Nr. 2 ISSN: 2363-9849 Alternative Narratives for Preventing the Radicalization of Muslim Youth By: Dr. Afzal Upal 1 Introduction The international jihadist movement has declared war. They have declared war on anybody who does not think and act exactly as they wish they would think and act. We may not like this and wish it would go away, but it’s not going to go away, and the reality is we are going to have to confront it. (Prime Minister Steven Harper, 8 Jan 2015) With an increasing number of Western Muslims falling prey to violent extremist ideologies and joining Jihadi organizations such as Al-Qaida and the ISIS, Western policy makers have been concerned with preventing radicalization of Muslim youth. This has resulted in a number of government sponsored efforts (e.g., MyJihad, Sabahi, and Maghrebia (Briggs and Feve 2013)) to counter extremist propaganda by arguing that extremist violent tactics used by Jihadist organizations are not congruent with Islamic tenets of kindness and just war. Despite the expenditure of significant resources since 2001, these efforts have had limited success. This article argues that in order to succeed we need to better understand Muslim core social identity beliefs (i.e., their perception of what it means to be a good Muslim) and how these beliefs are connected to Muslims perceptions of Westerners. A better understanding of the interdependent nature and dynamics of these beliefs will allow us to design counter radicalization strategies that have a better chance of success. 1 Dr. M Afzal Upal is a cognitive scientist of religion with expertise in the Islamic social and religious movements.
  • Political Development, the People's Party of Pakistan and the Elections of 1970

    Political Development, the People's Party of Pakistan and the Elections of 1970

    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1973 Political development, the People's Party of Pakistan and the elections of 1970. Meenakshi Gopinath University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Gopinath, Meenakshi, "Political development, the People's Party of Pakistan and the elections of 1970." (1973). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 2461. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2461 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FIVE COLLEGE DEPOSITORY POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, THE PEOPLE'S PARTY OF PAKISTAN AND THE ELECTIONS OF 1970 A Thesis Presented By Meenakshi Gopinath Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS June 1973 Political Science POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, THE PEOPLE'S PARTY OF PAKISTAN AND THE ELECTIONS OF 1970 A Thesis Presented By Meenakshi Gopinath Approved as to style and content hy: Prof. Anwar Syed (Chairman of Committee) f. Glen Gordon (Head of Department) Prof. Fred A. Kramer (Member) June 1973 ACKNOWLEDGMENT My deepest gratitude is extended to my adviser, Professor Anwar Syed, who initiated in me an interest in Pakistani poli- tics. Working with such a dedicated educator and academician was, for me, a totally enriching experience. I wish to ex- press my sincere appreciation for his invaluable suggestions, understanding and encouragement and for synthesizing so beautifully the roles of Friend, Philosopher and Guide.
  • Colour October 10

    Colour October 10

    REKHA CHOWDHARY KASHMIR ISSUE RAKESH ANKIT Gender and Conflict Whose was Look Back, Look Farward Situation in Kashmir Kashmir to be ? By Talib Malik EpilogueJ & K ’ S M O N T H LY M A G A Z I N E ISSN : 0974-5653 N E W S , C U R R E N T A F F A I R S , S O C I A L S C I E N C E S SILVER LINING IN DARK CLOUDS T W O Y E A R S O F CROSS LoC TRADE REFLECTIONS ON KASHMIR SITUATION N N Vohra, Prof Saifuddin Soz Governor, J&K President Congress Party J&k Unit Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, Muzaffar Baig, Chairman APHC-M Senior PDP Leader M Y Tarigami, Bilal Lone, MLA, Secretary J&k State Committee, CPI-M Chairman J&K People's Conference Taj Mohi-ud-din Bashir Manzar Minister Public Health Engg., Irri. & Flood Control, Editor Kashmir Images, Srinagar Rigzin Jora, Hashim Qureshi Minister of Tourism & Culture Chairman J&K Democratic Liberation Party Nasir Hussain Munshi, Prof. Abdul Ghani Bhatt, Councillor LAHDC-K Chairman Muslim Conference Tsewang Rigzin, Aak Kacho, Associate Editor Epilogue Chief Executive Councillor LAHDC-Kargil Lobzang Rinchen, Thupstan Chhewang, 2010 / Vol 4 Issue 10 || Price Rs. 30 Postal Regd. No. JK-350/2009-11 www.epilogue.in , President Ladakh Buddhist Association Senior Leader LUTF, Former MP Phunstog Namgyal, Rigzin Spalbar, Congress Leader, Former Union Minister Former Chairman & CEO LAHDC Tsering Dorje, Mohammad Shafi Lassu, October 1 LUTF Chairman & CEO LAHDC Anjumian Moin-ul-Islam, Leh , Contributed by Belgian Association for Solidarity with J&K Jammu 1 Epilogue because there is more to know www.epilogue.in C O N T E N T Editor Prologue 2 Zafar Iqbal Choudhary Contributors to this Issue 3 Publisher SILVER LINING Kashmir Look Back, Look Ahead 5 Yogesh Pandoh Talib Malik I N D A R K C L O U D S Another questions to ponder over 7 Consulting Editor in Kashmir D.
  • Floristic List and Their Ecological Characteristics, of Plants at Village

    Floristic List and Their Ecological Characteristics, of Plants at Village

    Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2017; 5(5): 295-299 ISSN (E): 2320-3862 ISSN (P): 2394-0530 Floristic list and their ecological characteristics, NAAS Rating 2017: 3.53 JMPS 2017; 5(5): 295-299 of plants at village Sherpao District Charsadda, © 2017 JMPS Received: 16-07-2017 KP-Pakistan Accepted: 17-08-2017 Sajjad Ali Department of Botany, Bacha Sajjad Ali, Muhammad Shuaib, Hazart Ali, Sami Ullah, Kashif Ali, Khan University Charsadda, Saddam Hussain, Nazim Hassan, Umar Zeb, Wisal Muhammad Khan and Pakistan Fida Hussain Muhammad Shuaib School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan Abstract University, NO.2 North Cuihu Floral diversity of village Sherpao district Charsadda comprised a total of 104 plant species belonging to road, Kunming, Yunnan, PR. 46 families and 95 genera. The leading families were Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae contributed by 8 China species each (7.69%) followed by Solanaceae contributed by 7 species (6.73%), while Euphorbiaceae and Hazart Ali Lamiaceae contributed by 5 species each (4.80%) followed by Polygonaceae contributed by 4 species Department of Botany, Bacha (3.84%). Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae and Khan University Charsadda, Rutaceae contribute by 3 species each (2.88%) which is followed by Apiaceae, Cannabaceae, Pakistan Caryophyllaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Plantaginaceae, Mimosaceae and Ranunculaceae contributed 2 species Sami Ullah each (1.92%). Rest of 24 families contributed by 1 species each (0.96%). The most dominant life form Department of Botany, University was therophytes having 35 species (33.65%) followed by chamaephytehaving 17 species (16.34%) of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan followed by nanophanerophyte contributed by 15 species.
  • Development of Regional Politics in India: a Study of Coalition of Political Partib in Uhar Pradesh

    Development of Regional Politics in India: a Study of Coalition of Political Partib in Uhar Pradesh

    DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL POLITICS IN INDIA: A STUDY OF COALITION OF POLITICAL PARTIB IN UHAR PRADESH ABSTRACT THB8IS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF fioctor of ^IHloKoplip IN POLITICAL SaENCE BY TABRBZ AbAM Un<l«r tht SupMvMon of PBOP. N. SUBSAHNANYAN DEPARTMENT Of POLITICAL SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALI6ARH (INDIA) The thesis "Development of Regional Politics in India : A Study of Coalition of Political Parties in Uttar Pradesh" is an attempt to analyse the multifarious dimensions, actions and interactions of the politics of regionalism in India and the coalition politics in Uttar Pradesh. The study in general tries to comprehend regional awareness and consciousness in its content and form in the Indian sub-continent, with a special study of coalition politics in UP., which of late has presented a picture of chaos, conflict and crise-cross, syndrome of democracy. Regionalism is a manifestation of socio-economic and cultural forces in a large setup. It is a psychic phenomenon where a particular part faces a psyche of relative deprivation. It also involves a quest for identity projecting one's own language, religion and culture. In the economic context, it is a search for an intermediate control system between the centre and the peripheries for gains in the national arena. The study begins with the analysis of conceptual aspect of regionalism in India. It also traces its historical roots and examine the role played by Indian National Congress. The phenomenon of regionalism is a pre-independence problem which has got many manifestation after independence. It is also asserted that regionalism is a complex amalgam of geo-cultural, economic, historical and psychic factors.
  • PAK: Peshawar Sustainable Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project

    PAK: Peshawar Sustainable Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project

    Environmental Impact Assessment: Main Report Project No. 48289-002 April 2017 PAK: Peshawar Sustainable Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project Prepared by Peshawar Development Authority (PDA), provincial Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (GoKP) for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). EIA for Peshawar Sustainable Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project The Environmental Impact Assessment Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgements as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Acronyms 2 | Page EIA for Peshawar Sustainable Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS As of 9th April 2017 Currency Unit – Pak Rupees (Pak Rs.) Pak Rs 1.00 = $ 0.0093 US$1.00 = Pak Rs. 107 Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SIA Social Impact Assessment DoF Department of Forests EA Environmental Assessment EARF Environment Assessment Review Framework EAAC Environmental Assessment Advisory Committee EPA Environmental Protection Agency EIA Environment Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan PPDD Punjab Planning and Development Department EA Executing Agency