Timeline / 1860 to 1870 / ALL COUNTRIES
Date Country Theme
1860 Tunisia Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The restoration of the Aqueduct of Zaghouan is completed, running water arrives in Tunis.
1860 - 1863 Tunisia Economy And Trade
Restoration of the Zaghouan Aqueduct, Tunisia’s largest water-service network, allows supply to the capital and its suburbs.
1860 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
7 November: on the initiative of painter Gheorghe Panaitescu-Bardasare, a School of Fine Arts and an art gallery are founded in Ia#i.
1860 France Travelling
First trip by Napoleon III to Algeria; the second will take place in 1865.
1860 - 1870 Jordan Reforms And Social Changes
By the 1860s, population density has decreased drastically. The border of the sawn cultivated land had been pushed westwards under the pressure of the nomadic tribes from the east. Several reasons are suggested for this decline, including maladministration and the taxation policies of the Ottoman Empire. Some of the regions south of Ajlun, including Amman area, and along the escarpment of the Jordan valley were almost completely abandoned. Recovery starts during the last quarter of the 19th century.
1860 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces
The unification of Italy leads to urban expansion outside the old city walls, which have lost their defensive value. Medieval urban buildings are often demolished in order to build monumental architecture.
1860 - 1870 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
In opposition to academic painting, the Macchiaioli movement (Telemaco Signorini, Vincenzo Cabianca and Silvestro Lega) experiments with “spot painting”, based on the strong contrast between light and shadow.
1860 Italy Political Context
The right to vote is reserved for a small elite of men who have certain levels of income and education: only 2.2% of the Italians can vote.
1860 - 1865 Greece Fine And Applied Arts
Both Nikolaos Gyzis and Nikiphoros Lytras win scholarships to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. Date Country Theme
1860 Austria Migrations
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) is born in Moravia; he emigrates from Moravia to Vienna.
1860 Spain Fine And Applied Arts
The Manises pottery begins to produce objects in lustreware.
1860 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)
The icon “Seven Holy Teachers” (Sedmochislenitzi) is painted by the most significant representative of Christian religious art in Macedonia, Dicho Krstevic Zograph, at the peak of his creativity. It represents the Slav missionaries Sts Cyril and Methodius and their disciples Clement, Nahum, Gorazd, Sabbas and Angelarij in a solo composition. His icons are distinguished by bright colour and baroque features.
1860 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM)
The birth in Prilep of the first Macedonian composer Atanas Badev (d. 1908). He studied music in Russia and was conductor of several school choirs and of the first city choir in Prilep.
1860 - 1870 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM)
Marko K. Cepenkov (1829–1920) was born in Prilep. Among the greatest collectors of Macedonian oral folk literature, during the 1860s he was prolific in recording folklore creations. The importance of his collecting activities lies not only in the volume but also in the diversity of folklore traditions recorded, including proverbs, sayings, tales, songs, riddles, charms, beliefs, dreams and interpretation, and children's games.
1860 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM)
Grigor Prlichev's epic poem "The Serdar", written in Greek, wins first prize at the annual poetry competition held in Athens. Prlichev (1830–93) was born in Ohrid. This prolific Macedonian poet and translator was a dedicated advocate of introducing the native spoken language in Macedonian schools. He was referred to as a second Homer, having translated the "Iliad" into the Macedonian language.
1860 Lebanon Political Context
Yusuf Bek Butros Karam, a Lebanese Maronite born in 1823 fights in the 1860 civil war and leads a rebellion in 1866-67 against the Ottoman Empire’s rule in Mount Lebanon. His proclamations have been interpreted as an early expression of Lebanese nationalism.
1860 Lebanon Political Context Date Country Theme
A full-scale war erupts between Maronites and Druze. Napoleon III of France sends 7,000 troops to Beirut and helps impose a partition: Druze control of the territory is recognised as the fact on the ground, and the Maronites are forced into an enclave. This is ratified by the Concert of Europe in 1861.
1860 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes
Under the liberal educational reforms, Lyceu Nacional de Aveiro (Aveiro High School) is the first school in Portugal to occupy a building designed specifically for this function. Previously schools occupied existing buildings, often old convents. The school had been created as Colégio de Aveiro in 1848.
1860 Portugal Travelling
Travelling became a great cultural and social phenomenon with Romanticism. The “Grand Tour” through the countries of the known world, namely around the Mediterranean, became a means of developing cultural and social skills. Travel became refined and even a simple journey to the countryside required such accessories as this travel case for meals.
1860 Turkey Reforms And Social Changes
October: First private newspaper to be published by Turkish journalists,Tercüman- # Ahvâl, published by Agah Efendi and #brahim #inasi.
1860 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
October: Journalists #brahim #inasi and Agah Efendi publish the first private Muslim newspaper Tercümân-# Ahvâl (Interpreter of Events).
1861 Tunisia Political Context
Muhammad Sadiq Bey promulgates a constitution limiting his powers. Tunisia’s first constitution is the culmination of the reformist policies of the 19th-century Husaynid beys.
1861 France Travelling
Embassy sent by King Mongkut of Siam (now Thailand) to Napoleon III.
1861 Italy International Exhibitions
First Italian National Exhibition of Agricultural and Industrial Products and Fine Arts opens in Florence.
1861 Italy Rediscovering The Past
The pre-unification laws on the protection of cultural heritage of the individual Italian states remain in force even after unification. Until 1902, different Italian regions are thus subject to different disciplines.
1861 Republic of Macedonia Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion (FYROM) Date Country Theme
Collection of Macedonian poems compiled by the Miladinov brothers is published in Zagreb. Konstantin Miladinov (1830–62), a prominent Macedonian poet, folklorist and educator is a major contributor. Despite a reference to Bulgarian songs in the title, the folk literature recorded by the Miladinovs originated mostly from the areas of Struga, Ohrid, Prilep, Kukush and Bitola.
1861 Lebanon Political Context
In the aftermath of the Lebanese civil war in 1860, the Ottoman authorities impose a new system of government for the mountain districts of Lebanon. Formerly, the region had been divided into two districts, one with a Maronite Christian administrator and the other with a Druze. The Ottomans combine them into a single district, known as the mutasarrifiyya.
1862 France Rediscovering The Past
Creation of the Museum of Celtic and Gallo-Roman Antiquities by Napoleon III in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
1862 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The British India Company establishes a regular steamer service in the Arabian Gulf, first as a mail service, and later enhanced by cargo and passenger services.
1862 Italy Economy And Trade
Law on the unification of currencies passed: the lira becomes the Italian currency.
1862 Portugal International Exhibitions
The “International Exhibition on Industry and Art” in London distinguishes Portugal with 165 Medals of Honor and 240 mentions.
1862 France Fine And Applied Arts
The Picnic on the Grass by Édouard Manet marks a transition from Realism to Impressionism
1862 Germany Political Context
Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister of Prussia.
1862 Turkey Travelling
Steamship company Fevâid-I Osmâniyye is founded.
1862 Turkey Travelling
April: Sultan Abdülaziz visits Egypt.
1863 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Date Country Theme
The literary society Junimea, which had an important role in promoting Romanian literature, is founded in Ia#i. In 1867 it begins publishing a periodical in which the works of Romanian writers appear and also translations from worldwide literature.
1863 Romania Reforms And Social Changes
December: the National Gathering of the United Principalities adopts the law through which the land owned by monasteries (more than a quarter of Romania’s surface) becomes property of the state.
1863 Italy Travelling
The Club Alpino Italiano is founded in Turin. Its goal is “to promote the knowledge of mountains, and especially of Italian mountains, their ascent and scientific expeditions”. In 25 years, membership reaches 4,500 with 34 local branches. By 1900 it had built 57 mountain huts.
1863 Austria Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
Bedrich Smetana's (1824–1884) opera Verkaufte Braut (The Bartered Bride) had its first performance in Prague.
1863 Morocco Political Context
The intention of the trade treaty signed with France in August 1863 is to curb the damaging effects of protectionism and to limit the extent of European penetration but, subverted from its original purpose, it becomes one of the causes of the protectionism problem. The Dahir of June 1864 then proclaimed freedom of trade throughout the Sharifian Empire. The conventions of 1856, 1860–1 and 1863 established the legal bases for relations between Morocco and Europe. Europe’s influence then began to grow.
1863 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces
On 18 October, under the rule of Khedive Isma‘il, the Egyptian Museum opens in the Caireen district of Bulaq under the management of French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette, known as Mariette Pasha.
1863 Egypt Migrations
Muhammad Sa‘id Pasha dispatches part of a Sudanese battalion to help stop a rebellion against the Second Mexican Empire.
1863 Spain Fine And Applied Arts
The painters Mariano Fortuny y Marsal and Francisco Lameyer travel to North Africa. Fortuny buys different artworks and textiles for his collection.
1863 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
Publication of the novel Amor de Perdição (Fatal Love) by Camilo Castelo-Branco (1825–90). Written very quickly, this romance has everything to be a major work Date Country Theme of passion: tragic intensity, speed of action, balance of characters and simplicity of style.
1863 Turkey International Exhibitions
Sergi-i Umumi-I Osmani (Ottoman General Exhibition), its format borrowed from Western exhibitions, is opened in #stanbul.
1864 Tunisia Political Context
The popular uprising sounds the death knell for reform. The great figure of this insurrection, ‘Ali bin Ghedham, comes from the region of Kasserine.
1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
Dimitrie Bolintineanu, the Minister of Religion and Public Instruction, organises in Bucharest an exhibition displaying works of contemporary Romanian artists, the most important of the time being painters Theodor Aman, Gheorghe Tattarescu and Carol Popp de Szathmari.
1864 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces
14 April: the Commune Law is adopted by which cities and towns become urban communes, led by a mayor and a council. All urban communes must have a fire department and a hospital.
1864 Romania Political Context
14 May: coup d’état of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, who dissolves parliament and proposes a new constitutional project, which is voted the same month and ratified by the Ottoman Empire and the guaranteeing Powers in June 1864. The Statute Expanding the Paris Convention assigned greater power to the prince and the government.
1864 Romania Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
4 August: establishment of the General Directorate of the Post and the Telegraph in the United Principalities.
1864 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces
19 August: establishment of Bucharest’s city hall. Bucharest had been the United Principalities’ capital since 1861.
1864 Romania Reforms And Social Changes
26 August: Alexandru Ioan Cuza promulgates the first Romanian land reform, which transforms peasants into owners of the land on which they had been working on the estates of the aristocracy. Peasants are also freed from the duties they had to perform for the nobility.
1864 Romania Economy And Trade Date Country Theme
27 October: foundation of the Romanian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
14 November: a School of Fine Arts (which today is the National University of Art) is founded in Bucharest by painters Gheorghe Tattarescu and Theodor Aman.
1864 Romania Reforms And Social Changes
December: the law of public instruction establishes free, compulsory primary education.
1864 - 1865 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The Qawasim and other sheikhdoms of the Arab littoral are held by Britain to sign a Treaty pledging to abstain from any interference with British Gulf Telegraph installations and to punish any aggressions made against them.
1864 Lebanon Travelling
Inauguration of the Capuchin cathedral dedicated to Saint Louis IX King of France. The Capuchins had arrived in Beirut in 1628, practising their rites in the old Saint George church where the current Maronite cathedral now stands. Before moving to their present location the Capuchins built their first church, also dedicated to Saint Louis, in Beirut in 1732.
1864 Italy Reforms And Social Changes
A governmental survey reveals the existence of 443 friendly societies (Società di mutuo soccorso), all located in Central and Northern Italy (Milan has 38 societies with a total of 9,923 members, Turin 13 with 14,864 members). Their number and membership grows considerably over time until the development of modern welfare.
1864 Greece Political Context
The Ionian islands are incorporated within the newly established Greek State.
1864 Lebanon Political Context
Dawud Pasha (the mutasarrif [governor] of Lebanon, appointed by the Ottomans) restores to Lebanon a part of its lost territory, establishes for the Druze a school in Abayh that still bears his name and struggles against the feudal lords in the south and the clerical party in the north.
1864 Portugal Rediscovering The Past
Creation of the Carmo Archaeological Museum by the Portuguese Association of Civil Architects, which in 1867 adopts the title of Royal Association of Civil Architects and Portuguese Archaeologists. The museum is located in the ruins of medieval Convento do Carmo, destroyed by the 1755 earthquake.
1864 Portugal Economy And Trade Date Country Theme
Banco Nacional Ultramarino is established in Lisbon, as the issuing bank for Portuguese overseas territories. BNU has a significant role in supporting the economic development of the country and the former colonies. Its savings, investment and issuing role facilitates the currency circulation throughout them.
1864 Portugal Economy And Trade
The unpopular tobacco monopoly is ended by parliamentary law. Hereafter tobacco will be auctioned and exploited by those offering the best price to the state. Some of the main tobacco companies merge into bigger companies to ensure its exploration. The Companhia Lisbonense de Tabacos, founded in 1865, becomes a major player.
1864 Germany Political Context
As a consequence of the Prussian–Danish war, Denmark retracts its demand for Schleswig and Holstein.
1864 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The chemist Julius Lothar Meyer (1830–95) develops the first periodic table of chemical elements.
1864 Turkey Cities And Urban Spaces
Imperial decree orders that all civil servants have to light one or two street gas lamps in front of their houses both in summer and winter.
1865 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
The first showing of the “Living Artists Exhibition” (for painters and sculptors), organised by painter Theodor Aman, takes place in Ia#i. The annual organisation of such an exhibition is established by a decree issued in December 1864.
1865 Italy Reforms And Social Changes
The new-born Italian state approves a civil code that places women in a subordinate position in the family. Boys and girls can inherit equally, but married women need “marital authorisation” to manage their property. Male and female adultery are treated differently. The “defence of honour” is accepted as attenuating circumstance in murder cases.
1865 - 1867 Italy Reforms And Social Changes
The worst of the five cholera epidemics that hit Italy during the 19th century kills more than 160,000. The most affected towns are always Naples and Palermo.
1865 Egypt Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The royal yacht Mahroussa is built for Isma‘il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt.
1865 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces Date Country Theme
1 May: Santa Apolónia Central Railway Station of Lisbon, connecting to the East and North Railways, is inaugurated. It is sited in the north bank of the Tagus River, close to Praça do Comércio in Lisbon. It is an example of 19th-century iron buildings.
1865 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts
The stuccoes of the corridor of the Monserrate Palace are inspired by those of Alhambra Palace in Granada. The profusion of columns is considered to recall those in the Hypostyle Hall of the Cordova Mosque.
1865 Portugal International Exhibitions
“A Exposição Internacional”, in Porto, is the first international exhibition organised in Portugal. Designed by the English architect Thomas Dillen Jones, it follows the London model and was conceived to accommodate the Portuguese International Exhibition.
1865 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
Bom-senso e Bom-gosto (Good Sense and Good Taste) by Antero de Quental (1842–91) is an open letter published as pamphlet, replying to and ridiculing the poetry of António Feliciano de Castilho (1800–75) and urging young writers to take a revolutionary position instead. This controversy became known as the "Questão Coimbrã” (the Coimbra Question).
1865 Turkey Political Context
Formation of Young Ottoman opposition against the bureaucratic domination of Ali Pa#a and Fuad Pa#a.
1865 Lebanon Cities And Urban Spaces
Sultan ‘Abd al-‘Aziz orders the building of a hospital known as the military infirmary. It will later be turned into a courthouse after the French Mandate and then become the Insitute of Fine Arts of the Lebanese University.
1865 Turkey Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The first comprehensive physics textbook in Turkish, Mehmed Emin Dervi# Pa#a’s (1817–79) Usul-i Hikmet-i Tabiiyye (Elements of physics) is published in Istanbul.
1866 Romania Political Context
February: because of his authoritative regime, Cuza is forced to abdicate by a coalition of conservative and liberal-radical politicians.
1866 Romania Political Context
14–20 April: plebiscite leading to German Prince Carol de Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen being elected ruler of the United Principalities and recognised by the Ottoman Empire in October. On 13 July a new constitution is adopted, based on the Belgian one from 1835. Date Country Theme
1866 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context
Qawasim lands are divided among the four sons of Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr following his death. The number of Trucial States rises from five to nine.
1866 Austria Migrations
Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen from south-western Germany is elected as Prince of Romania.
1866 Italy Economy And Trade
A law confiscates the properties of religious orders and congregations, and establishes a state fund to support the clergy and monks.
1866 Italy Political Context
Italy participates in the Austro-Prussian War on the side of Prussia and annexes Venice.
1866 Greece Fine And Applied Arts
Nikiphoros Lytras takes up a professorship at the School of the Arts in Athens.
1866 Greece Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
The poet Kostis Palamas publishes his first collection of verse entitled the Songs of My Fatherland. A major figure on the Greek literary scene, Palamas writes the Olympic Anthem and is nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature.
1866 Greece Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
Emmanuel Roidis, one of Greece’s most influential authors, publishes his novel Pope Joan, which is translated into a number of languages.
1866 Egypt Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The first Egyptian stamps are issued on 1 January.
1866 - 1867 Egypt Reforms And Social Changes
In 1866 the School of Irrigation and Architecture is inaugurated at al-Za‘faran Saray in ‘Abbasiyya in Cairo; it then transfers to Mustafa Fadil Saray at Darb al-Jama‘iz in 1867. The School provides a study programme of five years: a preparatory year followed by a further four years; two years respectively specialising in irrigation and architecture.
1866 Spain Economy And Trade
Financial crisis during the last years of Queen Isabel II's government because of public investments in the construction of the railway. Date Country Theme
1866 Germany Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
Werner von Siemens invents the dynamo.
1866 Turkey Economy And Trade
#zmir-Ayd#n railway is built.
1866 Turkey Reforms And Social Changes
The Civil Medical School is opened.
1866 Austria Political Context
Following defeat at the Battle of Königgrätz (3 October), at the Peace of Vienna, Austria is forced to cede the Venetian province to Italy.
1867 Romania Political Context
The centre of present-day Transylvania is integrated into the Hungarian kingdom after the creation of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Partium and Banat had already been included in Hungary.
1867 Romania Economy And Trade
4 May: proclamation of the law for the introduction of a new monetary system and for the issuing of national coins; 1870 is the year when the first Romanian coins are minted in Romania having previously been minted abroad.
1867 Romania International Exhibitions
At the International Exposition held in Paris, the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia have their own pavilions.
1867 Romania International Exhibitions
On the occasion of the International Exposition of Paris a book with information about Romania’s agriculture, commerce, industry and resources is published in Paris by a commission coordinated by Alexandru Odobescu.
1867 Romania Rediscovering The Past
The Pietroasa Treasure is displayed at the International Exposition in Paris.
1867 France International Exhibitions
The exposition known as the Universal World Exhibition of Art and Industry – the seventh World Expo/Fair and the second held in Paris after that of 1855; it ran from 1 April to 3 November 1867 on the Champ-de-Mars in Paris; 41 countries were represented.
1867 Austria Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme
The Austrian Museum of Applied Arts purchases the minbar from the Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo.
1867 Italy Economy And Trade
Law on the abolition of religious bodies: the real estate properties of 25,000 religious bodies are auctioned.
1867 Italy Reforms And Social Changes
Around 60 per cent of men and 80 per cent of women are unable to sign their marriage certificate because they are unable to write.
1867 Italy Political Context
Uprising in Rome demanding unification with Italy. At the same time, Garibaldi leads an expedition of volunteers that enters the Papal States and tries to seize Rome. Roman rebels are defeated and executed. Garibaldi is defeated by Papal troops backed by a French expeditionary corps (France protects the Papal States).
1867 Italy Travelling
The Società Geografica Italiana is founded. In 1869-70, it organises an exploratory expedition to East Africa, in 1875 to Tunisia and in 1876 to Ethiopia. Many other journeys to Africa, and also to Central Asia, South America and Papua follow. Such travels generally combined scientific purposes and political agendas.
1867 United Kingdom International Exhibitions
The Paris Exhibition is the major international exhibition of the century. In the aftermath of the Crimean War (1854–56), when France, Britain and Turkey ally against Russia, there is a boost of friendship with and interest in the Ottoman Empire. The Sultan visits the Paris Exhibition and then continues to London where he was made a Knight of the Garter.
1867 United Kingdom Political Context
The 1850s and 1860s sees close political, commercial and cultural relations between the Ottoman Empire and Britain. The zenith of this relationship is the state visit of Ottoman Sultan ‘Abd al-‘Aziz to France and then Britain. The Prince of Wales then reciprocates with a visit to Constantinople, Damascus and Jerusalem in 1869.
1867 Austria Reforms And Social Changes
The Austrian-Hungarian compromise creates a dual-monarchy that has common ministries only for foreign affairs, defence and public finance.
1867 Egypt Travelling
Khedive Isma‘il Pasha visits Paris and then London, where he is received by Queen Victoria and welcomed by the Lord Mayor. He attends a British Royal Navy fleet review alongside the Ottoman Sultan. Date Country Theme
1867 Spain Rediscovering The Past
Foundation of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid following the European movement to create national museums holding the remains of a country's past in tandem with the development of archaeology as a discipline. The museum covers prehistory to modern times, and from its opening in 1871 Spanish Moorish objects are displayed in its Medieval galleries.
1867 Portugal Rediscovering The Past
Febo Moniz published by Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira Martins (1845–94). Subtitled "Romance Histórico Português do Século XVI", the action takes place in Lisbon in 1580. The protagonist is the prosecutor Febo Moniz, the sole representative of the state to protest against the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as King of Portugal.
1867 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The opening of the Lisbon Astronomical Observatory, Portugal’s national observatory, which has legal responsibility for national timekeeping. It is located in the Tapada da Ajuda, a green area in the west of Lisbon.
1867 Portugal Economy And Trade
First phylloxera disease reaches the Portugal countryside. Porto wine and Portuguese wine production in general is reduced dramatically. This disease causes economic, financial and social distress and leads to the abandonment of vineyard farms. The loss of revenues and unemployment increases emigration, especially to Brazil.
1867 Portugal International Exhibitions
At the “Exposition Universelle” in Paris, the Portugal Pavilion employs a neo- Manueline architectural style. The exoticism is a symbol of the Portuguese Empire built by the discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries.
1867 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
Birth of the poet António Nobre (1867–1900). Só, written during his exile in Paris (1892), is the only work published in his lifetime. The nostalgia of this work, a landmark of the symbolist movement, is tempered by a certain self- irony, alternating a symbolist refined vocabulary with a more colloquial one. He influenced the work of the main Portuguese modernists.
1867 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes
July: The first Portuguese major Civil Code is entrusted to António Luís Seabra (1798–1895), the first methodical code maker in Portugal. It is intended to meet the liberal need to regulate the juridical system as happened with French Napoleonic Code. One of its main concerns is the regulation of civil marriage. The Code will remain in force for nearly a century.
1867 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes Date Country Theme
Foundling wheels for babies left anonymously to be cared for were used between the 15th and the 19th century. From 1867 they are gradually abolished and replaced by asylums for orphans, foundlings and abandoned older children. Organised childcare is promoted from 1870 through the foundation of childcare centres and public support for families.
1867 France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
Premiere of the opera Roméo et Juliet by Charles-François Gounod.
1867 Turkey International Exhibitions
The Ottoman Empire participates in the International Exhibition in Paris. The Ottoman pavilions are designed in #stanbul by a self-taught French architect named Léon Parvillée in collaboration with the Italian architect Barborini. Sultan Abdülaziz travels to Paris at the invitation of Emperor Napoleon III to attend the opening of the World Exhibition.
1867 Turkey Travelling
Sultan Abdülaziz makes state visits to European powers.
1867 Turkey Political Context
8 June: The Egyptian governor receives from the Sublime Porte the title of “khedive,” which provides him legislative independence.
1867 Austria Travelling
Sultan ‘Abd al-‘Aziz visits Vienna on 18 July.
1868 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
29 April: the Romanian Philharmonic Society is founded by conductor Eduard Wachmann with the aim of organising a permanent symphony orchestra. The inaugural concert takes place in the same year on 15 December.
1868 Lebanon Rediscovering The Past
Luigi Palma di Cesnola, the American Consul in Cyprus, gives a collection of Cyprian pottery to the Syrian Protestant College (now the American University) in Beirut. This event is the first step towards the foundation of the Archaeological Museum of the American University.
1868 Lebanon Travelling
Foundation of the Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut after Luigi Palma di Cesnola gives a collection of Cypriot pottery to the newly formed university.
1868 Austria Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The railway across the Brenner Pass (via the Alps) opens. Date Country Theme
1868 Austria Migrations
Michael Latos is born in Croatia (Austrian Empire) in 1828. He later deserts the Austrian army and flees to the Ottoman Empire, where he makes a military career as Omar Pasha and becomes Minister of War in 1868.
1868 Italy Reforms And Social Changes
Gualberta Alaide Beccari (a feminist with republican ideas, much influenced by Mazzini) founds the periodical La donna, which campaigns for women’s rights. La donna’s main contributor is Anna Maria Mozzoni, who since 1865 had campaigned against “marital authorisation” and for women’s right to vote.
1868 Spain Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
The “Generation of ‘68” writers begin to publish after the 1868 revolution; the group is named by one of its members, Leopoldo Alas, known as Clarín. Their characteristics are middle-class consciousness and a realist style. Authors in this group include Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, José María Pereda, Benito Pérez Galdós and Emilia Pardo Bazán.
1868 Spain Political Context
Carlist wars, economic crisis (1866–68) and disgruntlement with Queen Isabel II and the government explode in the September revolution known as La Gloriosa. The revolution is followed by six years of democratic government under Amadeo I, from the Italian Saboya family, (1870–73) and then under the first Spanish Republic (1873–74), causing the 3rd Carlist war.
1868 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
The birth of José Viana da Motta (d. 1948). Pianist, composer, conductor and pedagogue, he studied piano and composition in Berlin and performed in concerts around the world. He was professor of Piano at the Conservatory of Geneva and Director of the Conservatório Nacional de Lisboa, maintaining his concert career alongside teaching.
1868 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
29 June: Nam#k Kemal and Ziya Pa#a publish oppositional weekly newspaper in London, where they had fled to.
1869 United Kingdom Rediscovering The Past
The opening of the Suez Canal sparks a second burst of British popular interest in ancient Egypt.
1869 Romania Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
Timi#oara is the first city in Romania to use horse-drawn trams for public transportation. In Bucharest they are introduced in 1871.
1869 Austria Cities And Urban Spaces Date Country Theme
Opening of the new State Opera House in Vienna.
1869 Austria Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria attends the opening of the Suez Canal on 17 November.
1869 Austria Travelling
Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria visits Jerusalem.
After 1869 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Economy And Trade
Banyan (Hindu) merchants from British India increase their commercial, shipping and banking activities throughout the Trucial Coast, particularly within the pearling sector. Soon the Banyan becomes the main financiers, controlling all processes involving the preparation and pricing of pearls for export to Europe.
1869 Greece Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
The railway line from the Thesion district in central Athens to the Port of Piraeus opens.
1869 United Kingdom Political Context
Built largely with French expertise and capital, the Suez Canal shortens the journey to India. The British government secures a major financial interest in the Canal in 1876, and its security becomes a major British interest for the following century.
1869 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces
Khedive Isma‘il commissions a French company to construct the first bridge across the River Nile in Cairo, the Qasr al-Nil Bridge.
1869 Egypt Cities And Urban Spaces
The Opera House is inaugurated in November 1869 with Verdi’s Opera Rigoletto. In attendance, seated in the Royal loge, are Khedive Isma‘il Pasha, Empress Eugénie and her husband Napoleon III, and François Joseph I of Austria.
1869 Egypt Great Inventions Of The 19th Century
With completion of the Suez Canal a number of dignitaries and high-profile personalities arrive in Egypt for the inauguration, including Empress Eugénie of France.
1869 Egypt Travelling
Khedive Isma‘il Pasha visits Britain.
1869 Romania Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Date Country Theme
Installation of the first public telephone line in Romania (in Bucharest between the Minister of Internal Affairs and the Central Post Office).
1870 France Cities And Urban Spaces
From 1870, the suburbs appear around major French cities such as Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux and Marseille.
1870 France Political Context
The Third Republic had a difficult start: the Treaty of Versailles with Prussia granting Alsace and Lorraine to the German Empire, and repression of the Commune. After a period known as the “Moral Order”, the Opportunist (1879–98) or Radical Republic (1898–1914) set up a large number of reforms in all areas, which include among others: a law on primary education (1881–2); a law on freedom of the press (1881); the restoration of the law on divorce (1884); a law allowing Trades Unions (1884); and a law on the separation of Church and State (1905).
1870 France Travelling
From 1870 onwards, as the peripheries around the big French cities like Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux and Marseille start growing, they develop into a real suburban belt around the city.
1870 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces
Renewal and urban modernisation of Rome starts with the opening of a long road linking Porta Pia (where the Italian army broke into the city in 1870) to the Quirinale Palace, residence of the King (formerly a papal palace). The headquarters of some ministries are located along this road.
1870 Lebanon Political Context
Ottomans appoint Rustam Pasha as mutasarrif (governor). He is an equally firm and economical administrator.
1870 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes
Publication of Joao de Deus’s Cartilha Maternal, a beginner’s reading book that was to be in use for a long time. João de Deus was a follower of Maria Montessori’s pedagogical theories and founded in Portugal the “Escola Nova” movement.
1870 France Political Context
The Franco-Prussian War: France's defeat to Prussia results in the abdication of Napoleon III. Proclamation of the Third Republic.
1870 Germany Economy And Trade
The Deutsche Bank is founded by Georg von Siemens. Date Country Theme
1870 Turkey Cities And Urban Spaces
Fire in Beyo#lu (#stanbul) destroys about 3,000 houses; 80 people are killed. After that incident using brick and stone to build houses becomes obligatory.
1870 Turkey Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion
Ahmed Mithat Efendi (1844–1912), who introduced the novel from the Ottoman community begins to publish Letaif-I Rivayat (Finest Stories), which includes long stories and novellas.