Timeline / 1850 to 1920
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Timeline / 1850 to 1920 Date Country Theme 1850 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion January: the birth of Mihai Eminescu, who is considered to be the most important Romanian poet of the 19th century. 1850 - 1860 France Economy And Trade Foundation of numerous banks: the Crédit Industriel et Commercial (1859), the Credit Lyonnais (1863) and the Société générale (1864). 1850 France Migrations First wave of Italian immigrants to France. 1850 - 1860 France Rediscovering The Past Excavations of the French scholar, archaeologist and Egyptologist Auguste Mariette (1821–81) in Egypt. 1850 - 1900 Austria Economy And Trade The majority of fezzes worn as modern headgear in the Ottoman Empire during the second half of the 19th century are produced in the Austrian Empire. 1850 Austria Travelling Archduke Maximilian visits Asia Minor and Egypt. 1850 - 1855 Italy Fine And Applied Arts The painters of the School of Posillipo (Naples) develop a new style of more natural observation of landscapes and everyday life. 1850s - 1860s Italy Travelling Mountaineering on the Alps becomes a sport and tourism activity. Local people had always climbed mountains. Since the end of the 18th century, scientists had started exploring the Alps for scientific purposes (Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786). In 1857, Irish mountaineer John Ball starts climbing the Dolomites and writing guidebooks about them. 1850s United Kingdom Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Britain also holds a stake in the development of railways in the Near East. Egypt, as part of a global transport network and under British sponsorship, has a railway network before Norway does. 1850s United Kingdom Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The Crimean War brings thousands of British soldiers to Constantinople. After the war, certain innovations can be traced back to it – such as beards! There is a craze Date Country Theme for things all things Turkish; the Turkish commander even becomes something of a folk hero in Britain. 1850 - 1900 Austria Migrations During the second half of the 19th century the mass migration of Czech-speaking farmers to Vienna to work for Viennese industries finally amounts to half the Viennese population. 1850 Spain Fine And Applied Arts First photography of Arab monuments such as the Alhambra and the Great Mosque of Córdoba. The development of photography sheds new light on these monuments and these first photographs are important documents on Arab remains in Spain. 1850 - 1860s Spain Fine And Applied Arts Rafael Contreras begins to make models from the Alhambra that are shown in international exhibitions and acquired by many museums and schools of design. The models are used as examples of wall decoration in the Alhambresque style. 1850 Spain Rediscovering The Past First photography of the Islamic monuments and remains in Spain such as the Great Mosque of Córdoba and the Alhambra palace. 2nd half of the 19th century France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Parnassism is a French literary style that grew up as a reaction to Romanticism. Advocating “Art for art's sake”, it rejected lyricism: Leconte de Lisle and José-Maria de Heredia are notable poets of this style. Circa 1850 - Circa 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts The Realist movement, which emerges as a reaction to Classicism, focuses on the faithful reproduction of the “reality” of daily life in both town and country. This movement, which affected literature and painting in particular, shocked some people. Orientalism (i.e. the painters Fromentin, Ingres and Gérôme) favoured subjects inspired by travel to the Near East. 1850 France Fine And Applied Arts A Burial At Ornans by the Realist painter Gustave Courbet. 1850s - 1870s France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The crinoline underskirt increases the volume of women’s skirts. 1850 - 1900 Germany Fine And Applied Arts The painting by Max Liebermann, Die Gänserupferinnen (1872), exemplifies Impressionism in art at this time. Date Country Theme 1850 - 1870 Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Surveillance, spying and so on, creates fear and leads to political persecution of musicians (e.g. both Richard Wagner and Gottfried Semper are forced into exile). Music of this era falls under the label “late Romanticism” (i.e. when emotional expression and freedom of style are enhanced), and new genres are born; i.e. symphonic poetry (Franz List) and musical drama (Richard Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde, 1865). 1851 United Kingdom Rediscovering The Past When the Great Exhibition of All Nations opens in London, as well as showcasing technological progress, it also exposes the public to Egyptian, Mesopotamian and other ancient cultures, thus fostering an appetite for museums. 1851 Romania International Exhibitions Wallachia and Moldavia participate in the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations, organised at the Crystal Palace in London. Their products are exhibited in the Ottoman pavilion. 1851 - 1895 Jordan Reforms And Social Changes Between 1866 and 1871 two administrative districts are created: qada (district) of Ajlun and qada of al-Salt. Ajlun is part of Hawran mutasarrifiyyat (province), while al-Salt is part of al-Balqa mutasarrifiyyat. In 1872 a new administrative region comprising al-Salt, Karak and al-Jawf (Tafila is integrated in 1892) is formed with Ma’an as the administrative centre, subsequently replaced by Karak in 1895. 1851 - 1853 Italy Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Verdi composes the so-called popular trilogy (Rigoletto, Il trovatore and La traviata), consolidating his fame and reaching full musical and dramatical maturity. 1851 Greece International Exhibitions Greece is represented by a small stand at the Great Exhibition in London among the Levantine states. 1851 United Kingdom International Exhibitions At the Great Exhibition of this year are some examples of Islamic design influenced by Owen Jones, who had “discovered” Al-Andalus (Andalusian) Islamic architecture. Jones was brother-in-law to the architect J. W. Wild who designed St Mark’s Church in Alexandria. 1851 Spain Great Inventions Of The 19th Century While the Barcelona–Mataró railway is under construction, another line is in progress between Madrid and Aranjuez, opened in 1851, and a third between Langreo and Gijón, in Asturias. By the end of the 19th century most Spanish cities will be linked by train. Date Country Theme 1851 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Lendas e Narrativas published by Alexandre Herculano (1810–77), a collection of historical short stories set in the context of medieval times and the “Reconquista” process, the Iberian Christian military movement to recover Muslim-occupied territories (10th–15th centuries). 1851 - 1868 Portugal Political Context Regeneration, led mainly by Minister Fontes Pereira Melo (who gives the period name – Fontism) is a peaceful political cycle of global innovation started in 1851. The kingdom is tired of political unrest. Conditions are created for the middle classes and foreign investors to support economic expansion, the development of infrastructure and industrialisation. 1851 Portugal Economy And Trade Launch of an ambitious plan of modernisation and the stable Regeneration period mostly led by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo (1819–87) (and named Fontism after him) Infrastructure building, industrial production and business laws are promoted. Porto wine production and trade thrives and exports increase until the 1860s. 1851 Portugal International Exhibitions At “The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations“ in London, Portugal shows 1,293 products from almost all the regions. 1851 Germany International Exhibitions The First World Fair is opened by Prince Albert in London. 1851 Turkey Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The Ottoman steamship company #irket-i Hayriyye is founded. It provides regular and rapid transportation from Istanbul to points along the Bosporus, replacing the oar-drawn kay#ks that had monopolised this traffic since the 18th century. 1851 Turkey Reforms And Social Changes Ottoman Academy of Sciences (Encümen-i Dan##) opens. 1852 - 1870 France Cities And Urban Spaces Georges Haussmann’s works in Paris cover all areas of city planning: streets and boulevards, reconstruction of buildings, parks and street furniture, drainage networks and water supply facilities, equipment and monuments. 1852 Italy Political Context Cavour (Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, 1810–61), the architect of the diplomatic strategies that allowed Italian unification, becomes prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia (he will remain prime minister until his death). Date Country Theme 1852 Austria Reforms And Social Changes Enactment of a code for Craft Guild regulations offers workers some protection in the Austrian monarchy. 1852 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century 13 December: Under the framework of the Regeneration modernisation, the adoption of the decimal metric system based on the legal mètre of France is decreed by Queen Maria II. This decree establishes a ten-year deadline for its full enforcement, but the whole process will take longer than that. 1852 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes Ato Adicional de 1852 (Additional Act) abolishes the death penalty for political crimes, which had not been enforced since 1834. In 1867, in the reign of King Luís I, the abolition of the death penalty is extended to all kinds of crime, except for those under military jurisdiction. Only in 1911 will total abolition be proclaimed by the Republican regime. 1852 - 1870 France Political Context After an authoritarian period (1852–60), during which time freedoms are severely restricted and political opponents are forced into exile, the Second Empire is declared and the political climate becomes more liberal and the economy grows. 1852 Turkey Reforms And Social Changes The steamship company #irket-i Hayriyye is founded. 1852 Turkey Rediscovering The Past A museum of ancient costumes (Elbise-i Atika) is opened in Hippodrome (#stanbul) where old costumes of Janissaries are exhibited on mannequins. 1853 Romania Great Inventions Of The 19th Century 14 February: installation of the first electric telegraph lines in the Romanian territories, connecting Ia#i with Cern#u#i.