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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Magisterská Diplomová Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA Seminář čínských studií Magisterská diplomová práce 2019 Bc. Markéta Glanzová MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Filozofická fakulta Seminář čínských studií Bc. Markéta Glanzová Kontextuální analýza Jin Yongovy povídky Meč Dívky z Yue Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. et Mgr. Dušan Vávra, Ph.D. 2019 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. Podpis autora práce V Brně 6. ledna 2019 Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala svému vedoucímu práce Mgr. et Mgr. Dušanovi Vávrovi, Ph.D. za rady a podněty, bez kterých by tato práce nemohla vzniknout. Také bych ráda poděkovala své rodině za podporu a trpělivost. 1.Obsah 1 Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Metodologie ............................................................................................................................... 9 3 Část první – základní pojmy ...................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Jin Yong ............................................................................................................................. 11 3.2 Význam termínu wuxia 武侠 ............................................................................................ 12 3.3 Wuxia ve 20. století .......................................................................................................... 13 3.4 Termín jianghu 江湖 ........................................................................................................ 15 3.5 Žánr wuxia xiaoshuo ve 20. století – konfrontace s Májovým hnutím a socialistickým realismem ..................................................................................................................................... 16 3.6 Jin Yongův přínos .............................................................................................................. 18 3.7 Termíny gender, genderový stereotyp, genderová role, gender a literatura .................. 19 3.7.1 Gender – definice termínu ....................................................................................... 19 3.7.2 Genderové (rodové) role .......................................................................................... 19 3.7.3 Genderové (rodové) stereotypy ............................................................................... 19 3.7.4 Feminismus a literatura ............................................................................................ 20 4 Část druhá – Postavení žen v tradiční čínské společnosti ........................................................ 22 4.1 Konfuciánská společnost .................................................................................................. 22 4.1.1 Nebesa, pět vztahů a tři poslušnosti ........................................................................ 22 4.1.2 Role matky ................................................................................................................ 23 4.1.3 Yin 阴 – Yang 阳 ....................................................................................................... 23 4.1.4 Nei 内 a wai 外 ......................................................................................................... 24 4.1.5 De 德 a cai 才 ........................................................................................................... 25 4.1.6 Svazování chodidel ................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Postavení žen ve skupinách mimo oficiální konfuciánskou společnost ........................... 26 4.2.1 Bílý lotos ................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.2 Čínské bohyně .......................................................................................................... 27 4.2.3 Taipingská společnost .............................................................................................. 28 4.2.4 Shrnutí ...................................................................................................................... 28 4.3 Boj za rovnoprávnost žen v období pozdní Qing .............................................................. 29 4.3.1 Mužští reformátoři ................................................................................................... 29 4.3.2 Ženské reformátorky ................................................................................................ 31 5 Část třetí – Literární tradice nüxia ........................................................................................... 33 5.1 První narativy o nüxia ....................................................................................................... 33 5.2 Období dynastie Tang 唐 (618–907) ................................................................................ 34 5.2.1 „Bojovnice za sociální spravedlnost“ – Nie Yinniang 聂隐娘 ................................... 35 5.2.2 Tangské „mstitelky“.................................................................................................. 37 5.2.3 Tangská „banditka“ .................................................................................................. 37 5.3 Období dynastie Song 宋 (960–1279) .............................................................................. 38 5.3.1 Třináctá paní Jing 荆十三娘 ..................................................................................... 38 5.4 Období dynastie Yuan 元 (1271–1368) ............................................................................ 39 5.5 Období dynastie Ming 明 (1368–1644) ............................................................................ 40 5.6 Období dynastie Qing 清 (1636–1911) ............................................................................ 41 5.6.1 Shisanmei a otázka genderových rolí ....................................................................... 43 5.6.2 Legenda o Lü Siniang ................................................................................................ 44 5.7 Republikánské období (1912–1949)................................................................................. 45 5.8 Shrnutí části o literární tradici nüxia ................................................................................ 46 6 Část čtvrtá – Kontextuální analýza Jin Yongovy povídky Meč Dívky z Yue ............................... 49 6.1 Příběh o králi Goujianovi .................................................................................................. 49 6.1.1 Původní legenda o králi Goujianovi a Dívce z Yue .................................................... 50 6.1.2 Příběh v průběhu času – nové významy ................................................................... 52 6.1.3 Epizoda o Dívce z Yue z Letopisů států Wu a Yue ..................................................... 56 6.1.4 Stručné shrnutí děje Jin Yongovy povídky Meč Dívky z Yue ..................................... 57 6.1.5 Povídka Meč Dívky z Yue v porovnání s epizodou v Letopisech států Wu a Yue ..... 59 6.1.6 Jin Yong a příběh o Goujianovi ................................................................................. 60 6.2 Gender .............................................................................................................................. 64 6.2.1 Zobrazení A’qing ....................................................................................................... 64 6.2.2 Xi Shi a její role v příběhu ......................................................................................... 67 6.2.3 Zobrazení žen v povídce Meč Dívky z Yue – shrnutí ................................................. 70 6.2.4 Originální zobrazení A’qing vzhledem k literární tradici nüxia ................................. 71 6.2.5 Ženská sexualita ....................................................................................................... 72 6.3 Bojové schopnosti a jejich zisk ......................................................................................... 75 6.3.1 Základní charakteristika taoismu ............................................................................. 75 6.3.2 A’qing a zisk dokonalých bojových schopností ........................................................ 77 6.3.3 Bojové schopnosti A’qing – stručné shrnutí ............................................................. 80 6.3.4 Text jako most k pravému poznání .......................................................................... 81 6.3.5 Zisk bojových schopností na základě tradičního čínského textu .............................. 83 6.3.6 Zamyšlení na závěr – A’qing všechno končí anebo začíná? ..................................... 86 7 Závěr ......................................................................................................................................... 88 8 Seznam použité literatury ........................................................................................................ 89 8.1 Prameny ........................................................................................................................... 89 8.2 Sekundární zdroje............................................................................................................. 89 1 Úvod Jin Yong je jedním z nejvýznačnějších autorů řadících se do proudu tzv. „Nové školy wuxia“ (xinpai wuxia
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