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Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Seminá čínských studií Bakalářská diplomová práce 2016 Markéta Glanzová Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Seminář čínských studií Kulturní studia Číny Markéta Glanzová Jin Yongův fikční svět jako konstrukce čínské identity Bakaláská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. et Mgr. Dušan Vávra, Ph.D. 2016 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. Podpis autora práce V Brně 31. května 2016 Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala svému vedoucímu práce Mgr. et Mgr. Dušanovi Vávrovi, Ph.D. za jeho rady a podněty, bez kterých by tato práce nemohla vzniknout. Také bych ráda poděkovala své rodině a blízkým za podporu a trpělivost. Na závěr bych své díky chtěla vyjádřit i prof. Jin Yongovi, v jehož světě jsem poslední dobou trávila většinu svého času. Nutno říci, že se jednalo a čas příjemně strávený a ráda se do světa jianghu budu i nadále vracet. Obsah Úvod ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 1 ČÁST PRVNÍ ................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Wuxia .................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.1 Význam slova wuxia 武侠 ............................................................................................................ 8 1.1.2 Jianghu 江湖 ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1.3 Xia 侠 v literatue ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.4 Wuxia ve 20. století ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.1.5 Nová škola wuxia a noviny ......................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Čínská literatura na počátku 20. století ................................................................................................ 14 1.2.1 Tradiční pojetí čínské literaturu ped stetem se Západem ......................................................... 14 1.2.2 Změny v literatue na pelomu 1ř. a 20. století – formování moderní čínské literatury ............. 15 1.2.3 Hnutí za novou kulturu, Hnutí za novou literaturu a Májové hnutí ............................................ 17 1.2.4 Jin Yong v kontextu čínské literatury 20. století ......................................................................... 19 2 ČÁST DRUHÁ ............................................................................................................................................ 21 2.1 Základní informace o analyzovaných knihách, hlavních hrdinech a ději knih .................................... 21 2.1.1 Kniha a meč ................................................................................................................................ 21 2.1.2 Létající liška z Ledové hory ........................................................................................................ 23 2.1.3 Jelen a trojnožka ......................................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Uvedení do Jin Yongova fikčního světa .............................................................................................. 27 2.3 Konfucianismus v Jin Yongově fikčním světě (jianghu) ..................................................................... 28 2.4 Hanové a nehanská etnika ................................................................................................................... 31 2.4.1 Hanové a Mandžuové ................................................................................................................. 31 2.4.2 Hanové a Ujgurové (muslimové) ................................................................................................ 37 2.4.3 Osobní identita hrdinů - ,,Kdo jsemť“ (Han, Mandžu či Ujgurť) ............................................... 39 2.4.4 Shrnutí části Hanové a nehanská etnika ...................................................................................... 41 2.5 Ženské postavy .................................................................................................................................... 42 2.5.1 Shrnutí části ženské hrdinky ....................................................................................................... 49 2.6 ,,Kulturní pokladnice“ ......................................................................................................................... 51 2.6.1 Tradice vypravěčství ................................................................................................................... 51 2.6.2 Tradiční čínské knihy .................................................................................................................. 52 2.6.3 Bojová umění .............................................................................................................................. 55 2.6.4 Shrnutí části kulturní pokladnice ................................................................................................ 58 3 Závěr ............................................................................................................................................................ 60 4 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY .......................................................................................................... 62 5 Úvod Jin Yong 金庸, vlastním jménem Zha Liangyong, se narodil roku 1924 v provincii Zhejiang. Studoval mezinárodní vztahy na National Chengchi University v Chongqingu a později mezinárodní právo na Shanghai Dong Wu faxueyuan. Kvůli osobním důvodům a složité vnitropolitické situaci ani jedno ze studií nedokončil. Jeho první žurnalistické zkušenosti pocházely z deníku Dongnan ribao 南日报, kde od roku 1ř45 působil jako reportér. Od roku 1947 pracoval v shanghaiském deníku Dagong bao 大公报 a roku 1948 byl poslán do Hongkongu, kde pokračoval v žurnalistické činnosti. Od roku 1ř55 vydával pravidelně na pokračování své romány wuxia, nejprve v denících Xinwanbao 新晚報 a Xianggang Shangbao 香港商報, později ve svých vlastních novinách Mingbao 明报, které založil roku 1959. Zde vycházely na pokračování jeho romány. Založení vlastních novin se zdá být velmi úspěšným krokem, noviny Ming Bao sloužily Jin Yongovi k popularizaci jeho wuxia, na druhou stranu to byla právě wuxia, která novinám zajišovala pravidelné čtenáe a novinám pežití v silné konkurenci. Jin Yong napsal celkem 14 románů wuxia a jednu wuxia povídku. Na svém prvním románu, Kniha a meč (Shu jian enchou lu 书剑仇录), začal pracovat v roce 1ř55 a svůj poslední wuxia počin, povídku Meč slečny z Yue (Yue nü jian 越女剑), dokončil v roce 1ř70, v tomto roce začal všechna svá díla revidovat, což trvalo dalších 10 let. Jin Yong je nejčtenějším čínsky píšícím autorem 20. století a jedním z nejvýznačnějších autorů adících se do proudu tzv. „Nové školy wuxia“. Jeho romány posloužily jako pedloha pro mnoho filmů, seriálů či videoher. Jak uvádí Liu (2007, 24–25), na počátku 20. století byla čínská literatura tradičně dělena na ,,novou literaturu“ (xin wenxue 新 文学) reprezentovanou Májovým hnutím a ,,nativní literaturu“ (bentu wenxue 本土文学)1, která reprezentovala tradiční čínskou literaturu. Nativní literatura, do které spadá i žánr wuxia, byla literáty Májového hnutí označována jako „stará škola“ a kritizována pro svou zábavnou funkci. I Jin Yongovy knihy nepochybně plní zábavnou funkci. Jak íká Xiaofei Tian (2007, 226), Jin Yongovi čtenái rádi unikají do jeho fikčního světa plného neohrožených hrdinů a nebezpečí. Tento svět je jim alespoň dočasným úkrytem ped starostmi všedních dní a mnoho čtenáů se často do knih ponoí natolik, že je pro ně témě nemožné se od nich odtrhnout. 1 atií liteatua e syslu liteatua yházejíí z doáíh zdojů. 6 V této práci vycházím z pedpokladu, že Jin Yongův fikční svět v sobě skýtá mnohem více než jen zábavu a únik od reality. Cílem práce je proto vstoupit do Jin Yongova fikčního světa a za pomoci analýzy hlavních stavebních kamenů tohoto světa odkrýt jaký obraz Číny (čínské kultury, společnosti a místa jedince v ní) Jin Yong vytváí. Analýza se zaměuje na ti Jin Yongovy knihy, Jin Yongovu prvotinu Kniha a meč (Shu jian enchou lu 书剑仇录), dále knihu Létající liška z Ledové hory (Xueshan feihu 雪山飞狐), kterou je možné zaadit to stedního období tvorby a knihu Jelen a trojnožka (Luding ji 鹿鼎记), která je Jin Yongovým posledním románem. Domnívám se, že tento výběr literatury, který je v podstatě výezem z různých období Jin Yongovy tvorby, podá v celku ucelený obraz o Jin Yongově fikčním světě a zároveň bude možné sledovat jak se jednotlivé prvky Jin Yongova světa vyvíjely v čase. Práce je dělena na dvě části, v první části za pomoci sekundární literatury charakterizuji žánr wuxia a další pojmy s ním spojené, poté popisuji, jaké změny proběhly v čínské literatue na počátku 20. století a objasňuji, v čem tkví Jin Yongův pínos pro literaturu 20. století. Druhá část se již zabývá samotnou analýzou Jin Yongových knih a popisem konstrukce Jin Yongova fikčního světa. V Jin Yongově fikčním světě vidím pedevším ti hlavní motivy, které se ve všech knihách opakují a jsou pi konstrukci světa velmi důležité. Všechny
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