2."061" 0.LC. 062 Agricultural economcs--El Salvador

Rural income and employment

2.AUTW@REU Garcia-Avaviri, Enrique 4. DCUMT oEDA d ci NUM.d o PoES 6.ARC NUME3

1974• 79p. ARC ES331..A973 I 7. IEF RNCE ORGANZATION N E AND ADDlrES El Salvador

". SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Spmw~i ol dumua, P,*Uai~m., AvmgI.lIat,) (El Salvador Rural development study)

. ABSTRACT

i. DOCUMNT DATE S.. PNIE OO DOCUME[NT

7,.RmEEREN NAJM ANDAum, ,,o - Rural areas El Salvador Income s CoUvmTUC UNO Employment study)d ' IL DIIWO IL UNE I Rura 1o.conomi ara statu El Salvador I1 PWC OF DOCUMEN |55/

El Salvador Rural Development Study

RURAL INCOHE AND EMPLOYMENT

Enrique Garcia Ayaviri.

October 29, 1974

treno R ceiu CONTENTS

I. A national macroview of the facts. Towards the definition of major global problems.

II. The major global problems within the context of regional development.

III. The impact of the projects recommended by the mission on the levels of rural income and employment.

IV. Appendix

1. Socioeconomic characteristics of nine regional areas.

2. Composition of the nine regional areas by provinces, extension and population. RURAL INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT

I A NATIONAL MACROVIEW O1 THE FACTS. TOWARDS THE DEFINITION OF

MAJOR GLOBAL PROBLEMS

Rural Population and the High Density Problem

By 1971, El Salvador had a population of 3.6 million people. In 1950

its population numbered only 1.9 million, which means that over a period of 20 years the population has almost doubled.

This growth is spectacular even by Latin American standards. I/

Despite the relative constancy of the urban-rural population ratio over the last 20 years, there are social and economic forces that will accelerate the present rate of migration from rural to urben centers in the future ahead.

Presently, the rural population, according to the Diretci'n de Esta­ distica y Censos (1971) is about 60% of the total population, or about 2.1 million people. It is not evenly distributed in the national territory.

The greatest concentration is on the central region, defined in this study as the spatial unit dominated by the cities of Sana Ana, Metropolitan

i/ The rate of growth has been accelerating at a marginal rate of 0.2% every five years. In fact, the accumulated annual growth rate for 1956-1961 is 3.07, for 1961-1966 is 3.2%, while for the period 1966-1971 is 3.4Z. -2-

San Salvador and San Miguel (see grapl's 1 anJ 2, part II of this study).

Here lives 60% of the total rural population. Average density in 1971 was

230 persons per square kilometer.

The second greatest concentration is on the southern region, defined

in this study as the spatial unit dominated by the belt of towns extending

from Sonsonate to Zacatecoluca, Usulut'n, and La UniOn. Here lives about

19% of the total rural population. Average density per square kilometer

is 13.

The rest of the rural population, 21% is sparcely settled in the C northern region, which encompasses the north and northeastern parts of the

territory. Average density is only 88 persons per square kilometer-

Overall rural population density averaged 153 persons per square kilo­

meter in 1971. Considering the scarcity of natural resources and the

relatively low degree of development in the economy of El Salvador, there

is no question that this country faces an overpopulation problem, which

might put a severe constraint on its capacity to continue to grow and

develop.

The issue does not center, however, in the relative big size of its population with respect to its small territory but rather on the problem of how well its population is distributed in the available space (efficient use of space), how well the resources are used (economic efficiency), and how well the access to the use of resources is made possible for all the -3­

population (efficient distribution of land and capital, i.e., better distribu­ tion of wealth, better access to technology; higher income and education opportunities).

The high density issue is undoubtedly a national policy issue. It appears, however, that operationally its implications must be analyaed on a regional level. That is to say, that the national problem of "over popula­ tion" becomes largely a problem of regional development, i.e., the better. distribution of population in space so as to maxir4ze social and economic welfare.

The Income Problem

In 1971 there were approximately 357,000 rural families in the country.

Their relative access to land was as follows:

Socioeconomic Category Number of Rural Z of Total Families Rural Families

Family without access to land 85,000 24% Family cultivates less I ha. 133,000 37% Family cultivates 1-5 ha. 104,000 29% Family cultivates more than 5 ha. 35,000 10%

I/ Source: Agricultural Census (1971) Direcci6n Nacional dte Estadstica y Censos, and estimates of this mission, 1974. -4-

Insofar as this mission is fundamentally con.cerned about the small flirmer, who constitutes 89% of the total rual population, the field survey did not obtain information on the income and employment of the family operating a farm larger than 5 ha. A rough macroeconomic estimate, however, i& made further on, in order to round up national rural income figures.

The average income for a family without access to land varied from the lowest 500 colones per year in the northern region to 800 colones per year in the central region.

The average income for a family who cultivates less than 1 ha. varied from 600 colones per yerr in the northern region to 1,100 colones per year in the central region.

The average income for a family who cultivates between 1-5 ha. varied from 1,000 colones per year in the northern region to 2,400 colones per year in the central region.

Average family incomes for each socioeconomic category -at the national

level were as follows: 1/

Socioeconomic Category Rural Family Income per Year (colones, 1973)

Family without access to land 680 Family cultivates less 1 ha. 840 Family cultivates 1-5 ha. 0j650 Average family 13060

*Source: From field survey of this mission. -5-

In 1965 the Ministry of Labor of the Government of El Salvador estab­ lished 800 colones per year as the minimum income requi7 .d for a rural family. This estimate provides for minimum levels of food, lodging and clothing for a 'familyof six members. A small amount for extra expenses was included in this budget, but no provision -irsavings was made.

Considering price increases In the last 8 years,it is likely that the level of the minimum required income for a rural family should have reached

at least 1,000 colones per year, in 1973.

Taking this latter income as a basis for comparing the relative economic welfare of the rural family fo each socioeconomic category, we have the following comparison:

Socioeconomic Category Relative Economic Wellbeing Expressed as Percentage Above or Below Minimu Income I/

Family without acces to land 32% below Family cultivates less 1 ha. 16Z below Family cultivates 1-5 ha. 652 above Average family 6Z above

1/ Personal income (including cash and non-cash income) is taken as the indicator of fi:mily wellbeing.

The two lowest income groups are considerably below the minimuw required income. It is obvious that these two socioeconomic categories are not able to save at all. -6-

As an average, 40% of the total income earned by a rural family in 1973

was paid in the form of food, lodging, rent and medicalcare. The quality

of the service or staple provided is usually worse than what the money

equivalent could buy in the market.

A comparison of real incomes for families in the first two socioeconomic

categories between 1953 and 1973 shows that family income in 1973 is

almost the same than in 1953. 1/ This means a %rate of g.owth of near zero per year. The average annual rate of growth in real family income for the nation as a whole (deflated also by consumer price index) is about 0.8% per year.

The average money wage for a male worker in 1953 was about 1.32 colones per day, in 1973 the average money wage was 2.10 per day. If payment in kind and services is included, average daily remuneration in 1953 was about 1.94 colones per day. 2/ In 1973 it was about 3.0 colones per day.

In 1974, minimum wage for a male worker was set by the government to a minimum of 3.10 colones per day; including food and service it would come to about 4.30 per day.

The Employment Problem

In the previous section we have seen that the level of income is related to land accessibility. In the following table we see that the levels of employment and unemployment are also related to this factor.

I/ Income for 1953 has been computated on the basis of wage data found in the study of MAbrosini, Informe al Cobierno de El Salvador sobre los Asalariadoa Agrcolas. O.I.T., 1954, p. 34. This figure comes to about 580 colones per year. Using the consumer- price index deflator for El Salvador given by the Wf's International Financial Statistics, Oct. 1974, 580 colones of 1955 at 1963. prices is MJ colones and 760 colones (average arnual income of the two lowest socioeconomic groups in 1973) at 1963 prices is 649 colonas.

2/.See' Ambrosini, op. cit..p. 34. -7-

Socioeconomic Employment in Man/Days Percentage Category Per Year, Per Famil) of Unemployment Per Year

Family without access to land 190 65Z Family cultivates less I ha. 270 50% Family cultivates 1-5 ha. 410 252 Average family 290 47%

* It is considered that the family has 550 man/days available per year (275 days x 2 working units per family). Source of data: From field survey of this mission.

The average figures shown are relatively high levels of unemployment considering the fact that there are favorable climatological factors that

make employment possible in agriculture all year round.

The highest level of employment in the country as a whole is reached during the months of November, December and January (? months). This season coincides with the harvest of coffee, cotton and some food crops. Probably

90Z of the labor force is employed at this time.

From May throvigh August (4 months) the levels of employment reach an average of about.60%, while the rest of the year (5 months) employment may average as low as 30%. -8

By far agricultural activities constitute the major component of rural

employment. As a rule, the average rural laborer does not or cannot find work outside agricultural activities for more than 20 man/days per year per

family. An exception is in the zones around Metropolitan San Salvador where

employment in these types of activities could reach 40 man/days per year, per family. The type of non-agricultural work is usually some sort of

temporary activity such as domestic service, commerce, or some menial work at low pay in t.jan centers.

Contribution of small fermers to national income and a comparison with the contribution of other socioeconomic groups

The following table shows the contribution to national personal 1/ income-of the three socioeconomic groups considered in this study, namely

those rural families who do not have access to land and those who cultivate less than 5 ha. Additional estimates are made for upper rural socioeconomic groups, not included in this study, and for the average urbap family:

1/ Includes cash and non-cash income. -9-

Socioeconomic Anntil Family Number of Millions of Category Income (Current Families Current Colones Colones, 1973)" (1973)

Rural Sector

Faruilies without accesa to land 680 85,000 58

Families cultivate less 1 ha. 840 133,000 97 Families cultivate 1-5 ha. 1,650 104,000 176 Families cultivate more than 5 less than 50 ha. 10,000 1/ 31,00 310

Families cultivate more 50 ha. .fl,O00 1/ 4,000 280

Urban Sector

Average urban family 8,000 1/ 250,000 2,000

Totals for El Salvador 607,000 2,921

1 These are the mission's rough estimates based on verbal information from various sources. II. THE MAJOR GLOBAL PROBLEMS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

In this chapter an attempt is made to place the problems outlines in the

previous chapter within the context of regional development.

This approach is useful both conceptually and operationally. By placing

the macroproblems on a particular spatial setting, it becomes possible to

differentiatc particular characteristics of each problem, a fact that may

prove crucial for the success of nationally determined sets of policies or

remedies intended in general for that area.

Our task here is two fold.

(a) Three major Yegions are defined in terms of their land, labor and

income characteristics and then we outline the elements of a spatial strategy

on the basis of which to formulate long term recommendations for the problems

of rural poverty, unemployment and population growth.

(b) Nine areas are delimited. These areas are differentiated in terms

of population, income and employment characteristics, as spatial units on

which to formulate alternative combination of policies and investment projects

as short and medium term instruments to attack the problems of rural poverty 4 and unemployment.

In other words, (a) aims at changing the structural conditions :Irough

a spatial development strategy and (b) improving the situation within the

present socioeconomic structure with the help of short and nedium run

instruments. A Conceptualization of Development S-nace in El Salvador

Graph I presents a conceptualization scheme of how we visualize present

space relationships among the various population centers in the territory of

El Salvador.

The salient characteristic is the Ftrong dominance that Metropolitan

San Salvador exercises towards the rest of the towns indicated by the solid

arrows, and the weak relationships that appear to exist among lower order

centers.

The pattern is clearly the lack of development of second and third

order towns.

The rural population is more densely concentrated

along the axis Santa Ana-San Salvador-San Miguel, which have been in the past the traditional development centers of El Salvador. These centers con­ centrate infrastructure so as to support activities which are not directly dependent on agriculture.

From an income and employmant point of view, this means that a sig­ nificant: number of people, who live in these main centers, derive their income and find employment in activities other than agriculture.

These centers, namely the" metropolitan area of San Salvador, Santa

Ana and San Miguel, possess essentially urban characteristics with combined population of 700,000 in 1971 and approaching 900,000 in 1974. j z~ %5:.4AVA~40 otY4--loe POPM.44rloov ciorlc*.

%10"rr

of N

1( O~ Or~I Zmm~cole diloac jeew4/awI 3-9#, 1,4 met 0.1 Pe /0 0 @~ - 13-

These three cities because they perform economic and administrative functions of the highest order and because most of public and private decision making is done here, constitute centers of first (Metropolitan San Salvador) and second order (Santa Ana and San Miguel) which exercise and economic and political dominance over the rest of the population centers of the country.

This axis, which concentrates a rural population of approximately 1.2 mill 1 on, that is over 60Z af the total rural population of El Salvador, defines whac we would like to call the Central Region.

There is a secondary development axis of a more recent history. It is composed essentially of centers that may be classified as of third order. These are: Oonsonate, Zacatecoluca, Usulutan and La Uni6n.

Although these latter towns have some industrial base and provide some services, they have a heavy depevcdnce on agricultural production, particularly of the commercial crop variety, namely cotton, coffee and sugarcane. In this sense these centers could be considered as essentially of rural character. They provide a number of services to the rural areas and are economically and politically dependent from the main axis.

This secondary axis forms the backbone of what may be called the Southern Region.

There is a number of fourth order centers of rural character which cluster in the north atid northeastern part of the Country .which do not fo.m - 14 ­

a system (an axis) among themselves but rather depend on an unsystematic

way Zrom the main axis. This collection of towns conforms what may be

called the Northern Region. Among the main centers in this region are

MHtapan, Chalatenango, Sesuntepeque, Jocoro, Santa Rosa, and San Francisco

Gotera.

The essential characteristic of these centers is that they are

dominated by agricultural activities and the number of people who derive

their incomes and find employment outside agriculture is significantly small.

A Regional View of the Problems of Income and Employment

The northern region, particularly the northeastern part of it, is the poorest in terms of income per family and in the number of employment opportunities either in agricultural or non-agricultural activities. There are about 93,500 families in this region, that is about 26% of the total number of rural families of the nation. Their relative accdss to land is as shown in Table I below.

This region has become a labor supply pool for the seasonal manpower needs of the commercially oriented farms of the central and southern regions. - 15 -

Table 1: Northern Region: Relative Access to Land. I/

Number of Without Cultivate Cultivate Cultivate Families Access Less I ha. I - 5 ha. More 5 ha. to Land

93,500 10,320 32,015 36,885 14,280 (100%) (1iz) (34%) (40%) (15%)

I/ Source: Agricultural Census, 1971, Direcci'n de Estad'stica y Censo; and this mission's estimate, 1974. One fundamental characteristic of land accessibility in this region is the low percentage of landless families in relation to the central and southern regions.

Family income varies from 600 colones per year for families that have no access to land to 1,200 for families that cultivate less than 5 ha. Table 2 Lhlow shows these incomes for 3 socioeconiomic categories. Their average income, which is about 830 colones, is the lowest of the three regions. About half of this income is earned outside the region and about 70Z is earned in money.

Table 2: Northern Region: Rural Income per Family/Year (1973, current colones) 2/

Socioeconomic Rural Income Category

Family without land 600 Family cultivates less I ha. 700 Family cultivates 1-5 ha. 1,200 Regional average for these 3 groups 630

2/ Source:, Estimates from the field survey of the mission, 1974.''.: - 16 -

In general the average income for the family in the region is 25% below

the level of income nonsidered by the Government of El Salvador and this mission

as the minimum to sustain an adequate Livel of welfare for the rural family. I/

Families without access to land are uncmployed about 70% of the working year (275 days), families who cultivate less than one hectare are unemployed about 55% of the working year, and families who cultivate more than I but less than 5 ha. are unemployed about 30% of the working yeac.

Although this study was not able to determine quantitatively the number of man/days employed in non agricultural activities, it is estimated that only about 5% of total rural employment is spent in activities not directly related to farming.

However, approximately 9 out of 10 people who are employed in the urban sector of this region work in activities that are directly related to agri­ cultural activities. This dependence is greater in the eastern part and lower in the western part.

The central region is the most densely populated of all the three regions. There are about 194,000 rural families, that is about more than half of the total rural population of El Salvador lives here. Their relative access to land is shown in Table 3 below.

1/ 1,000 colones per year at 1973 prices. - 17 -

Table 3: Central Region: Relative Access to Land 11

Number of Without Cultivate Cultivate Cultivate Families Access Less 1 ha. 1.- 5 ha. More 5 ha. to Land

194,000 60,740 64,280 54,260 14,720

(100%) (31%) (33%) (28%) (82)

I/ Source: See table 1.

Most rural families make an annual income that varies from 700 colones

for the families without access to land to 2,200 colones for the families who cultivate between I and 5 ha. of land-

Table 4 shows the income levels for these socioeconomic categories.

Table 4: Central Region: Rural Family Income per Year (1973, current colones)

Socioeconomic Ruru Income Category

Family without access land 760

Family cultivates les3 1 ha. 960

Family cultivates 1-5 ha. 2,200 Regional average for the 3 groups 1,307

2/ Sour,-: See table 2. Rural income& in all levels are the highestof all 3 regions. This is

due particularly to the existence of more fertile soils, greater opportunity

for temporary and permanent hired labor for agricultural tasks and also

because of greater opportunities for temporary non-agricultural work.

In general 70% of total family income is cash income.

In general the average family income for the three socioeconomic groups

shown in Table 4, is about 30% above the level if income considered by the Government of El Salvador and this mission as the minimum to sustain a rural

family. I/

A family without access to land is unemployed about 60% of the working year (275 days) which is the lowest unemployment rate in the country for a

family of this category. This is so even despite the fact that this region has more than one third of its population without access to land.

Unemployment for a family who cultivates less than one hectare of land is about 48%, while unemployment for a family who cultivates between 1-5 ha. is about 20%.

This study estimates that about 12% of total man/days employed in the rural areas of this region is employed in activities not related directly to agricultural production (farming).

However, approximately 5 out of 10 people who are employed in the urba-n sector of this region work in activ.i:ties related to agriculture. These are agroindustries,. mrketing, a robusiness, government services, commerce and others.

11 1,000 Colones per year at 1973 prices. - 19 -

The southern e contains about 19% of the total rural population of the country, or approximately 69,000 rural families. Their relative

access to land is as shown in Table 5 below.

Table 5: Southern Region: Relative Access to Land 1/

Number of Without Cultivate Cultivate Cultivate Families Access Less I ha. I - 5 ha. More 5 ha. to Land

69,200 23,746 22,386 17,296 5.772 (100%) (34%) (33%) (25%) (8%)

1l Source: See table 1. In relation to the other regions, the access to land here is more severely limited. More than one third of rural families have no access to land and another third cultivates less than one ha. of land. This factor weighs heavily on dampening the levels of income and employment which other­ wise ',ould be higher for these latter groups considering the'fact that soils here are much more fertile than on the northern region and that employ­

ment opportunities are potentially greater.

Consequently, income for the family in the category which has no access to land, 660 celones per year, is only 102 above that of similar category in the northern region. Family income for th: group with less :than one ha. is about 860 colones a year and for the group cultivating between

1-5 ha. is about 1,500 colones a year. - 20-

The average income for these 3 categories, which compose as aeen on

Table 5, 92% of the rural population, is about 1,000 colones per year, which

is 25% above that of the northern region, and 30% below that of the central

region..

In general, about 70% of this income is paid in money. The average

family income in this region is at the level of income considered as minimum

by the Government of El Salvador for sustaining a minimum level of economic

wellbeing for P rural family. 1/

Table 6 illustrates the income differences for three socioeconomic

groups.

Table 6: Southern Region: Rural Family Income per Year (1973, current colones)

Socioeconomic Rural Income Category

Family without access to land 660

Family in farm less 1 ha. 860

Family in farm 1 - 5 ha. 1,530

Regional average for the 3 groups 1,020

A family without access to land Ts unemployed about 67% of the working year (275 days), while a family in the category of farmc less than 1 ha. is

11 1 .00 olones per year at 1973 prices. - 21 -

unemployed 50% of the working year. Families in farms of more than one ha. but less than 5 ha. have a yearly rate of unemployment of about 26Z.

Non-agricultural employment is estimated to be less than 7% of total rural employment in the region. It is estimated also that r )ut 7 out of 10 urban jobs in the region are related to agricultural activities in the rural areas.

Elements for a Long Term Spatial Strategy for Increasing Rural Income and Employment Although there seems to exist st:11 significant ways of increasing employment and incomes in the rural areas by way of agricultural activities, it is clear that because of the rapid growth of labor force, in the long run employment opportunities, as well as higher incomes will have to be obtained outside the agricultural sector. In other words,the problem of expanding. rural employment and incomes in the long run is tied up to the probleiL of creating employment and income opportunities in the industrial and service sectors of the economy. This is a complex matter involving changes in the socioeconomic structure of the country. An important part of this change could be achieved by:

(a) inducing some rural centers of significant urban characteristics and which have a potential to become development centers, to act as agents of structural changes. This would involve the develop­ meut of industries and higher order services which would create more jobs for the rural people in and around these centers. .(b) revitalization of urban centers, which were former or traditional growth centers. This means that these Centers would act as' recipients of activities and functions decentralized from the

metropolis. - 22 -

This implies a multisectoral approach and a representation of the

needs of the particular region as a better foundation on which to base a

successful developoent effort.

In this regard, it would appear, that the best way to expand and diversify the agricultural and industrial base would be by concentrating the development efforts in strengthening interdependence, that is) functional linkages alerg the secondary axis and building a hierarchy of functions between the main axis and the secondary axis.

This effort would mean to induce the development of Sonsonate, Zacateco­ luca, Usulut~n, and La UniOn, and possibly Ahuachapan, by increasing their interdependency along the secondary development axis shown in Graph II, and diminishing their dependency on Metropolitan San Salvador. These rural centers should act as main innovating centers for promoting socioeconomic changes in the rural population and would be the seat of light manufacture industry directed towards the internal market.

A second effort should be directed to revitalizing the urban centers of

Santa Ana and San Miguel. This could be done by decentralizing the heavier export industries from Metropolitan San Salvador and some higher order service functions.

Because the north-easterd subregion is the poorest in the country and also where unemployment is the highest, the first and prioritary effort should be directed there. This should entail the revitalization of San Miguel, and the development of a new growth pole around the La Uni6n-Usulutin-San Miguel ?ACZ.34Stiw Je 4,04--a

, 4fe ~ c C4./ dep ca at*wa

/7 //g cA V

44 4P - 24 ­

triangle. This development triangle should pull Osicala, Jcoro, San Fran­

cisco Gotera, Santa Rosa de Lima, in the north; the rural areas west of

El Carmen, and Olomeja, as well as the areas around Usulutgn and San Miguel

and those within the triangle itself.

This strategy would, in the shot; run, increase employment in agri­

culture, but more significantly it would be irected to the long run problem

of finding job opportunities in non-agricultural activities, i.e. industrial

and service jobs.

The elemc-its of spatial strategy that we have outlined above are only' part of an overall development strategy which needs to be.put forward fur

El Salvador. Here no such attempt has been made. We have only tried to point out the fact that the problem of rural income and employment requires for its solution fundamental changes in the socioeconomic structure of the country. Part of this solution cousists of rearranging the present use of space so as to promote development.

Change of the socioeconomic structure, however, is a long run proposi­ tion. In so far as short and medium run solutions are also required, it is necessary to work within the present socioeconomic structure as it exists today.

Elements. for a short and medium term strategy for rural incomen and employment

We have pointed out earlier that there still seems to be a number of opportunities available for increasing employment and incomes in agriculture - 25 ­

without fundamental changes in structural conditions. However, the problem is not simple. It is conditioned to 4 host of interrelated technical and

institutional problems, namely:

(a) access to land

(b) credit for small farmers

(c) techrical assistance and education of the rural family

A.") changing the composition and innovating the traditional food

crop mix (e) changing the composition and innovating the commercial crop mix

(f) participation of lower income strate of the rural population in

higher profit commercial crop activities.

We cannot low of these opportunities a priori unless we know quite well a number of technical and socioeconomic characteristics of the areas where such increments are possible.

We d, not have such detailed information. However, it is possible to outline roughly some socioeconomic characteristics of a limited number of areas which should serve as a basic reference to development officials as

criteria for selecting investment projects.

We take advantage of our earlier regionalization of the country and add additional ecological criteria to-come up with 9 areas as shown in the accompanying map. We claim here that for each area a different set of policies and projects is required on account of somewhat differentiated socioeconomic characteristics. In the Appendix/of this report major socioeconomic characteristics for each area are listed and in additionin Appendix Ii 2 - 26 ­ a detailed composition of these v:eas by provinces, area and population is shown. Table I in the text summarizes basic dei'ographic diata and extension by area and region.

On the basis of the socioeconomic infoi ation gathered for the nine areas, it appears that development efforts in the short run should be placed by stages in the following order and on the following areas:

Time Prioritary areas

(1975-1977) first stage Areas 7, 4 and 9

(1977-1979) second stage Areas 1, 5, 6

(1979-1981) third stage Areas 2 and 8 - 27 -

TABLE I

EL SALVADOR: REGIONAL AREAS - EXTENSION AND POPULATION

AREA I AREA 4 AREA 7 REGION I

2 Extension Km 1,102 2,439 4,046 7,587

Total population 76,000 242,000 388,000 706,000

Rural population 61,000 183,000 320,000 564,000

Density per Km 69 99 94 88

AREA 2 AREA 5 AREA 8 REGION II

2 Extension Km 1,969 5,186 1,934 9,089

Total population 469,GOO 1,454,000 339,000 2,262,000

Rural population 276,000 673,000 217,000 1,166,000

Density per Km2 244 280 175 233

AREA 3 AREA 6 AREA 9 REGION III

Extension Km2 1,210 2,370 599 4,179 Total population 185,000 328,000 F4,000 587,0 ).

Rural population 124,000 242,000 42,000 415,000 2 Density per Km 153 138 124 138

Source: Censos Nacion.-.les de 1971, Direccibn General de Estad.tira y Ce0os-, El Sabvadr., and IDB-IBRD-AID Tripartite Mission - haigta t-1:7'­. - 28 -

I. THE IMPACT OF THE PROJECTS RECOMMENDED BY THE MISSION ON THE LEVELS OF RURAL INCOME AND EMPLOYIENT

Projects at Regional Level

In the following tables an estimate is made of the additional employment

and income generated by each of thE projects recommended by the mission,

by area.

Area 1

Man/Days Income per year */ Name of (1,000) (1,000 colones) Project Ist 3rd 5th 10th Ist 3rd 5th 10th

Rur.l Roads 82 82 82 82 656 656 656 656

Reforestation 104 189 76 53 448 813 328 229

Totals 186 271 158 135 1,104 1,469 984 885

* Income from wages, at 4.30 colones per man/day for reforestation and at 8.00 colones per man/day (average of 10 colones for construction and 6 for maintenance) for rural roads. Values are not discounted.

Area 2

Man/Days Income per year */ Fame of (1,000) (1,000 colones) Project 1st 3rd 5th 10th 1st 3rd 5th 10th Rural Roads 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 856 856 856 856 Fertilizers 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 1,546 1,546 1,546 1,546 Glucose 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 20 20 20 20 Yeast 4.1 4.i, 4.1 4.1 57 57 57 57 Tableros 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 462 462 462 462

Chalchuapa- Atiquizava 14.8 43.4 72.0 44.8 64 187 310 193 (Irrigation)

Nahui,'-1co (Irrigation) 29.7 86.9 144,0 89.3 128 374 619 384

Totals 300.0 385.8 471.5 389.6 3,133 3,502 3,870,3,518

* Wages for irrigation proje.ts are 4.30 colones per aan/day. Industrial wages are given a value of 14 colones per man/day. - 29

Area 3

Man/Days Name of Income per year (1,000) (1,000 colones) Project Ist 3rd 5th lOth Ist 3rd 5th loth Rural Roads 43 43 43 43 344 344 344 344 Ment (Agro- 45 48 48 48 193 235 235 235 Sonsonate Milk 33 173 173 173 628 1,230 1,230 2,043 La Barranca (Irrigation) 6 18 30 19 26 78 130 80 Bola de Marte (Irrigation) 3 9 15 9 13 39 65 40

La Barranca 2nd Stage 9 26 43 27 38 112 186 115 Totals 139 317 352 319 1,242 2,038 2,190 2,857

Area 4

Man/Days Name of Income per year (1,000) (1,000 colones) Prect , 1st 3rd 5th 10th 1st 3rd 5th 10th Rural Roads 81 81 81 81 648 648" 648 648 Reforestation 104 189 76 53 448 813 328 229 Aguacaliente- La Reina(milk 36 96 96 96 638 876 896 1,713 and beef)

Support for small produc- 155 465 1,050' 3,150 - ers' coops.

El Carmen (Irrigation) 1 2 4 3 4 9 18 18 'Totals 377 838i 257 233 2,788 5I516. 1,890, 2,608 -- *f n

Area 5

Han/Days Income per year Name of (1,000) (1,000 colones) Project 1st 3rd 5th 10th 1st 3rd 5th 10th

Rural Roads 293 293 293 293 2,344 2,344 2,344 2,344

Sesame (Agroind.) 672 692 692 692 2,890 3,198 3,198 3,198

Terebinto (Agroind.) 700 714 '14 714 3,010 3,200 3,200 3,200

Hortalizas (Agroind.) 1,800 1,816 1,816 1,816 7,740 7,960 7,960 7,960

0ercuma (Agroind.) 17 20 20 20 73 115 115 115

Achio e (Agroitd.) 23 26 26 26 99 141 141 141

Lemon Grass (Agroind.) 42 44 44 44 181 209 209 209

Sugar Jiboa (Agroind.) 304 387 387 387 1,307 2,462 2,462 2,462

Support for Small Produc­ ers' coops. 155 465 - - 1,050 3,150 -

Opico (Irrigation) 2 6 10 6 8 26 43 27

Totals 4,008 4,463 4,002 3,998 18,702 22,805 19,672 19,656 - 31 -

Area 6 Man/Days Income per. ye.r.:. Name of (1,000) Projiect "olo" Ist 3rd 5th loth 1st 3rd Sth .,- 10th

Rural Roads 47 47 47 47 376 376 36 3761 Las Pampas (Irrigation) 6 17 28 17 25 74 123 -77: Hacienda Nueva (Irrigation) 8 24 40 24 35 102 170 106 El Jocote (Irrigation) 6 18 30 18 27 78 130 81 San Antonio Potrerillos (Irrigation) 3 j 10 17 11 15 "45 74 6

Total 70 116 162 117 478 675 873 868 "" -212

Area 7

Man/Days Income per year Name of (1,000) (1,000 colones) Project Ist 3rd 5th 10th 1st 3rd 5th 10th

Rural Roads 158 158 158 158 1,264 1,264 1,264 1,264 Oregano (Agroind.) 504 540 540 540 2,167 2,671 2,671 2,671

Reforestation 104 189 76 53 448 813 328 229

Chapeltique -Sesori (Beef & Milk) 99 144 144 144 667 861 861 2,862

Chapeltique (Irrigation) 2 6 10 6 9 26 43 26

Chapeltique (2nd Stage) 12 36 60 37 53 156 260 161

Totals 879 1,073 988 938 4,608 5,791 5,427 7,213 - 33

Area 8

Man/Days Income per year Name of (1,000) (1,000o lons.).1i Projecot 3rd 5th 10th 1st 3rd 5th. 10th,;

Rural Roads 107 107 107 107 856 856 :856 85

Total 107 107 107 107 856 856 856 856 ...... Lot s ,_ ' .: :i:

Area 9

Han/Days Income per year Name of (1,000) (1,000 colones). Project Ist 3rd 5th 10th lst 3rd 5th. 10th :J

Rural Roads 12 12 12 12 96 96 96 96

Total 12 12 12 12 96 96 96 96 - 34 ­

2. Projects at National Level

Han/Days Income per year * Name of (1,0o) (1,000 colones) Project Ist 3rd 5th 10th ist 3rd 5th 10th Irrigation (National Watersheds) 44 130 216 134 192 560 929 576

Extension, Research & Production of Seeds 65 69 73 73 1,350 1,380 1,460 1,460

Totals 109 199 289 207 1,542 1,940 2,389 2,036

*/ Wages of extension workers and researchers estimated at 20 colones per day.

3. Total Employment and Income Generated by Projects Recommended by the 1ission

Han/Days Income per year (1,000) (1,000 colones) Year: 1st 3rd 5th loth 1st 3rd 5th loth

6,187 6,541 30,002 - 35 -

CONCUSIONS In general the projects recommended by the mission comply with the objectives put forward by the national development plan 1973-1977 1_. They differ from the latter in the fact that they are biased in the direc­ tion of the lowest socioeconomic groups of the country. This fact is not in itself a contradiction to the general aims of the plan insofar as the plan itself recommends better income distribution development schemes. This mission attempts to comply with this latter objective by giving emphasis to increase of employment in the lowest income families, namely those families that do not have access to land and those who cultivate less than 1 ha.

The employment targets established by the above mentioned plan provide an increase of employment of about 3.5 million man-day per year between 1971 and 1977.

As can be seen from the previous tables, if all projects recommended by the mission could be ordered in a time-horizon similar to that of our tables, then the projects would give a total increase in enployment of about 6.1 million man-days in the first year of the realization of these projects. This is equivalent to saying that about 11,000 families would find full time employment (275 days per year).

Objectives _/ of the rural sector.are indicate. in the Plan de Desarrollo

Agropecuario 1973-1977, CONAPLAN, 1973 p. 32. - 36 ­

Average family income as a result of the projects, i.e. for the pro- jects families, would be around 2,600 colones per year, the first year of the projects.

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Extension: 1,102 Kn 2 Population: 76,0OO rural 61,00 urban 15,000 Density 69 per Km , lowest of all nine areas

Principal urban center: Metapan, 8,000 persons.

Access to land:

total number without access cultivate cultivate cultivate of rural families to land less 1 ha. 1-5 has. more 5 has.'

10,000 2,500 4,300 2,200 1,000 100% 25% 43% 22% 10%

Rural family income per year:

socioeconomic rural income % income earned T income earned category (colones, 1973) outside the area in cash

family without access to land 700

family cultivates less 1 ha. 800

family cultivates 1-5 has. 1,400

AVERAGE family 960 40% 68%

Relative economic welfare of the rural family with respect to minimum required income (00 colones per year, per family, 1973): +

socioeconomic category % above/below

family without access to land 30% below family cultivates, less 1 ha,. 204 below famiy :cultivates 1-5 has. 40% above AV AGE family, 4% below

This basic income is for a family of 6 persons nd covers food, lodging

dess. There is no orovision for .=my savings'. It was recalculated from the. origin figure of 800 colono. obtMained: by the StUdy on minimum ru­ 1-:ral wagesA1.965.S Estudio *Estadfsticos y Econ6micos del Salario Mfnimo Agropecuario en El 5aivdor, Governrient:of 91 Salvador, p. 9.

>. I/nc] e income fromwagricultural as wal as non-agricultural activ. ulcs. 2/.egan to 4that:'.t of 'incomeearned bytemporary migration. "2.

Rural employment and unemployment:

percercage of socio conomi eman/days employed unezi loyment category per year per family Ter year+ family without access to land 190 family cultivates 66% less 1 ha. 270 51% family cultivates 1-5 has. 390 29%

AVERAGE family 283 49% + With respect to 550 man/days available per family nd per year (275 days x 2 working units per family.).

Calendar of' employment per month:

See attached table.

Migration:

Permanent migration is strong particularly of young men who leave for Cha­ latenango and San Salvador. About 3,000 families migrate temporarly to work in the harvest of coffee in areas 2 and 3 during the months of November, December and January.

Level of wages:

Average wage for a male worker is about 2.40 colones per day.

List of main problems 'As perceived by the Ministry of Agriculture: A survey carried out by Extensi6n Agricola of the Ministry of Agriculture was able to determine a list of prioritary problems for specific extension zones in the country. In general there are two types of problems; one related to natural resources and technology and the other related to socioeconomic problems. Among the problems listed for this area are:

natural resources socioeconomic . and technology

population growth erosion health production of corn nutrition cattle production education prouion CAZEN4.M 0-40 OYA.YJ~ Z1P.AOYA~b PEI. Aiol'rH

14 09AA S,'t.Ad., 77AqA!

7AV~~4 4*4l~hLR

*~- dMAJ~j.Ad

IN VP1Vlrh' AA AC AREA 2 Extension: 1,969 Km2 Population: h6qooo rural urban 271,00013 O Density: 244 per m Principal urban center: Santa Ana, 98,000 persons, Acess to lad:

total number without access cultivate cultivate cultivate of rural families to land less 1 ha. 1-5 has, more 5 has. 46,ooo 10,580 14,720 17,02O 3,680 (lOO%) (23%) (32%) (37%) (8%)

Rural family income per year:

socioeconomic rural income 2 income earned income category (colones, 5 earned 1973) off the area in money family without access to land 800 family cultivates less 1 ha. 1,100 family cultivates 1-5 has. 2,400 AVERAGE family 1,430 insignificant 68%

Relative economic welfare of therural famlily with respect to mi~iulm required income (1,000 colones per year, 1973): +

socioeconomic category above/below

family without access to land 20% fanmily cultivates loss 1 ha. below family cultivates 1-5 10% above has. "14% above AVERAGE family 5.3% above­

+ This basic income is calculated for a family ot 6 perws and covers foo , lodging, dress, and a small provision for any amouit for.. recreatioh, There iso savingo. It was recalculated froi the ofriginal, rigur of' 800 colones obt-ine,d by the. study. onD iiu rua' 1.ui II"1965.irk * See: Estudjos Est&adfa~ieos yEcon6mic-os del-Salario KnmDi A cu en El S-alvrtdor,. document 'i Ministry 01' Labor, GovernWetAtrf-' 11UV"O -2-

Rural emnloyment and unemployment:

percentage of socioeconomic man/days employed unemployment category per year per family per year +

family without access to land 200 64% family cultivates less 1 ha. 280 49% family cultivates 1-5 has. 440 20%

AVERAGE family 310 44%

+ With respe, "-to 550 man/days available per family and per year (275 days x 2 working units per family).

Calendar of employment per month:

See ittached table.

Migration:

Temporary migration is strong within as well as towards this area. It occurs for the harvest season mainly during the months of November, December and January.

In the harvest period 1970-71 there were in this area approximateLy 16,000 temporary migrant families, of which 50% came from within the area. The other 50% coP principally from areas 4 and 7. (Data obtained from Mr. Luis Gonzles, Dr.partment of Statistics, Ministry of Labor; El Salvador, August, 19'14).

Level of wages:

Average wage for male worker is about 2.00 colones per day.

List of main problems as perceived by the Ministry of Agriculture:

A survey carried out by Extensu6n Agr~cola of the Ministry of Agriculture was able to determine a list of prioritary problems for specific extension zones in the country. In general there are two uroad categories of problems; one related to natur-il rescurces and technology and the other related to socioeconomic problems. Among the problems listed for this this area are: natural resources socioe,-onoinic and technology

population growth production of cattle nutrition production of corn home education production of beans C*~ ~ coCA' /Po.E RrM60e6 c rV4'.

OR ZY.~I~~.44s.40 0 4rVAIAAAst

IIQ AREA 3 2 Exension: 1,210 Km Population: 185,000 rural 124,000 urban 61,000 2 Density: 153 per Km

Principal urban center: Sonsonate, 33,000 persons

Access to land:

total number without access cultivate cultivate cultivate of rural families to land less.1 ha. 1-5 has. more 5 has.

21,000 5,880 10,080 3,780 1,260 (100%) (28%) (48%) (18%) (6%)

Rural family income per year:

socioeconomic rural income % income earned % income earned category (colones, 1973) off the area in money

family withoat access to land 700

famil.y cu&livates less I ha.,,. 900

family cultivates 1-5 has. 1,8oo

AVERAGE family 1,300 insignificant 62%

Relative economic welfare of the rural family with respect to minimum required income (800 colones per year, per family, 1965)+

socioeconomic category % above/below

family without access to land 30% below fanily cultivates less 1 ha.10% below family cultiva es 1-5 has. 80% above

AVERAGE family 30%above

+ This basic income is calculated for a family of b persons and covers food, lodging, dress, and a smali amount for recreation. There is rio Provz-sion for any saviLgs. It was calculated for the study on minimum rural wages in 1965. See: Estudios Esbadfsticos y Econ6micoa del Sa­ lario Mfniuo Agropecuarip en El Salvador, document Ministry of Labor, Government of El Salvador; p,9. -2-

Rural employment and unemployment:

pe.centage of.. socioeconomic man/days employed 1neployuent category per year per family per year +

family without access to land 190 66% family cultivates less 1 ha. 290 47% family cultivates 1-5 has. 420 24%

AVERAGE family 300

+ With respect to 550 man/days available per family and per year (275 days x 2 working units per family).

Calendar of employmeit per month:

See attached table.

Migration:

Temporary migration of rural families is mostly limited to internal movements of families to the coffee and cotton harvests during the months of November, December and.January.

In the harvest period 1970-71 there were about 3,500 temporary migrant famili about 60% were from the area; the rest were mostly from areas 4 and 2. (For source of data, see area 2).

Level of wages:

Average wage for male workers is about 2.20 colones per day.

List of main problems as perceived by the Ministry of Agriculture

A survey carried out by Extensi6n Agrlcola of the Ministry of Agriculture was able to determine a list of prioritary problems for specific extension zones in the country. In general there are two broad categories of problems;, one related to natural resources and technology and the other related to,' socioeconomic problems. Among the problems listed for this area are: "

natural resources socioeconomic and technolog ,;

farm management production of cattle, nutrition roduction of cern Sproduction of , a bean. S' , . % VAoO

31b1

Aig

* I

. *: .. Bu . " ,Imlumulm - * - AREA 4

Extension: 2,139 Km2 Population: 2.2,ooo rural 183,000 urban 59,000 Density 99 per M 2

Principal urban center: Chalatenango, 3,000 persons Access to land:

total number without access cultivate cultivate cultivate of rural families j to land less 1 ha. 1-5 )has. more 5 ,hpl.; 30,500 3,500 11,285 1,895 4,270 (OO%) (10%) (37%) (39%) (l%)

Rural family income:

socioeconomic rural income income earned incamne earned category (colones, 1973) off the area in money family without access to land 600

family cultivates less 1 ha. 700 family cultivates 1-5 has. 1,300 AVERAGE family 86o 50% 73%

Relative economic welfare of the rural faily with respectto mini m required income (lOO0 colones per year, pcr fa-ily, 1973): +

socioeconomic category above/below

family without access to land 10o below family cultivates less 1 ha. 30% below family cultivates 1-5 has. '30%above

AVERAGE fWiily, -1..below

Thin basic income is calculated for: a .family of.6 erson. and covers;. food, lodging, dress, trnd a small amount for .recreationi:, provision 1rioTe forany avings. It was- calculated for the" sud rural .M"n1 uiM wages in I C5. See Estudios LEsatjcof s y Lial c ,au-Nnio Arotpecuanio.m en. El' Saar docuent )nit LO Gvernment' of LE]. ,avdrp9. -2-

Rural employment and unemployment:

percentage of socioeconomic man/days employed unemployment category per year per family per year +

family without access to land 170 70% family cultivates less 1 ha. 250 55% family cultivates 1-5 has. 380 31%

AVERAGE family 267 52%

+ With respect to 550 man/days available per family and per year (275 days

x 2 working units per family).

Calendar of eiplo,ment per month:

See attached sheet.

Migration:

There is a strong permanent outmigration to San Salvador and San Miguel: Temporary migration is also quite strong particularly during November and December.

During the harvest periods (Nov. and Dec.) in 1970-71 about 2,300 families were reported to have left this area for work mainly in areas 2 and 3 and 5 (for source of information, see similar item, area 2).

Level of wages:

Average wage for a male worker is 1.90 colones per day.

Li t of main problems as perceived by the Ministry of Agriculture

A survey carried out by Extensi6n Agrfcola of the Ministry of Agriculture was able to determine a list of prioritary problems for specific extension zones in the country. In general there are two troad categories of problems; one related to natural resources and technology ind the other related to socioeconomic problems. Among the problems listed for this area are:

natural resources socioeconomic and technology

health erosion nutrit;on population growth Ex~,4' cAdaAe ~

itt

*1V A4-P'C? -W ;VC AREA 5 Extension: 5 186 Km2 Population: 1.454,00 ni ral 673,000 urban 781,0002 Density: 280 Kmn

Principal urban center: Metropolitar San Salvador 500,000 persons.

Access. to land:

total number without access cultivate cultivate of rural families to land less 1 ha. 1-5 has. more 5 has.

132.,000 43,680 36,960 24.,640 6,720 (100%) (39%) (33%) (22%) (6%)

Rural family income per year:

socioeconomic rural income %income earned % income earned category (colones, 1973) off the area in money

family without access to land 700

family cultivates less 1 ha. 800

family cultivates 1-5 has. 2,200

AVERAGE family 1,230 20% 63%

Relative economic welfare of the rural family with respect to minimum required income (1,000 colones per year, per family, 1973 ): 4­

socioeconomic category % above/below

family without ..ccess to land 30% below family cultivates less 1 ha. 20% below family cultivates 1-5 has. l201 above

AVERAGE family 23% above

+ This basic income is calculated for a family of 6 persons and covers food, lodging, dress, and a small r,,amount for reraio,recreation. TerThere issnno provision for any savings. It wau ,ale-ulatedfromthe study on ndnimniz rural wages in 19o5. See: Estudlos Estadsoticos y Econ6micos d1 sa­ lario Mlnimo Agropecuario en El Salvador, document Ministry of Labor, Government of. El Salvador; p,9. -2-

Rural employment and unemployment:

percentaeo socioeconomic man/days employed unemploImnt category' erya per family Dwya

family without access to land 210 6.% family cultivales less 1 ha. 290 4 family cultivates 1-5 has. 41o 25%

AVERAGE family 303 45%

+ With respect to 550 man/days available per family and per year (275 days x 2 working units per family).

Calendar of employment per month:

See attached table.

Migration:

There is a substancial internal migration within the area, which occurs from October through January.

In the .970-71 harvest season, it was reportea that about 15,000 families migrated towards the coffee plantation zones in the Libertad province; of these only 11% came from outside the region mainly from areas 4, 6, 7, and 9.

There were also about 1,400 families who migrated out of the area to work in area 2, and 800 families to work ii,area 6. Level of wages:

Average wage for a male rural worker was about 2.00 colones per day.

List of main problems as perceived by the Ministry of Agriculture:

A survey carried out by Extensi6n Agrcola of the Ministry of Agriculture was able to determine a list of prioritary problems for specific extension zones in the country. In general there are two broad categories of problems; one reiaLed to natural resources andtechnoloLW and the other related to socioeconomic problems. Among the problems listed for this area are: natural resources socioron omic and technoloeX

access to land erosion nutri tion housing I 4~FA .. ~i ~54w 5,A~4 ~ ~ - IY2f

4 0 6W* , b~JMZ9y5 fdYP~L 0Y4.b P4tA~ //CA'Z9

~-'~' g#f4M~AqV$ 341St.

I

-. - 1

L'. I ft A I

A -

I... "i-ft

.1 *~ ~41 4 '2~ I' - ) .~

[I ~ /,v ~3 '4Q84

Ovr~t~A 7~v* ~*tq.

A A ­ AREA 6 Extendion: 2,370 Km2 Population: 328,000 rural 242,000 urban 86 ,Q00 2 Density: 138 per Km

.Principalurban center: Zacatecoluca, 53,000 persons; Usulutan. 20.000, Ulersons.

Amss to land:

total number without access cultivate cultivate of ral families to land less 1 ha. 1-5 has. more 5 has. 40,000 16,800 9,600 10, 400 3,200 (42%) (24%) (26%) (8%)

Rural family income per year:

socioeconomic rural income % income earned / income eporned category (colones, 1973) off the area in money family without access to land 700

family cultivates less 1 ha. 800

family cultivates 1-5 has. 1,600

AVERAGE family 1,300 insignificant 76%

Relative economic welfare of the rural family with respect to minimum required income(l,Oo colones per year, per fam±Jl3.91973):+

socioeconomic category %above/below

family without access to land 30% .below family cultivate less 1 ha. 20% below family cultivates 1-5 has. 60% above

AVEJ'RAGE Wn.ily 30% above

+ This basic income is calculated for a fanily of 6 persons and covers food, lodging, dress, and a .- mall amount for recreation. here is no provinion for any savi~hs. It was e,-alculated for, the- sti4dy on: minimum rural wages in 1965. See: Estudiod Estad stieos y Econ6-icos.del Sala. rio Wnimo Agropecuario en El' Salvador, document Ministry of Labor, Government of El Salvador; P.9. -2-

Rura. employment and umemplorm'ent:

percentage of soc ioce conomi c man/days employed unemployment category per year per family per year +

family without access to land 180 67% family cultivates less 1 ha. 280 1[9% family cultivates 1-5 has. 420 24%

AVERAGE family 293 47%

+ With respect to 550 ran/days available per family and per year (275

days x 2 working units per family).

Calendrr of emloyment per month:

See attached table.

Migration

Permanent migration away from, the area seems tc be small.

Temporary migation into the area takes place during the months of December through January for the cotton harvest season.

There is considerable internal migration from the department of La Paz to­ ward Usulutfi cotton zones during this same period.

In the harvest season of 1970-71 thei'e were about 9,600 migrant families in the cotton harvest in Usulutan; of these approximatly 60%/I came from area 6 itself, about 23% came from ai-a 8 and 17% came principally from areas 7 and 9. (For source of data, see area 2 same item).

Level of wages:

Average wage for a rural male worker is about 2.50 colones per day.

List of min problcms as perceived by the Ministry of Agriculture

A survey c~lrried oi-t by Exten:: (n Agrlc.ila of the Mini stry of AgrTculturc was able to deterxine -a list of priorittry problems ior specific exLensinJo zones in the coiy 1n general there jrc- two broad categoric- of problemis; one related to nit.ral rescircnc .,IO t-o,:ooi'. -y tnd Lbe other related to socioeconomic prclc-ms. Among the prol,linrs listed For this area are: natural resources socioeconomic and techno].,,y

population growth cattle prodluction health nutrition .4*

pa.AA

.9~O. OIt AIE 7 Extension: 4,046 K2 Population: 388,000 rural 320,000 urban 68,O00 Density: 94 per Km2

Principal urban center: San Francisco Gotera, 5,000 persons; Santa Rosa de Lima, 6,000 persons.

Access to land:

total number without access cultivate cultivate cultivate of rural families to land less 1 ha. 1-5 has. more 5 has.

53,000 4,770 16,430 22,790 9,O10 (100o) (9%) (31%) (43%) .(17%)

Rural family income per year:

socioeconomic rural income cA income earned % income earned category (coloncs, 1973) off the area in money

family without access to land 500

family cultivates less 1 ha. 6oo

family cultivates 1-5 has. 1,000 - -

AVERAGE family 700 50% 71%

Bealtive economic welfare of the rural family with respect to minimun required income (1,000 colones per year, per family, ±LY(j):+

socioeconomic category % above/below

family without access to land 50% below f'inily culti :atrs less 1 ha. 40% below family cultivtes 1-5 has. at the same level

-AVERAGE family 30% below

+ This basic income is calculated for a family of 6 persons and covers food, lodging, dress, and a small amount for recreation. There is no provision for any savings. It was calculated for the study on minimu'm rural wages in 1965. S"e: Estudios Etadstlcos y Econ6micos del SOa­ larlo Minimo Agropecuario en El Salvador, document Ministry of Labor, Government of El Salvador; p.9. -2-

Rural employment and unemploment:

percentage of socioeconomic man/days employed unemployment catego"y per year per family - per year+

family without access to land 160 71% family cultivates less 1 ha. 220 60% family cultivates 1-5 has. 380 31%

AVERAGE family 253 54%

+ With respect to 550 man/days available per family and per year (275 days x 2 working units per family).

Calendar of employment per month:

See attached table.

Migration

Thcre is considerable of permanent migration out of the area, generally to the urban centers of San Miguel and Sran Salvador.

This area is one of the significant supplies of temporary workers for the harvests of coffee and cotton in areas 2, 6, and 8.

In the 1970-71 season about 4,000 families were reported to have left their homes for temporary work in the areas mentioned above (for source of information see same item, area 2).

Level of wagcs

Average wage for a male rural. worker in 1.50 colones per day.

List of y problems-tiP as perceived by the MiListry of Agriculture

A survey carried out by Extensi6n Agricola of the Ministry of Agriculture was able to determine a list of prioritary problems for specific extension zones in the country. In general there are two broad categories of problems; one reltited to natnra. resources and technology and the other related to sociocconoimic problems. Among the problems listed for this area are:

natural resources socioeconomic and technology nutrition cattle production population growth corn production ONII ~- 4

eA6~~ 1 ~ .f~5 ~ CEi E fv

i~C,i~c.'4'C~~ $dS Aj~ C77F

A~k ~ VA' A44'd*~ ______5_

)v~jfor Ar'Jfae. A ArOA 8

Extension: 1,934 Km2 Population: 339,000 rural 217,OO urban 17,000 Density:

Principal urban center: San Miguel 62,000 persons Access to land:

total number without access cultivate cultivate, of rural families to land less I ha. 1-5 has, more 5 has. J 36,000 6,1480 12,600 12,600 ( 01, 4,320 (18%) (35%) (12%).,3(3%)

Rural family income per year:

socioeconomic rural income income earned % income earned category (colones, 1973) off the area in money family without access to land 800 family cultivates less 1 ha. 1,00 family cultivates 1-5 has. 2,000 AVERAGE family 1,270 insignificant 75%

Relative economic welfare of the rural familywith respect required income to Aiin'imm (00 colones per year, per family, 1965): +

socioeconomic category % above/b-low

family with)ut access to land family cultivates 20% below loss I ha. at the same level family cultivates 1-5 has. iO(1 above . AVERAGE famly

+ This basic inccme is calculated for a family oi' 6 persons and covers food, lodging, .,Iresu, .an' a small amount for recreation,$ :There provision for. is i o a -Iy savi.ngs. It was calculated for the stud onmin rural wages in i9 i!,m 5. ISee: Estudios: Estadfslcos y. ECdeicos d Zel a­ lario 141 niiao Agropecudrio -en El Salvador;,'do6cument )4XInitr o Lbo Government of El Salvador; p.9.7 -2-

Rural employment and unemi)loyment:

percentage of socioeconomic man/days employed unemployment category per year per family per year +

family without access to land 220 60% family cultivates less 1 ha. 320 42% fanily cultivates 1-5 has. 46o 17%

AVERAGE family 333 40%

+ With respect tD 550 man/days available per family and per year (275 days

x 2 working units per family).

Calendar of employmont -per month:

See attached table.

Migration:

Permanent migration away from the area is small but steady, either abroad or to the city of San Salvador. Temporary internal migration is not as significant as in areas 2 and 6. The influence of migrant workers from other areas is quite greater.

ILt the 1970-71 harvest season, November through January, there were about 1,600 migrant families in the coffee zones. Of these only 25% were migrants from inside the area, the rest came particularly from areas 6, 7 and .

Level of wages:

The average wage for a male rural worker is about 2.25 colones per day.

List of main problems as perceived by the Ministxr of Agriculture

A survey carried out by Extensi6n Agricola of the Ministry of Agriculture was able to determine a list of prioritary problems for specific extension zones in the country. In general there are two broad categories of problems; one related to natural resources and technology *uid the other related to socioeconomic problems. Among the problems listed for this area are:

natural resources socioeonoinic and techno].op

farm management, corn produc tion .nutrition beans production erosion pastures and animal feed ovopjafAcv~u.. Pose.,&-o O.MArId O~ o

*u- a m 0 1 10 o

It' Ex t,:noi : 599 Km2 ?oimlati.. n : 74. 000 raral 19. 0O0 urban 25.000 e3nsity: 1 4 per Km2

Princinal urban center: La Uni6n, 17.000 persons.

Access to land:

total numbe r without access cultivate cultivate cultivate of rural familics to land" less 1 ha. 1-5 has. mte 5 has

8.200 1.o66 2.706 3.116 1.312 (IoG) (13%) (33%) (38%) (16%)

Rural fanil7y income per yer:

socioeconomaic rural income % income carned % income earned category (colones. 1973) off the area in money

fUmily without access to land 600

famnily cultivates less 1 ha. 900

fmnily cultivates 1-5 haz. 1,2 00

AVERAGE family 900 4 1 74%

Realtive econom-i c welfare of the rural family with respect to mininii required income (1 QQo coloncs po*r year, per family, 19u):+

socioeconomic category % above/below

f Ily without acces.r to .and 40% below cul-vt ... i.. i% 101 below } ,-l-y:ultivits 1-5 has. 20% above

VEIA C;Zfamily I10 below

This basic incone is calcula ted for a family of ,.tp,:.rsons arid covrz: food, lodginr;, dress, and a small amoDut for recreation. There is no "orovision for ,n, n!,;'tt :avlng. Its ted fromt,1_ " 4study ton nimu uI) wag s in i9 5. see: Xstud-ioz Etadfstice.s . Econdrmd.cos del Sa- ­ lrlo I. nimo AgropecUario 6n El Salvador, document Minis3try of Labor, Government of El Salvador: D.9. -2­

M"21ul c171 0'l/7i'!nt andI tuillmlo,/ment:

s percentage of socioeconomic man/days employed category unemployraent per year rcr family per year. fa iy without access to land 170 family 69t cultivatns less 1 ha. 250 family cultivates 1-5 has. 3%5380 AVERAGm family 266 52%

+ With respect to 550 man/days available per family..6d per ("5 days x 2 working units per .family).

Calendar of emplo.ymnent per month:

See attached table. Migration There is a steady permanent migration toardsEl Salvador of young families in serch f domestic Jobs. There is some temporary migration to the harvests of cotton in area 6 and coffee in area 2. In the 1970-71 harvest season, between November and January, about 1.000 migrant there were families from the area distributed about 50% in area 6 and 50% in area 2. Level of wages The'average wage for a rural male worker is 2.0 colones per day. List of main problems as perceived by the Ministry of Agriculture A survey carried out by Extensi6n Agricola of the Ministry of Agriculture was able to determine a list of prioritary problems zones for specific extension in the country. In general there are two broad problems; categories of one related to natural resources And technology related to socioeconomnic and the other problems. Among the problems listed for this aea are: natural resoruces sociocconomic and technoloys ' *unemployment cattle production nutrition 1.5-4Aol

AA4

:AV44tf,&d.Ar- ',f.V IrAfAr

Nk APPENDIX # 2

EL SALVADOR-RURAL DE VEWt IT STUDY

COMPOSITION OF THE NINE SOCIOECONOMIC AREAS BY PROVINCES, EXTENSION AD POPULATION

AREA 1

Extension Population Province Department (K_ Urban: Rural Total

Texistepeque Santa Ana 178 1,758 i4,185 15,943 Santiago de la Frontera Santa Ana 44 1,202 2,801 4,003 Masahuat Santa Ana 8o 397 2,699 3,096, Santa Rosa Guackipilin Santa Ana 33 581 3,842 4,A23 San Antonio Pajonal Santa Ana 42 1,825 1,340 3,165 Metapan Santa Ana 644 8,047. 33,051 .41,098 Citala Chalatenango 81 -i076 3p416 4,492 TOTAL 1,102 ..886 .61,334 76,220,1 EL SALVADOR-RURAL DE VELOPMEUT STUDY

COMPOSITION OF THE NIE SOCIOECONOMIC AREAS BY -PROVINCES, EXTENSION AND POPULATION

ARFA 2

Exten ion Population Province Department, Urban Rural Total

Ahuachapin Ahuachapan 245.3 16,334 36,845 53,179 Ana Santa Santa Ana 4o8.o 98,433 61,949 160,382 Concepci6n de Ataco Ahuachapan 62.5 4,221 6,oo 10,229 Tacuba Ahuachapan 142.9 2,929 14,47 ( 17,406 Apaneca Ahuachapan 39.6 2,484 4,814 7,298 San Pedro Puxtla Ahue-hapan 36.0 1,248 3,764 5,012 Coatepeque Santa Ana 134.4 4,128 23,526 27,654 San Lorenzo Ahuachapin 40.5 711 4,428 5,139 El Refugio Ahuachapdn 13.2 839 1,o057 1,896 Nahuizalco Sonsonate 54.0 5,932 19,119 25,051 Nahulingo Sonsonate 35.1 1,732 3,093 4,825 Armenca Sonsonate 66.o 8,793 12,035 20,828 Juayda Sonsonate 95.6 4,927 12,228 17,155 Santa Catarina Masahuat Sonsonate 30.4 1,68o 3,769 5, 449 Salcoatitdn Sonsonate 13.3 1,339 1,533 2,872 Turln Ahuachapdn 9.4 2,346 1,603 3,9149 Atiquizaya Ahuachapdn 126.0 7,276 17,463 24,739 El Conyo Santa Ana 78.0 4,431 9,359 13,790 Chalchuapa Santa Ana 160.1. 18,859 24,059 112,918 Candelaria de la Frontera Santa Ana 97.9 2,756 8,278 11,034 San Sebastian Salitrillo Santa Ana 30.4 770 2,903 3,673 El Porvenir Santa Ana 50.7 678 3,996 4,674

TOTAL 1,969.7 192,856 276,306 469,152 EL SALVADOR-RURAL STUDY DEVELOPYMT

COMPOSITION OF THE NINE SOCIOECONOMIC AREAS BY PROVINCES, EXTENSION AND POPULATION

AREA 3

Extensi on Province Department Population (__ Urban Rural Total

Sonsonate Sonsonate 214.8 33,302 16,790 Santo Domingo de Guzm~n Sonsonate 50,O92 Sonzacate 35.8 943 3,425 4,368 Sonsonate 6.8 1,676 San Antonio del Monte Sonsonate 2,735 4,405 25.6 2,032 4,121 Acajutla Sonsonate 6,153 123.8 10,255 18,4o4 Izalco Sonsonate 28,659 18o.7 8,897 27,776 Caluco Sonsonate 36,673 50.9 564 4,335 San Francisco Men6ndez Ahuachapdn 4,899 219.2 805 21,315 Guaymango Ahuachapgn 22,120 52.9 957 10,058 Jujutla Ahuachapgn 11,015 297.7 859 15,631 16,490 TOTAL 1,210.0 60,284 124,590 184,874 ET, SALVADOR -RU1Rl, DEVELOP1.'i' STUDY

COMPOSITION OF THE .NfNESOCIOECONOMIC AREAS BY PROVINCES, EXTENS ION AND POPULATION

AREA 4

Extension Population Provin ce Departnen', (Ki2-) Urban Rural Total

Sensuntepeque Cabafias 334.9 7,401 30,677 38,078 Victoria Cabafias 178.8 2,114 12,765 14,879 Dolores Cabaias 74.3 815 6,158 6,983 Guacotecti Cabalas 6.1 337 2,942 3,279 Jutiap-3 Cabafias 73.1 1,195 8,965 10,160 Chalatenango Chalatenango 145.1 7,796 13,837 21,63 Arcata Chalatenango 53,0 2,097 4,740 6,837 San Isidro Labrador Chalatenango 27.4 501 2,197 2,698 Nueva Trinidad Chalatenango 6o.It 273 5,702 5,975 San Jo6, Las Flores Chalatenango 28.4 687 3,715 14,402 Concenci6n Quezaltcp Chalatenango 48.8 2,547 2,554 5,10). Nornbre de Jestis Chalatenarigo 41.3 855 3,948 4,803 San Antonio los Ranchos Qhalaternn.,o 14.9 1,682 525 2,207 El Carrizal Chalatenango 11.3 803 1,647 2,450 San Antonio de la Cruz Chalatenango 6o.0 228 2,94.5 3,173 Las Vueltas Chalatenango 35.0 545 3,701 4,2N6 Potonico Chalatcnan~o 29.8 1, 25 2,604 3129 San lTuis del Carmen Chalatenango 25.8 783 1,876 .,659 Azacualpa Cnalatenango 7.6 l, 016 566 1 5812 San Jos6 Cancasque Chalatenango 29.0 1,335 2,258 3,.T93 San iguel de Marced.cs Chalatenango 22.9 1,118 1,420 2. ,38 San Francisco Leinpa Cha-.atenango 9.6 762 439 1,201 Ojos de Agua Chalatenango 61,6 1,350 2,285 3,635 Tejutla Chalatenango 115.5 1,051 8,268 9,319 Nueva Concepci6n Chalatenarigo 253.9 4,741 15,791 20,532 La Palmna Chalatenango 131.8 1,991 5,364 7,355 La Reina Chalatenango 57.7 1,589 5,964 7,553. San IEacio Chalatenango 57.7 1,032 4,050 5,082 Agua Caliente Chalatenango 24.1 1,339 5,613 6,952 Dulce Nombre de Marla Chalatenango 72.7 1,781 3,498 5,279 San Fernando Chalatenango 81.5 517 1,295 1,812 El Paraiso Chalatenango 60.09 1,377 2,226 3,603 San Fracist.o Morazdn phalat,:nfn.o 87.5 724 3,554 lI,(i, San Rafael tilalatL.nango 30.2 1,734 1,828 3,- Santa Rita Chalatcnango 49.9 836 2,731 3,567 Comalapa Chalatcnngo 19.5 786 2,668 3,)1154 La Lagnma Chalatenango 16.0i ,239 2I04 3 343

TOTAL 2,439.0 58,302 183,430 241,732 EL SALVADOR-RURIL DEVELOPNFAT. STUDY

COMPOSITION OF THE NINE SOCIOECONOMIC AREAS BY PROVINCES, EXTENSION AN] POPUlATION

AREA 5

Extension Population Province Department _K_ Urban Rural Total

San Julflan Sonsonate 77.3 2,201 10,053 12,254 Santa Isabel Ishuat~n Sonsonate 88.5 " 580 6,183 Cuisnahuat 6,763 Sonsonate 89.5 1,718 4,906 San 6,624 Salvador San Salvador 62.4 335 930 2,224 Mejicanos 338,164 San Salvador 23.5 55.', 13,792 Soyapango 7 69,359 San Salvador 27.0 21,797 21,361 43,158 Delgado San Salvador 26.8 43,469 20,579 64,048 Cuscatancingo San Salvador 11.4 18.797 2,877 21,6711 Ayutuxtepeque Sal Salvador 9.4 5,843 2,536 8,379 Tonacatepeque San Salvador 69.3 3,887 Guazapa 8,970 12,857 San Salvador 68.7 2,932 7,168 IO,iOO San Mart~n San Salvador 52.7 4,872 9,348 Apopa i4,220 San Salvador 53.3 4,963 14,017 18,980 Negapa San Salvador 91.1 3,170 12,198 15"368 Ilopango San Salvador 25.6 19,073 4,684 23,757 El Paisnal San Salvador 115.4 1,492 10,382 11,874 Aguilanes San Salvador 34.9 6,210 3,999 10,209 Santo Tomis San Salvador 24.0 3,505 6,849 10,444 Pan clniilco San Salvador 103.6 2,796 Santiago 17,171 19,967 Texacuangos San Salvador 22.6 2,506 6,479 8,985 Rosario de Mora San Salvador 35.6 1,580 1:881 San 3,471 arcos San Salvador 17.6 23,042 5,409 28,451 Cojutepeque Cuscatl~n 29.0 20,010 5,411 San Pedro PNrulapdn 25,521 cuscatlcn 68.5 1,149 22,786 23,935 Tenancingo Cuscatl&n 52.9 1,615 8,415 10,03Q San Rafael Ce.dros Cuscatl~n 34,3 1,801 5,492 7,293' Candelaria Cuscatl&n 21.0 1,136 5,425 6,561 Monte San Juan Cuscatlhn 26.3 El 403 6,O01 6,4o4 Carmen Cuscatl.n 7.1 243 6,017 San Cristobal 6,260 Cuscat&'n 10.2 510 3,942 4,452 Santa Cruz 11ichapa CuScat'LnI 20.1 432 3,937 4,369 Smi Bartol.m,! Perulapit. Cuscat].ii 8.6 2,61 1,504 I,11.8 San Ram6n Cuscatlhin 17.8 832 2,737 El Roarlo 3,569. Cuscat.l Al 16.8 653 1,714 2 Santa Cruz Analquito CusCat].. 1'2.0 1,148 535 1,683 Suchitoto (Cu.catlAn 282.2 5,358 28,743 San Jos6 Guayanal 34,101 Cuscatl.n 105.4 1,963 7,676 9,639 Oratorio do Concepci6n CwCa.t 19.2 1,018 1,505 2,523 EL SALVADOR-RURAL DEVELOPMENT STUDY AREA 5 - Page 2

San Iaidro Cabaiias 80.5 1,249 7,110 8,359 Ilobasco Cabaffas 234.0 6,736 32,511 39,247 Tejutepeque Cabafias 54.9 1,838 4,157 5,995 Cinquena Cabaifas 57.5. 624 3,477 4,1oj. San Vicente San Vicente 268.1 18,458 28,548 47,006 Apastepcque San Vicente 131.3 3,529 11,966 15,495 Ouadalupe San Vicente 21.4 2,028 2,482 4,510 Verapaz San Vicente 18.9 1,678 3,568 5,246 Tepetitan San Vicente 13.6 823 1,738 2,561 Can Cayetano Iztepeque San Vicente 5.9 1,280 2,043 3,323 San Sebastian San Vicpnte 70.5 5j457 10,256 15,713 San Esteban Catarina San Vicente 67.6 1,835 6,550 8,385 San Lorenzo San Vicente 17.4 1,539 3,475 5,O14 Santo Domingo San Vicente 30.2 1,684 2,433 4,117 Sant Clara San Vicente 126.1 1,336 6,266 7,602 San Ildefonso San Vicente 123.0 1,285 7,728 9,013 San Pedro Ncrualco La Paz 47.8 2,970 5,555 8,525 Santa Marla Ostuma La Paz 14.o 1,268 4,049 5,317 San Emiedio La Paz 5.3 94_. 819 1,760 Paraiso de Osorio 'a Paz 6.9 1,434 406 1,8,o Jerusalen L Paz 11.9 539 1,205 1,7114 Mercedes La Ceiba La Paz 8.8 327 252 579 Olocilta La Paz 82.1 3,289 7,780 ll,069 San Juan Talpa La Paz 36.0 2,381 3,581 5,962 Cuyultit'n La Paz 7.4 873 1,571 2,444 San Francisco C~nameca La Paz 28.7 1,634 3,718 5,352 Tapalhuaca La Paz 13.1 740 2,1199 3,239 San Pedro Nasahuat La Paz 51.0 2,237 10,365 12,602 San Miguel Tepezontes La Paz 38.0 2,346 852 3,198 San Antonio Nasahuat La Paz 26.4 1,139 2,570 3,709 San Juan Tepezontes !a Paz 16.7 1,057 2,008 3,065 Nueva San Salvador La Libertad 31.7 36,440 16,627 53,067 Jayaque La Libertad 35.9 3,717 3,753 7,470 La Libertad La Libertad 146.8 8,o56 10,08 18,O64 Comasagua La Libertad 73.1 1,526 7,904 9,436 Teotepeque La Libertad 118.1 1,542 7,069 8,611 Huizucar La Libertad 46.9 1,429 6,368 7,797 Tepecoyo La Libertad 60.8 2,426 6,515 8,941 Col6n La Libertad 83.2 1,883 18,233 20,116 San JosO Villanueva La Libcrtad 35,0 1,213 2,638 3,85. Taranique La Libertad 63.2 972 5,521. 6,493 Chiltitrpdn La Libertad 103.8 1,411 5,594 7,005 Antiguo Cuscatln La Libertad 24.5 5,009 3,948 8,957 Nuevo Cuscatldn La Libertad 10.8 2,357 - 2,337 Talnique La Libertad 32.4 1,057 3,381 4,438 Zaragoza La Libertad 22.7 1,690 2,522 4,212 Jical~ap L3 Li"ertad 47.5 417 2,057 2,474 aIn Libertad 25,2 :1,307 3,218 4.,525 Quezate que La.Libertad 128.8 ,4 17,105 30,3"9 SuPbl scadiico I& Libert.ad 1.81,250 11,839 13'P089 EL SALVAI1 DR RURAL DVELOsjmT STUDY 'ARE:A 5- Page'3

San Juan Opico La Libertad 219.8 San Matfas 1,60 29,..667 3j,327 La Libertad 55.9 1064. 3,846 Ciudad Arce La Libertad 910. .83.1 6,692 18*U1c 25,132 TOTAL 5,186.0 779,981 673,37 1.53.5 EL SALVADOR-RURAL DEVELOPHE NT STUDY

CO4POSITICN OF TIE NINE SOCIOECONOMIC AREAS BY PROVINCES, EXTENSION AND POPULATION

AREA 6

Extension Population Province Department TKm2 ) Urban Rural Total

Zacatecoluca La Paz 407.8 16,756 41,327 58,023 Santiago Nonualco La Paz 125.9 4,089 20,304 211,393 San Juan Norualco La Paz 69.1 3,125 9,819 12,944 San Rafael Obrajuelo La Paz 10.9 1,815 3,774 5,589 San Luis Talpa La Paz 64.0 1,367 3,520 4,887 El Rosarico de Ta Paz La Paz 46.4 2,714 2,914 5,628 Tecoluca San Vicente 312.1 2,8614 22,549 25,413 Usulutzln Usulutxn 158.8 19,783 26,638 46,1121 Santa Elena Usulutan 50.9 4,275 10,858 15,133 Jiquilisco Usuluttn 480.0 5,585 35,019 40,604 Sari Dionisio Usulutan 70.5 384 2,709 3,093 Jucuahan Usulutan 210.3 1,446 17,651 19,097 Ereguayquln Usulut~n 18.3 1,202 4,686 5,888 Ozatldn Usulutgn 46.1 3,312 7,812 11,124 Concepc" 6n B6tres Usulutdn 99.4 1,624 10,380 12, 004 Santa Marla Usui.ut~n 12.8 928 3,455 4,383 Puertc El Triufo Usulut~n 90.2 4,470 2,798 7,268 San Rafael Oriente San Miguel 47.6 4,579 6,746 11,325 El Tfanito San Miguel 49.9 5,815 9,2417 15,232

TOTAL 2,370.0 86,073 242,376 328,1449 EL SALVADOR-RURAL DEVEOPmEXT. STUDY

COMPOSITION OF THE NINE SOCIOECONOMIC AREAS BY PROVINCES, EXTENSION AND POPULATION

A EA 7 Extension Population Province Department (Kmz ) Urban Rural Total

.San Francisco Gotera Morazvn 109.6 4,772 5,161 9,933 Jocotfo Moraz~n 125.8 2,749 7,518 )-.O,267 San Carios Moraz~n 36.0 560 1,577 2,137 Guataziagua Morazdn 74.i 3,368 6,012 9,380 Chilanga Morazin b'5.0 1, 198 6,351 7,549 Sociedad Moraz n 117.4 1,149 12,029 13,178 Yamabal Moraz~n 89.0 455 3,303 3,758 Sensembra Moraz~n 10.8 697 2,343 3,040 Lolotiquilio Moraz~n 19.4 84o 3,110 3,950 El Divisadero Morazin 6o.o 1,235 6,o4o 7,275 Osicala Morazn 42.2 1,115 4,945 6,o6o San Isidro Morazj'n 12.6 427 1,525 1,952 Cacaopera Morazdn iOO.8 1,137 13,206 14,343 Yoloaiqufa Moraz.n 10.5 483 2,779 3,262 Delicias de Concenci6n Moraz n 18.3 939 3,188 4,127 Gualococti Morazn 11.2 692 2,101 2,793 San Sim6n Moraz~n 37.1 829 4,640 5,9469 Corinto Morazn 144.4 1,721 10,975 12,696 Jocoait ui. Morazm 55.9 1,102 4,731 5,833 El Rosario Morazdn 19.2 783 2,227 3,010 Joatexa Morazdn 218.5 481 4,071 4,552 Meargueha Moraz-4a 47.8 498 7,401 7,899 Arambala Mor-.zn 58.7 164 3,406 3,570 Perqufn Morazdn 129.1 489 2,034 2,523. San Fernando Mora6&n it: .5 341 1,383 1,724 Totrola Moraz.n 42.7 787 4,985 5,772 Ciudad Barrios San Miguel 83.9 2,186 12,385 14,871 Uluazapa Mox-azdn 41.4 1,260 2,513 3,773 Chapeltique morazdn 104.8 1,605 8,431 10,036 Cormacarn San l.igucl 36.0 '652 3,411 4,063 Sesori Sail Miguel 253.9 1,285 14,544 15,829 San Luis de la Reina San I-11e"J. 880 1,000 6,011 7,0131" Carolina San .igael 107.3 1,634 5,829 7,463, Nuevo Eden San Jan San Miguol 63.6 932 6,663 7,595 San erardo San 1ILLUel 65.6 1,385 7,869 9,25 ' San Antonio dcl M:Misco San. Migel 22.0 366 4,126 4,49: San Alejo La Uni6n 185.2 3,908 17,759 21,667 EL 0ALVADOR-RURAL DEVELOPMENT STIFY -- AMA 7 - Page 2

Yucuaiqurn La Uni6n 56.9 2,895 4,296 7,19. Yayantique La Uni6n 67.9 1,195 3,793 4,988 Bolivar La Uni6n 94.2 1,080 4,133 5,213 San Josd La Uni6n 12.4 996 1,218 3,326 Meanguera del Golfo La Uni6n 30.2 823 1,137 1,960 ,Santa Rosa de Lima La Uni6n 122.6 5,716 16,090 21,806 Pasaquina La Uni6n 301.6 2,087 16,892 18,979 Anamoros La Uni6n 90.7 i,(41 13,801 14,845 El Sauce La Uni6n 82.8 1,155 8,763 9,918 Nueva Esparta La Uni6n 75.7 1,428 8,718 iO,1li6 Concepci6n de Oriente La Uni6n 116.3 697 7,507 8,2011 Poloros La Uni6n 116.3 899 8,606 9, ;05 Lislique La Uni6n 91.8 459 8,965 9,1 24

TOTAL 4,O94.O 67,110 320,501 387,611 EL SALVADOR-RURAL DEVELflqEWT STUDY

COMPOSITION OF THE NINE SOCIOECONOMIC ARFAS BY PROVINCES, EXTENSION AND POPULATION

AREA 8

Extension Population Province Department (K_ Urban Rural Total

San Miguel San Miguel 620.0 61,940 58,700 120,640 Mon cagua San Miguel 112.8 1,210 13,04 14,214 Chirilagua San Miguel 211.2 5,897 15,235 21,132 Quelepa San Miguel 21.6 678 2,974 3,652 Chinameca San Miguel 75.4 6,313 17,238 23,551 Nueva Guadalupe San Miguel 18.o 3,320 1,808 5,.128 Lolotique San Miguel 104.0 2,643 9,799 12,442 San Jorge San Miguel 39.7 3,754 5,145 8,899 Jucuapa Usulutdn 45.6 6,208 7,804 14,012 Estanzmelas Usulutdn 115.7 2,455 6,525 8,980 El Triuifo Usulut~n 26.8 1,716 2,689 4,405 San Buenavci:tura Usulut6n 21.6 1,281 4,046 5,327 Nueva Granada Usulutdn 52.7 1,394 4,226 5,620 Santiago de Mar.a Usulut~n 43.0 8,54o 6,ooo 14,540 Alegrfa Usulut n 35.2 1,535 7,652 9,187 Tecapon Usulutzin 49.9 1,520 5,530 7,050 California Usulutn 20.3 1,396 765 2,161 Berlfn UsulutAn 92.9 5,538 18,o76 23,614 San Agustfn Uulutdn 109.4 1,761 15,027 16,788 Mercedes Umafia Usulutdn 88.9 2,171 7,613 9,784 San Francisco Xavier Usulut~n 29.4 1,162 6,852 8,oO4 TOTAL 1.934.o 122.432 216,708 339.140 11 SALVADOtR -KUl{A E DEVI'TOPMI':h' STUDY

COIPOSITION O1' THE, NINE S(CIOECONOMEC AREAS BY PEtOVIT':ES, J'"xT1°Th; 1'AID POPUTIATION

AREA 9

Ex Lnsi on Population Province D,,rtment (t) Urban Rural Total

La UT.6n La Uni6n 110.3 17,193 16,46o 33,653 El Caricmn La Uni6n 123.7 1,58l 1,9)6 3.),0 CorichagU a La Uni6n 20i . 2,38 18,325 Intipic,. La Uni6n 158.0 3.6. 3,i?31 _ 6,6 17

TOTAL 599.0 24,691 49,152 '73,843