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Territories and Local Movements of African Black Ducks I Territories and local movements of African Black Ducks I. J. BALL, P. G. H. FROST, W. R. SIEGFRIED and F. McKINNEY Introduction much of the silt and debris which has ac­ The African Black Duck Anas sparsa lives cumulated over the past year. Within a few almost exclusively on rivers and, like the few days the river subsides to within its banks, other duck species which are year-round but generally retains at least moderate river specialists Salvadori’s Duck Anas depths and flow rates until about November. waigiuensis, Torrent Duck Merganetta ar­ During the dry summer months, water levels m ata, and Blue Duck Hymenolaimus in rivers of the south-western Cape drop, and malacorhynchos, breeding pairs are believed this is accentuated in the Eerste River Valley to be strongly territorial. The aim of this by agricultural and other demands upon paper is to document the territorial water supplies. At the peak of the dry season behaviour of individually marked African the Eerste River may be reduced to a series Black Ducks and to report on their local of almost stagnant pools connected by rocky movements and activity patterns. stream bed with little or no water. Pools The study was begun in January 1972 (by comprise about 30% of the Eerste, and sec­ WRS and PGHF) when several birds were tions of up to 200 m may be of little use to colour-marked on the Eerste River near Black Ducks in a dry year. Sand and silt, or Stellenbosch, South Africa. The wariness of bedrock form the substrate of the pools, and the birds made them difficult to approach, the riffles and rapids are underlain by however, and they were often hard to rounded cobbles and boulders. Numerous observe because of trees and other obstacles. boulders break the water surface except In March 1973, the study was intensified to when water levels are very high. Tangles of include radio-tracking of the birds and obser­ brush and debris form during the spates, and vations from blinds built at strategic points banks are often undercut by the current. along the river. Most results reported here In an attempt to relate Black Duck pop­ are from the intensive study period (March ulation densities to varying ecological con­ 1973 to June 1974) when all four of us ditions, we censused ducks on the Klein Berg worked on the project. Less intensive River 80 km to the north, and on the tracking and observations (by WRS and Klipplaat River, 760 km to the north-east of PGHF) from July 1974 to February 1976 Stellenbosch. We also radio-tracked and in­ have extended our knowledge of the long­ tensively observed four Black Ducks on the term history of a number of birds. Klipplaat River for ten days in August 1973. Locations and ecological descriptions of Study areas each of the rivers studied are given in Table 2 (p. 74). Most of the tracking and observation effort was concentrated along a 3-4 km stretch of the Eerste River just below the town of Methods Stellenbosch. When marked birds moved Black Ducks were trapped in mist nets outside this core area, we searched for them stretched across rivers at strategic points on more distant parts of the Eerste River, on where overstorey prevented ducks from the tributary Blaauwklip River, and on flying over the net. The nets were tended irrigation dams which are common in the continually to prevent possible injury to area (Siegfried et al. 1975). Except for trapped birds. Mist nets were less effective on 10-100 m bands of relatively undisturbed dams than on rivers, because the ducks wooded habitat along the rivers, the Eerste could often see the net and had more room River Valley is intensively cultivated. Most to manoeuvre and avoid being caught. Most of the large trees remaining along the rivers captures at dams were made at night using a are exotics, including several species of ‘V’ of large mist nets at one corner of the Australian acacia Acacia melanoxylon and dam. We guided birds toward the nets by A. longifolia and oak Quercus robur. making a noise at the opposite side of the The Eerste River Valley is located in the dam, and then flushed them with spot lights. austral winter rainfall region. The wet season One bird was captured at a dam in a floating (usually April through September) begins wire trap containing a captive pair of Black with spates that scour the rivers and remove Ducks. 61 Wildfowl 29(1978): 61-79 62 I. J. Ball, P. G. H. Frost, W. R. Siegfried and F. McKinney Birds were weighed and examined for Tracking was done with a portable signs of moult or injury each time they were receiver and attached directional loop anten­ captured. All birds were marked with a metal na. A farm road paralleling the Eerste River leg band, and in addition, some were marked was marked with numbered stakes at 25 m with either coloured plastic leg bands, intervals for reference points. We were able numbered plastic nasal saddles, radio to locate radio-marked birds to within 10 m transmitters, or a combination of these or less. Each location was assigned to a marking devices. The radio package con­ 10 m x 10 m grid square described by an sisted of the battery/transmitter module X-Y coordinate system superimposed on a (2-8 x 1-3 x 1-3 cm), a plastic coated flexi­ 1:10,000 air photo map of the area. ble wire body loop antenna 32 cm in cir­ When radio-marked birds moved around, cumference, and an adjustable, soft plastic as in feeding and bathing, the transmitter neck loop (Figure 1). The coloured soft vinyl antenna loop was flexed and its transmitting back tag (1-2 x 8 cm) was usually visible plane varied, so that signal intensity and tone only when the bird flew. Most of the battery changed. Each time a location was deter­ and all of the transmitter and harness com­ mined, the signal was monitored for 30 ponents were covered by feathers once the seconds and any audible changes in signal bird had opportunity to preen around the were recorded. Thus we were able to tell package. Total package weight was 25 g, where each bird was, and also whether or not about 2-3% of adult Black Duck body it was active. Each time a radio-marked bird weight. Battery life averaged approximately was located, we recorded time, location, and 70 days, so key radio-marked birds had to be activity. When birds were seen, details on recaptured about every two months. Retrap­ behaviour were also recorded. In addition to ping to replace transmitters was relatively making descriptive field notes, we recorded easy, since tracking revealed movement each observation in a coded format for patterns and favoured pools. Radio-marked automatic data processing. Black Ducks preened relatively more than Twelve blinds were constructed along the unmarked birds (Siegfried et al. 1977a), but Eerste at places frequented by radio-marked the transmitters caused no apparent birds. By using these blinds we were often behavioural abnormalities which could able to observe behaviour and interactions materially affect the results of our studies. between birds once we had established their locations by radio tracking. A rigid tracking schedule was maintained J o from March 1973 to June 1974; we worked in shifts each Tuesday from at least one hour before sunrise until at least one hour after sunset, locating each radio-marked bird about once per hour. Events such as egg laying, incubation, and brood movements were investigated during shorter but more in­ tensive tracking sessions on other days. Tracking of birds away from the study area \------ core was conducted intermittently, as was night-time tracking. Since June 1974, tracking has been continued on a sporadic basis to provide longer-term data on pair bond duration, home range stability, longevi­ ty, and breeding success. Because spacing patterns of some territorial birds are known to be affected by the distance at which neighbouring in­ dividuals can see one another, we devised a Figure 1. Method o f attachment of radio transmitter crude method for determining differences in to an African Black Duck. The backtag is normally visible only when the bird flies. All parts of the visibility along the rivers studied. At ten ran­ harness and most of the transmitter/battery dom points along each river, we measured package are normally covered by feathers. The flexi­ the upstream and downstream distances at ble body loop functions as the transmitting antenna. which an observer, standing at midstream Nasal saddles and coloured leg bands were used on with his eyes 25 cm above water level, could some birds. see a black wooden block (30 x 15 x 15 cm) African Black Duck behaviour 63 anchored in mid-stream perpendicular to the overlap zone was considerably less; even stream flow. The mean of the resulting 20 considering overlaps from pairs on both measurements was used as an index of sides, our most intensively tracked pair visibility on the river in question. Black (F06/M04) allowed a monthly average of Ducks were censused using techniques only 10-4% overlap, i.e. 89-6% of their described by Siegfried et al. (1975). territory was totally unused by their In an attempt to learn more about Black neighbours. Overlap zones were not shared Duck densities on streams other than the peacefully by neighbouring pairs: any intru­ four studied directly, we distributed a sion was challenged if detected and questionnaire to biologists in South Africa challenges were normally successful.
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