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The Ethnobotany of the Semelai Community at Tasek Bera, Pahang, Malaysia: an Ethnographic Approach for Re-Settlement

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The Ethnobotany of the Semelai Community at Tasek Bera, Pahang, Malaysia: an Ethnographic Approach for Re-Settlement THE ETHNOBOTANY OF THE SEMELAI COMMUNITY AT TASEK BERA, PAHANG, MALAYSIA: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH FOR RE-SETTLEMENT Sapura Mohamad Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design July 2010 ___________________________________APPENDICES A FIGURES AND DRAWINGS THE ETHNOBOTANY OF THE SEMELAI COMMUNITY AT TASEK BERA, PAHANG, MALAYSIA: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH FOR RE-SETTLEMENT ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Appendices | A Table A: Research Schedule Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Research Activities Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec J F M A M Jn Jy A S O-D J-M Jn Jy Semester 1 Semester 2 Semester 3 Semester 4 Semester 5 Semester 6 Semester 7 Semester 8 Identifying Research Gap Literature Search: Developing the Project Background Writing A Research Proposal Research Proposal 28th Feb 2006 Formal Assessment (Progress Report) 1st Extension Submission..CCSP Initial Visit 2nd Extension Appropriate methods selected for testing Write Up Ch 1 - 5 (Lit Rev & RM) the hypothesis/ idea Submit Major Review.. 31st Aug 2006 Formal Assessment (Progress Report) Review Ch Preparatory for Fieldwork 1-5 Field Survey Chap. 3 Fieldwork & 4 Submit Annual Review…31st Oct 2006 Formal Assessment (Progress Report) Testing the relationship expressed by idea/ hypothesis is tested experimentation - data Data Analysis Ch 6-7 collection, analyzed and interpreted 2nd Field Study Review Ch Checking Data Formal Assessment (Progress Report) 6-7 Ideas/ hypothesis/ design accepted, rejected or modified Research Findings & Evidence Review Ch 1-7 Conclusion and Recommendation Submit Annual Review…31st Oct 2007 Formal Assessment (Progress Report) Finishing Data Management: Field Notes & transcription Submitting Chapter 8 & 9 drafts Preparation of Final Drafts Ammendments (Editing) all chapters Compilations ….Ch 1-9 & Appendices (Self Editing) Formal Assessment (Progress Report) 2nd draft Compilations ….Ch 1-9 & Appendices (Self Editing) Submit Annual Review…31st Oct 2008 Final Editing and Proof Reading Final Submission for External Final Submission to Graduate Centre - 26th September 2009 Thesis submission to External Examiners Thesis Review and Amendment Review and Feedback from External Examiners - Thesis Amendment Final Thesis Submission Submission Hard-bound copy to Graduate Centre for Graduation Source: composed and amended by the Author A p p e n d i c e s | A Table B : Population of Indigenous People in Malaysia POPULATION Sub-Groups Sub-ethnic Groups Main Groups 1947 1960 1965 1969 1990 1991 1995 1999 2000 2003 15,122 17,706 Temiar Temiar 26,049 34,248 72,871 Semai Semai 403 234 (54.84%) 81,826 Che Wong SENOI 30,370 49,440 3,193 2,594 (55%) Jah Hut Other Senoi 2,488 2,348 Semoq Beri 2,185 3,503 Mah Meri 16,637 21,484 Jakun Jakun 16,020 18,560 55,852 Temuan Temuan 4,103 (42.03%) Semelai Semelai 61,585 Orang PROTO MALAYS 20,830 64 40,117 73 (42%) Kanaq Orang Other Proto Malays 801 1,037 Seletar 2,492 3,221 Orang Kuala PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 960 1,519 Bateq Bateq 224 254 4,150 Kensiu Kensiu 235 150 (3.12%) 4,001 Kintaq Kintaq NEGRITO 1,820 2,972 1,049 1,244 (3%) Jahai Jahai 359 173 Lanoh Lanoh 167 Mendriq Mendriq TOTAL 34,737 40,291 45,985 53,000 92,529 92,529 113,541 132,873 147,412 18 ethnics Dusun, Coastal Kadazan, Kimaragang, Eastern/ Labuk, DUSUNIC 476,981 Dusunic Kadazan, Lotud, Kuijau,Tatana, Tengara, Bisaya, Rungus, Dumpas Tambanua, Upper Kinabatangan, Sinabu, Lobuu/Rumanau, PAITANIC 52,751 (Abai) Sungai, Lingkabau Kolod/ Okolo, Gana, Kalabakan, Sebangkung, Serudung, MURUTIC 166,843 Tagal/ Sumambu, Baukan, Nabay, Timugon SABAH BAJAU 25,062 SULUK/ TAUSUG 23,865 SINO-NATIVE 377,895 Bonggi, Illanun, Bengkahak/Mangkaak, Malayic (Cocos, OTHER INDIGENOUS Kedayan),Tidung, Dayak, Lundayeh, Bugis, Ida’an TOTAL 1123,397 39 ethnics IBAN 493,000 BIDAYUH 140,000 MELANAU 96,000 Kenyah, Kayan, Ukit, Penan, Sekapan, Lahanan, Lun Bawang, SARAWAK OTHER INDIGENOUS 91,000 Kelabit, Berawan and Punan Bah TOTAL 820,000 37 ethnics Combined Sources: Wurm and Hattori, 1983 source from internet http://www.temiar.com/oa.html; (Carey, 1976, p. 11; JHEOA, 1992, p. 4); Nicholas 1996: 158, Lasimbang 1996: 178-9 and Phoa 1996: 198 as stated in (Anonymous, 2005) Note:1. the figure for Sabah in 1990 is from the 1970 Population Census using annual growth rate; 2. The figure for Sarawak in 1990 ( All figures are rounded-off to the nearest ten) A p p e n d i c e s | A Table C: Chronology of Ethnobotanical Expansion in General Year Pub. Scholars Details References http://www.plantintera The discovery of the New World initiates the identification ctions.co.uk/ethnobiol 1492 - of several plants of considerable economic value and is ogy/ethnobotany.sht based on observation of native people ml Literature of modern botany starts after the Portuguese 1511 - nil landed Utilized Botanical and ecological discoveries where the (Rahman, Heng, botanical data has been used in the reconstruction of F.L.Dunn Hassan, & Taha, prehistoric and protohistoric commercial era using 1994). ethnobotany and ethnoecology approaches Sejarah Melayu (Malay History); did not explain individuals who contributes to the literature in Malay history but only mention their existence. 1612 - - Malay Manuscripts of Science and Technology in Malaysia and Sumatera are very less compared to Malay Manuscript of other subjects http://www.plantintera Begins his study of the natural history of New England, John ctions.co.uk/ethnobiol 1663 later publishing his text on native herbal medicine, New Josselyn ogy/ethnobotany.sht England realities discovered. ml In charged of experimental cultivation of teak, for ship Lt. Col. R. 1786 building. (Holttum, 1970) Kyd. The principle garden was established at Calcutta, India. The principle garden was established at Bogor, Java, 1817 - (Holttum, 1970) Indonesia The principle garden was established at Peradeniya, 1821 - (Holttum, 1970) Ceylon, Sri Lanka 1859 - Local Agri-Horticultural Society found a garden http://www.plantintera Seminal works by botanists Palmer and Power is ctions.co.uk/ethnobiol 1871-1878 - published. A period of 25 years dominated by economic ogy/ethnobotany.sht botanists. ml Ethnobotany is called Botany Aborigine (Aboriginal 1873 - Botany) by Power of Aborigine; manifestation of plants by - locals for medicine, food, and material Was in charged of the principle garden which was 1874 H. J. Murton established at Singapore, taken over by the Government (Holttum, 1970) of the Straits Settlements. Replacing H. J. Murton, as well as being the Director of 1880 N. Cantley both Gardens and Forests in the Straits Settlements (Holttum, 1970) (Singapore, Malacca and Penang). Translated the manuscript of Malay traditional medicine Munshi (Salleh, Kusalah, & 1886 into English. The manuscript then was sent to London to Ismail Latiff, n.d) the „pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain‟. Source: Author’s collection A p p e n d i c e s | A Table C: Chronology of Ethnobotanical Expansion in General (cont.) Year Pub. Scholars Details References Replacing Cantley who has been working in the Natural History Museum in London. Henry Great botanical explorations, especially on Peninsula 1888 Nicholas (Holttum, 1970) flora has a large collection of information about local Ridley plants (timber, rattans, rubber-producers, fibres, dyes, drug etc) and published in Agricultural Bulletin Documented the medicinal plants with his noted and 1892 E.M. Holmes records and has been published as „Malay Materia Medica‟ http://www.plantintera Anthropological interest in aboriginal botany lays more ctions.co.uk/ethnobiol 1893 - emphasize on cultural significance ogy/ethnobotany.sht ml An American botanist, started the science of ethnobotany. He first introduced the term in his lecture as John (Benthall, 1993; Gary, 5 Dec1895 “the study of plants used by the primitive and Aboriginal Harshberger 1995). people” The first official ethnobotany term being used in article anonym, published by the “evening telegram” http://www.plantintera introduces the term ethnobotany in Anthropological ctions.co.uk/ethnobiol 1986 Fewkes literature ogy/ethnobotany.sht ml http://www.plantintera Ethnology Department of US National Museum ctions.co.uk/ethnobiol 1898 - endeavours to document all useful plants of North ogy/ethnobotany.sht American Indians ml The first phD in Ethnobotany is awarded to David Barrow 1900 - - for his doctoral dissertation in ethnobotany a popular name in rubber industry in Malay Peninsula. He 1901 - 1912 H. N. Ridley was the director of the Singapore Botanic Garden and - then replaced by Isaac Henry Burkill Isaac Henry Wrote the “Dictionary of Economic Products of India” in 1912 Burkill with - Calcutta. George Watt Edward 1912 Wrote about the influence of environment on language (Rambo, 1979) Sapir Published book entitled: „Malay Poison and Charm Dr J.D. 1915 Cures‟. He is the expert in traditional medicine especially - Gimlett from local Kelantanese. Introduced some new theoretical notions and methodologies stating “ethnobotany is a scientific work Robbins et that should resemble the
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