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144 Index of ethnic and language groups Not all the groups living in Borneo are represented in this index because many have not been studied as to their health status or health problems. In addition, some cited reports do not specific the group or groups studied, or they use a name that is obsolete or incorrect. In cases where a group is identified as “Dayak,” the designation is of little value, except that Dayak is commonly taken to refer to any non-Muslim group in Borneo. Dayak, then, is neither an ethnic nor a linguistic identifier. For a geographical representation of Borneo groups, see the Borneo map in S. A. Wurm and S. Hattori, Land Atlas of the Pacific Area, Part 2, Japan Area, Taiwan (Formosa), Philippines, Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia, Australian Academy of the Humanities, Canberra, 1983. For Kalimantan in particular see the maps in B. Sellato (#647 in the bibliography). For a general classification of Borneo languages see M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World’s Languages, Volume 1: Classification, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1991. Details on the complexity of languages and language designations in Borneo, as well as language maps, are given in The Ethnologue, SIL International, Dallas, Texas, 1996-. It is available on-line at http://www.ethnologue.com. Linguistic relationships among Borneo groups are reviewed in A. Adelaar, The Austronesian languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective, in The Austronesian Languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar, A. Adelaar and N. P. Himmelmann, eds., Routledge, London, 2005, pp. 1-41. Austronesian is a large language family that includes all the languages in Borneo. Biological relationships among Borneo groups are explored in the section on Genetics in this bibliography. Borneo groups Aoheng (in E. Kalimantan; also called Penihing; linguistically, Müller-Schwanen Punan) #647 Bajau (includes Bajau Laut, “sea gypsies”) #64, 111, 123, 131, 176, 315, 502-503, 507, 578, 584, 614, 628, 657, 696, 747 Banjarese #703 Berau/Berau Malay (in the E. Kalimantan River region, near Tanjung Redab) #625 Berawan (a group at L. Panai and Sungai Tutoh; its language, Berawan, is in the Lower Baram group) #377, 637, 907, 984 Berian (also Lun Berian, in Kalimantan near the Kelabit Highlands) #60 Bidayuh (a W. Sarawak group and its language, which is in the Bidayuhic language group; also found in the Kapuas watershed, W. Kalimantan) #40, 53, 58, 133, 160, 163, 182, 221, 331, 382, 384, 396, 398, 410, 463, 466-467, 496, 534-535, 598, 605, 613, 615, 626, 628, 641, 644, 654-656, 660, 662, 676, 691-692, 699, 724, 776, 805, 818, 822-823, 830, 832- 833, 839, 908, 982, 1066-1067 Binadin/Ubian (Ubian is an island name in the S. Philippines) #97, 696 Bisaya (a group and its language, typically in or near Brunei) #583, 611, 614, 628, 724 Bukat (a small group and its language; upper Kapuas, W. Kalimantan) #685 Bukitan (a small group in Sarawak and Kalimantan speaking a Kajang language) #46 Chinese (includes Hokkien) #19, 48, 72, 75, 92, 152, 382, 396, 410, 439, 535, 539, 562, 565, 569, 575, 605, 614, 643, 660, 669, 676, 690, 697, 724, 747, 950, 952, 970, 973, 982, 1016, 1061 Dayak/Dyak #66, 150, 168, 186, 232, 240, 266, 356, 367, 391, 617-618, 640, 733, 871, 950, 977 Dusun (includes Dusun Tobilung, Tempasuk Dusun; the meaning of Dusun varies by regional context) #10, 52, 73-74, 101, 269, 300, 363, 370-371, 389, 464, 488, 531, 569, 584, 651, 145 658, 718, 762, 958 Filipino (Borneo residents) #35, 231, 390, 500, 584, 620 Iban (a group and its language name, which is Malayic) #24, 36, 39-40, 48, 51, 54, 81, 138, 142, 153, 181, 197, 221, 241, 243, 261, 283-284, 314, 319-320, 342, 352, 372, 382, 384, 396, 432, 439, 446, 448-450, 462, 465, 473, 477, 485, 496, 504, 509, 518, 535, 537, 562, 575, 582, 605, 608, 613, 615, 628, 644, 654-656, 660, 662, 665, 667, 671, 673, 676, 678, 682- 683, 688, 690-692, 724, 789-795, 802, 808, 812, 818, 820, 822-823, 825, 827, 831, 834- 838, 840, 849, 851-852, 856, 865, 879, 889-896, 906, 909-910, 914, 924, 944, 953, 958, 965-966, 972, 1038, 1067 Illanun (more properly, Iranun; a Philippine group and its language; officially called Illanun in Sabah) #123 Indonesian (Borneo residents) #584 Javanese (Borneo residents) #107, 623, 643, 703, 733, 777 Kadazan (a Sabah group) #8, 40, 130-133, 138, 143, 173, 231, 383-384, 394, 416, 424-425, 474, 500, 502-503, 565, 578, 610, 614, 627-628, 634-635, 644, 653, 655-657, 663, 696, 714, 747, 751, 867 Kadazan-Dusun (a group; also the official name of the language, previously called Kadazan) #1- 2, 7, 12, 214, 216, 388, 649 Kadayan-Dusun (a group in Tambunan District, Sabah) #74, 214, 762-763, 862 Kahayan Dayak, a subgroup of Ngaju along the Kahayan River in S. Kalimantan #624-625 Kajang (a Sarawak group and its language, which is in the N. Sarawak language group; generically includes Kejaman, Lahanan, and Punan Bah) #309 Kalis (a Dayak group on the Kalis River, Upper Kapuas Regency, W. Kalimantan) #806 Kayan (a group and its language; found in Sarawak and Kalimantan) #54, 221, 264, 308-309, 368, 459, 558, 690, 692, 711, 724, 753, 780, 818, 828, 838, 956, 1041 Kedayan/Kadayan (a Malay group) #8-9, 221, 539, 776 Kejaman/Kejaman-Sekapan (a small group in the Belaga area of the Rejang, speaking a Kajang language) #524, 887 Kelabit (a group and its language; found in Sarawak and Kalimantan) #45, 60, 154, 268, 473, 498, 849-852, 866, 913 Kelay Punan (an E. Kalimantan group in the upper Kelay watershed) #326 Kenyah (a group and its language, found in Sarawak and Kalimantan; includes Kenyah Leppo’ Ke, “Kenyah/Kayan”) #126, 139-141, 221, 225-227, 266, 276, 308-309, 452, 459, 469, 582, 667, 724, 828, 846, 956 Kerayan (part of the “Kerayan-Kelabit highlands” in Sarawak and Kalimantan) #60 Lahanan (a small group in Sarawak on the Balui River speaking a Kajang language) #16-18, 308, 443 Land Dayak (see Bidayuh for Sarawak groups; also used in Kalimantan for various other groups) Lawangan (now Luangan) Dayak (a group largely in Central Kalimantan) #240 Lunbawang/Lun Bawang (a group and its language, which is Kelabitic; found in parts of Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak, and E. Kalimantan) #60, 473 Lundayeh/Lun Dayeh (another name for Lunbawang) #106, 217, 453, 867-868 Melanau (a Sarawak group speaking a Malayic dialect or language) #156, 179, 221, 253, 255, 352, 385, 396, 415, 439, 442, 476, 535, 605, 662, 785-786, 788, 818, 822-823, 826, 873, 1067 Malay #6, 83, 92, 196, 221, 234, 321, 356, 358, 382, 396, 439, 465, 539, 542, 562, 565, 575, 146 578, 606, 614, 622, 628, 643, 646, 657, 660-661, 676, 690-691, 724, 748, 812, 821, 823, 884, 922, 950, 953, 970 Muluy (E. Kalimantan) #1040 Murut (a term once used by the British for Lun Bawang; in Sabah Muruts are a group speaking the Tagol Murut language) #1-2, 13, 52, 73, 98-99, 101, 215-216, 231, 300, 453, 481, 483, 500, 502-503, 511-513, 539, 569, 578, 614, 628, 660, 669, 718, 724, 731-732, 842- 843, 845, 925, 946, 958, 964 Ngaju (a Kalimantan group whose language is in the W. Barito group) #206 Obian (see Binadin/Ubian) Okit (see Ukit) Ot Danum Dayak (a Central Kalimantan group whose language is related to Ngaju and Bakumpai, in the W. Barito group) #69 Penan (Penan and Punan were once the same words but are no longer equivalent) #79-80, 159, 170, 191-192, 199, 201, 245, 308, 334, 362, 473, 492, 561, 582, 668, 670, 685, 711, 724, 829, 844, 956, 992, 1023, 1028, 1041 Punan (a generic term covering many unrelated groups) #116, 171, 175, 199, 326, 354, 372, 492, 499, 709, 818, 854-855 Punan Bah (a Sarawak group whose language is in the Rejang-Sajau group; Punan Bah is distinct from Penan or the “Punan” of Kalimantan) #262, 638 Punan Busang (a group speaking a dialect of Bukitan; in Sarawak and Kalimantan) #460, 567 Punan Tubu (an E. Kalimantan group on the Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung Rivers) #116 Rungus (includes Rungus Dusun; a group and its language, mainly found in the Kudat area of Sabah) #14, 111, 176, 211, 696, 744, 751, 801, 962 Sa΄ben (a highland, Sarawak group, e.g., at L. Banga) #913 Sea Dayak (see Iban) Selako (groups live in both Sarawak and Kalimantan; in Sarawak, Selako is classified officially as Bidayuh but the language is Malayic, not Bidayuhic) #37-38 Sino-Kadazan #416 Suluks (in Sabah, but the name refers to Sulu) #584 Sungeis (possibly an exonym derived from the word sungai, meaning river) #696 Taman (a Dayak group in the Kapuas area of W. Kalimantan; it and Kalis are subgroups of “Maloh”) #55-56 Tidong (a group and its language, found in coastal Sabah and E. Kalimantan) #958 Ukit/Okit (a Sarawak group on the Balui River) #308-309, 711, 956 Non-Borneo groups Filipinos (in the Philippines) #620 Jehai (an Orang Asli group) #182, 1066 Kensiu (an Orang Asli group) #182 Malagasy #621 Moluccan #643 Nepalese #89 Orang Asli (the “first people” of W. Malaysia) #182, 876, 913 Semai (an Orang Asli group) #876, 913 Senoi (an Orang Asli group) #186 Singaporean #148, 230 147 Taiwan Toroko aborigines #611, 620 Temuan (an Orang Asli group) #182, 1066 .
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    Philippine Institute for Development Studies Surian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas Inequality of Opportunities Among Ethnic Groups in the Philippines Celia M. Reyes, Christian D. Mina and Ronina D. Asis DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2017-42 The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute. December 2017 For comments, suggestions or further inquiries please contact: The Research Information Department, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 18th Floor, Three Cyberpod Centris – North Tower, EDSA corner Quezon Avenue, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines Tel Nos: (63-2) 3721291 and 3721292; E-mail: [email protected] Or visit our website at https://www.pids.gov.ph Inequality of opportunities among ethnic groups in the Philippines Celia M. Reyes, Christian D. Mina and Ronina D. Asis. Abstract This paper contributes to the scant body of literature on inequalities among and within ethnic groups in the Philippines by examining both the vertical and horizontal measures in terms of opportunities in accessing basic services such as education, electricity, safe water, and sanitation. The study also provides a glimpse of the patterns of inequality in Mindanao. The results show that there are significant inequalities in opportunities in accessing basic services within and among ethnic groups in the Philippines.
  • The Forests Dialogue Food, Fuel, Fiber and Forests (4Fs) Indonesia Field Dialogue Central Kalimantan, Indonesia | 16-19 March 2014

    The Forests Dialogue Food, Fuel, Fiber and Forests (4Fs) Indonesia Field Dialogue Central Kalimantan, Indonesia | 16-19 March 2014

    The Forests Dialogue Food, Fuel, Fiber and Forests (4Fs) Indonesia Field Dialogue Central Kalimantan, Indonesia | 16-19 March 2014 FIELD TRIP SITE INFORMATION Map of the locations Community forest in Buntoi Tenure (Who owns the land? Who manage the land?) The community considers that they own the land. Part of the land is privately owned, viz. rubber and fruit gardens and areas for rice cultivation. Forest is communally owned. However the community has no official documents to prove their rights. Only recently did they receive a permit from the Ministry of Forestry to manage the community forest. The government considers all land state land and the government has the right to issue certificates (for ownership) or licenses to third parties to manage a certain area. Land use history Until 1970s only community land use, mainly for subsistence and some extraction of valuable products demanded by the market. In 1970 timber concessions were allocated by the national government. The timber companies exploited a limited number of commercial timber species. Communities were still able to partly use their village territory. In 1990s oil palm plantations were developed in Central Kalimantan. Initially government would allocate area to oil palm plantation, often with limited (or no) scheme for smallholders. In general this created problems because communities lost large tracks of their community land. With political reforms, and increased protest by communities the government changed the regulation for oil palm plantation requiring oil palm plantations to allocate 20% of the area to smallholder schemes. Buntoi has no established oil palm plantations in its village territory, but has had oil palm concession allocated to its village territory.