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Index of ethnic and language groups Not all the groups living in Borneo are represented in this index because many have not been studied as to their health status or health problems. In addition, some cited reports do not specific the group or groups studied, or they use a name that is obsolete or incorrect. In cases where a group is identified as “Dayak,” the designation is of little value, except that Dayak is commonly taken to refer to any non-Muslim group in Borneo. Dayak, then, is neither an ethnic nor a linguistic identifier. For a geographical representation of Borneo groups, see the Borneo map in S. A. Wurm and S. Hattori, Land Atlas of the Pacific Area, Part 2, Japan Area, Taiwan (Formosa), Philippines, Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia, Australian Academy of the Humanities, Canberra, 1983. For Kalimantan in particular see the maps in B. Sellato (#647 in the bibliography). For a general classification of Borneo languages see M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World’s Languages, Volume 1: Classification, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1991. Details on the complexity of languages and language designations in Borneo, as well as language maps, are given in The Ethnologue, SIL International, Dallas, Texas, 1996-. It is available on-line at http://www.ethnologue.com. Linguistic relationships among Borneo groups are reviewed in A. Adelaar, The Austronesian languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective, in The Austronesian Languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar, A. Adelaar and N. P. Himmelmann, eds., Routledge, London, 2005, pp. 1-41. Austronesian is a large language family that includes all the languages in Borneo. Biological relationships among Borneo groups are explored in the section on Genetics in this bibliography.
Borneo groups Aoheng (in E. Kalimantan; also called Penihing; linguistically, Müller-Schwanen Punan) #647 Bajau (includes Bajau Laut, “sea gypsies”) #64, 111, 123, 131, 176, 315, 502-503, 507, 578, 584, 614, 628, 657, 696, 747 Banjarese #703 Berau/Berau Malay (in the E. Kalimantan River region, near Tanjung Redab) #625 Berawan (a group at L. Panai and Sungai Tutoh; its language, Berawan, is in the Lower Baram group) #377, 637, 907, 984 Berian (also Lun Berian, in Kalimantan near the Kelabit Highlands) #60 Bidayuh (a W. Sarawak group and its language, which is in the Bidayuhic language group; also found in the Kapuas watershed, W. Kalimantan) #40, 53, 58, 133, 160, 163, 182, 221, 331, 382, 384, 396, 398, 410, 463, 466-467, 496, 534-535, 598, 605, 613, 615, 626, 628, 641, 644, 654-656, 660, 662, 676, 691-692, 699, 724, 776, 805, 818, 822-823, 830, 832- 833, 839, 908, 982, 1066-1067 Binadin/Ubian (Ubian is an island name in the S. Philippines) #97, 696 Bisaya (a group and its language, typically in or near Brunei) #583, 611, 614, 628, 724 Bukat (a small group and its language; upper Kapuas, W. Kalimantan) #685 Bukitan (a small group in Sarawak and Kalimantan speaking a Kajang language) #46 Chinese (includes Hokkien) #19, 48, 72, 75, 92, 152, 382, 396, 410, 439, 535, 539, 562, 565, 569, 575, 605, 614, 643, 660, 669, 676, 690, 697, 724, 747, 950, 952, 970, 973, 982, 1016, 1061 Dayak/Dyak #66, 150, 168, 186, 232, 240, 266, 356, 367, 391, 617-618, 640, 733, 871, 950, 977 Dusun (includes Dusun Tobilung, Tempasuk Dusun; the meaning of Dusun varies by regional context) #10, 52, 73-74, 101, 269, 300, 363, 370-371, 389, 464, 488, 531, 569, 584, 651, 145
658, 718, 762, 958 Filipino (Borneo residents) #35, 231, 390, 500, 584, 620 Iban (a group and its language name, which is Malayic) #24, 36, 39-40, 48, 51, 54, 81, 138, 142, 153, 181, 197, 221, 241, 243, 261, 283-284, 314, 319-320, 342, 352, 372, 382, 384, 396, 432, 439, 446, 448-450, 462, 465, 473, 477, 485, 496, 504, 509, 518, 535, 537, 562, 575, 582, 605, 608, 613, 615, 628, 644, 654-656, 660, 662, 665, 667, 671, 673, 676, 678, 682- 683, 688, 690-692, 724, 789-795, 802, 808, 812, 818, 820, 822-823, 825, 827, 831, 834- 838, 840, 849, 851-852, 856, 865, 879, 889-896, 906, 909-910, 914, 924, 944, 953, 958, 965-966, 972, 1038, 1067 Illanun (more properly, Iranun; a Philippine group and its language; officially called Illanun in Sabah) #123 Indonesian (Borneo residents) #584 Javanese (Borneo residents) #107, 623, 643, 703, 733, 777 Kadazan (a Sabah group) #8, 40, 130-133, 138, 143, 173, 231, 383-384, 394, 416, 424-425, 474, 500, 502-503, 565, 578, 610, 614, 627-628, 634-635, 644, 653, 655-657, 663, 696, 714, 747, 751, 867 Kadazan-Dusun (a group; also the official name of the language, previously called Kadazan) #1- 2, 7, 12, 214, 216, 388, 649 Kadayan-Dusun (a group in Tambunan District, Sabah) #74, 214, 762-763, 862 Kahayan Dayak, a subgroup of Ngaju along the Kahayan River in S. Kalimantan #624-625 Kajang (a Sarawak group and its language, which is in the N. Sarawak language group; generically includes Kejaman, Lahanan, and Punan Bah) #309 Kalis (a Dayak group on the Kalis River, Upper Kapuas Regency, W. Kalimantan) #806 Kayan (a group and its language; found in Sarawak and Kalimantan) #54, 221, 264, 308-309, 368, 459, 558, 690, 692, 711, 724, 753, 780, 818, 828, 838, 956, 1041 Kedayan/Kadayan (a Malay group) #8-9, 221, 539, 776 Kejaman/Kejaman-Sekapan (a small group in the Belaga area of the Rejang, speaking a Kajang language) #524, 887 Kelabit (a group and its language; found in Sarawak and Kalimantan) #45, 60, 154, 268, 473, 498, 849-852, 866, 913 Kelay Punan (an E. Kalimantan group in the upper Kelay watershed) #326 Kenyah (a group and its language, found in Sarawak and Kalimantan; includes Kenyah Leppo’ Ke, “Kenyah/Kayan”) #126, 139-141, 221, 225-227, 266, 276, 308-309, 452, 459, 469, 582, 667, 724, 828, 846, 956 Kerayan (part of the “Kerayan-Kelabit highlands” in Sarawak and Kalimantan) #60 Lahanan (a small group in Sarawak on the Balui River speaking a Kajang language) #16-18, 308, 443 Land Dayak (see Bidayuh for Sarawak groups; also used in Kalimantan for various other groups) Lawangan (now Luangan) Dayak (a group largely in Central Kalimantan) #240 Lunbawang/Lun Bawang (a group and its language, which is Kelabitic; found in parts of Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak, and E. Kalimantan) #60, 473 Lundayeh/Lun Dayeh (another name for Lunbawang) #106, 217, 453, 867-868 Melanau (a Sarawak group speaking a Malayic dialect or language) #156, 179, 221, 253, 255, 352, 385, 396, 415, 439, 442, 476, 535, 605, 662, 785-786, 788, 818, 822-823, 826, 873, 1067 Malay #6, 83, 92, 196, 221, 234, 321, 356, 358, 382, 396, 439, 465, 539, 542, 562, 565, 575, 146
578, 606, 614, 622, 628, 643, 646, 657, 660-661, 676, 690-691, 724, 748, 812, 821, 823, 884, 922, 950, 953, 970 Muluy (E. Kalimantan) #1040 Murut (a term once used by the British for Lun Bawang; in Sabah Muruts are a group speaking the Tagol Murut language) #1-2, 13, 52, 73, 98-99, 101, 215-216, 231, 300, 453, 481, 483, 500, 502-503, 511-513, 539, 569, 578, 614, 628, 660, 669, 718, 724, 731-732, 842- 843, 845, 925, 946, 958, 964 Ngaju (a Kalimantan group whose language is in the W. Barito group) #206 Obian (see Binadin/Ubian) Okit (see Ukit) Ot Danum Dayak (a Central Kalimantan group whose language is related to Ngaju and Bakumpai, in the W. Barito group) #69 Penan (Penan and Punan were once the same words but are no longer equivalent) #79-80, 159, 170, 191-192, 199, 201, 245, 308, 334, 362, 473, 492, 561, 582, 668, 670, 685, 711, 724, 829, 844, 956, 992, 1023, 1028, 1041 Punan (a generic term covering many unrelated groups) #116, 171, 175, 199, 326, 354, 372, 492, 499, 709, 818, 854-855 Punan Bah (a Sarawak group whose language is in the Rejang-Sajau group; Punan Bah is distinct from Penan or the “Punan” of Kalimantan) #262, 638 Punan Busang (a group speaking a dialect of Bukitan; in Sarawak and Kalimantan) #460, 567 Punan Tubu (an E. Kalimantan group on the Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung Rivers) #116 Rungus (includes Rungus Dusun; a group and its language, mainly found in the Kudat area of Sabah) #14, 111, 176, 211, 696, 744, 751, 801, 962 Sa΄ben (a highland, Sarawak group, e.g., at L. Banga) #913 Sea Dayak (see Iban) Selako (groups live in both Sarawak and Kalimantan; in Sarawak, Selako is classified officially as Bidayuh but the language is Malayic, not Bidayuhic) #37-38 Sino-Kadazan #416 Suluks (in Sabah, but the name refers to Sulu) #584 Sungeis (possibly an exonym derived from the word sungai, meaning river) #696 Taman (a Dayak group in the Kapuas area of W. Kalimantan; it and Kalis are subgroups of “Maloh”) #55-56 Tidong (a group and its language, found in coastal Sabah and E. Kalimantan) #958 Ukit/Okit (a Sarawak group on the Balui River) #308-309, 711, 956
Non-Borneo groups Filipinos (in the Philippines) #620 Jehai (an Orang Asli group) #182, 1066 Kensiu (an Orang Asli group) #182 Malagasy #621 Moluccan #643 Nepalese #89 Orang Asli (the “first people” of W. Malaysia) #182, 876, 913 Semai (an Orang Asli group) #876, 913 Senoi (an Orang Asli group) #186 Singaporean #148, 230 147
Taiwan Toroko aborigines #611, 620 Temuan (an Orang Asli group) #182, 1066