Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae)

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Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) ECOLOGÍA Y COMPORTAMIENTO DE APAREO DE Dichopetala castanea y D. pollicifera (TETTIGONIIDAE: PHANEROPTERINAE) Ludivina Barrientos-Lozano y Aurora Yazmín Rocha-Sánchez. Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria. Blvd. Emilio Portes Gil No. 1301. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. Mexico. 87010. [email protected]. RESUMEN. El trabajo tuvo por objetivo estudiar la ecología y comportamiento de apareo de Dichopetala castanea y D. pollicifera. Ambas especies presentan una amplia distribución en el noreste de México: Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí y norte de Veracruz. Presentamos información sobre las estructuras genitales de machos y hembras y la función de éstas durante la cópula. El periodo de apareamiento de D. castanea presentó una duración promedio de 30 minutos (24-43 minutos; n=8), mientras que en D. pollicifera fue de 157 min (1h 23 min-4h 28 min; n=4). La duración de la cópula se asocia a la complejidad de la genitalia del macho y la posibilidad de que éste controle la duración de la misma (elección críptica del macho) al sujetar a la hembra con los cercos y ésta tratar de terminar el apareamiento antes que el macho. Palabras clave. Ensifera, Phaneropterinae, estructuras genitales, cópula Ecology and mating behavior of Dichopetala castanea y D. pollicifera (Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) ABSTRACT. The work aimed to study ecology and mating behavior of Dichopetala castanea and D. pollicifera. Both species have a wide distribution in northeastern Mexico: Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz. We present information on the structure of male and female genitalia and its function during copulation. The mating period of D. castanea showed an average duration of 30 minutes (24-43 minutes; n = 8), whereas in D. pollicifera was 157 min (1h 23 min-4h 28 min; n = 4). C p w h h mp f m ’ h p b h m ration (cryptic male choice) since they hold females with cerci and females try to finish copulation before males. Key words. Ensifera, Phaneropterinae, genital structures, copulation Introducción El género Dichopetala Brunner von Whattenwyl, 1878 (Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) es endémico para el Continente Americano, su distribución se extiende desde el Sur de Estados Unidos a México. Actualmente se reconocen 20 especies (Eades et al., 2013-OSF2), de las cuales 14 están presentes en México y de éstas 10 son endémicas. Una de las características de este género es la diversidad y complejidad de la genitalia externa e interna, la cual se usa como un caracter para separar las diferentes especies. Los sistemas de apareamiento en especies con reproducción sexual fueron abordados, por primera vez, desde un punto de vista evolutivo por Darwin en1871 (Emlen y Oring, 1977; Sanz, 2002). Darwin introdujo el concepto de selección sexual considerando la existencia de una competencia entre los individuos de una población o especie a la hora de reproducirse. Alexander y Otte (1967) manifestaron la complejidad y utilidad de las estructuras genitales como caracter taxonómico, incluso para separar especies (i.e., insectos: Ensifera y Caelifera). Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista de presión de selección o en relación al proceso de especiación, subrayaron lo poco que se sabe sobre cómo se originan estas diferencias en las estructuras genitales. El entendimiento del comportamiento de los insectos durante la cópula se ha intensificado en las últimas décadas, incluyendo la estructura y función de la genitalia (Alexander and Otte, 1967; Kirkendal, 1983; Eberhard, 1985, 1996, 2001, 2004, 2010, 2011; Alexander et al., 1997, Vahed et al., 2011). Las estructuras que usan los machos para contactar a la hembra durante el apareamiento (estructuras copulatorias) tales como genitalia externa e interna, divergen más rápidamente que otros caracteres o atributos morfológicos y son 491 especie-específicos (Eberhard, 1985). Los mecanismos que ocasionan esta rápida divergencia aún . D v h pó h p p : ) m p v (“ k k ”) (Eb h , 1985, 2001; Edwards, 1993); b) pleiotropía (evolución neutral) (Mayr, 1963); c) selección sexual: hijos sexy (fuga o selección Fisheriana), buenos genes, competencia espermática y conflicto sexual (Parker, 1984; Simmons, 2001; Hosken y Stockley, 2004; Eberhard, 1996, 2004, 2010, 2011). D. castanea Rehn y Hebard, 1914 y D. pollicifera Rehn y Hebard, 1914 son de las especies más comunes y abundantes en el Sur de Estados Unidos y noreste de México. Sin embargo, se carece de información sobre su ecología y comportamiento. Dada la diversidad y complejidad de las estructuras copulatorias en el género Dichopetala, el presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo estudiar la ecología y el comportamiento de apareo de D. castanea y D. pollicifera. Materiales y Método Para determinar aspectos ecológicos y de distribución de D. castanea y D. pollicifera fue examinado el material de ambas especies depositado en la colección ortopterológica del Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria (ITCV). En el caso de D. castanea fueron examinados 215 ejemplares y 130 para D. pollicifera; todo el material recolectado de 2000 a 2012. Para llevar a cabo los experimentos de apareo fueron recolectados adultos de D. castanea en el Área Natural Protegida (ANP) Altas Cumbres, Victoria, Tamaulipas, durante los meses de julio-agosto de 2011. D. pollicifera fue recolectada en octubre-noviembre de 2012, en Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas. En ambos casos hembras y machos fueron mantenidos separados para que las hembras estuvieran receptivas. Los experimentos de apareo (n=16/especie) consistieron en colocar 5 machos y 5 hembras (adultos) en una jaula de 30x30x30 cm y observar su comportamiento durante 6 h por repetición. Resultados y Discusión D. castanea se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en los Estados de Nuevo León, Tamaulipas y San Luis Potosí, en un gradiente elevacional de 100 a 1,100 m. Mientras que D. pollicifera ha sido recolectada solo en la Huasteca, sur de Tamaulipas, Oriente de San Luis Potosí y norte de Veracruz, de 0 a 950 msnm. En el sur de Tamaulipas ambas especies coexisten sobre matorral espinoso y selva baja. La genitalia externa de ambas especies (D. castanea vs. D. pollicifera) machos y hembras, se muestra en las Figs 1-2, respectivamente. Para D. castanea ocho experimentos de apareo fueron exitosos (50%). Durante el cortejo el macho produce un suave canto de llamado y establece comunicación antenal con hembras receptivas. La hembra responde al canto del macho y al contacto antenal de éste vibrando la parte distal del abdomen y el ovipositor. El macho usa los cercos y el plato subgenital para enganchar a la hembra. El brazo ventral del cerco, que es el de mayor tamaño, se inserta en una abertura que presenta la hembra en la base ventral del ovipositor, y el brazo dorsal -que es el más corto- se inserta en la base ventral del lóbulo triangular que tiene la hembra a cada lado del ovipositor (Fig. 3). Cuando el macho logró asir a la hembra firmemente se consideró como el inició de la cópula. A los 7 minutos con 26 segundos, en promedio, fue visible la formación del espermatóforo. La cópula tuvo una duración promedio de 30 minutos (24-43 minutos). La hembra se alimentó del espermatóforo pocos segundos después de haberse separado del macho, en algunos casos tardó 20 a 30 minutos para iniciar a alimentarse. En el caso de D. pollicifera (n=4) el macho produce ocasionalmente un suave canto de llamado, mientras permanece inmóvil. Frecuentemente los 492 machos caminan en busca de las hembras, esto lo hacen con los cercos extendidos y levantados. Al encontrarse con una hembra, el macho se acerca y la toca con las patas anteriores y con las antenas, si la hembra esta receptiva permanece inmóvil, si no es así, al ser tocada por el macho ésta se aleja. El macho dobla el abdomen y se limpia los cercos con los palpos maxilares. La hembra se acerca, sube sobre el dorso/abdomen del macho y se alimenta de alguna secreción producida por la glándula metanotal del macho. Mientras la hembra hace esto, el macho que permanece con los élitros levantados, estira su abdomen y extiende los cercos, toma el ovipositor de la hembra entre su plato subgenital y logra engancharla con los cercos. Posteriormente el macho gira su cuerpo hacia abajo 180° y permanece enganchado de la hembra, con el abdomen hacia arriba y la cabeza mirando al dorso-abdomen de la hembra (parecería que el macho queda colgando de la hembra, aunque utiliza también las patas posteriores para sujetar a la hembra), aquí se consideró que inició la copula. El macho inserta el brazo ventral del cerco, que es el más largo y agudo, en un pequeño orificio que presenta el esclerito basal, próximo a la prolongación del 8° segmento abdominal (Fig. 4); el brazo dorsal, más corto y robusto, parece reforzar el esfuerzo del brazo ventral y mantener sujetada a la hembra. El espermatóforo fue visible ca. 3 min (rango 1-4 min) después de iniciada la cópula. El macho realizó una serie de movimientos abdominales de bombeo 52 min después de iniciar el apareamiento, esto ocurrió en 1 de 4 apareamientos observados. La hembra arrastró al macho, tratando de separarse de él 88 min (1h 28 min) (rango: 44-107 min) después de iniciar el apareamiento. La duración promedio de la cópula fue de 157 min (2h 37 min) (rango: 83-268 min). La hembra comenzó a alimentarse del espermatóforo 5 minutos después de separarse del macho. El comportamiento de apareo de D. castanea y D. pollicifera fue estudiado por primera vez. La cópula fue prolongada y varió significativamente entre ambas especies. De acuerdo con Simmons (2001) la cópula prolongada en Tettigoniidae, antes de transferir el espermatóforo, podría funcionar como un periodo de evaluación del apareamiento por el macho (elección críptica del macho). Vahed et al., (2011) encontraron una relación positiva entre la duración de la cópula y el tamaño del espermatóforo, lo cual apoya la hipótesis de elección críptica del macho y la posibilidad de que genitalias complejas actúen como ancla-permitiéndole al macho prolongar la cópula- o como atributos copulatorios de cortejo-asegurando que la hembra acepte su eyaculación-como propuso Eberhard (1985, 1996, 2010).
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