Dichopetala and New Related North American Genera
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DICHOPETALA AND NEW RELATED NORTH AMERICAN GENERA: A STUDY IN GENITALIC SIMILARITY IN SYMPATRY AND GENITALIC DIFFERENCES IN ALLOPATRY (TETTIGONIIDAE: PHANEROPTERINAE: ODONTURINI) THEODORE J. COHN, DANIEL R. SWANSON, AND PAOLO FONTANA MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 203 Ann Arbor, July, 2013 ISSN 0076-8405 Dichopetala and New Related North American Genera: A Study in Genitalic Similarity in sympatry and Genitalic Differences in Allopatry (Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae: Odonturini) MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 203 DICHOPETALA AND NEW RELATED NORTH AMERICAN GENERA: A STUDY IN GENITALIC SIMILARITY IN SYMPATRY AND GENITALIC DIFFERENCES IN ALLOPATRY (TETTIGONIIDAE: PHANEROPTERINAE: ODONTURINI) THEODORE J. COHN1 University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 DANIEL R. SWANSON Department of Entomology University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801 PAOLO FONTANA Fondazione Edmund Mach - Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico Unità operativa: Protezione delle piante e biodiversità agroforestale I-38057 Pergine Valsugana Via della Val, 2 - Loc. Costa di Casalino (Trento - ITALY) Ann Arbor, July, 2013 ISSN 0076-8405 1Deceased i DICHOPETALA AND NEW RELATED NORTH AMERICAN GENERA: A STUDY IN GENITALIC SIMILARITY IN SYMPATRY AND GENITALIC DIFFERENCES IN ALLOPATRY (TETTIGONIIDAE: PHANEROPTERINAE: ODONTURINI) THEODORE J. COHN1, 2, DANIEL R. SWANSON2, 3, and PAOLO FONTANA4 CONTENTS Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………v Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………………………vi Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………1 History of the Genus………………………………………………………………………………………2 Breaking up Dichopetala……………………………………………………………………………………2 Characterizing the Dichopetaline Genera…………………………………………………………………3 Tribal Problems……………………………………………………………………………………………4 Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………………7 Biological and Systematic Methodology………………………………………………………………7 Map of localities of dichopetaline species………………………………………………………8 Procedural and Typographical Methodology……………………………………………………………9 Materials……………………………………………………………………………………………………11 Morphological Notes………………………………………………………………………………………11 Tables to Genera and Species………………………………………………………………………………14 Genera and Species Accounts………………………………………………………………………………26 Obolopteryx n. gen.…………………………………………………………………………………26 emarginatus……………………………………………………………………………………27 seeversi…………………………………………………………………………………………28 gladiator…………………………………………………………………………………………28 brevihastatus……………………………………………………………………………………28 castaneus…………………………………………………………………………………………29 Map of the distribution of Obolopteryx castaneus on the Edwards Plateau………………30 poecilus…………………………………………………………………………………………31 catinatus…………………………………………………………………………………………31 oreoecus…………………………………………………………………………………………32 Planipollex n. gen.……………………………………………………………………………………33 polliciferus………………………………………………………………………………………33 Rhabdocerca n. gen.…………………………………………………………………………………34 tridactyla…………………………………………………………………………………………35 caudelli……………………………………………………………………………………………36 zanclophora n. sp.………………………………………………………………………………37 Dichopetala……………………………………………………………………………………………37 mexicana…………………………………………………………………………………………38 Gymnocerca n. gen.……………………………………………………………………………………39 cycloprista n. sp.…………………………………………………………………………………40 1Deceased. 2Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079 3Current address: Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. Corresponding author: (drswanny@ gmail.com). 4 Fondazione Edmund Mach - Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Unità operativa: Protezione delle piante e biodiversità agroforestale, I-38057 Pergine Valsugana, Via della Val, 2 - Loc. Costa di Casalino (Trento - ITALY). iii enaulites n. sp.……………………………………………………………………………………41 falcata……………………………………………………………………………………………42 Mactruchus n. gen.……………………………………………………………………………………42 durangensis………………………………………………………………………………………43 ischnodus n. sp.…………………………………………………………………………………43 cryothermastris n. sp.……………………………………………………………………………44 megasynactor n. sp.……………………………………………………………………………44 serrifer……………………………………………………………………………………………45 Acanthorintes n. gen.…………………………………………………………………………………46 xanthephaptor n. sp.……………………………………………………………………………47 erythrephaptor n. sp.……………………………………………………………………………48 thenarocercus n. sp.……………………………………………………………………………48 tauriformis………………………………………………………………………………………49 zeuglaius n. sp.…………………………………………………………………………………51 Pterodichopetala………………………………………………………………………………………51 cieloi……………………………………………………………………………………………53 strepsidactyla n. sp.……………………………………………………………………………54 hypsibates n. sp.…………………………………………………………………………………54 padrisima n. sp.…………………………………………………………………………………55 pityophila n. sp.…………………………………………………………………………………55 cultricerca……………………………………………………………………………………56 Maps of species distributions……………………………………………………………………………56 Phylogeny and Polarity……………………………………………………………………………………65 Biogeography……………………………………………………………………………………………67 Natural History……………………………………………………………………………………………70 Promising Problems………………………………………………………………………………………71 Literature Cited……………………………………………………………………………………………75 Appendix I – Figures……………………………………………………………………………………77 Appendix II – Etymologies………………………………………………………………………………139 Appendix III – Material Examined………………………………………………………………………142 Appendix IV – History of the Project……………………………………………………………………166 Appendix V – Dedication to the Senior Author. by Daniel R. Swanson…………………………………167 Index……………………………………………………………………………………………………168 TABLES Autapomorphic characters of genera related to Dichopetala………………………………………………16 Obolopteryx and Planipollex autapomorphic characters…………………………………………………18 Mactruchus, Gymnocerca, and Dichopetala autapomorphic characters…………………………………20 Acanthorintes and Rhabdocerca autapomorphic characters………………………………………………22 Pterodichopetala autapomorphic characters………………………………………………………………24 FIGURES Figure 1. The “spinose” or dichopetaline ovipositor………………………………………………………5 Figure 2. Symbol legend for maps………………………………………………………………………11 Figure 3. Stridulatory apparatus of female………………………………………………………………13 Figure 4. Comparison of male cercus of Dichopetala pollicifera and D. chirura………………………34 Figure 5. Male epiproct of Acanthorintes tauriformis……………………………………………………50 iv ABSTRACT The genus Dichopetala Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 sensu Rehn and Hebard, 1914 is revised, with the description of 6 new genera and 14 new species: Obolopteryx (NEW GENUS), Planipollex (NEW GENUS), Rhabdocerca (NEW GENUS), Gymnocerca (NEW GENUS), Mactruchus (NEW GENUS), Acanthorintes (NEW GENUS), Rhabdocerca zanclophora (NEW SPECIES), Gymnocerca cycloprista (NEW SPECIES), Gymnocerca enaulites (NEW SPECIES), Mactruchus ischnodus (NEW SPECIES), Mactruchus cryothermastris (NEW SPECIES), Mactruchus megasynactor (NEW SPECIES), Acanthorintes xanthephaptor (NEW SPECIES), Acanthorintes erythrephaptor (NEW SPECIES), Acanthorintes thenarocercus (NEW SPECIES), Acanthorintes zeuglaius (NEW SPECIES), Pterodichopetala strepsidactyla (NEW SPECIES), Pterodichopetala hypsibates (NEW SPECIES), Pterodichopetala padrisima (NEW SPECIES), and Pterodichopetala pityophila (NEW SPECIES). The following two species are synonymized: Dichopetala acambarensis Marquez Mayaudon, 1958 is designated a junior synonym of Dichopetala serrifera Rehn and Hebard, 1914 (NEW SYNONYMY), and Dichopetala chirura Strohecker, 1945 is designated a junior synonym of Dichopetala pollicifera Rehn and Hebard, 1914 (NEW SYNONYMY). Sixteen North and Central American species are transferred from Dichopetala into newly-erected genera: Obolopteryx emarginatus (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Obolopteryx seeversi (Strohecker, 1941) (NEW COMBINATION), Obolopteryx gladiator (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Obolopteryx brevihastatus (Morse, 1902) (NEW COMBINATION), Obolopteryx castaneus (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Obolopteryx poecilus (Hebard, 1932) (NEW COMBINATION), Obolopteryx catinatus (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Obolopteryx oreoecus (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Planipollex polliciferus (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Rhabdocerca tridactyla (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Rhabdocerca caudelli (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Gymnocerca falcata (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Mactruchus durangensis (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Mactruchus serrifer (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), Acanthorintes tauriformis (Rehn and Hebard, 1914) (NEW COMBINATION), and Pterodichopetala cultricerca (Strohecker, 1945) (NEW COMBINATION). The final South American taxon described in the genus, Dichopetala transfuga (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878), is transferred to another genus, resulting in the combination Cohnia transfuga (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) (NEW COMBINATION). These taxonomic acts are accompanied by various discussions concerning the new taxa herein erected, including but not limited to biogeography, phylogeny and polarity, natural history, and the problems associated with maintaining a large heterogeneous genus. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In a project of this magnitude, there are, of course, numerous people who contributed time and effort immeasurable. First and foremost, we would like to express our deep appreciation to Abigail Alvarez. Her extensive and devoted efforts to this project were second to none, and no one has contributed more to ensure that this work reached the scientific community. She single-handedly implemented and executed the mapping portions of this project,